Glands and their functions in human body. Pituitary Gland: Functions, Hormones, and Importance in Human Body

12.08.202323.06.2023 by alexxlab

What are the main functions of the pituitary gland. How does the pituitary gland regulate other endocrine organs. What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete and what are their roles in the body. How does the pituitary gland work in conjunction with the hypothalamus.

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The Pituitary Gland: An Overview of the Master Endocrine Gland

The pituitary gland, often referred to as the “master gland” of the endocrine system, is a small but crucial organ located at the base of the brain. Despite its diminutive size – comparable to that of a pea – this gland plays a pivotal role in regulating numerous bodily functions through the production and secretion of various hormones.

Nestled within a bony cavity called the sella turcica, the pituitary gland is strategically positioned to carry out its vital functions. Its location allows it to maintain close communication with the hypothalamus, another important brain structure, via a stalk composed of blood vessels and nerve fibers.

Anatomy of the Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland is divided into two main lobes:

Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis): Composed primarily of hormone-secreting epithelial cells
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis): Contains unmyelinated nerve fibers extending from the hypothalamus

This anatomical structure allows the pituitary gland to function as a critical interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system, facilitating precise control over various physiological processes.

The Pituitary-Hypothalamus Connection: A Crucial Regulatory Axis

The relationship between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus is fundamental to understanding how the endocrine system functions. How does this connection work?

The hypothalamus acts as a control center, producing “releasing hormones” or “inhibiting hormones” based on the body’s needs. These hormones travel to the anterior pituitary through a specialized blood vessel system called the hypophyseal portal system. In response, the anterior pituitary either increases or decreases its hormone production.

This feedback loop ensures that hormone levels in the body are maintained within optimal ranges. For instance, when thyroid hormone levels in the blood are sufficient, the pituitary gland reduces its production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Conversely, low thyroid hormone levels trigger increased TSH production.

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary: Regulators of Other Endocrine Glands

The anterior pituitary gland secretes several hormones that play crucial roles in regulating other endocrine glands and various physiological processes. What are these hormones and their functions?

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

TSH is a glycoprotein that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and secrete thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). These hormones are essential for:

Regulating metabolism
Maintaining energy homeostasis
Promoting growth
Supporting nervous system activities

Imbalances in TSH production can lead to thyroid disorders. Overproduction of TSH may result in hyperthyroidism, while insufficient TSH can cause hypothyroidism.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to release stress hormones, particularly cortisol. What roles does cortisol play in the body?

Regulates the body’s response to stress
Increases glucose metabolism
Helps maintain blood pressure
Reduces inflammation
Plays a central role in the “fight or flight” response

Abnormal ACTH levels can lead to various disorders. Overproduction of ACTH may result in Cushing’s syndrome, while low ACTH levels can cause adrenal insufficiency.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Collectively known as gonadotropins, FSH and LH play crucial roles in reproductive function:

Stimulate the ovaries to release estrogen and progesterone
Promote the production of testosterone in the testes
Regulate the growth and maturation of sperm and egg cells

Imbalances in FSH and LH can lead to menstruation-related problems, sexual dysfunction, and infertility.

Growth Hormone (GH): The Body’s Natural Promoter of Growth and Maintenance

Growth hormone, also known as somatotropic hormone (STH), is a crucial hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. What are its primary functions?

Stimulates growth in children
Maintains various body tissues and organs in adults
Promotes protein synthesis
Enhances fat metabolism
Regulates blood sugar levels

GH deficiency can lead to stunted growth in children and decreased muscle mass and bone density in adults. Conversely, excess GH production can result in gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults.

Prolactin: The Multifaceted Hormone

While primarily known for its role in milk production in lactating mothers, prolactin has numerous other functions in the body. What are some of these lesser-known roles of prolactin?

Regulates immune system function
Influences behavior and mood
Plays a role in metabolism
Contributes to osmoregulation (water and salt balance)

Abnormal prolactin levels can lead to various issues, including infertility, menstrual irregularities, and decreased libido.

