What are the main causes of hand cramps. How can you alleviate hand pain and muscle spasms. What are the most effective home remedies for hand cramps. When should you seek medical attention for hand cramps.

Understanding Hand Cramps: Causes and Symptoms

Hand cramps are a common issue that can cause significant discomfort and interfere with daily activities. These cramps are typically the result of muscle spasms or injuries, often manifesting as involuntary muscle contractions that prevent the affected muscles from relaxing. While usually short-lived, hand cramps can be excruciating and may be accompanied by muscle twitching.

The primary causes of hand cramps include:

• Electrolyte imbalances
• Dehydration
• Exercise in high temperatures
• Overuse injuries
• Diabetic stiff hand syndrome
• Arthritis

Understanding the underlying cause of your hand cramps is crucial for effective treatment and prevention. Let’s delve deeper into each of these factors to gain a comprehensive understanding of this condition.

The Role of Electrolyte Imbalances in Hand Cramps

Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining normal bodily functions, including muscle and nerve activity. An imbalance in these essential substances can lead to muscle contractions and hand cramps. But which electrolytes are most crucial for muscle function?

The key electrolytes involved in muscle function include:

• Calcium
• Sodium
• Magnesium
• Potassium

When these electrolytes are out of balance, it can result in painful hand cramping due to muscle spasms. In severe cases, electrolyte imbalances can even be life-threatening. Various conditions can cause these imbalances, including:

• Kidney diseases
• Severe dehydration
• Prolonged vomiting (from bulimia, pregnancy, or other causes)
• Excessive heat exposure
• pH imbalances
• Congestive heart failure
• Cancer treatments
• Certain medications for blood pressure or water retention

Treatment for electrolyte imbalances depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. It’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional to develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Overuse Injuries: A Common Culprit in Hand Cramps

Overuse injuries, often referred to as writer’s cramp, are a frequent cause of hand cramps. These injuries typically result from repetitive movements or prolonged use of specific muscle groups involved in fine motor skills. Activities that may increase the risk of developing overuse injuries include:

• Extended periods of writing or typing
• Playing musical instruments
• Using an excessive grip on objects like pens, utensils, tools, or smartphones
• Excessive wrist flexion
• Prolonged elbow elevation
• Repeated finger extension

Can overuse injuries be prevented? While it may not be possible to completely avoid all risk factors, especially if they’re related to your occupation, there are steps you can take to minimize the likelihood of developing an overuse injury:

1. Take regular breaks during repetitive tasks
2. Use ergonomic tools and equipment
3. Practice proper posture and technique
4. Perform stretching exercises for your hands and wrists
5. Strengthen the muscles in your hands and forearms

The Impact of Rheumatoid Arthritis on Hand Health

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune condition that can significantly affect hand health and contribute to hand cramps. In RA, the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells, causing inflammation and pain in the affected joints, including those in the hands.

Common symptoms of RA in the hands include:

• Joint pain or aching
• Joint stiffness, tenderness, and swelling
• Weight loss
• Fever, fatigue, and weakness

How is rheumatoid arthritis treated? Treatment for RA typically involves a combination of medications and lifestyle changes:

1. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
2. Biological response modifiers (biologicals)
3. Low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and biking
4. Physical therapy
5. Heat and cold therapy
6. Stress reduction techniques

While there is no cure for RA, proper management can help alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life for those affected by this condition.

Diabetic Stiff Hand Syndrome: A Lesser-Known Cause of Hand Cramps

Diabetic stiff hand syndrome is a condition that can affect individuals with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This syndrome limits finger movement due to the hands becoming waxy and thick. But what exactly causes this condition?

Diabetic stiff hand syndrome is believed to be caused by glycation, a process in which excess glucose in the blood binds to proteins in the skin and other tissues. This leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which can cause stiffening and thickening of the skin and underlying tissues.

Symptoms of diabetic stiff hand syndrome include:

• Weakened hand joints
• Diminished hand function
• Finger stiffness and inability to bring fingers together
• Thickened, tight, and waxy skin on the back of the hand

Controlling blood sugar levels is crucial in preventing and managing diabetic stiff hand syndrome. Treatment options may include physical therapy, stretching exercises, and medications to improve blood flow and reduce inflammation.

