What are the common symptoms of viral gastroenteritis. How is stomach flu transmitted. What are the most effective treatments for viral gastroenteritis. Who is at higher risk of contracting stomach flu. How can you prevent the spread of viral gastroenteritis.

Understanding Viral Gastroenteritis: The Stomach Flu Explained

Viral gastroenteritis, commonly known as the stomach flu, is an inflammation and irritation of the intestines caused by various viruses. This highly contagious illness can spread rapidly through close contact with infected individuals or via contaminated food, water, or surfaces. Despite its nickname, it’s not related to influenza.

The most common culprits behind viral gastroenteritis are:

• Norovirus
• Rotavirus
• Adenovirus
• Astrovirus

These viruses can thrive in crowded environments such as childcare facilities, schools, nursing homes, and cruise ships, making prevention crucial in these settings.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Viral Gastroenteritis

The onset of viral gastroenteritis symptoms can be sudden, often developing within 12 to 48 hours after exposure. However, some viruses, like adenoviruses, may have a longer incubation period of 3 to 10 days. The duration of symptoms can vary from 1 to 14 days, depending on the specific virus involved.

Common symptoms include:

• Watery diarrhea (more than three times per day)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal cramps and pain
• Fever or chills
• Headache, muscle aches, or joint pain
• Loss of appetite
• Sweating or clammy skin

Is bloody diarrhea a symptom of viral gastroenteritis? Typically, diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis is not bloody. The presence of blood in stool may indicate a more severe infection and requires immediate medical attention.

When to Seek Medical Help

While most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve on their own, certain situations warrant medical attention:

• Diarrhea lasting more than two days without improvement
• Signs of dehydration (dry lips, dizziness)
• Blood in stool
• Infants developing diarrhea

For children, additional warning signs include sunken eyes or lack of tears when crying.

Transmission and Risk Factors of Viral Gastroenteritis

Understanding how viral gastroenteritis spreads is crucial for prevention. The virus can be transmitted through various means:

• Consuming contaminated food or water
• Close contact with infected individuals
• Sharing utensils or personal items with someone who has the virus
• Touching contaminated surfaces
• Poor hand hygiene, especially among food handlers

Who is more susceptible to viral gastroenteritis? While it can affect anyone, certain groups are at higher risk:

• Children under 5 years old
• Older adults, particularly those in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• Individuals with weakened immune systems
• People frequently in group settings (schools, dormitories, day care centers)

Other factors that may increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis include:

• Malnutrition, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• Recent travel to developing countries
• Use of antibiotics or antacids
• Engaging in anal intercourse

Spotlight on Norovirus: The Leading Cause of Viral Gastroenteritis

Norovirus stands out as the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. This highly contagious virus can affect people of all ages and is particularly prevalent in crowded spaces.

What are the key characteristics of norovirus infections?

• Peak season: Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April
• Rapid onset: Symptoms typically develop within 12 to 48 hours after exposure
• Short duration: Most people start feeling better within 1 to 3 days
• Common symptoms: Nausea, diarrhea, fever, and body aches

How does norovirus spread? The virus can be transmitted through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, as well as through close contact with infected individuals. Its ability to survive on surfaces for extended periods makes it particularly challenging to control in shared spaces.

Rotavirus: A Major Concern for Young Children

Rotavirus is another significant cause of viral gastroenteritis, primarily affecting infants and young children. However, it’s important to note that infected children can pass the virus to adults and other children.

What makes rotavirus unique?

• Age group: Most commonly affects children under 5 years old
• Severity: Can lead to severe diarrhea and dehydration in young children
• Seasonality: In temperate climates, rotavirus infections peak in winter months
• Prevention: Vaccination is available and highly effective

How does rotavirus transmission occur? The virus is typically spread through the fecal-oral route, often due to poor hand hygiene after changing diapers or using the bathroom. It can also spread through contaminated surfaces, food, and water.

Adenovirus and Astrovirus: Less Common but Significant Causes

While norovirus and rotavirus are the most frequent culprits, adenovirus and astrovirus also play a role in causing viral gastroenteritis.

Adenovirus

Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that can cause various illnesses, including gastroenteritis. What distinguishes adenovirus-induced gastroenteritis?

