What are the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis. How is stomach flu transmitted. When should you seek medical attention for gastroenteritis. What are the main causes of viral gastroenteritis. How can you prevent and treat stomach flu.

Understanding Viral Gastroenteritis: The Stomach Flu

Viral gastroenteritis, commonly known as the stomach flu, is an intestinal infection that can cause significant discomfort and disruption to daily life. Despite its colloquial name, it’s important to note that this condition is not related to influenza, which primarily affects the respiratory system. Instead, gastroenteritis targets the intestines, leading to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms.

Key Characteristics of Viral Gastroenteritis

• Affects the intestines rather than the respiratory system
• Caused by various viruses, not bacteria or parasites
• Highly contagious and can spread quickly in close-contact environments
• Usually self-limiting but can be severe in certain populations

Recognizing the Symptoms of Stomach Flu

The symptoms of viral gastroenteritis can vary in intensity and duration, but they typically include a combination of gastrointestinal disturbances. Understanding these symptoms is crucial for proper identification and management of the condition.

Common Symptoms of Viral Gastroenteritis

• Watery, non-bloody diarrhea
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal cramps and pain
• Low-grade fever
• Occasional muscle aches or headache

Can viral gastroenteritis symptoms mimic other conditions? Yes, the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis can be similar to those caused by bacterial infections or parasites. This similarity often leads to misdiagnosis, especially in the early stages of the illness. However, viral gastroenteritis typically does not cause bloody diarrhea, which is more commonly associated with bacterial infections.

The Incubation Period and Duration of Stomach Flu

Understanding the timeline of viral gastroenteritis can help individuals better prepare for and manage the illness. The incubation period and duration of symptoms can vary depending on the specific virus causing the infection.

Typical Timeline of Viral Gastroenteritis

• Incubation period: 1-3 days after infection
• Symptom duration: Usually 1-2 days, but can extend up to 14 days
• Severity: Can range from mild to severe

Why does the duration of symptoms vary? The duration of viral gastroenteritis symptoms can be influenced by several factors, including the specific virus causing the infection, the individual’s immune system, and overall health status. In most cases, healthy adults recover within a few days, but the illness can persist longer in children, older adults, and those with compromised immune systems.

Transmission and Spread of Viral Gastroenteritis

Viral gastroenteritis is highly contagious and can spread rapidly, especially in close-contact environments. Understanding the modes of transmission is crucial for preventing outbreaks and protecting oneself from infection.

Common Ways Stomach Flu Spreads

• Consuming contaminated food or water
• Close contact with an infected person
• Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth
• Sharing utensils, towels, or food with an infected individual

How long can the virus survive on surfaces? Many viruses that cause gastroenteritis, particularly noroviruses, can survive on surfaces for days or even weeks. This prolonged survival time contributes to the ease of transmission and the potential for outbreaks in settings such as schools, cruise ships, and healthcare facilities.

Major Viral Culprits Behind Gastroenteritis

While numerous viruses can cause gastroenteritis, two stand out as the most common culprits: noroviruses and rotavirus. Understanding these viruses and their characteristics can help in prevention and management strategies.

Noroviruses: The Leading Cause of Foodborne Illness

• Affect both children and adults
• Highly contagious and can cause outbreaks in confined spaces
• Often spread through contaminated food and water
• Can also transmit from person to person

Why are noroviruses so prevalent? Noroviruses are particularly challenging to control due to their high contagiousness, resistance to many common disinfectants, and ability to mutate quickly. These factors contribute to their status as the leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide.

Rotavirus: A Major Threat to Young Children

• Most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children globally
• Spreads easily through contaminated objects and surfaces
• Can be severe in infants and young children
• Adults can be asymptomatic carriers

How effective is the rotavirus vaccine? The introduction of rotavirus vaccines has significantly reduced the incidence of severe rotavirus infections in many countries. These vaccines have proven to be highly effective in preventing severe gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus in young children, highlighting the importance of vaccination in public health strategies.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Gastroenteritis

While many cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve on their own, certain symptoms and situations warrant immediate medical attention. Recognizing these signs is crucial for preventing complications, especially in vulnerable populations.

Warning Signs for Adults

• Inability to keep liquids down for 24 hours
• Vomiting or diarrhea lasting more than two days
• Vomiting blood
• Signs of severe dehydration (excessive thirst, dry mouth, little to no urine)
• Blood in bowel movements
• Severe abdominal pain
• Fever above 104째F (40째C)

How can you differentiate between mild dehydration and severe dehydration? Mild dehydration often presents with increased thirst, dry lips, and decreased urine output. Severe dehydration, however, is characterized by extreme thirst, very dry mouth and skin, little to no urine production, and symptoms like dizziness, rapid heartbeat, and confusion. Severe dehydration is a medical emergency and requires immediate attention.

Warning Signs for Infants and Children

• Fever of 102째F (38.9째C) or higher
• Excessive irritability or lethargy
• Severe discomfort or pain
• Bloody diarrhea
• Signs of dehydration (dry mouth, no tears when crying, decreased urination)
• Sunken soft spot (fontanel) on the top of the head in infants

Why are infants and young children at higher risk for complications? Infants and young children are more susceptible to severe dehydration from gastroenteritis due to their smaller body size and faster metabolism. They lose fluids more quickly than adults and may have difficulty communicating their symptoms, making close monitoring essential.

Prevention Strategies for Viral Gastroenteritis

Given that there’s no specific treatment for viral gastroenteritis, prevention becomes paramount. Implementing proper hygiene practices and being mindful of food and water sources can significantly reduce the risk of infection.

Key Prevention Measures

• Frequent and thorough handwashing, especially before handling food and after using the bathroom
• Avoiding contaminated food and water sources
• Properly washing fruits and vegetables before consumption
• Cooking foods thoroughly, especially seafood
• Disinfecting surfaces regularly, particularly in shared spaces
• Avoiding close contact with infected individuals when possible

How effective is hand sanitizer against gastroenteritis-causing viruses? While alcohol-based hand sanitizers are effective against many pathogens, they may not be as effective against some viruses that cause gastroenteritis, particularly noroviruses. Thorough handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds remains the gold standard for preventing the spread of these viruses.