Effective Home Remedies for Hand Cramps

While severe or persistent hand cramps may require medical attention, many cases can be effectively managed with home remedies. Here are some strategies you can try to alleviate hand cramps:

1. Stretch and massage the affected muscles
2. Apply heat to relax tense muscles
3. Use cold therapy to reduce inflammation
4. Stay hydrated to maintain proper electrolyte balance
5. Consume foods rich in potassium, magnesium, and calcium
6. Practice hand exercises to improve flexibility and strength
7. Use over-the-counter pain relievers if necessary

It’s important to note that while these remedies can be effective for occasional hand cramps, persistent or severe symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Prevention Strategies: Keeping Hand Cramps at Bay

Preventing hand cramps is often easier than treating them. By incorporating some simple strategies into your daily routine, you can significantly reduce your risk of experiencing hand cramps. Here are some effective prevention techniques:

• Maintain proper hydration by drinking adequate water throughout the day
• Eat a balanced diet rich in essential minerals and vitamins
• Take regular breaks during repetitive hand activities
• Use ergonomic tools and equipment to reduce strain on your hands
• Practice good posture and proper hand positioning while working
• Perform regular hand and wrist exercises to improve strength and flexibility
• Manage underlying conditions such as diabetes or arthritis
• Avoid prolonged exposure to cold temperatures

By implementing these preventive measures, you can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of hand cramps, allowing you to maintain optimal hand function and comfort in your daily activities.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Hand Cramps

While many cases of hand cramps can be managed at home, there are instances where medical attention is necessary. But how do you know when it’s time to consult a healthcare professional?

Consider seeking medical advice if you experience:

• Frequent or severe hand cramps that interfere with daily activities
• Hand cramps accompanied by other symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or weakness
• Persistent pain or stiffness in your hands
• Signs of infection, such as redness, warmth, or swelling
• Hand cramps that occur alongside other unexplained symptoms
• No improvement with home remedies after several days

A healthcare professional can perform a thorough evaluation to determine the underlying cause of your hand cramps and recommend appropriate treatment options. This may include physical examination, blood tests, imaging studies, or referral to a specialist if necessary.

Diagnostic Procedures for Hand Cramps

When you consult a healthcare provider for hand cramps, they may perform various diagnostic procedures to identify the root cause. These may include:

1. Physical examination: The doctor will assess your hand’s range of motion, strength, and any visible abnormalities.
2. Blood tests: These can help identify electrolyte imbalances, signs of infection, or markers of autoimmune conditions.
3. Imaging studies: X-rays, MRI, or ultrasound may be used to visualize the bones, joints, and soft tissues of the hand.
4. Nerve conduction studies: These tests can help identify any nerve damage or compression contributing to hand cramps.
5. Electromyography (EMG): This test measures the electrical activity in muscles and can help diagnose muscle disorders.

Based on the results of these diagnostic procedures, your healthcare provider can develop a tailored treatment plan to address your specific condition and alleviate hand cramps.

Treatment Options for Persistent Hand Cramps

If home remedies and preventive measures aren’t sufficient to manage your hand cramps, your healthcare provider may recommend additional treatment options. These may include:

• Prescription medications: Muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatory drugs, or specific treatments for underlying conditions like arthritis or diabetes.
• Physical therapy: A physical therapist can teach you exercises to improve hand strength, flexibility, and function.
• Occupational therapy: This can help you learn techniques to perform daily activities with less strain on your hands.
• Splinting or bracing: These devices can provide support and help reduce strain on affected muscles and joints.
• Botulinum toxin injections: In some cases, these injections may be used to treat severe muscle spasms.
• Surgery: In rare cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to address underlying structural issues contributing to hand cramps.

The most appropriate treatment plan will depend on the underlying cause of your hand cramps and the severity of your symptoms. Working closely with your healthcare provider can ensure you receive the most effective treatment for your specific condition.

Lifestyle Modifications to Reduce Hand Cramp Frequency

In addition to medical treatments and home remedies, certain lifestyle modifications can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of hand cramps. Implementing these changes can improve overall hand health and function:

1. Ergonomic workspace setup: Ensure your work area is ergonomically designed to reduce strain on your hands and wrists.
2. Regular exercise: Engage in activities that promote overall physical fitness and hand strength, such as yoga, swimming, or hand-specific exercises.
3. Stress management: Practice stress-reduction techniques like meditation or deep breathing exercises, as stress can contribute to muscle tension and cramps.
4. Sleep hygiene: Maintain good sleep habits to ensure proper rest and recovery for your muscles.
5. Nutrition: Consume a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients, particularly those important for muscle function like potassium, magnesium, and calcium.
6. Hydration: Drink adequate water throughout the day to maintain proper electrolyte balance and muscle function.
7. Limit alcohol and caffeine: Excessive consumption of these substances can contribute to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
8. Smoking cessation: If you smoke, consider quitting, as smoking can affect circulation and potentially contribute to hand cramps.

By incorporating these lifestyle modifications, you can create an environment that promotes hand health and reduces the likelihood of experiencing frequent hand cramps.