• Longer incubation period: Symptoms may appear 3 to 10 days after exposure
• Additional symptoms: May cause respiratory symptoms alongside gastrointestinal issues
• Age range: Can affect people of all ages, but more common in children

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is less common but can still cause significant outbreaks of gastroenteritis. What are the key features of astrovirus infections?

• Mild symptoms: Generally causes milder illness compared to other viral gastroenteritis agents
• Age group: Most commonly affects young children and elderly individuals
• Seasonality: Peaks during winter months in temperate climates

How do these viruses spread? Like other causes of viral gastroenteritis, adenovirus and astrovirus are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, contaminated surfaces, and close contact with infected individuals.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Viral Gastroenteritis

Diagnosing viral gastroenteritis often relies on the patient’s symptoms and medical history. In some cases, stool samples may be analyzed to identify the specific virus causing the illness.

How is viral gastroenteritis treated? Treatment primarily focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications, particularly dehydration. The main approaches include:

• Fluid replacement: Drinking plenty of clear fluids or oral rehydration solutions
• Rest: Allowing the body time to recover and fight off the infection
• Gradual return to eating: Starting with bland, easily digestible foods
• Over-the-counter medications: To manage symptoms like fever and nausea (under medical guidance)

Are antibiotics effective against viral gastroenteritis? Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections and are generally not prescribed for viral gastroenteritis unless there’s a suspicion of a secondary bacterial infection.

Preventing Dehydration

One of the most crucial aspects of treating viral gastroenteritis is preventing dehydration. This is especially important for young children and older adults, who are more susceptible to severe dehydration.

What are the signs of dehydration to watch for?

• Decreased urine output or dark-colored urine
• Dry mouth and lips
• Sunken eyes
• Lethargy or irritability
• Dizziness or lightheadedness

In severe cases of dehydration, particularly in young children or elderly individuals, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous fluid administration.

Prevention Strategies for Viral Gastroenteritis

Preventing the spread of viral gastroenteritis is crucial, especially in group settings. What are the most effective prevention strategies?

• Proper hand hygiene: Frequent handwashing with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before handling food
• Safe food handling: Thoroughly washing fruits and vegetables, cooking foods to appropriate temperatures, and avoiding cross-contamination
• Disinfecting surfaces: Regularly cleaning and disinfecting high-touch surfaces, especially in shared spaces
• Isolation: Staying home when sick and avoiding close contact with others
• Proper disposal of contaminated items: Carefully handling and disposing of items that may be contaminated with vomit or feces

Vaccination

Vaccination plays a significant role in preventing certain types of viral gastroenteritis. Is there a vaccine available for all types of viral gastroenteritis?

Currently, vaccines are available for rotavirus, which is a major cause of severe diarrhea in young children. The rotavirus vaccine is highly effective and is recommended as part of the routine childhood immunization schedule in many countries.

While there are no vaccines available for other common causes of viral gastroenteritis, such as norovirus, research is ongoing to develop effective vaccines against these viruses.

Special Considerations for High-Risk Groups

Certain populations require special attention when it comes to preventing and managing viral gastroenteritis. These include:

Young Children

Children under 5 are particularly vulnerable to severe symptoms and complications from viral gastroenteritis. What special precautions should be taken for young children?

• Ensuring proper hydration, even if the child is vomiting
• Monitoring for signs of dehydration closely
• Following the recommended vaccination schedule, including rotavirus vaccine
• Teaching and enforcing good hand hygiene habits

Older Adults

Elderly individuals, especially those in nursing homes or assisted living facilities, are at higher risk of severe illness from viral gastroenteritis. What measures can help protect this vulnerable group?

• Implementing strict hygiene protocols in care facilities
• Ensuring proper hydration and nutrition
• Monitoring for complications and seeking medical attention promptly if symptoms worsen
• Educating staff and visitors about prevention strategies

Immunocompromised Individuals

People with weakened immune systems may experience more severe and prolonged symptoms of viral gastroenteritis. How can immunocompromised individuals protect themselves?

• Taking extra precautions in public spaces and during travel
• Ensuring all food and water consumed is safe and properly prepared
• Maintaining strict personal hygiene practices
• Seeking medical attention early if symptoms develop

By understanding the specific needs of these high-risk groups, caregivers and healthcare providers can take targeted approaches to prevent and manage viral gastroenteritis effectively.