The Posterior Pituitary: Storage and Release of Essential Hormones

Unlike the anterior pituitary, which produces hormones, the posterior pituitary serves as a storage and release site for two important hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Oxytocin: The “Love Hormone”

Oxytocin is often referred to as the “love hormone” or “bonding hormone” due to its roles in social bonding and reproduction. What are the primary functions of oxytocin?

Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
Promotes milk letdown in breastfeeding mothers
Facilitates social bonding and attachment
Influences trust and empathy
May play a role in stress reduction and anxiety relief

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Also known as vasopressin, ADH plays a crucial role in regulating the body’s water balance. How does ADH function in the body?

Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys
Reduces urine output
Helps maintain blood pressure
May influence social behavior and bonding

Disorders related to ADH can lead to conditions such as diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive thirst and urination.

The Pituitary Gland and the Autonomic Nervous System

The pituitary gland, under the control of the hypothalamus, plays a significant role in regulating the autonomic nervous system. This system is responsible for controlling various involuntary bodily functions. Which functions does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

Body temperature
Hunger and thirst
Urination
Heart rate
Sleep-wake cycles

By influencing the autonomic nervous system, the pituitary gland helps maintain homeostasis and ensures that the body can respond appropriately to various internal and external stimuli.

Pituitary Disorders: When the Master Gland Malfunctions

Given the pituitary gland’s crucial role in regulating numerous bodily functions, disorders affecting this gland can have wide-ranging impacts on health. What are some common pituitary disorders?

Hyperpituitarism

Hyperpituitarism occurs when the pituitary gland produces excessive amounts of one or more hormones. This can lead to various conditions, including:

Acromegaly (excess growth hormone in adults)
Gigantism (excess growth hormone in children)
Cushing’s disease (excess ACTH leading to high cortisol levels)
Hyperprolactinemia (excess prolactin)

Hypopituitarism

Hypopituitarism is a condition where the pituitary gland doesn’t produce sufficient amounts of one or more hormones. This can result in:

Growth hormone deficiency
Hypothyroidism (due to insufficient TSH)
Adrenal insufficiency (due to lack of ACTH)
Hypogonadism (due to insufficient FSH and LH)

Pituitary Tumors

Pituitary tumors, while usually benign, can cause problems by either overproducing certain hormones or compressing surrounding brain structures. What are the potential effects of pituitary tumors?

Hormone imbalances leading to various endocrine disorders
Visual disturbances due to compression of the optic nerves
Headaches
Nausea and vomiting

Early detection and appropriate treatment of pituitary disorders are crucial to prevent long-term health complications and ensure optimal endocrine function.

The Pituitary Gland in Health and Disease: Implications for Medical Research

Understanding the intricate functions of the pituitary gland has significant implications for medical research and the development of new therapies. How does pituitary research contribute to advancing medical knowledge?

Hormone replacement therapies: Developing more effective and targeted treatments for hormonal deficiencies
Cancer research: Studying pituitary tumors to gain insights into tumor growth and potential treatments
Neurodegenerative diseases: Exploring the links between pituitary function and conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
Reproductive medicine: Advancing fertility treatments and understanding reproductive disorders
Stress and mental health: Investigating the role of pituitary hormones in stress response and mental health conditions

Ongoing research into pituitary function continues to unveil new insights into human physiology and pathology, paving the way for innovative diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches.

The Pituitary Gland: A Key Player in Maintaining Hormonal Balance

The pituitary gland’s role in maintaining hormonal balance cannot be overstated. Through its complex interplay with the hypothalamus and other endocrine glands, it ensures that the body’s various systems function harmoniously. How does the pituitary gland maintain this delicate balance?

Continuous monitoring of hormone levels in the bloodstream
Rapid response to changes in the body’s internal environment
Fine-tuning hormone production based on feedback mechanisms
Coordinating responses to stress, growth, reproduction, and metabolism

This intricate system of checks and balances allows the body to adapt to various physiological demands and maintain optimal health.

The Pituitary Gland Throughout the Lifespan

The pituitary gland’s functions evolve throughout an individual’s lifespan. How does its role change from infancy to old age?

Infancy and childhood: Critical for growth and development
Puberty: Initiates and regulates sexual maturation
Adulthood: Maintains metabolic functions and reproductive capabilities
Pregnancy: Supports fetal development and prepares the body for childbirth and lactation
Aging: Adapts to changing metabolic needs and hormone levels

Understanding these changes is crucial for healthcare providers to accurately diagnose and treat endocrine disorders at different life stages.