The Role of Hand Exercises in Preventing Cramps

Regular hand exercises can play a crucial role in preventing hand cramps by improving strength, flexibility, and circulation. Here are some effective exercises you can incorporate into your daily routine:

• Finger stretches: Gently extend and flex your fingers, holding each position for a few seconds.
• Wrist rotations: Slowly rotate your wrists in circular motions, both clockwise and counterclockwise.
• Hand squeezes: Use a stress ball or hand gripper to perform gentle squeezing exercises.
• Finger taps: Tap each finger to your thumb, increasing speed as you become more comfortable.
• Palm presses: Press your palms together in front of your chest, applying gentle pressure for 10-15 seconds.
• Finger spreads: Spread your fingers wide, hold for a few seconds, then relax.

Perform these exercises for a few minutes each day, preferably before engaging in activities that require extensive hand use. Remember to be gentle and stop if you experience any pain or discomfort.

Emerging Research and Future Treatments for Hand Cramps

As our understanding of hand cramps and their underlying causes continues to evolve, researchers are exploring new treatment options and preventive strategies. Some areas of ongoing research include:

1. Genetic factors: Scientists are investigating genetic predispositions that may increase the risk of experiencing frequent hand cramps.
2. Neuromuscular stimulation: Studies are exploring the use of electrical stimulation techniques to improve muscle function and reduce cramping.
3. Nutritional supplements: Researchers are examining the potential benefits of specific vitamins and minerals in preventing and treating hand cramps.
4. Advanced imaging techniques: New imaging technologies may provide more detailed insights into the structural and functional aspects of hand cramps.
5. Personalized medicine approaches: Tailoring treatments based on individual genetic and physiological profiles may lead to more effective management of hand cramps.

While these areas of research show promise, it’s important to note that many are still in early stages and may not lead to immediate treatment options. However, they highlight the ongoing efforts to improve our understanding and management of hand cramps.

The Importance of Patient Education and Self-Management

As research progresses, the importance of patient education and self-management in dealing with hand cramps becomes increasingly clear. Empowering individuals with knowledge about their condition and effective self-management strategies can lead to better outcomes and improved quality of life.

Key aspects of patient education and self-management include:

• Understanding the triggers and warning signs of hand cramps
• Learning proper techniques for hand and wrist exercises
• Recognizing when to apply heat or cold therapy
• Maintaining a log of cramp occurrences and potential contributing factors
• Staying informed about new research and treatment options
• Participating actively in treatment decisions with healthcare providers

By taking an active role in managing their condition, individuals experiencing hand cramps can often achieve better control over their symptoms and minimize the impact on their daily lives.

Symptoms, causes, and home remedies

Hand cramps can occur for many reasons and cause significant discomfort in some people. They are typically the result of muscle spasms or injury.

Often, hand cramps are caused by muscle spasms, which are described as an uncontrollable or involuntary muscle contraction. These spasms or contractions do not allow the muscle to become relaxed and can become excruciating in some cases.

Fast facts on hand cramps:

• Hand cramping can be caused by many conditions.
• Overuse of the hands, fingers, or forearm can cause cramping and pain.
• In many cases, hand cramps can be treated with home remedies.
• Although typically short-lived, these cramps can lead to intense muscle pain.

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Share on PinterestMuscle cramps may be caused by dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and overuse injuries

Under usual circumstances, muscle contraction is the result of normal processes within the body including communication between the brain, spinal cord, and the muscles.

Certain chemicals and proteins are also involved in normal muscle contraction and are responsible for the shortening and relaxation of muscle fibers.

The brain is responsible for signaling the muscle to contract through a process of electrical signals and chemical releases.

During the process of muscle contraction, brain signals are sent through the spinal cord and directly to the muscle. Chemicals and proteins interact within the muscle causing muscle shortening and relaxation.

When there is an abnormal interruption in this process of muscle contraction, muscle spasms and cramping can occur. Often, this pain self-resolves within minutes.

Muscle twitching may also accompany muscle spasms or cramps and can be present during periods of resting or in the time following a muscle contraction.

Causes may include:

• electrolyte imbalances
• dehydration
• exercise in high temperatures
• overuse injuries
• diabetic stiff hand syndrome
• arthritis

Electrolyte imbalances

Electrolytes are substances within the body, which are responsible for maintaining normal bodily functions, such as nerve and muscle activity, hydration, blood pH, blood pressure, and tissue repair.

Muscles require a harmonious electrolyte balance to function correctly, and an alteration in these levels can lead to muscle contractions and hand cramps.

For example, vital electrolytes for muscle function include calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium. Changes in these electrolytes can not only cause painful hand cramping due to muscle spasm but can also be life-threatening in certain situations.