Managing Symptoms and Recovery from Stomach Flu

While viral gastroenteritis often resolves on its own, proper management of symptoms can help alleviate discomfort and prevent complications. The primary focus of treatment is preventing dehydration and supporting the body’s natural recovery process.

Effective Management Strategies

• Staying hydrated with clear fluids, oral rehydration solutions, or electrolyte drinks
• Gradually reintroducing bland, easily digestible foods (BRAT diet: Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast)
• Getting plenty of rest to support the immune system
• Avoiding dairy products, caffeine, alcohol, and fatty or spicy foods during recovery
• Using over-the-counter medications for symptom relief as advised by a healthcare provider

Is it necessary to take antibiotics for viral gastroenteritis? No, antibiotics are not effective against viral infections and are not recommended for viral gastroenteritis. In fact, unnecessary use of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance and may disrupt the natural balance of gut bacteria, potentially prolonging recovery.

Special Considerations for High-Risk Groups

Certain populations, including infants, older adults, and individuals with compromised immune systems, may require special care when managing viral gastroenteritis. These groups are at higher risk for complications and may need more intensive monitoring and treatment.

• Infants and young children may require smaller, more frequent fluid intake
• Older adults should be closely monitored for signs of dehydration
• Immunocompromised individuals may need hospitalization for intravenous fluid replacement and monitoring

How can caregivers best support high-risk individuals with gastroenteritis? Caregivers should focus on maintaining hydration, monitoring symptoms closely, and seeking medical attention promptly if conditions worsen. Keeping a log of fluid intake, output, and symptoms can be helpful for healthcare providers in assessing the severity of the illness and determining appropriate treatment.

Long-Term Impact and Potential Complications

While most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve without long-term consequences, certain situations can lead to complications or prolonged effects. Understanding these potential outcomes is important for comprehensive management and follow-up care.

Possible Complications of Severe Gastroenteritis

• Severe dehydration leading to electrolyte imbalances
• Malnutrition, particularly in prolonged cases
• Reactive arthritis (rare complication following certain viral infections)
• Lactose intolerance (temporary or prolonged)
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms following severe infections

Can viral gastroenteritis lead to chronic gastrointestinal issues? While most people recover fully from viral gastroenteritis without long-term effects, some studies suggest a potential link between severe gastroenteritis and the development of post-infectious IBS in a small percentage of cases. However, more research is needed to fully understand this relationship and its prevalence.

Recovery and Follow-Up Care

For most individuals, recovery from viral gastroenteritis is complete within a few days to a week. However, some people may experience lingering symptoms or take longer to fully recover, especially if they experienced severe dehydration or are in a high-risk group.

• Gradually reintroduce a normal diet as symptoms improve
• Monitor for any recurring symptoms or new digestive issues
• Follow up with a healthcare provider if symptoms persist or new concerns arise
• Consider probiotic supplementation to support gut health recovery (consult with a healthcare provider)

How long does it take for the gut microbiome to fully recover after viral gastroenteritis? The recovery time for the gut microbiome can vary, but studies suggest it typically takes several weeks to a few months for the microbial ecosystem to fully stabilize after a significant disturbance like gastroenteritis. Factors such as diet, overall health, and the severity of the infection can influence this recovery process.

Emerging Research and Future Directions

The field of gastroenterology continues to evolve, with ongoing research into viral gastroenteritis focusing on improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Understanding these advancements can provide insight into future management approaches and potential breakthroughs in combating this common illness.

Areas of Active Research

• Development of new antiviral therapies specifically targeting gastroenteritis-causing viruses
• Improvement of rapid diagnostic tests for quicker and more accurate identification of causative agents
• Investigation into the role of the gut microbiome in susceptibility and recovery from viral gastroenteritis
• Exploration of novel vaccine strategies for a broader range of gastroenteritis-causing viruses
• Studies on long-term consequences of severe or recurrent gastroenteritis infections

What promising developments are on the horizon for viral gastroenteritis treatment? Recent research has shown potential in developing broad-spectrum antivirals that could be effective against multiple gastroenteritis-causing viruses. Additionally, advancements in understanding the gut-brain axis and its role in gastrointestinal health may lead to new therapeutic approaches that target both the immediate symptoms and potential long-term effects of viral gastroenteritis.

The Role of Global Health Initiatives

Viral gastroenteritis remains a significant global health concern, particularly in regions with limited access to clean water and sanitation. International health organizations are working to address this issue through various initiatives and programs.

• Expanding access to rotavirus vaccines in developing countries
• Improving water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices globally
• Enhancing surveillance systems for early detection of outbreaks
• Educating communities on prevention strategies and proper management of gastroenteritis

How can global efforts impact the prevalence of viral gastroenteritis worldwide? Coordinated global efforts have the potential to significantly reduce the burden of viral gastroenteritis, especially in vulnerable populations. For example, the widespread implementation of rotavirus vaccination programs has already led to substantial reductions in childhood diarrheal diseases in many countries. Continued focus on improving sanitation, access to clean water, and public health education can further decrease the global impact of this common yet potentially serious illness.

As research progresses and our understanding of viral gastroenteritis deepens, we can anticipate more effective prevention strategies, targeted treatments, and improved outcomes for individuals affected by this widespread condition. Staying informed about these developments and maintaining good hygiene practices remain key in managing and preventing viral gastroenteritis in our communities.

Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) – Symptoms & causes

Overview

Viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection that includes signs and symptoms such as watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes fever.

The most common way to develop viral gastroenteritis — often called stomach flu — is through contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or water. If you’re otherwise healthy, you’ll likely recover without complications. But for infants, older adults and people with compromised immune systems, viral gastroenteritis can be deadly.