Future Directions in Pituitary Research and Treatment

As our understanding of the pituitary gland continues to grow, new avenues for research and treatment emerge. What are some promising areas of future pituitary research?

Gene therapy: Developing targeted treatments for genetic pituitary disorders
Stem cell research: Exploring the potential of stem cells to regenerate pituitary tissue
Personalized medicine: Tailoring hormone replacement therapies based on individual genetic profiles
Advanced imaging techniques: Improving early detection and monitoring of pituitary tumors
Neuroendocrine interactions: Further elucidating the complex relationships between the nervous and endocrine systems

These advancements hold the promise of more effective treatments for pituitary disorders and a deeper understanding of the gland’s role in overall health and well-being.

In conclusion, the pituitary gland, though small in size, plays an outsized role in maintaining the body’s hormonal balance and overall health. Its intricate connections with the hypothalamus and other endocrine glands, along with its diverse array of hormones, make it a fascinating subject of study in the fields of endocrinology and neuroscience. As research continues to uncover new aspects of pituitary function, we can expect to see advancements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of endocrine disorders, ultimately leading to improved health outcomes for patients worldwide.

Pituitary Gland Hormones and Functions

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By Dr. Sanchari Sinha Dutta, Ph.D.Reviewed by Dr. Tomislav Meštrović, MD, Ph.D.

The pituitary gland is a pea-sized endocrine gland that is situated in the middle of the skull base and kept protected within a bony cavity called the sella turcica. It plays an essential role in regulating the functions of various other endocrine glands and maintaining overall hormone levels in the blood.

Image Credit: Sebastian Kaulitzki / Shutterstock.com

How does the pituitary gland work?

The pituitary gland is divided into two parts: anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland. The gland is connected to another brain structure called the hypothalamus by a stalk comprising blood vessels and nerve fibers. The anterior lobe is mainly composed of hormone-secreting epithelial cells, whereas the posterior lobe contains unmyelinated nerve fibers coming from the hypothalamus.

Under the control of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland controls the autonomic nervous system, which plays an essential role in regulating various involuntary functions of the body, including body temperature, hunger and thirst, urination, heartbeat, and sleep. The hormones secreted by the pituitary gland are vital regulators of most of the other endocrine glands. In addition, some hormones directly control the function of specific organs.

The pituitary hormones are released directly into the blood and travel through the blood vessels until they reach specific target organs. The production and secretion of hormones by the anterior lobe are under the regulation of the hypothalamus, which, depending on the body’s need, produces ‘releasing hormones’ or ‘inhibiting hormones’ to subsequently induce or suppress hormone release by the anterior lobe, respectively.

The production of anterior lobe hormones is also regulated by hormone levels in the blood. For example, the pituitary gland stops producing TSH if there is enough thyroid hormone in the blood. Similarly, the gland starts producing TSH when the thyroid hormone levels are low in the blood.

Image Credit: Designua / Shutterstock

What are the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland?

There are four hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that control the functions of other endocrine glands. These hormones include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormones (LH). In addition, the anterior lobe secretes two more hormones that have direct effects on specific organs. These hormones include growth hormone (GH) or somatotropic hormone (STH) and prolactin.

Regarding the posterior pituitary gland, two different hormones, namely oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), are stored there. These hormones are secreted depending on the body’s need.

What are the functions of pituitary hormones?

The hormones secreted by the pituitary gland play a crucial role in the regulation of important physiological functions.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – a glycoprotein that stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) by the thyroid gland. The thyroid hormones play a vital role in regulating metabolism, energy homeostasis, growth, and nervous system activities. An overproduction of TSH leads to hyperthyroidism, whereas a lack of TSH causes hypothyroidism.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – stimulates the adrenal gland to release stress hormones, especially cortisol. Under stressful conditions, cortisol is released in high amounts in the blood and regulates the body’s reaction to stress. In particular, cortisol increases glucose metabolism, regulates blood pressure, and reduces inflammation. In addition, cortisol plays a central role in fight or flight response, which is an adaptive response of the body to perceived threats. Overproduction of ACTH can lead to Cushing’s syndrome, whereas a low ACTH level can result in adrenal insufficiency.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH) – these hormones are collectively known as gonadotrophins, which stimulate the ovary to release estrogen and progesterone and the testes to release testosterone. Both LH and FSH play important roles in regulating the growth and maturation of sperm and egg cells. Abnormal production of these hormones causes menstruation-related problems, sexual malfunction, and infertility.

