What are the common causes of hand cramps. How can you alleviate hand pain at home. What medical conditions are associated with hand cramping. When should you seek medical attention for hand cramps.

Understanding Hand Cramps: Symptoms and Underlying Mechanisms

Hand cramps are sudden, involuntary contractions of the muscles in the hand that can cause significant discomfort and pain. These muscle spasms can range from mild tightness to severe, debilitating contractions that make it difficult to use the affected hand. But what exactly happens in our bodies when we experience a hand cramp?

Under normal circumstances, muscle contraction is a coordinated process involving communication between the brain, spinal cord, and muscles. The brain sends signals through the spinal cord to the muscles, triggering a series of chemical reactions that cause muscle fibers to shorten and relax. However, when this process is disrupted, it can lead to uncontrolled muscle contractions, resulting in cramping.

Common Symptoms of Hand Cramps

• Sudden, involuntary muscle contractions
• Intense pain or discomfort in the hand
• Visible tightening or bulging of hand muscles
• Difficulty moving fingers or grasping objects
• Muscle twitching before or after the cramp

While hand cramps are typically short-lived, lasting from a few seconds to several minutes, they can be extremely painful and interfere with daily activities. Understanding the underlying causes of hand cramps is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Common Causes of Hand Cramps: From Dehydration to Medical Conditions

Hand cramps can occur for various reasons, ranging from simple lifestyle factors to more complex medical conditions. Identifying the root cause of your hand cramps is essential for finding the most effective treatment. Let’s explore some of the most common causes:

Electrolyte Imbalances

Electrolytes play a crucial role in muscle function and nerve signaling. An imbalance in key electrolytes such as calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium can lead to muscle cramps, including those in the hands. But what causes these imbalances?

• Severe dehydration
• Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea
• Excessive sweating during intense exercise or heat exposure
• Certain medications, especially diuretics
• Kidney disease
• Congestive heart failure

Maintaining proper hydration and a balanced diet rich in essential minerals can help prevent electrolyte imbalances and reduce the risk of hand cramps.

Overuse Injuries and Writer’s Cramp

Repetitive hand movements or prolonged periods of gripping can lead to overuse injuries, often referred to as “writer’s cramp.” This condition is particularly common among individuals who engage in activities that require fine motor skills for extended periods. What activities increase the risk of developing writer’s cramp?

• Prolonged writing or typing
• Playing musical instruments
• Using tools or utensils with excessive grip force
• Repetitive wrist flexion or finger extension

To prevent overuse injuries, it’s important to take regular breaks, practice proper ergonomics, and perform hand stretches and exercises to maintain flexibility and strength.

Medical Conditions Associated with Hand Cramps

While lifestyle factors and overuse can contribute to hand cramps, certain medical conditions can also increase the likelihood of experiencing these painful muscle spasms. Understanding these conditions can help in identifying underlying health issues that may require professional medical attention.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in the joints, often affecting the hands. How does RA contribute to hand cramps and pain?

• Inflammation in the joints can lead to stiffness and reduced range of motion
• Muscle weakness around affected joints may cause instability and cramping
• Nerve compression due to joint swelling can result in pain and muscle spasms

Management of RA typically involves a combination of medications, such as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologics, along with lifestyle modifications and physical therapy to maintain joint flexibility and muscle strength.

Diabetic Stiff Hand Syndrome

Individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes may develop a condition known as diabetic stiff hand syndrome. This condition is characterized by thickening of the skin on the hands, leading to reduced flexibility and potential cramping. What are the key symptoms of diabetic stiff hand syndrome?

• Waxy, thickened skin on the back of the hands
• Reduced finger mobility and difficulty bringing fingers together
• Weakened hand joints
• Diminished overall hand function

Proper blood sugar management is crucial in preventing and managing diabetic stiff hand syndrome. Treatment may also include physical therapy and stretching exercises to improve hand flexibility and function.

Effective Home Remedies for Hand Cramps

While severe or persistent hand cramps may require medical attention, many cases can be effectively managed with simple home remedies. These strategies can help alleviate pain and prevent future episodes of hand cramping.

Stretching and Massage

Gentle stretching and massage can help relax tense muscles and improve circulation in the hands. How can you effectively stretch your hands to relieve cramps?

1. Gently extend your fingers and hold for 10-15 seconds
2. Make a fist and then slowly open your hand, spreading your fingers wide
3. Use your opposite hand to gently massage the cramping muscles
4. Rotate your wrists in circular motions to improve flexibility

Performing these stretches regularly, especially before engaging in activities that require prolonged hand use, can help prevent cramps and maintain hand flexibility.