There’s no effective treatment for viral gastroenteritis, so prevention is key. Avoid food and water that may be contaminated and wash your hands thoroughly and often.

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Symptoms

Although it’s commonly called stomach flu, gastroenteritis isn’t the same as influenza. The flu (influenza) affects only your respiratory system — your nose, throat and lungs. Gastroenteritis, on the other hand, attacks your intestines, causing signs and symptoms such as:

• Watery, usually nonbloody diarrhea — bloody diarrhea usually means you have a different, more severe infection
• Nausea, vomiting or both
• Stomach cramps and pain
• Occasional muscle aches or headache
• Low-grade fever

Depending on the cause, viral gastroenteritis symptoms may appear within 1-3 days after you’re infected and can range from mild to severe. Symptoms usually last just a day or two, but occasionally they may last up to 14 days.

Because the symptoms are similar, it’s easy to confuse viral diarrhea with diarrhea caused by bacteria, such as Clostridioides difficile, salmonella and Escherichia coli, or parasites, such as giardia.

Viral gastroenteritis

The stomach, small intestine and large intestine (colon) are part of your digestive tract, which processes the foods you eat. Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation of these organs caused by a virus.

When to see a doctor

If you’re an adult, call your health care provider if:

• You’re not able to keep liquids down for 24 hours
• You’ve been vomiting or having diarrhea for more than two days
• You’re vomiting blood
• You’re dehydrated — signs of dehydration include excessive thirst, dry mouth, deep yellow urine or little or no urine, and severe weakness, dizziness or lightheadedness
• You notice blood in your bowel movements
• You have severe stomach pain
• You have a fever above 104 F (40 C)

For infants and children

See your child’s health care provider right away if your child:

• Has a fever of 102 F (38.9 C) or higher
• Seems tired or very irritable
• Is in a lot of discomfort or pain
• Has bloody diarrhea
• Seems dehydrated — watch for signs of dehydration in sick infants and children by comparing how much they drink and urinate with how much is normal for them, and watching for signs such as a dry mouth, thirst and crying without tears

If you have an infant, remember that while spitting up may be an everyday occurrence for your baby, vomiting is not. Babies vomit for a variety of reasons, many of which may require medical attention.

Call your baby’s doctor right away if your baby:

• Has vomiting that is frequent
• Hasn’t had a wet diaper in six hours
• Has bloody stools or severe diarrhea
• Has a sunken soft spot (fontanel) on the top of his or her head
• Has a dry mouth or cries without tears
• Is unusually sleepy, drowsy or unresponsive

Causes

You’re most likely to get viral gastroenteritis when you eat or drink contaminated food or water. You may also be likely to get gastroenteritis if you share utensils, towels or food with someone who has one of the viruses that cause the condition.

Many viruses can cause gastroenteritis, including:

• Noroviruses. Both children and adults are affected by noroviruses, the most common cause of foodborne illness worldwide. Norovirus infection can sweep through families and communities. It’s especially likely to spread among people in confined spaces.

  In most cases, you pick up the virus from contaminated food or water. But it can also spread between people who are in close contact or who share food. You can also get the virus by touching a surface that’s been contaminated with norovirus and then touching your mouth.

• Rotavirus. Worldwide, this is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children, who are usually infected when they put their fingers or other objects contaminated with the virus into their mouths. It can also spread through contaminated food. The infection is most severe in infants and young children.

  Adults infected with rotavirus may not have symptoms, but can still spread the illness. This is of particular concern in institutional settings such as nursing homes because adults with the virus unknowingly can pass the virus to others. A vaccine against viral gastroenteritis is available in some countries, including the United States, and appears to be effective in preventing the infection.

Some shellfish, especially raw or undercooked oysters, also can make you sick. Contaminated drinking water is a cause of viral diarrhea. But in many cases the virus is passed when someone with a virus handles food you eat without washing his or her hands after using the toilet.

Risk factors

Gastroenteritis occurs all over the world and can affect people of all ages.

People who may be more susceptible to gastroenteritis include:

• Young children. Children in child care centers or elementary schools may be especially vulnerable because it takes time for a child’s immune system to mature.
• Older adults. Adult immune systems tend to become less efficient later in life. Older adults in nursing homes are vulnerable because their immune systems weaken. They also live in close contact with others who may pass along germs.
• Schoolchildren or dormitory residents. Anywhere that groups of people come together in close quarters can be an environment for an intestinal infection to get passed.
• Anyone with a weakened immune system. If your resistance to infection is low — for instance, if your immune system is compromised by HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy or another medical condition — you may be especially at risk.

Each gastrointestinal virus has a season when it’s most active. If you live in the Northern Hemisphere, for instance, you’re more likely to have rotavirus or norovirus infections in the winter and spring.

Complications

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration — a severe loss of water and essential salts and minerals. If you’re healthy and drink enough to replace fluids you lose from vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration shouldn’t be a problem.

Infants, older adults and people with weakened immune systems may become severely dehydrated when they lose more fluids than they can replace. Hospitalization might be needed so that lost fluids can be replaced through an IV in their arms. Dehydration can rarely lead to death.

Prevention

The best way to prevent the spread of intestinal infections is to follow these precautions:

• Get your child vaccinated. A vaccine against gastroenteritis caused by the rotavirus is available in some countries, including the United States. Given to children in the first year of life, the vaccine appears to be effective in preventing severe symptoms of this illness.

• Wash your hands thoroughly. And make sure your children do, too. If your children are older, teach them to wash their hands, especially after using the toilet.

  Wash your hands after changing diapers and before preparing or eating food, too. It’s best to use warm water and soap and to rub hands well for at least 20 seconds. Wash around cuticles, beneath fingernails and in the creases of the hands. Then rinse thoroughly. Carry sanitizing wipes and hand sanitizer for times when soap and water aren’t available.