Growth hormone (GH) – this hormone stimulates growth in children and participates in maintaining various body tissues/organs in adults, including bones, liver, and fat and muscle tissues. In adults, the overproduction of GH causes acromegaly, which is characterized by increased bone size. In children, too much GH causes gigantism, a condition of abnormal growth.

Prolactin – this hormone stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk after childbirth. A high prolactin level can affect the functions of ovary and testes.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – this hormone is also known as vasopressin. It controls water retention by the kidney and regulates fluid balance and mineral concentration in the body. It also causes constriction of the blood vessels. A low ADH level can increase urination and trigger a thirsty feeling. This condition is known as diabetes insipidus.

Oxytocin – this hormone stimulates uterine contraction, which is essential during the delivery of a baby. It also stimulates milk secretion during breastfeeding.

Apart from the anterior and posterior lobes, the intermediate part that connects the two lobes secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which stimulates melanin production in the skin. It also regulates appetite and sex drive.

Sources

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072573/
www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/overview.html
http://psych. colorado.edu/~spencer/psyc4092/anteriorpittable.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27/
https://pituitary.asn.au/

Endocrine glands & their functions

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Endocrine glands & their functions

By : Prabhleen Arora
 Endocrine Glands are the glands of the
Endocrine System that secretes hormones
directly into the blood rather than a duct ….
 Endocrine glands secretes different types of
hormones in our body to perform some
specific tasks and functions ….
 It is made up of a “Network of Glands” ….
Glands are located throughout various part of
the Human Body . These glands perform the
critical task of releasing hormones and as
whole , they are known as “Endocrine Glands”
….
Endocrine Diseases are usually occur when
glands produce an incorrect amount of
hormone ….
 Hypothalamus Gland
 Pituitary Gland
 Pineal Gland
 Thyroid Gland
 Parathyroid Gland
 Adrenal Gland
 Thymus Gland
 Pancreas
 Ovaries
 Testes
 The hypothalamus gland is the most
important gland of our “Endocrine System” ….
 It is located below the “Thalamus” and sits
just above the “Brain Stem” ….
 Its primary function is to maintain
Homeostasis in the body ….
 It links the Nervous and Endocrine System by
the way of Pituitary Gland ….
 Its function is to secrete release hormones
and inhibit or stimulate the production of the
hormones in the “Anterior Pituitary” ….
 Special Neuron clusters known as “Neuro
Secretory Cells” in the hypothalamus
produces “ADH” (Anti Deuretic Hormone) and
“OXT” (Oxytocin) and transfer them to the
pituitary where they are stored for later
release ….
 The hypothalamus produces seven different
hormones ….
 Anti-Deuretic Hormones
 Oxytocin
 Somastostatin
 Growth Hormone – Releasing Hormone
 Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
 Gonadotropin – Releasing Hormone
 Corticotropin – Releasing Hormone
 “Pituitary Gland” is also known as “Master Gland”
. Attached to the Hypothalamus , the Pituitary
Gland is a pea sized , reddish-gray body that
stores hormone from the Hypothalamus and
releases into the Blood Stream ….
 The functions performed by “Pituitary Gland” are
:-
 Production of Growth Hormones….
 Regulation in the Endocrine System….
 Production of Hormones that effect the functions
of muscles and kidneys….
 Production of Hormones that controls other
Endocrine Glands ….
 Storage of Hormones that are produced by the
“Hypothalamus” ….
 The pituitary have three different sections :
Anterior , Intermediate and Posterior Pituitary ….
 Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH)
 Growth Hormones (GH)
 Adrenocoticotrophic Hormones (ACTH)
 Prolactin
 Thyroid Stimulating Hormones (TSH)
 Melanocyte Stimulating Hormones (MSH)
 Oxytocin
 Vasopressin/Anti-Deuretic Hormone (ADH)
 The pineal gland is the small and most
important Endocrine Gland in the body . It is
located near the Pituitary Gland ….
 It gets its name from its pine cone shape ….
 It is also known as “The Pineal Organ” or the
“Third Eye” ….
 It controls our body’s “Sleep-Wake Pattern”
….
 It has several critical functions including the
secretion of “Melatonin” , the hormone that
causes sleepiness and regulation of certain
endocrine functions ….
 It also helps the body to convert the signals
from “Nervous System” to the signals in the
“Endocrine System” ….
 The thyroid gland keeps your “Metabolism”
under control through the actions of “Thyroid
Hormone” which it makes by extracting