Heat and Cold Therapy

Applying heat or cold to cramping hands can provide relief and help relax tense muscles. But which should you use, and when?

• Heat therapy: Apply a warm compress or soak your hands in warm water for 10-15 minutes to improve blood circulation and relax muscles
• Cold therapy: Use an ice pack wrapped in a thin towel for 10-15 minutes to reduce inflammation and numb pain, especially after an injury or intense activity

Alternating between heat and cold therapy can be particularly effective in managing hand cramps and promoting overall hand health.

Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Hand Cramps

Proper nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining muscle health and preventing hand cramps. Ensuring your body has the right balance of nutrients can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of muscle spasms.

Hydration and Electrolyte Balance

Staying well-hydrated is essential for preventing electrolyte imbalances that can lead to hand cramps. How much water should you drink daily to maintain proper hydration?

• Aim for 8-10 glasses (64-80 ounces) of water per day
• Increase intake during hot weather or intense physical activity
• Consider electrolyte-rich beverages for prolonged exercise or excessive sweating

In addition to water, consuming foods rich in essential electrolytes can help maintain proper muscle function. Include these electrolyte-rich foods in your diet:

• Bananas and sweet potatoes (potassium)
• Leafy greens and dairy products (calcium)
• Nuts and seeds (magnesium)
• Table salt and pickled foods (sodium)

Essential Vitamins and Minerals

Certain vitamins and minerals play crucial roles in muscle function and nerve signaling. Ensuring adequate intake of these nutrients can help prevent hand cramps. What are some key nutrients for muscle health?

• Vitamin B complex: Supports nerve function and muscle health
• Vitamin D: Aids in calcium absorption and muscle function
• Vitamin E: Acts as an antioxidant and supports muscle recovery
• Iron: Essential for oxygen transport to muscles

Incorporating a variety of nutrient-rich foods or considering supplements under medical supervision can help ensure you’re getting the necessary vitamins and minerals to support hand and muscle health.

Ergonomic Considerations for Preventing Hand Cramps

Proper ergonomics can significantly reduce the risk of developing hand cramps, especially for those who engage in repetitive hand movements or prolonged periods of gripping. Implementing ergonomic principles in your daily activities can help maintain hand health and prevent overuse injuries.

Workplace Ergonomics

For individuals who spend long hours typing or using a computer, proper workplace ergonomics are crucial. How can you set up an ergonomic workstation?

• Position your keyboard at or slightly below elbow height
• Use a mouse that fits comfortably in your hand
• Maintain a neutral wrist position while typing or using the mouse
• Take regular breaks to stretch and rest your hands
• Consider using ergonomic keyboards or mouse devices designed to reduce strain

Implementing these ergonomic principles can help reduce the risk of developing repetitive strain injuries and hand cramps associated with prolonged computer use.

Tool and Equipment Modifications

For those who use tools or equipment regularly, making ergonomic modifications can help prevent hand cramps and overuse injuries. What are some ways to improve tool ergonomics?

• Use tools with padded or ergonomically designed handles
• Opt for power tools when possible to reduce manual strain
• Choose tools that allow for a neutral wrist position during use
• Wear gloves to improve grip and reduce vibration
• Adjust tool size and weight to match your hand size and strength

By selecting and using tools that are well-suited to your hand size and the task at hand, you can significantly reduce the risk of developing hand cramps and other musculoskeletal issues.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Hand Cramps

While many cases of hand cramps can be managed with home remedies and lifestyle modifications, there are situations where medical attention is necessary. Recognizing when to consult a healthcare professional is crucial for addressing underlying health issues and preventing complications.

Red Flags for Serious Conditions

Certain symptoms accompanying hand cramps may indicate a more serious underlying condition. What are some warning signs that warrant immediate medical attention?

• Severe, persistent pain that doesn’t respond to home remedies
• Sudden weakness or numbness in the hand or arm
• Visible deformity or swelling of the hand
• Hand cramps accompanied by chest pain or difficulty breathing
• Frequent, recurrent hand cramps that interfere with daily activities
• Signs of infection, such as redness, warmth, or fever

If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s important to seek medical evaluation promptly to rule out serious conditions such as nerve compression, cardiovascular issues, or severe electrolyte imbalances.

Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment Options

When you consult a healthcare provider for hand cramps, they may perform various diagnostic procedures to determine the underlying cause. What are some common diagnostic tests for hand cramps?

• Physical examination of the hand, wrist, and arm
• Blood tests to check electrolyte levels and screen for underlying conditions
• Nerve conduction studies to assess nerve function
• Imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI, or ultrasound to evaluate bone and soft tissue structures

Based on the diagnosis, your healthcare provider may recommend various treatment options, including:

• Medications to address underlying conditions or manage pain
• Physical therapy to improve hand strength and flexibility
• Occupational therapy to develop strategies for managing daily activities
• Splinting or bracing to support the hand and wrist
• In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary

Working closely with your healthcare provider to develop a comprehensive treatment plan can help effectively manage hand cramps and improve overall hand function.

Symptoms, causes, and home remedies

Hand cramps can occur for many reasons and cause significant discomfort in some people. They are typically the result of muscle spasms or injury.

Often, hand cramps are caused by muscle spasms, which are described as an uncontrollable or involuntary muscle contraction. These spasms or contractions do not allow the muscle to become relaxed and can become excruciating in some cases.

Fast facts on hand cramps:

• Hand cramping can be caused by many conditions.
• Overuse of the hands, fingers, or forearm can cause cramping and pain.
• In many cases, hand cramps can be treated with home remedies.
• Although typically short-lived, these cramps can lead to intense muscle pain.

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Share on PinterestMuscle cramps may be caused by dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and overuse injuries

Under usual circumstances, muscle contraction is the result of normal processes within the body including communication between the brain, spinal cord, and the muscles.

Certain chemicals and proteins are also involved in normal muscle contraction and are responsible for the shortening and relaxation of muscle fibers.

The brain is responsible for signaling the muscle to contract through a process of electrical signals and chemical releases.

During the process of muscle contraction, brain signals are sent through the spinal cord and directly to the muscle. Chemicals and proteins interact within the muscle causing muscle shortening and relaxation.

When there is an abnormal interruption in this process of muscle contraction, muscle spasms and cramping can occur. Often, this pain self-resolves within minutes.

Muscle twitching may also accompany muscle spasms or cramps and can be present during periods of resting or in the time following a muscle contraction.

Causes may include:

• electrolyte imbalances
• dehydration
• exercise in high temperatures
• overuse injuries
• diabetic stiff hand syndrome
• arthritis

Electrolyte imbalances

Electrolytes are substances within the body, which are responsible for maintaining normal bodily functions, such as nerve and muscle activity, hydration, blood pH, blood pressure, and tissue repair.

Muscles require a harmonious electrolyte balance to function correctly, and an alteration in these levels can lead to muscle contractions and hand cramps.

For example, vital electrolytes for muscle function include calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium. Changes in these electrolytes can not only cause painful hand cramping due to muscle spasm but can also be life-threatening in certain situations.

Electrolyte imbalances can be caused by several conditions including but not limited to:

• kidney disease
• severe dehydration
• prolonged vomiting from bulimia, pregnancy, or other causes
• excessive heat
• pH imbalances
• congestive heart failure
• cancer treatments
• specific medications for blood pressure or water retention

Treatment for electrolyte imbalances will depend on several factors including the cause and severity of the condition.

Doctors will discuss a detailed plan of care to address this condition.

Overuse injuries

An overuse injury is often called writer’s cramp and may be associated with specific or general movements of the affected muscles that are used in fine motor movements.

Activities that may increase a person’s risk for developing writer’s cramp or an overuse injury include things, such as:

• writing or typing for a long period
• playing a musical instrument
• using an excessive grip on things, such as a pen, utensil, shovel, tools, or smartphone
• excessive wrist flexion
• elevation of the elbow
• finger extension

Rheumatoid arthritis

Share on PinterestRheumatoid arthritis can lead to joint stiffness and joint pain.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a form of arthritis in which the body attacks its healthy cells, causing pain in the affected joints and other parts of the body.

Commonly, the hand joints are affected that can lead to symptoms, such as

• joint pain or aching
• joint stiffness, tenderness, and swelling
• weight loss
• fever, fatigue, weakness

Treatment for RA may include medications called disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), or biological response modifiers called biologicals.

Additionally, joint friendly, low-impact exercises may be beneficial to those with RA and include swimming, walking, and biking.

Diabetic stiff hand syndrome

Those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes are at risk for developing a condition called diabetic stiff hand syndrome. This condition limits finger movement due to the hands becoming waxy and thick.