• Use separate personal items around your home. Avoid sharing eating utensils, drinking glasses and plates. Use separate towels in the bathroom.
• Prepare food safely. Wash all your fruits and vegetables before eating them. Clean kitchen surfaces before preparing food on them. Avoid preparing food if you’re sick.
• Keep your distance. Avoid close contact with anyone who has the virus, if possible.
• Disinfect hard surfaces. If someone in your home has viral gastroenteritis, disinfect hard surfaces, such as counters, faucets and doorknobs, with a mixture of 5-25 tablespoons (73 to 369 milliliters) of household bleach to 1 gallon (3.8 liters) of water.
• Avoid touching laundry that may have been exposed to a virus. If someone in your home has viral gastroenteritis, wear gloves while touching laundry. Wash clothing and bedding in hot water and dry them on the hottest setting. Wash your hands well after touching laundry.
• Check out your child care center. Make sure the center has separate rooms for changing diapers and preparing or serving food. The room with the diaper-changing table should have a sink as well as a sanitary way to dispose of diapers.

Take precautions when traveling

When you’re traveling in other countries, you can become sick from contaminated food or water. You may be able to reduce your risk by following these tips:

• Drink only well-sealed bottled or carbonated water.
• Avoid ice cubes because they may be made from contaminated water.
• Use bottled water to brush your teeth.
• Avoid raw food — including peeled fruits, raw vegetables and salads — that has been touched by human hands.
• Avoid undercooked meat and fish.

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Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) – Diagnosis & treatment

Diagnosis

Your doctor will likely diagnose viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) based on symptoms, a physical exam and sometimes on the presence of similar cases in your community. A rapid stool test can detect rotavirus or norovirus, but there are no quick tests for other viruses that cause gastroenteritis. In some cases, your doctor may have you submit a stool sample to rule out a possible bacterial or parasitic infection.

Treatment

There’s often no specific medical treatment for viral gastroenteritis. Antibiotics aren’t effective against viruses. Treatment first involves self-care measures, such as staying hydrated.

Clinical trials

Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.

Self care

To help keep yourself more comfortable and prevent dehydration while you recover, try the following:

• Let your stomach settle. Stop eating solid foods for a few hours.
• Try sucking on ice chips or taking small sips of water often. You might also try drinking clear soda, clear broths or noncaffeinated sports drinks. In some cases you can try oral rehydration solutions. Drink plenty of liquid every day, taking small, frequent sips.
• Ease back into eating. As you’re able, you can return to eating your normal diet. You might find that you can eat bland, easy-to-digest foods at first, such as soda crackers, soup, oats, noodles, bananas and rice. Stop eating if your nausea returns.
• Avoid certain foods and substances until you feel better. These include caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and fatty or highly seasoned foods.
• Get plenty of rest. The illness and dehydration may have made you weak and tired.
• Try anti-diarrhea medications. Some adults may find it helpful to take loperamide (Imodium A-D) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, others) to manage their symptoms. However, avoid these if you have bloody diarrhea or fever, which could be signs of another condition.

For infants and children

When your child has an intestinal infection, the most important goal is to replace lost fluids and salts. These suggestions may help:

• Help your child rehydrate. Give your child an oral rehydration solution, available at pharmacies without a prescription. Talk to your doctor if you have questions about how to use it.

  Don’t give your child plain water — in children with gastroenteritis, water isn’t absorbed well and won’t adequately replace lost electrolytes. Avoid giving your child apple juice for rehydration — it can make diarrhea worse.

• Get your child back to a normal diet once hydrated. Once your child is rehydrated, introduce him or her to his or her normal diet. This might include toast, yogurt, fruits and vegetables.
• Avoid certain foods. Don’t give your child sugary foods, such as ice cream, sodas and candy. These can make diarrhea worse.
• Make sure your child gets plenty of rest. The illness and dehydration may have made your child weak and tired.
• Avoid giving your child store-bought anti-diarrheal medications, unless advised by your doctor. They can make it harder for your child’s body to get rid of the virus.

If you have a sick infant, let your baby’s stomach rest for 15-20 minutes after vomiting or a bout of diarrhea, then offer small amounts of liquid. If you’re breast-feeding, let your baby nurse. If your baby is bottle-fed, offer a small amount of an oral rehydration solution or regular formula. Don’t dilute your baby’s already-prepared formula.

Preparing for your appointment

If you or your child needs to see a doctor, you’ll likely see your doctor first. If there are questions about the diagnosis, your doctor may refer you to an infectious disease specialist.

What you can do

Preparing a list of questions will help you make the most of your time with your doctor. Some questions you might want to ask your or your child’s doctor include:

• What’s the likely cause of the symptoms? Are there other possible causes?
• Is there a need for tests?
• What’s the best treatment approach? Are there any alternatives?
• Is there a need to take medicine?
• What can I do at home to ease the symptoms?

What to expect from your doctor

Some questions the doctor may ask include:

• When did symptoms begin?
• Have the symptoms been continuous, or do they come and go?
• How severe are the symptoms?
• What, if anything, seems to improve symptoms?
• What, if anything, appears to worsen symptoms?
• Have you been in contact with anyone with similar symptoms?

What you can do in the meantime

Drink plenty of fluids. As you’re able, you can return to eating your normal diet. You might find you can eat bland, easy-to-digest foods at first. If your child is sick, follow the same approach — offer plenty of fluids. When possible, start having your child eat his or her normal diet. If you’re breastfeeding or using formula, continue to feed your child as usual. Ask your child’s doctor if giving your child an oral rehydration solution, available without a prescription at pharmacies, would help.

Gastroenteritis. What is Gastroenteritis?

IMPORTANT
The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.

Gastroenteritis is an inflammatory process in the stomach and small intestine, which can be caused by bacterial (including Helicobacter pylori), viral or protozoal damage, the action of chemical and physical factors, and the development of allergic reactions. The leading clinical signs are dyspeptic, pain syndrome, with acute infectious gastroenteritis – dehydration. Diagnosis consists in studying the history of the disease, the epidemiological situation, identifying the pathogen, conducting endoscopic and other additional research methods. Treatment is conservative, determined by the form of pathology.