Electrolyte imbalances can be caused by several conditions including but not limited to:

• kidney disease
• severe dehydration
• prolonged vomiting from bulimia, pregnancy, or other causes
• excessive heat
• pH imbalances
• congestive heart failure
• cancer treatments
• specific medications for blood pressure or water retention

Treatment for electrolyte imbalances will depend on several factors including the cause and severity of the condition.

Doctors will discuss a detailed plan of care to address this condition.

Overuse injuries

An overuse injury is often called writer’s cramp and may be associated with specific or general movements of the affected muscles that are used in fine motor movements.

Activities that may increase a person’s risk for developing writer’s cramp or an overuse injury include things, such as:

• writing or typing for a long period
• playing a musical instrument
• using an excessive grip on things, such as a pen, utensil, shovel, tools, or smartphone
• excessive wrist flexion
• elevation of the elbow
• finger extension

Rheumatoid arthritis

Share on PinterestRheumatoid arthritis can lead to joint stiffness and joint pain.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a form of arthritis in which the body attacks its healthy cells, causing pain in the affected joints and other parts of the body.

Commonly, the hand joints are affected that can lead to symptoms, such as

• joint pain or aching
• joint stiffness, tenderness, and swelling
• weight loss
• fever, fatigue, weakness

Treatment for RA may include medications called disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), or biological response modifiers called biologicals.

Additionally, joint friendly, low-impact exercises may be beneficial to those with RA and include swimming, walking, and biking.

Diabetic stiff hand syndrome

Those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes are at risk for developing a condition called diabetic stiff hand syndrome. This condition limits finger movement due to the hands becoming waxy and thick.

Sometimes, those with diabetic stiff hand syndrome experience

• weakened hand joints
• diminished hand function
• finger stiffness and inability to bring fingers together
• thickened, tight and waxy skin on the back of the hand

Controlling blood sugar levels may prevent a person with diabetes from developing diabetic stiff hand syndrome.

Treatment options may include physical therapy, stretching, and exercises that promote hand flexibility and strength, such as throwing and catching a ball.

Prevention of hand cramps depends on the cause of the condition. For example, if dehydration following intense workouts in excessive heat cause hand cramps, consider exercising in cooler temperatures and staying hydrated.

Other ways to prevent hand cramps include:

• stretching adequately
• avoiding dehydration
• practicing muscle strengthening exercises
• undertaking low impact exercises, such as cycling, swimming, or walking
• using the correct hand tools to avoid exerting excessive force

Doctors will have recommendations on preventing hand cramps depending on the specific cause of the condition.

Underlying conditions should be addressed and treated by a qualified professional.

Share on PinterestApplying heat or cold, massaging muscles, and stretching muscles may be recommended home remedies to relieve symptoms of hand cramps.

Home remedies may help relieve symptoms. These include:

• stopping any activity which is causing the hands to cramp
• stretching muscles
• massaging or rubbing the muscles
• applying heat or cold
• taking certain vitamins and supplements may be helpful, although this will depend on the cause and a person’s medical history
• increasing fluid intake

As with any medical condition, evaluation and treatment by a doctor are recommended to treat the underlying cause of the condition. A doctor can also provide recommendations for treatment based on a person’s individual medical and health history.

In most cases of hand cramps, the cause is minor and not life-threatening. However, there are some cases in which hand cramps is due to something more severe, such as Lou Gehrig’s disease, nerve irritation, or other diseases and conditions.

Causes, treatment, symptoms, and more

Injury to the biceps muscle and tendon can lead to bicep pain. A person’s bicep may hurt due to overuse, trauma, and other injuries.

The biceps muscle stretches on the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow. However, pain can occur in any part of the upper arm and may not be the result of muscle injury alone.

This article will explore some possible causes of bicep pain. It will also discuss symptoms of each cause and possible treatment.

Overuse or wear and tear of the biceps muscle can lead to biceps tendinitis. Doctors use this term to describe any kind of inflammation of the biceps tendon.

Symptoms

In addition to bicep pain, biceps tendinitis may cause:

• pain at the front of the shoulder or achiness that moves down the upper arm bone
• inflammation of the biceps
• weakness due to pain when lifting items

Causes

Lifting something heavy or engaging in certain types of physical activity, such as sport, can lead to bicep pain. However, repetitive movements are the most common cause.

Sporting activities can result in bicep pain due to the repetitious use of the muscle. This is particularly common in sports that require repetitive overhead motion, including swimming, baseball, tennis, and golf.

Treatment

The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons recommend the following at-home remedies to relieve symptoms of biceps tendinitis:

• Rest: A person should rest and avoid activities that can put a strain on the biceps muscle and tendon.
• Ice: A person can apply cold packs to the biceps muscle for 20 minutes at a time, several times per day. This will help reduce the swelling.
• Over-the-counter medication: A person can take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen or paracetamol, to reduce the pain and swelling that biceps tendonitis causes.
• Physical therapy: Stretching and strengthening exercises can help improve symptoms and strengthen the arm and shoulder.