Iodine from the blood and incorporating it
into “Thyroid Hormones” ….
 Thyroid cells are unique , they are highly
specialized to absorb and use Iodine ….
 Every other cell depends upon the Thyroid to
manage its “Metabolism” ….
 The thyroid produces hormones that that govern the
functions such as your body uses the energy ,
consumes oxygen and producing heat ….
 The two main hormones the thyroid produces and
releases are T3(Tryidothyronine) and T4(Thyroxine)
….
 A thyroid that is funtionning normally produces
approximately 80% of T4 and 20% of T3 , though T3
is the strongest of the pair ….
 The thyroid also produces “Calcitonin”, which helps in
controlling the blood calcium levels ….
 Parathyroid Gland is the small bean shaped
structures behind the “Thyroid Gland” ….
 The parathyroid gland is actually a group of
four small glands , collectively they are
known as “Parathyroid Gland” ….
 This gland is vital to proper bone
development because it helps in controlling
the both “Calcium” and “Phosphorous” levels
in the body ….
 “Parathyroid Hormone” is secreted by the
“Parathyroid Gland” and is the most important
regulator of “Calcium” level in the blood and
within the bones ….
 Bones : “Parathyroid Hormone” stimulates the
release of “Calcium” from large Calcium
stores into the bloodstream . It increases
bone destruction and decreases the
formation of new bone ….
Kidneys : Parathyroid Hormone reduces loss of
Calcium in “Urine” , it also stimulates the
production of active “Vitamin D” in Kidneys ….
Intestine : Parathyroid Hormone increases
Calcium absorption in intestine from food via
its effects on Vitamin D “Metabolism” ….
 The “Adrenal Glands” are the small structures
attached to the top of each “Kidney”. The human
body has two “Adrenal Glands” that releases
chemicals called “Hormones” in the bloodstream .
These hormones effects many parts of the body .
 The “Adrenal Gland” secretes different hormones
which act as “Chemical Messengers” , these
hormones travels through the bloodstream and
acts on various body tissues to enable them to
function correctly ….
 Mineralocorticoids : “Aldosterone” hormone helps in
to maintains the body’s salt and water level , which in
turn regulates the “Blood Pressure” ….
 Glucocorticoids : “Cortisol” hormone is involved in the
stress response and also helps in to regulation of
body’s metabolism . It also has significant anti-
inflammatory effects ….
 Adrenal Androgens : Male sex hormones mainly
“Testosterone” and “DHEA” (Dehydroepiandrosterone)
, they are involved in creating and maintaining the
differences between Men and Women ….
 One of the most baffling gland in the body id
“Thymus” . It lies just above the neck and behind
the top of the “Breastbone” ….
 The Thymus Gland is bilobed mass of lymphoid
tissue located in the “Anterior Mediastenum” ….
 It is a large gland at birth and continues to grow
till “Puberty” (35 grams) , after puberty it starts
decreases and lived upto 60 years (12-60 years)
….
 Various thymic hormones produced by the
“Medulla” regulates the differentiation of “T
Lymphocytes” ….
 This gland secretes hormones that are
commonly referred to as “Humoral Factors”
and are important during “Puberty” ….
 The role of these hormones is to make sure
that a person develops an healthy “Immune
system” ….
 The pancreas is a glandular organ in the
“Digestive System” . It is located in the
“Abdominal Cavity” behind the stomach ….
 It is an Endocrine Gland , which produces several
important hormones like Insulin , Glucagon ,
Somatostatin and Pancreatic Polypeptide ….
 It also helps in the breakdown of Carbohydrates
, Proteins and Lipids in the “Chyme” ….
 Blood Glucose Homeostasis : The Endocrine
portion of the Pancreas controls the
homeostasis of “Glucose” in the Bloodstream
….
 Glucagon : The alpha cells of the Pancreas
produces “Glucagon” which helps in the
release of “Glucose” in the bloodstream , it
also helps in the stimulation of “Adipose
Tissues”
 Insulin : It is produced by the “Beta Cells” of
the pancreas , it regulates the level of “Sugar”
in our blood ….
 Insulin triggers the formation of “Glycogen”
in muscles and “Triglycerides” in “Adipose
Tissues” to store the absorbed Glucose ….
 The less amount of “Insulin” in blood leads to
“Diabetes” ….
 The Ovaries exists in a pair of two and exists in
women ….
 The secretion of hormones take places in one of
two ovaries every month ….
 This gland produces both “Estrogen” and
“Progestrone” which promotes the developement
of breasts ….
 They aso helps a women to maintain healthy
”Menstrual Periods” ….
 Found in Men , this gland produces “Testosterone
“ which promotes the growth of the “Penis” as a
male gets older as well as facial and body hair ….
 It also deepens the voice of a male at a certain
age ….
 It maintains sex drive ….
 It promotes production of Sperms ….
 It helps in maintaining healthy level of muscle
and bone mass ….