• Causes of gastroenteritis
• Classification
• Symptoms of gastroenteritis
• Diagnostics
• Treatment of gastroenteritis
• Prognosis and prevention
• Prices for treatment

General

Gastroenteritis is an inflammatory process localized in the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestine, leading to impaired secretory, digestive-transport function, secondary immune and metabolic changes. The disease can occur in two forms – acute and chronic, which have fundamental differences in etiology, manifestations and methods of treatment.

The prevalence is very high: in the structure of infectious diseases, acute gastroenteritis ranks second after respiratory infections, and chronic gastroenteritis occurs in more than half of schoolchildren and older age groups. The relevance of this pathology is due to the constant emergence of new strains of pathogens, the development of antibiotic resistance, the prevalence of such risk factors as poor nutrition, alcohol consumption and smoking, as well as extremely frequent cases of self-medication.

Gastroenteritis

Causes of gastroenteritis

The main reason for the development of acute inflammation is infection with bacteria, viruses, protozoa (shigella, salmonella, E. coli, enterotropic viruses, amoebae, etc.), as well as the effect on the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestine of chemical or physical damaging factors (alcohol, certain drugs). , aggressive chemicals, ionizing radiation). Less commonly, the acute form occurs as a result of an unbalanced diet (eating too spicy, fatty foods) or individual intolerance to certain foods (allergic form).

The most common is acute infectious gastroenteritis, in which pathogenic flora enters the gastrointestinal tract, adhesion and invasion of microorganisms, and their production of enterotoxins. These processes are accompanied by an increase in the osmotic pressure of the intestinal contents and the secretion of a large amount of water and electrolytes into its lumen. The likelihood of acute infectious gastroenteritis increases with a violation of the intestinal microbiocenosis and low acidity of gastric juice.

Chronic gastroenteritis can form as a complication and continuation of an acute process, but in most cases it is caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacteria are acid-resistant microorganisms that have a tropism for the epithelial tissue of the stomach and have protective mechanisms that allow them to exist in an aggressive acidic environment.

The development of these bacteria leads to an increase in the acid-forming function, and as a result of the constant action of the acidic contents of the stomach on the mucous membrane of the small intestine, metaplasia of the intestinal epithelium, which is transformed into the gastric one. At the same time, the mucous membrane acquires favorable properties for the colonization of Helicobacteria. A chronic inflammatory process leads to insufficient production of digestive juices and inhibition of local immune mechanisms.

According to the observations of specialists in the field of practical gastroenterology, a chronic form of pathology is often observed in alcoholism. At the same time, there are atrophic changes in the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract with severe disorders of food digestion and absorption of valuable nutrients.

Classification

Gastroenteritis is classified depending on the form (acute or chronic), the etiological factor and the predominant clinical syndrome. During acute gastroenteritis, three degrees of severity are distinguished. The former is characterized by infrequent diarrhea and vomiting, normal body temperature, and no symptoms of dehydration. The average severity is determined by vomiting and diarrhea up to ten times a day, signs of mild dehydration and fever up to 38. 5ºС. Severe course is accompanied by severe dehydration, fever, impaired consciousness.

Chronic gastroenteritis is classified according to etiological factors (infectious, alimentary, caused by physical or chemical factors, diseases of the liver and pancreas), predominant functional changes (impaired membrane digestion, absorption or motor function), increased or decreased acidity. Depending on the anatomical and morphological changes, superficial gastroenteritis with damage to epithelial cells, chronic inflammation without atrophy, and chronic atrophic process are distinguished. During the chronic form, exacerbations and remissions are distinguished.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis

The clinical picture depends on the form of the disease. The acute process develops rapidly, due to frequent and profuse diarrhea and vomiting within a few hours, the patient’s condition may deteriorate significantly. If the cause of the pathology is an infectious process, the incubation period can last from 3-4 hours to several days. The most common first symptom is diarrhea, followed by nausea and vomiting. The severity of manifestations differs depending on the species of the pathogen.

With bacterial gastroenteritis, the course is usually more severe than with viral gastroenteritis, hyperthermia and intoxication syndrome are characteristic. A feature is damage to epithelial cells by toxins, therefore, in most cases, bacterial gastroenteritis is accompanied by severe spastic pain along the intestine. Viral infection is extremely rarely accompanied by abdominal pain, in young children the disease can quickly lead to significant dehydration. Viral gastroenteritis often occurs with signs of a respiratory infection.

In an acute process, the leading clinical syndrome requiring early correction is dehydration. Dehydration can reach a significant degree when the patient loses fluid in an amount of 10% of body weight or more. In this case, convulsions, impaired consciousness, severe weakness, tachycardia, and a decrease in blood pressure are possible. Patients feel intense thirst; the skin is dry, turgor is reduced. With significant dehydration, body temperature drops to 35 ºС, the amount of urine excreted decreases up to anuria.

The chronic form of the disease is accompanied by general symptoms and signs of local mucosal damage. General manifestations are characterized by weakness, asthenia, weight loss due to impaired absorption of nutrients, irritability, and insomnia. Most patients experience trophic changes in the nails (flaky, brittle nails), hair (brittle, split ends), skin and mucous membranes. Violation of calcium absorption can lead to paresthesia, spasms of small muscles.

Pain in chronic gastroenteritis occurs 1-2 hours after eating, accompanied by nausea, belching, and less often vomiting. Intestinal manifestations of the disease include diarrhea, polyfecal matter, bloating, and rumbling. In the clinic of a chronic process, periods of exacerbations and remissions alternate. Exacerbations have an autumn-spring seasonality, they are provoked by dietary disorders and concomitant diseases. With adequate therapy, symptoms regress in about ten days.

Diagnosis

In the case of an acute form of gastroenteritis, the leading role in the diagnosis is given to the study of complaints and anamnesis of the disease, the epidemiological situation in the region, risk factors, and methods for identifying the pathogen. The nature of changes in bowel movements and the degree of dehydration allow you to determine the start of treatment. An accurate diagnosis is made after the pathogen is identified, but these studies require a long time (7-10 days). On examination, dryness of the skin and a decrease in their turgor, abdominal pain on palpation are determined. The tongue is dry, coated with a grayish or white coating. Possible hyperthermia, impaired consciousness, with severe dehydration – hypothermia and convulsions.