Sometimes, those with diabetic stiff hand syndrome experience

• weakened hand joints
• diminished hand function
• finger stiffness and inability to bring fingers together
• thickened, tight and waxy skin on the back of the hand

Controlling blood sugar levels may prevent a person with diabetes from developing diabetic stiff hand syndrome.

Treatment options may include physical therapy, stretching, and exercises that promote hand flexibility and strength, such as throwing and catching a ball.

Prevention of hand cramps depends on the cause of the condition. For example, if dehydration following intense workouts in excessive heat cause hand cramps, consider exercising in cooler temperatures and staying hydrated.

Other ways to prevent hand cramps include:

• stretching adequately
• avoiding dehydration
• practicing muscle strengthening exercises
• undertaking low impact exercises, such as cycling, swimming, or walking
• using the correct hand tools to avoid exerting excessive force

Doctors will have recommendations on preventing hand cramps depending on the specific cause of the condition.

Underlying conditions should be addressed and treated by a qualified professional.

Share on PinterestApplying heat or cold, massaging muscles, and stretching muscles may be recommended home remedies to relieve symptoms of hand cramps.

Home remedies may help relieve symptoms. These include:

• stopping any activity which is causing the hands to cramp
• stretching muscles
• massaging or rubbing the muscles
• applying heat or cold
• taking certain vitamins and supplements may be helpful, although this will depend on the cause and a person’s medical history
• increasing fluid intake

As with any medical condition, evaluation and treatment by a doctor are recommended to treat the underlying cause of the condition. A doctor can also provide recommendations for treatment based on a person’s individual medical and health history.

In most cases of hand cramps, the cause is minor and not life-threatening. However, there are some cases in which hand cramps is due to something more severe, such as Lou Gehrig’s disease, nerve irritation, or other diseases and conditions.

Causes, treatment, symptoms, and more

Injury to the biceps muscle and tendon can lead to bicep pain. A person’s bicep may hurt due to overuse, trauma, and other injuries.

The biceps muscle stretches on the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow. However, pain can occur in any part of the upper arm and may not be the result of muscle injury alone.

This article will explore some possible causes of bicep pain. It will also discuss symptoms of each cause and possible treatment.

Overuse or wear and tear of the biceps muscle can lead to biceps tendinitis. Doctors use this term to describe any kind of inflammation of the biceps tendon.

Symptoms

In addition to bicep pain, biceps tendinitis may cause:

• pain at the front of the shoulder or achiness that moves down the upper arm bone
• inflammation of the biceps
• weakness due to pain when lifting items

Causes

Lifting something heavy or engaging in certain types of physical activity, such as sport, can lead to bicep pain. However, repetitive movements are the most common cause.

Sporting activities can result in bicep pain due to the repetitious use of the muscle. This is particularly common in sports that require repetitive overhead motion, including swimming, baseball, tennis, and golf.

Treatment

The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons recommend the following at-home remedies to relieve symptoms of biceps tendinitis:

• Rest: A person should rest and avoid activities that can put a strain on the biceps muscle and tendon.
• Ice: A person can apply cold packs to the biceps muscle for 20 minutes at a time, several times per day. This will help reduce the swelling.
• Over-the-counter medication: A person can take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen or paracetamol, to reduce the pain and swelling that biceps tendonitis causes.
• Physical therapy: Stretching and strengthening exercises can help improve symptoms and strengthen the arm and shoulder.

Muscle bruises are one of the most common sports injuries.

Symptoms

A person with a bicep bruise may experience the following symptoms in addition to bicep pain:

• swelling
• stiffness
• weakness
• bluish, bruised coloring
• a lump over the injury site

Causes

Muscle bruises occur when something hits the muscle with force without breaking the skin.

They may occur when a person presses their arm against something during a workout. They could also be the result of a fall.

Treatment

In most cases, muscle bruises will go away on their own. To speed up the healing process, a person can do the following:

• Rest: Avoid using the injured muscle as much as possible.
• Ice: Apply ice packs to the bruised area a few times per day for 20 minutes at a time, making sure that the ice is not directly touching the skin.
• Compression: Wrap the upper arm in a bandage.
• Elevate: Keep the arm lifted above heart level.

If a lump has developed over the injury site, a doctor may need to drain it to help the injury heal.

Learn more about bruises here.

The humerus is the bone in the upper arm. A fracture of this bone can result in pain. It may also prevent arm movement.