Functions of the pancreas

The functions of the pancreas are the most important for the human body. It is the pancreas that is responsible for digestion in general. It produces enzymes that favor this process and the absorption of nutrients into the blood. In addition, it controls blood sugar levels.

This body is multifunctional and violations in its work entail a failure in others. The glands are similar in structure, only they differ in size in different people. An elongated organ located at the bottom of the stomach.

Endocrine function

These secretion glands differ in their structure. What is the endocrine function? The fact that iron is capable of producing biologically active substances – hormones that are responsible for regulating systems in the body, contributing to the normalization of digestion, assimilation and breakdown of consumed products. Substances produced in the pancreas:

insulin;
glucagon;
lipin.

Internal and external secretion

The functions of the pancreas are divided into external and internal secretion. External secretion consists in the secretion of digestive juice and the production of about twenty enzymes for the digestive process. They help food break down into molecules and be absorbed. Such unpleasant processes as diarrhea, spasms, bloating occur due to the fact that the pancreas produces these enzymes in a smaller amount than necessary.

With internal secretion, hormones are also produced, and their deficiency leads to pancreatitis, a metabolic disorder. You can check the body for a lack of hormones in our clinic. We have the most modern equipment for performing tests, including ultrasound of the pancreas.

Humoral function

It is carried out due to the production of hormones. For example, insulin, the role of which is priceless for the human body. Thanks to insulin, the necessary level of glucose is maintained, which contributes to the breakdown of sugar. In addition, the pancreas is designed to balance the metabolic processes of the body, and is the main organ that produces insulin.

The human body is an accumulation of the smallest cells, for which normal life support, energy and nutrition are very important. They need and receive daily nutrients and glucose. Almost all nutrients are independently broken down and absorbed. Everything except glucose, it requires a conductor – insulin. If the human body lacks the production of insulin, then diabetes mellitus develops.

The insulin enzyme is weakened by the effects of glucagon. This is due to the fact that he, participating in carbohydrate metabolism, has a weakening effect on insulin. Which in turn is fraught with the activity of proteins – active participants in the metabolic process. If there are too many proteins, this is expressed in the appearance of severe spasms.

The pancreas is the most important organ in the human body, and the largest. He is responsible for the work of the digestive tract and makes it debugged. Enzymes secreted by the gland help food to be absorbed and digested. Also, this body normalizes digestion, synthesizes proteins and promotes the breakdown of fats, proteins and carbohydrates.

The enzymes of the gland are inactive and get their awakening when products enter the body when they need to be digested. This happens within about three minutes of a person’s first meal. The entire processing process takes eleven hours.