Muscle bruises are one of the most common sports injuries.

Symptoms

A person with a bicep bruise may experience the following symptoms in addition to bicep pain:

• swelling
• stiffness
• weakness
• bluish, bruised coloring
• a lump over the injury site

Causes

Muscle bruises occur when something hits the muscle with force without breaking the skin.

They may occur when a person presses their arm against something during a workout. They could also be the result of a fall.

Treatment

In most cases, muscle bruises will go away on their own. To speed up the healing process, a person can do the following:

• Rest: Avoid using the injured muscle as much as possible.
• Ice: Apply ice packs to the bruised area a few times per day for 20 minutes at a time, making sure that the ice is not directly touching the skin.
• Compression: Wrap the upper arm in a bandage.
• Elevate: Keep the arm lifted above heart level.

If a lump has developed over the injury site, a doctor may need to drain it to help the injury heal.

Learn more about bruises here.

The humerus is the bone in the upper arm. A fracture of this bone can result in pain. It may also prevent arm movement.

Symptoms

A person with a humerus fracture may experience the following symptoms in the upper arm and surrounding areas:

• intense pain
• swelling
• stiffness
• a feeling of weakness in the hand or wrist

Causes

A person can indirectly injure their humerus by falling on an outstretched, “locked” arm, which puts too much pressure on the joints and bones.

A person can also injure their humerus by hitting it directly, for example, during a fall or in a car accident.

Treatment

Most humerus fractures do not require surgery. However, it may be necessary for a doctor to immobilize the arm in a cast.

A fractured humerus may take over 12 weeks to heal once a person has sought treatment.

According to some authorities, the closer the fracture is to the elbow, the more likely it is that it will require surgery.

If the fracture is nearer the middle of the arm, there is usually no need for surgery. Treatment in this case may include immobilizing the arm in a cast.

The brachial plexus is a group of nerves in the neck, arm, and hand that are responsible for feeling and movement.

Damage to the musculocutaneous nerve, which runs down the length of the arm, can result in bicep pain and weakness.

Symptoms

In addition to pain, brachial plexus injury can cause the following symptoms in the biceps:

• weakness
• numbness
• severe loss of movement
• pain throughout the arm and hands

Causes

Types of trauma that can cause brachial plexus injury include:

• motorcycle or car crashes
• sports injuries
• wounds from a gunshot
• surgical wounds

Treatment

Brachial plexus injury does not usually heal by itself. However, depending on the severity of the injury, a doctor may recommend:

• Surgery: Types of surgery may include:
  • nerve repairs
  • nerve grafts
  • nerve, muscle, or tendon transfers
• Physical therapy: This treatment can help restore movement to the shoulder joint.

A 2013 study suggests that waiting more than 6 months for treatment can have negative consequences on the effectiveness of the treatment.

Therefore, a person should contact a doctor as soon as possible if they think they have sustained a brachial plexus injury.

A person experiencing bicep pain should seek guidance from a doctor if the pain has not decreased after they have tried at-home remedies, such as resting and icing the affected area.

They should also contact a doctor if the symptoms significantly worsen, for example, if the swelling increases or if the movement of the arm and shoulder becomes increasingly restricted.

A person should seek emergency medical treatment if they experience:

• fever
• dizziness
• shortness of breath
• severe pain

A doctor may carry out a physical exam, which will include inspecting the arm and shoulder for flushed skin, swelling, lumps, or bruising.

They may then test the shoulder and arm for strength and motion. The doctor may move the arm and shoulder in different ways to check the functioning of the biceps muscle.

To reach an accurate diagnosis, a doctor may order additional tests, including:

• X-rays: X-rays use electromagnetic radiation to create images of structures in the body. They may be useful in identifying potential problems with the bones of the arm or shoulder.
• Ultrasound scans: Doctors will use probes that produce sound waves on the skin to create images of bodily structures.
• MRI scan: An MRI scan uses magnets and radiofrequency currents to produce images of structures inside the body.

Bicep pain can have many different causes. These include biceps tendinitis, brachial plexus injury, and fractures.

Symptoms include pain in the upper arm and elbow area and sometimes can radiate to the forearm. Some people experience swelling or limited movement.

At-home remedies focus on resting the affected muscle and limiting stress on the muscle and tendon.

However, a person should seek medical attention if symptoms do not improve after a week or if they worsen.

Treatment of hand spasms in St. Petersburg

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• Treatment of convulsions and spasms
• org/ListItem”> Cramps in the arms

Muscle spasms are a common physiological manifestation affecting almost any skeletal muscle. But traditionally, in the muscles that control two joints at once, spasms occur much more often (for example, cramps in the muscles of the hands). Infrequent symptoms are normal and normal, but frequent symptoms should be treated by a neurologist.