A coprological study (coprogram) reveals impurities in stools of mucus, pus, blood, undigested fiber, muscle fibers, starch and fats. In a clinical blood test, leukocytosis and an acceleration of ESR are determined, and in case of dehydration, signs of hemoconcentration (a decrease in the liquid component of the blood) are determined. Detection of the pathogen is carried out by bacteriological and virological methods. Excrements, vomit, blood and urine are examined. The most informative serological diagnosis is a fourfold increase in the titer of specific antibodies in paired sera.

To verify chronic gastroenteritis, additional studies of the gastrointestinal tract are carried out. With esophagogastroduodenoscopy, the condition of the gastric mucosa and the initial sections of the small intestine is assessed, a biopsy of the altered sections of the mucosa is performed for subsequent histological analysis. This allows you to detect atrophy, metaplasia or hyperplasia. Antroduodenal manometry is used to detect dysmotility. Intragastric pH-metry is mandatory, since low and high acidity require a different approach to treatment. In order to detect Helicobacter pylori, PCR diagnostics, a respiratory urease test and a morphological study of biopsy specimens are carried out. To assess the condition of the liver and pancreas, ultrasound of the abdominal organs is performed.

Treatment of gastroenteritis

In an acute process, treatment can be carried out on an outpatient basis or in an infectious diseases hospital, in a chronic process, in the department of gastroenterology. The basis of therapy for the acute form is rehydration, diet therapy, in some cases, the use of antibiotics and adjuvants. Any severity of acute infectious gastroenteritis requires early initiation of oral rehydration therapy. This is especially true for young children, in whom dehydration develops very quickly. Even if there are no signs of exsicosis, plenty of fluids are required.

In the presence of thirst, dry skin, decreased urine volume, special oral saline solutions are used. The patient should drink liquid in a volume that exceeds losses by one and a half times. If thirst decreases and diuresis increases, then dehydration is compensated sufficiently. With significant losses of water and electrolytes, infusion rehydration with saline solutions is carried out.

Antibiotics in the case of acute gastroenteritis are indicated only for its bacterial etiology (the presence of mucus, pus and blood in the stool, severe hyperthermia). In case of viral infection, antibiotic therapy is contraindicated. To reduce diarrhea and remove toxins, enterosorbents are prescribed: activated carbon, dioctahedral smectite, polyphepan and others. In order to normalize the intestinal flora, probiotics and eubiotics are used.

Treatment of chronic gastroenteritis is determined by its form. In case of hyperacidity, antacids, proton pump inhibitors are used. The detection of Helicobacter pylori requires mandatory specific therapy: antibiotics, bismuth preparations and proton pump inhibitors are prescribed. With reduced acidity, natural gastric juice, enzymatic and reparative preparations are used. Be sure to restore the intestinal microflora. With severe pain syndrome, especially with solarite phenomena, physiotherapy is effective: electrophoresis with anesthetics, magnetotherapy.

In the acute and chronic form of the disease, diet is mandatory. Food should be chemically and mechanically sparing, extractives, fatty and spicy dishes are excluded. In order to reduce the risk of recurrence, patients are advised to exclude smoking, drinking alcohol, coffee and carbonated drinks. During the period of remission, sanatorium treatment is carried out. Therapy of gastroenteritis should not be carried out by patients on their own – the irrational use of symptomatic agents only reduces the manifestations, but does not lead to a cure.

Prognosis and prevention

With timely treatment, adherence to a diet, the prognosis is favorable. At the same time, self-treatment of acute gastroenteritis can lead to a chronic process. In the presence of risk factors (age up to 6 months and after 65 years, concomitant renal, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, diabetes mellitus, oncological pathology), acute pathology can be severe, while mortality is quite high.

In chronic gastroenteritis, clinical examination and regular examination are mandatory. gastroenterologist. Preventive measures include personal hygiene (washing hands after visiting the bathrooms and before eating), thorough washing of raw vegetables, herbs, sufficient heat treatment of products, a detailed examination of food industry workers with removal from production if an acute infectious process is detected.

Sources

1. treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.

   causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention

   Content

   • 1 Acute gastroenteritis: symptoms, causes and treatments
     • 1.1 Acute gastroenteritis: what is it?
     • 1.2 Acute gastroenteritis: causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention
       • 1.2.1 Causes of acute gastroenteritis
     • 1. 3 Symptoms of acute gastroenteritis
     • 1.4 Complications of acute gastroenteritis 900 12
     • 1.5 Treatment of acute gastroenteritis
     • 1.6 Diet for acute gastroenteritis
       • 1.6.1 Diet rules for gastroenteritis
       • 1.6.2 What to eat for acute gastroenteritis
       • 1.6.3 What not to eat for acute gastroenteritis
       • 1.6.4 Sample daily menu for gastroenteritis
     • 1.7 Prevention of acute gastroenteritis
     • 1.8 Vaccination to prevent acute gastroenteritis
       • 1.8.1 What is vaccination against gastroenteritis?
       • 1.8.2 What vaccines are available for acute gastroenteritis?
       • 1.8.3 For whom is vaccination against gastroenteritis recommended?
       • 1.8.4 How is vaccination against gastroenteritis carried out?
       • 1.8.5 Conclusion
     • 1.9 What if you have acute gastroenteritis?
     • 1.10 When should I see a doctor for acute gastroenteritis?
     • 1.11 Related videos:
     • 1. 12 Q&A:
       • • 1.12.0.1 What is acute gastroenteritis?
         • 1.12.0.2 What causes acute gastroenteritis?
         • 1.12.0.3 What are the symptoms associated with acute gastroenteritis?
         • 1.12.0.4 How is acute gastroenteritis treated?
         • 1.12.0.5 How can acute gastroenteritis be prevented?
         • 1.12.0.6 How do I know when to see a doctor for acute gastroenteritis?