Symptoms

A person with a humerus fracture may experience the following symptoms in the upper arm and surrounding areas:

• intense pain
• swelling
• stiffness
• a feeling of weakness in the hand or wrist

Causes

A person can indirectly injure their humerus by falling on an outstretched, “locked” arm, which puts too much pressure on the joints and bones.

A person can also injure their humerus by hitting it directly, for example, during a fall or in a car accident.

Treatment

Most humerus fractures do not require surgery. However, it may be necessary for a doctor to immobilize the arm in a cast.

A fractured humerus may take over 12 weeks to heal once a person has sought treatment.

According to some authorities, the closer the fracture is to the elbow, the more likely it is that it will require surgery.

If the fracture is nearer the middle of the arm, there is usually no need for surgery. Treatment in this case may include immobilizing the arm in a cast.

The brachial plexus is a group of nerves in the neck, arm, and hand that are responsible for feeling and movement.

Damage to the musculocutaneous nerve, which runs down the length of the arm, can result in bicep pain and weakness.

Symptoms

In addition to pain, brachial plexus injury can cause the following symptoms in the biceps:

• weakness
• numbness
• severe loss of movement
• pain throughout the arm and hands

Causes

Types of trauma that can cause brachial plexus injury include:

• motorcycle or car crashes
• sports injuries
• wounds from a gunshot
• surgical wounds

Treatment

Brachial plexus injury does not usually heal by itself. However, depending on the severity of the injury, a doctor may recommend:

• Surgery: Types of surgery may include:
  • nerve repairs
  • nerve grafts
  • nerve, muscle, or tendon transfers
• Physical therapy: This treatment can help restore movement to the shoulder joint.

A 2013 study suggests that waiting more than 6 months for treatment can have negative consequences on the effectiveness of the treatment.

Therefore, a person should contact a doctor as soon as possible if they think they have sustained a brachial plexus injury.

A person experiencing bicep pain should seek guidance from a doctor if the pain has not decreased after they have tried at-home remedies, such as resting and icing the affected area.

They should also contact a doctor if the symptoms significantly worsen, for example, if the swelling increases or if the movement of the arm and shoulder becomes increasingly restricted.

A person should seek emergency medical treatment if they experience:

• fever
• dizziness
• shortness of breath
• severe pain

A doctor may carry out a physical exam, which will include inspecting the arm and shoulder for flushed skin, swelling, lumps, or bruising.

They may then test the shoulder and arm for strength and motion. The doctor may move the arm and shoulder in different ways to check the functioning of the biceps muscle.

To reach an accurate diagnosis, a doctor may order additional tests, including:

• X-rays: X-rays use electromagnetic radiation to create images of structures in the body. They may be useful in identifying potential problems with the bones of the arm or shoulder.
• Ultrasound scans: Doctors will use probes that produce sound waves on the skin to create images of bodily structures.
• MRI scan: An MRI scan uses magnets and radiofrequency currents to produce images of structures inside the body.

Bicep pain can have many different causes. These include biceps tendinitis, brachial plexus injury, and fractures.

Symptoms include pain in the upper arm and elbow area and sometimes can radiate to the forearm. Some people experience swelling or limited movement.

At-home remedies focus on resting the affected muscle and limiting stress on the muscle and tendon.

However, a person should seek medical attention if symptoms do not improve after a week or if they worsen.

Treatment of hand spasms in St. Petersburg

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• Treatment of convulsions and spasms
• org/ListItem”> Cramps in the arms

Muscle spasms are a common physiological manifestation affecting almost any skeletal muscle. But traditionally, in the muscles that control two joints at once, spasms occur much more often (for example, cramps in the muscles of the hands). Infrequent symptoms are normal and normal, but frequent symptoms should be treated by a neurologist.

Convulsive manifestations can be of two types:

• Idiopathic, occurring without obvious causes. Usually, it is possible to find and eliminate the cause of such hand cramps quite quickly.
• Secondary, which are symptoms or one of the complications of a certain disease.

To determine the causes of secondary seizures, a patient’s diagnosis is required, on the basis of which a therapeutic effect is selected – as a rule, a complex one. Such treatment includes drug therapy and physical therapy (eg, massage therapy, acupuncture, or manual therapy).