Convulsive manifestations can be of two types:

• Idiopathic, occurring without obvious causes. Usually, it is possible to find and eliminate the cause of such hand cramps quite quickly.
• Secondary, which are symptoms or one of the complications of a certain disease.

To determine the causes of secondary seizures, a patient’s diagnosis is required, on the basis of which a therapeutic effect is selected – as a rule, a complex one. Such treatment includes drug therapy and physical therapy (eg, massage therapy, acupuncture, or manual therapy).

Doctor’s consultation on the treatment of hand cramps:

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Types of cramps in the muscles of the hands

Causes of cramps in the hands

Examination for cramps in the hands

Hand cramp treatment in our clinic

Update date: 12/17/2021

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Fedosova Svetlana
Narzulloevna

Neurologist, epileptologist
Top category
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Neurologist, epileptologist, vertebrologist

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what it is, causes and types, first aid

What are convulsions

Seizures are paroxysmal involuntary muscle contractions accompanied by discomfort and pain.

Most often, cramps occur after excessive exercise or during sleep and mainly affect the lower extremities: calf muscles, hamstring (hamstring), anterior thigh (quadriceps). Less common are cramps in the muscles of the chest, arms, and abdomen.

Seizures usually come on suddenly and last from a few seconds to a few minutes. It can be repeated regularly – in this case, they talk about convulsive syndrome .

In practice, cramps of the calf muscles, popliteal and quadriceps muscles are more common

Types of convulsions

Seizures are classified according to the nature of muscle involvement, prevalence and mechanism of development.

Types of seizures according to the nature of muscle involvement:

• tonic – sharp and prolonged (sometimes up to a minute) muscle contractions, in which the limbs or the whole body seem to “freeze” in a forced position. The body is tense, the back is arched;
• clonic – irregular fast muscle contractions. The person throws his head back, takes his hands back, blinks very quickly. At the same time, the eyes can rotate, and the jaws can make involuntary chewing movements;
• tonic-clonic, or mixed, – alternation of prolonged spasm and rapid contractions of skeletal muscles.

Tonic and clonic convulsions

Type of seizures by group of affected muscles:

• flexor – flexor muscles involved;
• extensor – extensor muscles are involved.

Types of seizures by prevalence:

• partial (focal) – cover one muscle group;
• generalized – affect several muscle groups.

Types of seizures according to the mechanism of development:

• epileptic;
• non-epileptic.

Physiological causes of seizures

Seizures are not always caused by any disease. Sometimes this condition occurs after excessive physical exertion, in women – during pregnancy.

Convulsions after exercise

In healthy people, seizures may occur after intense physical activity. As a rule, the spasm begins in the calf muscle, then spreads to the foot and thigh area.

Most often, seizures in athletes are caused by dehydration. Due to profuse sweating, a person loses a lot of moisture. The water balance in the body is disturbed, and first of all, the brain suffers from this – a person has a severe headache, dizziness, and convulsions.

As a rule, cramps after physical activity are not accompanied by pain and pass on their own – after restoration of water and electrolyte balance

Convulsions during pregnancy

During pregnancy, global changes occur in a woman’s body, which are often accompanied by unpleasant symptoms.

In the first trimester, a pregnant woman may experience mild cramps that resemble menstrual cramps. Typically, such muscle contractions are associated with the development of the embryo.

In the second and third trimester of pregnancy, convulsions may be associated with circulatory disorders in the pelvis. The uterus increases in size and begins to compress the inferior vena cava. Avoiding vein compression syndrome is very simple: do not lie on your back. In the vertical position, blood flow normalizes and the condition of the pregnant woman improves rapidly. Another common cause of seizures during pregnancy is a deficiency of trace elements and vitamins (including potassium, magnesium, calcium, and iron).

In general, convulsions during pregnancy should not be regarded as a physiological norm. Sometimes this can be one of the manifestations of eclampsia, a serious complication of pregnancy.

Febrile convulsions

Febrile seizures usually develop in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years. With a sharp rise in temperature to 38-39 ° C, the need for oxygen in the brain increases. Oxygen starvation develops, a convulsive attack begins.

The child may twitch (clonic convulsions) or freeze in a tense position (tonic convulsions). Fortunately, despite the severe clinical picture, febrile convulsions are usually not life-threatening or life-threatening.

Pathological causes of seizures

Depending on the type of seizures – tonic, clonic or tonic-clonic – their causes differ.

Causes of tonic seizures

A characteristic sign of tonic convulsions is a sudden tension in the muscles of the body. For the entire duration of the attack, the person seems to freeze in a forced position, while his teeth are strongly compressed, his torso and legs are extended, and his arms are bent.