   Acute gastroenteritis is a gastrointestinal disease that is accompanied by severe abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. Find out about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this unpleasant disease in our article.

   Acute gastroenteritis is a common condition that causes inflammation of the intestines and stomach. It is transmitted through contact with infected people, food or water contaminated with various pathogens. Most cases of acute gastroenteritis are caused by viruses, but bacteria or parasites can also cause it.

   The symptoms of acute gastroenteritis can range from benign to life-threatening in humans and typically appear within hours or days of exposure to the pathogen. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and a hangover are very common. Therefore, it is very important to know the symptoms so that the treatment is not only effective, but also on time.

   Treatment of acute gastroenteritis may include antibiotics, rehydration, and a special diet. The most important thing is to drink enough water and engage in cleanliness of the body with the environment. Preventive measures, such as good hygiene, proper food preparation, and being careful when in contact with infected people, can help prevent acute gastroenteritis.

   Acute gastroenteritis: what is it?

   Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. This is an acute inflammatory disease affecting the intestinal mucosa.

   Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually include abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, headache and general weakness. Some symptoms may be worse than others, depending on which virus or bacterium is causing the gastroenteritis.

   Treating gastroenteritis involves managing symptoms and maintaining the body to allow it to recover. This may include increasing fluid intake to stay hydrated, taking medications to relieve pain, and fluids to regenerate the body.

   Prevention of gastroenteritis includes washing hands regularly, eating clean and safe food and water, avoiding contact with people who are sick, and preparing food properly before eating.

   Acute gastroenteritis: causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention

   Causes of acute gastroenteritis

   Acute gastroenteritis is a disease caused by an inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract. It can be caused by a variety of things, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

   One of the most common viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis is rotavirus. This virus is highly contagious and is transmitted through contact with infected people or objects. Another common virus is norovirus, which is most commonly transmitted through contact with contaminated food.

   Parasites such as cryptosporidium and giardia can also cause acute gastroenteritis. They are transmitted through contaminated water or food.

   In addition, acute gastroenteritis can be caused by the use of certain medications, such as antibiotics, which kill the good bacteria in the gut and can cause an infection.

   It is important to remember that the disease is caused by a pathogen and is transmitted from person to person or through food and water. Therefore, in order to avoid infection, it is necessary to observe the rules of hygiene, especially before eating and after using the toilet.

   • Viruses: rotavirus, norovirus
   • Bacteria: Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter
   • Parasites: Cryptosporidium, Giardia
   • Medicines: Some antibiotics

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   Symptoms of acute gastroenteritis

   Gastroenteritis begins with acute abdominal pain, tickling in the throat , severe nausea and vomiting. The patient’s body temperature rises, headache, weakness and dizziness may occur.

   An increase in pulse and pressure may be due to dehydration due to diarrhea and vomiting. It is a serious threat to human health, especially for infants, children and the elderly.

   Changes in appetite, nausea and vomiting can cause dehydration and nutritional deficiencies in the body, therefore it is necessary to maintain a drinking regimen and eat food containing essential vitamins and minerals.

   Acute gastroenteritis can lead to serious complications, so a doctor should be consulted if symptoms occur.

   Complications of acute gastroenteritis

   Acute gastroenteritis can cause various complications, especially in people with weakened immune systems and in children. Among the possible complications:

   1. Dehydration – loss of fluid and electrolytes can lead to serious consequences, including seizures, low blood pressure, and even death.
   2. Electrolyte disturbance – Loss of electrolytes can cause abnormal heart rhythms, muscle cramps, and other problems.
   3. Hypoglycemia – Low blood glucose can occur with prolonged vomiting and diarrhea, which can lead to weakness, dizziness, and even loss of consciousness.
   4. Sepsis – Infection can lead to bacterial sepsis, which is a serious life threat.
   5. Gastrointestinal disease development – Acute gastroenteritis can cause various gastrointestinal diseases, including stomach and intestinal ulcers.

   To avoid complications, it is important to see your doctor at the first sign of acute gastroenteritis and follow his recommendations for treatment and prevention. It is also important to maintain fluid and electrolyte levels in the body, diet and avoid contact with infectious agents.

   Treatment of acute gastroenteritis

   Treatment of acute gastroenteritis should be aimed at restoring lost fluid and minerals, reducing symptoms, and controlling the underlying cause.

   Medicines recommended by your doctor, such as paracetamol, can be taken to reduce fever and stomach pain. Being an effective analgesic, it also reduces body temperature.

   As an additional treatment, probiotics, special bacteria that support a healthy intestinal microflora, can be used. They help speed up the recovery of the body and avoid the recurrence of the disease.

   It is important to remember that if your condition does not improve within three days, or new symptoms appear, you should immediately consult a doctor.

   Acute Gastroenteritis Diet

   Gastroenteritis Diet Rules

   Acute gastroenteritis requires a special diet that helps to quickly get rid of the symptoms of the disease. With gastroenteritis, it is recommended to reduce the amount of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the diet, as well as exclude from the menu foods that irritate the stomach and are difficult to digest. For better digestion, you should eat often, but in small portions, eat food in liquid or semi-solid form, and choose the right food temperature.

   What can you eat with acute gastroenteritis

   • Cereals: rice, buckwheat, oatmeal, semolina
   • Protein foods: skinless chicken, beef, veal, rabbit
   • Fish: cod, pike, perch, pike perch, carp
   • Vegetables: potatoes, carrots, pumpkin, broccoli, cauliflower
   • Fruits: bananas, apples, pears, grated plums, prunes
   • Fermented dairy products: kefir, yogurt, cottage cheese

   What not to eat with acute gastroenteritis

   • Fatty and fried foods: french fries, fried chicken, fried cheese
   • Sausages, sausages, smoked meats and other deli meats
   • High-fat dairy products: butter, mayonnaise, sour cream marmalade, cake, cakes
   • Bread and pastries
   • Spicy, sour, salty foods: onions, peppers, marinades, pickled cucumbers, salted nuts

   Sample daily menu for gastroenteritis

   TimeDish

   Breakfast	Semolina porridge on the water, scrambled egg, black tea
   Snack	Yogurt or kefir 90 325
   Lunch	Chicken broth, stewed vegetables, boiled meat
   Snack	Grated apple or banana
   Dinner	Boiled fish, vegetable salad, tea

   Important to remember that a diet for acute gastroenteritis is a necessary measure for a quick recovery. If symptoms do not improve, see a doctor.