Doctor’s consultation on the treatment of hand cramps:

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Types of cramps in the muscles of the hands

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Hand cramp treatment in our clinic

Update date: 12/17/2021

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Fedosova Svetlana
Narzulloevna

Neurologist, epileptologist
Top category
Experience 37 years

Neurologist, epileptologist, vertebrologist

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Work experience 14 years

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what it is, causes and types, first aid

What are convulsions

Seizures are paroxysmal involuntary muscle contractions accompanied by discomfort and pain.

Most often, cramps occur after excessive exercise or during sleep and mainly affect the lower extremities: calf muscles, hamstring (hamstring), anterior thigh (quadriceps). Less common are cramps in the muscles of the chest, arms, and abdomen.

Seizures usually come on suddenly and last from a few seconds to a few minutes. It can be repeated regularly – in this case, they talk about convulsive syndrome .

In practice, cramps of the calf muscles, popliteal and quadriceps muscles are more common

Types of convulsions

Seizures are classified according to the nature of muscle involvement, prevalence and mechanism of development.

Types of seizures according to the nature of muscle involvement:

• tonic – sharp and prolonged (sometimes up to a minute) muscle contractions, in which the limbs or the whole body seem to “freeze” in a forced position. The body is tense, the back is arched;
• clonic – irregular fast muscle contractions. The person throws his head back, takes his hands back, blinks very quickly. At the same time, the eyes can rotate, and the jaws can make involuntary chewing movements;
• tonic-clonic, or mixed, – alternation of prolonged spasm and rapid contractions of skeletal muscles.

Tonic and clonic convulsions

Type of seizures by group of affected muscles:

• flexor – flexor muscles involved;
• extensor – extensor muscles are involved.

Types of seizures by prevalence:

• partial (focal) – cover one muscle group;
• generalized – affect several muscle groups.

Types of seizures according to the mechanism of development:

• epileptic;
• non-epileptic.

Physiological causes of seizures

Seizures are not always caused by any disease. Sometimes this condition occurs after excessive physical exertion, in women – during pregnancy.

Convulsions after exercise

In healthy people, seizures may occur after intense physical activity. As a rule, the spasm begins in the calf muscle, then spreads to the foot and thigh area.

Most often, seizures in athletes are caused by dehydration. Due to profuse sweating, a person loses a lot of moisture. The water balance in the body is disturbed, and first of all, the brain suffers from this – a person has a severe headache, dizziness, and convulsions.

As a rule, cramps after physical activity are not accompanied by pain and pass on their own – after restoration of water and electrolyte balance

Convulsions during pregnancy

During pregnancy, global changes occur in a woman’s body, which are often accompanied by unpleasant symptoms.

In the first trimester, a pregnant woman may experience mild cramps that resemble menstrual cramps. Typically, such muscle contractions are associated with the development of the embryo.

In the second and third trimester of pregnancy, convulsions may be associated with circulatory disorders in the pelvis. The uterus increases in size and begins to compress the inferior vena cava. Avoiding vein compression syndrome is very simple: do not lie on your back. In the vertical position, blood flow normalizes and the condition of the pregnant woman improves rapidly. Another common cause of seizures during pregnancy is a deficiency of trace elements and vitamins (including potassium, magnesium, calcium, and iron).

In general, convulsions during pregnancy should not be regarded as a physiological norm. Sometimes this can be one of the manifestations of eclampsia, a serious complication of pregnancy.

Febrile convulsions

Febrile seizures usually develop in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years. With a sharp rise in temperature to 38-39 ° C, the need for oxygen in the brain increases. Oxygen starvation develops, a convulsive attack begins.

The child may twitch (clonic convulsions) or freeze in a tense position (tonic convulsions). Fortunately, despite the severe clinical picture, febrile convulsions are usually not life-threatening or life-threatening.

Pathological causes of seizures

Depending on the type of seizures – tonic, clonic or tonic-clonic – their causes differ.

Causes of tonic seizures

A characteristic sign of tonic convulsions is a sudden tension in the muscles of the body. For the entire duration of the attack, the person seems to freeze in a forced position, while his teeth are strongly compressed, his torso and legs are extended, and his arms are bent.

Main causes of tonic seizures:

• epilepsy in children is a pathology in which excessive electrical activity occurs in the brain;
• infectious diseases: influenza, parainfluenza, rotavirus and adenovirus infection, tonsillitis, pneumonia, tetanus, rabies;
• fluid and electrolyte disorders: excess potassium or lack of calcium and magnesium in the body;
• endocrine diseases, including diabetes mellitus;
• hereditary metabolic pathologies: leucinosis (maple syrup disease), phenylketonuria, glycogenosis, Gaucher’s disease, Norman-Wood’s disease;
• cardiovascular pathologies, including acute hypotension – a decrease in blood pressure by more than 20% compared to normal indicators;
• renal and hepatic insufficiency;
• hyperventilation syndrome – a condition in which the blood is oversaturated with oxygen;
• alcohol intoxication;
• carbon monoxide poisoning, strychnine;
• drug overdose: neuroleptics, morphine;
• severe overheating or hypothermia.