Thyroid functions

T3 – Triiodothyronine generic

Code:
060301

Order

T3 free – Triiodothyronine free

Code:
060303

Order

T4 – Thyroxine general

Code:
060302

Order

T4 free – Thyroxine free

Code:
060304

Order

TSH – Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Code:
060305

Order

TG – Thyroglobulin

Code:
060306

Order

Serum thyroxine-binding capacity

Code:
060307

Order

Antibodies to thyroglobulin

Code:
060701

Order

Antibodies to thyroperoxidase

Code:
060702

Order

Study

Code

T3 – Triiodothyronine total

060301

Order

T3 free – Triiodothyronine free

060303

Order

T4 – Common thyroxine

060302

Order

T4 free – Free thyroxine

060304

Order

TSH – Thyroid stimulating hormone

060305

Order

TG – Thyroglobulin 2

Order

Serum thyroxine-binding capacity

060307

Order

Thyroglobulin Antibodies

060701

Order

900 02 Antibodies to thyroperoxidase

060702

Order

Thyroid function diagnostics
(screening)

Program for the initial assessment of thyroid function. The study is indicated for adults and children with symptoms associated with metabolic disorders. This set of studies is suitable for preventive examination.

composition of the complex

TSH – Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
T4 free – Thyroxine free
T3 free – Triiodothyronine free

Code:
300103

Order

Thyroid function diagnostics
(extended)

The program includes a wider range of laboratory parameters. It is intended not only to assess the function, but also to establish the mechanism of damage to the thyroid gland. A complex of studies can be prescribed by a doctor in order to diagnose endocrine disorders, as well as in case of detection of structural changes according to the results of ultrasound examination (ultrasound) of the thyroid gland.

composition of the complex

Antibodies to thyroglobulin (Thyroglobulin autoantibodies)
Antibodies to thyroperoxidase (Thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Free thyroxine (Free Thyroxine)
Free triiodthyronine (Free Triiodthyronine)

Code:
300005

Order

Diagnosis of thyroid function
(monitoring of therapy)

The main goal of therapy for thyroid diseases is to restore hormonal balance. During treatment, it is necessary to control the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine in the patient’s blood. If the indicators deviate from the target values, the doctor decides on the need to adjust the dose of drugs.

composition of the complex

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Free thyroxine (Free Thyroxine)

Code:
300104

Order

Complex

Code

Diagnosis of thyroid function
(screening)

composition of the complex

TSH – Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
T4 free – Thyroxine free
T3 free – Triiodothyronine free

300103

Order

Thyroid function diagnostics
(advanced)

composition of the complex

Antibodies to thyroglobulin (Thyroglobulin autoantibodies)
Antibodies to thyroperoxidase (Thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Free thyroxine (Free Thyroxine)
Free triiodthyronine (Free Triiodthyronine)

300005

Order

Diagnosis of thyroid function
(therapy monitoring)

The main goal of therapy for thyroid diseases is to restore hormonal balance.

Glands and their functions in human body. Pituitary Gland: Functions, Hormones, and Importance in Human Body

The Pituitary Gland: An Overview of the Master Endocrine Gland

Anatomy of the Pituitary Gland

The Pituitary-Hypothalamus Connection: A Crucial Regulatory Axis

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary: Regulators of Other Endocrine Glands

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Growth Hormone (GH): The Body’s Natural Promoter of Growth and Maintenance

Prolactin: The Multifaceted Hormone

The Posterior Pituitary: Storage and Release of Essential Hormones

Oxytocin: The “Love Hormone”

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

The Pituitary Gland and the Autonomic Nervous System

Pituitary Disorders: When the Master Gland Malfunctions

Hyperpituitarism

Hypopituitarism

Pituitary Tumors

The Pituitary Gland in Health and Disease: Implications for Medical Research

The Pituitary Gland: A Key Player in Maintaining Hormonal Balance

The Pituitary Gland Throughout the Lifespan

Future Directions in Pituitary Research and Treatment

Pituitary Gland Hormones and Functions

How does the pituitary gland work?

Related Stories

What are the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland?

What are the functions of pituitary hormones?

Sources

Further Reading

Endocrine glands & their functions

Endocrine glands & their functions

Functions of the pancreas

Endocrine function

Internal and external secretion

Humoral function

Thyroid functions

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