   Prevention of acute gastroenteritis

   Acute gastroenteritis is a disease caused by an infection in the gastrointestinal tract. To prevent the development of gastroenteritis, some precautions must be taken.

   The first thing to do to prevent acute gastroenteritis is to wash your hands. Often we touch surfaces that may harbor germs that can cause infection. Therefore, before eating and after going to the toilet, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.

   The second is to take care of your hygiene. Don’t forget to use tissues or paper towels to wash your hands. Never share knives, forks and spoons as they can be a source of infection.

   Third – do not eat poorly cooked, improperly stored or expired food. Also, do not eat food that has been prepared in unsanitary conditions.

   Fourth – limit contact with sick people. Avoid going to crowded places if there is a possibility of infection.

   Fifth – when traveling abroad, you should be extremely careful. Buy products from reliable suppliers and use only high-quality water.

   Following these simple steps will protect your body from gastroenteritis and keep you healthy.

   Vaccination to prevent acute gastroenteritis

   What is vaccination against gastroenteritis?

   Vaccination is a measure to prevent infectious diseases, including acute gastroenteritis. The vaccine contains weakened or killed microbes that stimulate a person’s immune system and help create protection against pathogens.

   What vaccines are available for acute gastroenteritis?

   There are several vaccines available for acute gastroenteritis, including those for rotavirus and hepatitis A. Each is designed to prevent a specific pathogen.

   Who is recommended for vaccination against gastroenteritis?

   Acute gastroenteritis vaccination is recommended for people of all ages, especially children and people whose activities involve public places such as restaurants, hotels, transport, etc. Vaccination is also recommended for people who are planning a trip to countries with a low level of sanitary hygiene.

   How is the gastroenteritis vaccination done?

   Vaccination against acute gastroenteritis can be given either by injection or by mouth. The number of doses and the interval between them depends on the specific vaccine, its type and manufacturer. The effectiveness of the vaccine can reach 80% to 95%, which significantly reduces the risk of gastroenteritis.

   Conclusion

   Acute gastroenteritis vaccination is an effective way to protect yourself and your loved ones from this disease. However, in addition to vaccination, it is important to practice good hygiene to minimize the risk of infection with pathogens of gastroenteritis.

   What if you have acute gastroenteritis?

   In acute gastroenteritis, the main action to be taken is to maintain a drinking regimen. The body loses a lot of fluid during illness, so you should consume as much fluid as possible – water, tea, compote. This will help you stay hydrated and help you fight the infection faster. It is recommended to drink in small portions often – every 10-15 minutes, so that the stomach is not overloaded.

   Eating should be delayed for a few hours after the onset of the first symptoms in order not to burden the stomach. If you have similar symptoms, you should not eat fatty, spicy, fried foods, as well as dairy products. Light food should be preferred – porridge, boiled fish or chicken broth. Activated charcoal can be taken to bind toxins and relieve swelling of the gastric mucosa.

   Peace and quiet are needed to speed up the healing process. You should not engage in physical activity or work for several days, especially if you have a fever. If the symptoms do not stop or the body becomes severely dehydrated, then you need to see a doctor for help.

   • Maintain good hygiene: Wash your hands regularly, sanitize fruits, vegetables, and the common kitchen area before eating.
   • Look after your health: if you have any diseases that can cause a weakened immune system, you should take care of your health to avoid any possible problems.
   • Avoid exposure: avoid contact with sick people, do not use their items for food and do not touch them after contact.

   When should I see a doctor for acute gastroenteritis?

   Acute gastroenteritis is a fairly common disease that presents with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and tremors. Although most cases of gastroenteritis can be treated at home, there are times when you need to see a doctor.

   The first signs of acute gastroenteritis may appear within hours or days and may lead to significant loss of fluid and electrolytes. If you experience severe abdominal pain or severe diarrhea for more than 24-48 hours, then be sure to consult a doctor. It is also worth contacting your doctor if you have seizures, bloody diarrhea, or find yourself without urine for 12 hours or more.

   People with certain health problems, such as weakened immune systems, pregnant women, the elderly, or young children, may experience more serious problems associated with acute gastroenteritis. These categories of people should immediately consult a doctor if they begin to experience symptoms of gastroenteritis.

   If you do not know the exact cause of your illness, it is also recommended to see a doctor to rule out the possibility of other serious illnesses such as appendicitis, hepatitis, or infectious diseases that can present with the same symptoms as gastroenteritis.

   In general, if you have any reason to be concerned about your health, or if you are not sure that you can treat gastroenteritis at home, do not hesitate to contact your doctor. The doctor will be able to conduct an additional examination and provide advice on the necessary treatment.

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   Q&A:

   What is acute gastroenteritis?

   Acute gastroenteritis is an inflammatory process in the stomach and intestines caused by infectious, nutritional or other factors. It is accompanied by symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and general malaise.

   What causes acute gastroenteritis?

   Acute gastroenteritis can be caused by infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi. It can also occur due to malnutrition, an allergic reaction, or physical or chemical exposure.

   What symptoms accompany acute gastroenteritis?

   Acute gastroenteritis presents with symptoms such as vomiting, headache, general weakness, fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Muscle pain, nausea, and loss of appetite may also occur.

   How is acute gastroenteritis treated?

   Treatment of acute gastroenteritis depends on the cause. In some cases, antiviral or antibiotic therapy may be prescribed.