Tonic convulsions may develop in a child during an epileptic seizure

Causes of clonic convulsions

In clonic convulsions, muscle contraction and relaxation alternate. During an attack, the patient’s arms and legs are usually bent and the body extended. If the spasm affects the respiratory muscles, then the person cannot speak normally, begins to stutter.

Main causes of clonic seizures:

• epilepsy in adults;
• stroke;
• tumors of the spinal cord;
• childhood infections: measles, chickenpox;
• gray matter lesions of the brain: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis;
• Tay-Sachs disease;
• Down syndrome;
• tuberous sclerosis is a genetic disease that affects the central nervous system;
• poisoning with arsenic, formaldehyde.

Causes of tonic-clonic seizures

Tonic-clonic seizures usually involve three stages. At the first stage, a person experiences strong muscle tension, while his pupils dilate, his eyes may roll back. In the second stage, involuntary convulsions occur. On the third, profuse salivation begins, foam may come from the mouth.

Main causes of tonic-clonic seizures:

• vascular pathologies: stroke (acute cerebrovascular accident), aneurysm (protrusion of the artery wall, arteriovenous malformation) – a condition in which pathologically tortuous vessels appear between arteries and veins instead of a network of capillaries;
• infectious diseases: poliomyelitis, cholera, meningitis, encephalitis;
• arterial hypertension – chronic high blood pressure;
• eclampsia is the most severe form of late toxicosis: a series of convulsions, first tonic, then clonic, which can develop in the second half of pregnancy, during and after childbirth;
• alcohol and nicotine intoxication;
• poisoning with lead, phosphorus, oxalic acid.

Arterial hypertension is one of the possible causes of tonic-clonic seizures

Symptoms that may accompany convulsions

Quite often convulsions are accompanied by other signs of pathology.

Main symptoms that may accompany convulsions:

• severe darkening of the eyes,
• blurred vision,
• confused mind,
• fuzzy speech,
• mimic change,
• tingling in hands and feet,
• blue skin,
• dizziness,
• nausea,
• head tilt,
• feeling of body numbness,
• increased salivation,
• tightly clenched teeth,
• Urinary and fecal incontinence,
• sudden fainting.

If any of these symptoms appear during a seizure, you should immediately consult a doctor.

The most dangerous form of convulsions, an epileptic seizure, is accompanied by nausea, dizziness, numbness of the body and an inexplicable feeling of fear

Diagnostics

If seizures are not occurring for the first time, a physician should be consulted. If the endocrine nature of seizures is suspected, he will refer the patient to an endocrinologist, and to a neurological one, respectively, to a neurologist. If the cause of seizures may be in vascular disorders, the therapist will recommend contacting a phlebologist.

At the appointment, the specialist will collect an anamnesis – draw up a picture of the patient’s complaints, ask about lifestyle and bad habits, and also take an interest in the symptoms that are most disturbing and most often manifest. Then the doctor will conduct an examination and, if necessary, prescribe additional studies.

General and biochemical blood tests will help to assess the state of human health and identify infectious processes.

Complete blood count without leukocyte formula (venous blood)

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If you suspect a lack of calcium (hypocalcemia) or an excess of potassium (hyperkalemia) in the body, the doctor may order targeted studies.

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Comprehensive studies help to exclude or confirm diabetes mellitus – one of the possible causes of seizures.

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Ultrasound – Ultrasound

If you suspect a pathology of the internal organs that could cause convulsions, the doctor may refer the patient to an ultrasound of the abdominal organs, kidneys, thyroid gland.

Ultrasound is a simple, informative and painless method of examination

During the examination, the specialist uses a special device that sends an ultrasound signal to the organ being examined. The signal is reflected and picked up by the sensor. Then the computer processes the received information and displays an image on the monitor – a cross section of the organ.

Ultrasound duplex scanning

Ultrasound is a study that allows you to assess the condition of the vessels of the neck and other parts of the body, as well as detect circulatory disorders.