Main causes of tonic seizures:

• epilepsy in children is a pathology in which excessive electrical activity occurs in the brain;
• infectious diseases: influenza, parainfluenza, rotavirus and adenovirus infection, tonsillitis, pneumonia, tetanus, rabies;
• fluid and electrolyte disorders: excess potassium or lack of calcium and magnesium in the body;
• endocrine diseases, including diabetes mellitus;
• hereditary metabolic pathologies: leucinosis (maple syrup disease), phenylketonuria, glycogenosis, Gaucher’s disease, Norman-Wood’s disease;
• cardiovascular pathologies, including acute hypotension – a decrease in blood pressure by more than 20% compared to normal indicators;
• renal and hepatic insufficiency;
• hyperventilation syndrome – a condition in which the blood is oversaturated with oxygen;
• alcohol intoxication;
• carbon monoxide poisoning, strychnine;
• drug overdose: neuroleptics, morphine;
• severe overheating or hypothermia.

Tonic convulsions may develop in a child during an epileptic seizure

Causes of clonic convulsions

In clonic convulsions, muscle contraction and relaxation alternate. During an attack, the patient’s arms and legs are usually bent and the body extended. If the spasm affects the respiratory muscles, then the person cannot speak normally, begins to stutter.

Main causes of clonic seizures:

• epilepsy in adults;
• stroke;
• tumors of the spinal cord;
• childhood infections: measles, chickenpox;
• gray matter lesions of the brain: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis;
• Tay-Sachs disease;
• Down syndrome;
• tuberous sclerosis is a genetic disease that affects the central nervous system;
• poisoning with arsenic, formaldehyde.

Causes of tonic-clonic seizures

Tonic-clonic seizures usually involve three stages. At the first stage, a person experiences strong muscle tension, while his pupils dilate, his eyes may roll back. In the second stage, involuntary convulsions occur. On the third, profuse salivation begins, foam may come from the mouth.

Main causes of tonic-clonic seizures:

• vascular pathologies: stroke (acute cerebrovascular accident), aneurysm (protrusion of the artery wall, arteriovenous malformation) – a condition in which pathologically tortuous vessels appear between arteries and veins instead of a network of capillaries;
• infectious diseases: poliomyelitis, cholera, meningitis, encephalitis;
• arterial hypertension – chronic high blood pressure;
• eclampsia is the most severe form of late toxicosis: a series of convulsions, first tonic, then clonic, which can develop in the second half of pregnancy, during and after childbirth;
• alcohol and nicotine intoxication;
• poisoning with lead, phosphorus, oxalic acid.

Arterial hypertension is one of the possible causes of tonic-clonic seizures

Symptoms that may accompany convulsions

Quite often convulsions are accompanied by other signs of pathology.

Main symptoms that may accompany convulsions:

• severe darkening of the eyes,
• blurred vision,
• confused mind,
• fuzzy speech,
• mimic change,
• tingling in hands and feet,
• blue skin,
• dizziness,
• nausea,
• head tilt,
• feeling of body numbness,
• increased salivation,
• tightly clenched teeth,
• Urinary and fecal incontinence,
• sudden fainting.

If any of these symptoms appear during a seizure, you should immediately consult a doctor.

The most dangerous form of convulsions, an epileptic seizure, is accompanied by nausea, dizziness, numbness of the body and an inexplicable feeling of fear

Diagnostics

If seizures are not occurring for the first time, a physician should be consulted. If the endocrine nature of seizures is suspected, he will refer the patient to an endocrinologist, and to a neurological one, respectively, to a neurologist. If the cause of seizures may be in vascular disorders, the therapist will recommend contacting a phlebologist.

At the appointment, the specialist will collect an anamnesis – draw up a picture of the patient’s complaints, ask about lifestyle and bad habits, and also take an interest in the symptoms that are most disturbing and most often manifest. Then the doctor will conduct an examination and, if necessary, prescribe additional studies.

General and biochemical blood tests will help to assess the state of human health and identify infectious processes.

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If you suspect a lack of calcium (hypocalcemia) or an excess of potassium (hyperkalemia) in the body, the doctor may order targeted studies.

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Comprehensive studies help to exclude or confirm diabetes mellitus – one of the possible causes of seizures.

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Ultrasound – Ultrasound

If you suspect a pathology of the internal organs that could cause convulsions, the doctor may refer the patient to an ultrasound of the abdominal organs, kidneys, thyroid gland.

Ultrasound is a simple, informative and painless method of examination

During the examination, the specialist uses a special device that sends an ultrasound signal to the organ being examined. The signal is reflected and picked up by the sensor. Then the computer processes the received information and displays an image on the monitor – a cross section of the organ.