Thanks to duplex ultrasound, it is possible to diagnose atherosclerosis and thrombosis, as well as other vascular pathologies that can provoke seizures.

During the procedure, the specialist scans the vessels using an ultrasonic sensor. The device reacts to erythrocytes (red blood cells) moving in the blood and sends signals to the monitor, which are then converted into a two-dimensional color image of blood vessels in a section.

The procedure is painless and lasts from 15-20 (if the vessels of the neck are being examined) to 30 minutes (if the vessels of the brain are being examined).

MRI – magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect congenital developmental pathologies, head injuries, neoplasms and epileptic disorders that can cause seizures in humans.

The main advantage of MRI is the absence of radiation, since a harmless magnetic field is used for “transmission”. The examination can be carried out an unlimited number of times, which is convenient for assessing the development of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment.

MRI examination of the brain usually lasts 15-20 minutes

CT – computed tomography

Computed tomography (CT) is an “advanced” version of X-ray that takes pictures in layers. The result is not a flat image, but a real three-dimensional model of the organ under study. At the same time, during CT, the patient receives a lower dose of radiation.

CT scan reveals tuberous sclerosis, one of the causes of seizures. In addition, the study well visualizes brain tumors, injuries and anomalies in the structure of the skull bones.

Computed optical tomography of the spine

For seizures of unclear nature, the doctor may order the patient a computed optical tomography of the spine. This study allows you to determine the shapes, sizes and positions of the body bends from a series of photographic images.

The procedure is absolutely painless and takes only 7-10 minutes. As a result, the patient receives a 3D image of the spine at rest and in motion, the conclusion and recommendations of a traumatologist or orthopedist.

Treatment

Regardless of the cause, seizures are considered an acute condition requiring medical attention.

Before visiting a doctor, local cramps can be relieved with the help of self-massage, pinching and muscle stretching. If the patient develops a seizure, you should immediately call an ambulance. Before the ambulance arrives, it is necessary to put a pillow or roller under the person’s head, clean the mouth from foam and mucus, and provide fresh air.

If a patient has a seizure, you should not try to open his teeth with fingers, a spoon or other objects.

Which doctor to contact

General practitioners, endocrinologists, neurologists, surgeons or phlebologists deal with the diagnosis and treatment of convulsive syndrome.

Medical therapy

Depending on the cause of the convulsions, the following groups of drugs may be used for treatment:

• anticonvulsants. Such drugs reduce brain activity, thereby preventing the development of an epileptic seizure;
• electrolytes – help relieve muscle spasm and reduce the level of potassium in the blood;
• antihypertensive drugs – normalize blood pressure;
• diuretics – allow you to eliminate cerebral edema;
• antidotes – allow you to cope with intoxication, chemical poisoning;
• antibiotics and antivirals – treat bacterial and viral infections.

Surgical treatment

If medical therapy fails, surgery may be required.

The main types of operations used to treat convulsive syndrome:

• resection (removal) of part of the temporal lobe;
• hemispherectomy – removal or disconnection of a cerebral hemisphere;
• subpial transsection – excision of the epileptic focus in the area where it borders on healthy brain tissues;
• callosotomy – dissection of the corpus callosum, which transmits nerve impulses from one hemisphere to another;
• thrombectomy – removal of a blood clot from a vessel;
• angioplasty with stenting – surgical restoration of blood flow.

Prophylaxis

In most cases, one-time seizures can be prevented by self-massage and stretching. And you can avoid their repetition by observing the regime of work and rest, eating rationally and giving up smoking and alcoholic beverages.

Basic measures to prevent seizures:

• moderate physical activity. Exercises are best performed under the supervision of a medical specialist or trainer;
• active lifestyle: hiking, cycling, yoga, fitness;
• lifestyle changes. If the work is sedentary, then several times a day it is useful to do a warm-up or light exercises;
• salt restriction, obligatory presence in the diet of vegetables, meat, cereals, dairy products;
• normalization of the drinking regime. It is important to drink as much fluid as the body requires;
• creating a comfortable place to sleep. It is advisable to use an orthopedic mattress with small pillows;
• kneading muscles before going to bed.

Sources

1. Hypoparathyroidism in adults: clinical guidelines / Russian Association of Endocrinologists, Association of Endocrine Surgeons, Russian Society of Head and Neck Tumor Specialists. 2021.
2. Clinical guidelines for the provision of emergency medical care for convulsive syndrome, status epilepticus / Russian Society for Emergency Medicine (ROSMP).