Ultrasound duplex scanning

Ultrasound is a study that allows you to assess the condition of the vessels of the neck and other parts of the body, as well as detect circulatory disorders.

Thanks to duplex ultrasound, it is possible to diagnose atherosclerosis and thrombosis, as well as other vascular pathologies that can provoke seizures.

During the procedure, the specialist scans the vessels using an ultrasonic sensor. The device reacts to erythrocytes (red blood cells) moving in the blood and sends signals to the monitor, which are then converted into a two-dimensional color image of blood vessels in a section.

The procedure is painless and lasts from 15-20 (if the vessels of the neck are being examined) to 30 minutes (if the vessels of the brain are being examined).

MRI – magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect congenital developmental pathologies, head injuries, neoplasms and epileptic disorders that can cause seizures in humans.

The main advantage of MRI is the absence of radiation, since a harmless magnetic field is used for “transmission”. The examination can be carried out an unlimited number of times, which is convenient for assessing the development of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment.

MRI examination of the brain usually lasts 15-20 minutes

CT – computed tomography

Computed tomography (CT) is an “advanced” version of X-ray that takes pictures in layers. The result is not a flat image, but a real three-dimensional model of the organ under study. At the same time, during CT, the patient receives a lower dose of radiation.

CT scan reveals tuberous sclerosis, one of the causes of seizures. In addition, the study well visualizes brain tumors, injuries and anomalies in the structure of the skull bones.

Computed optical tomography of the spine

For seizures of unclear nature, the doctor may order the patient a computed optical tomography of the spine. This study allows you to determine the shapes, sizes and positions of the body bends from a series of photographic images.

The procedure is absolutely painless and takes only 7-10 minutes. As a result, the patient receives a 3D image of the spine at rest and in motion, the conclusion and recommendations of a traumatologist or orthopedist.

Treatment

Regardless of the cause, seizures are considered an acute condition requiring medical attention.

Before visiting a doctor, local cramps can be relieved with the help of self-massage, pinching and muscle stretching. If the patient develops a seizure, you should immediately call an ambulance. Before the ambulance arrives, it is necessary to put a pillow or roller under the person’s head, clean the mouth from foam and mucus, and provide fresh air.

If a patient has a seizure, you should not try to open his teeth with fingers, a spoon or other objects.

Which doctor to contact

General practitioners, endocrinologists, neurologists, surgeons or phlebologists deal with the diagnosis and treatment of convulsive syndrome.

Medical therapy

Depending on the cause of the convulsions, the following groups of drugs may be used for treatment:

• anticonvulsants. Such drugs reduce brain activity, thereby preventing the development of an epileptic seizure;
• electrolytes – help relieve muscle spasm and reduce the level of potassium in the blood;
• antihypertensive drugs – normalize blood pressure;
• diuretics – allow you to eliminate cerebral edema;
• antidotes – allow you to cope with intoxication, chemical poisoning;
• antibiotics and antivirals – treat bacterial and viral infections.

Surgical treatment

If medical therapy fails, surgery may be required.

The main types of operations used to treat convulsive syndrome:

• resection (removal) of part of the temporal lobe;
• hemispherectomy – removal or disconnection of a cerebral hemisphere;
• subpial transsection – excision of the epileptic focus in the area where it borders on healthy brain tissues;
• callosotomy – dissection of the corpus callosum, which transmits nerve impulses from one hemisphere to another;
• thrombectomy – removal of a blood clot from a vessel;
• angioplasty with stenting – surgical restoration of blood flow.

Prophylaxis

In most cases, one-time seizures can be prevented by self-massage and stretching. And you can avoid their repetition by observing the regime of work and rest, eating rationally and giving up smoking and alcoholic beverages.

Basic measures to prevent seizures:

• moderate physical activity. Exercises are best performed under the supervision of a medical specialist or trainer;
• active lifestyle: hiking, cycling, yoga, fitness;
• lifestyle changes. If the work is sedentary, then several times a day it is useful to do a warm-up or light exercises;
• salt restriction, obligatory presence in the diet of vegetables, meat, cereals, dairy products;
• normalization of the drinking regime. It is important to drink as much fluid as the body requires;
• creating a comfortable place to sleep. It is advisable to use an orthopedic mattress with small pillows;
• kneading muscles before going to bed.

Sources

1. Hypoparathyroidism in adults: clinical guidelines / Russian Association of Endocrinologists, Association of Endocrine Surgeons, Russian Society of Head and Neck Tumor Specialists. 2021.
2. Clinical guidelines for the provision of emergency medical care for convulsive syndrome, status epilepticus / Russian Society for Emergency Medicine (ROSMP).