The Global Impact of Viral Gastroenteritis

Viral gastroenteritis is a significant public health concern worldwide, affecting millions of people each year. What is the global burden of this illness?

• Morbidity and mortality: Especially high in developing countries with limited access to clean water and sanitation
• Economic impact: Substantial costs associated with healthcare, lost productivity, and outbreak management
• Seasonal variations: Different patterns observed in temperate and tropical climates
• Emerging strains: Continuous evolution of viruses leading to new outbreaks

How are global efforts addressing viral gastroenteritis? International organizations and governments are working together to:

• Improve access to clean water and sanitation facilities
• Enhance surveillance systems to detect and respond to outbreaks quickly
• Promote vaccination programs, particularly for rotavirus
• Educate communities about prevention strategies
• Support research for new treatments and vaccines

By understanding the global impact and working collaboratively, the international community can make significant strides in reducing the burden of viral gastroenteritis worldwide.

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Here’s our process.

Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:

• Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
• Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence?
• Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?

We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

Read more about our vetting process.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

Was this helpful?

In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Here’s our process.

Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:

• Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
• Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence?
• Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?

We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

Read more about our vetting process.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

Was this helpful?

In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

ENTEROVIRUS INFECTION

Enteroviruses are so named because after infection they multiply initially in the gastrointestinal tract. Despite this, they usually do not cause intestinal symptoms, most often they actively spread and cause symptoms and diseases of such organs as: heart, skin, lungs, brain and spinal cord. Enteroviruses are found throughout the world, but infection most often occurs in areas with poor hygiene and high overcrowding. The virus is most often transmitted by the fecal-oral route, as well as through contaminated food or water. Inhalation of certain strains of the virus into the body can lead to respiratory diseases. Breast milk contains antibodies that can protect newborns. The incubation period for most enteroviruses is 2 to 14 days. In temperate regions, infections occur mainly in summer and autumn.

Enterovirus most often enters the human body through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) or respiratory tract. Once in the gastrointestinal tract, viruses stop in the local lymph nodes where they begin the first stage of reproduction. Around the third day after infection, the viruses enter the bloodstream and begin to circulate throughout the body. On the 3-7th day, viruses with blood can enter the organ systems where the second stage of reproduction can begin and, as a result, cause various diseases. The production of antibodies to the virus occurs during the first 7-10 days.

Symptoms and signs of enterovirus infection

Enteroviruses cause a huge number of infections per year. More than 90% of these cases are either asymptomatic or cause a nonspecific febrile illness. Usually the range of symptoms is very wide, but in most cases it almost always includes: fever (increase in body temperature up to 39-40 ° C), general weakness, headache, muscle pain and gastrointestinal symptoms.
Enteroviruses entering the human body can cause several symptoms.

• Runny nose and stuffy nose and sinuses , sore nose, sore throat, earache, difficulty swallowing, loss of smell or taste.
• Nausea, indigestion, reflux, bloating , upper and lower abdominal pain, cramps, constipation alternating with diarrhoea.
• Rapid weight loss due to indigestion and reduced calorie intake or weight gain due to inactivity.
• Numbness in limbs , muscle twitching and spasms. Facial tingling and numbness may be observed.
• Miscellaneous headaches (acute, aching, throbbing).
• Pain in bones, muscles and joints . Leg pain is quite common.
• Chest pain and tightness, palpitations .
• Cough, shortness of breath, wheezing .
• Heart rhythm disorder (arrhythmias) or tachycardia (palpitations)
• Intermittent fever – characterized by a rapid, significant increase in temperature (38-40 ° C), which lasts for several hours, and then is replaced by its rapid fall to normal values), chills and severe night sweats.
• Blurred vision, reduced visual acuity .
• Blisters or ulcerations in the mouth, pharynx and, in women, in the vagina/cervix .
• Psychological problems – Anxiety or depression.
• Problems with concentration . Cognitive problems, short-term memory problems.
• Sleep disorder .
• Seizures are rare but do occur.
• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck and armpits
• Rash

It is impossible to talk about any specific symptoms characteristic of the entire group of enteroviruses in addition to those listed above, but it is possible to group the symptoms manifested in complications of enterovirus infection:

Treatment of enterovirus infection . The basis is symptomatic and supportive treatment. Bed rest, plenty of fluids, vitamins, antipyretic in case of high temperature. Do not forget that even if the slightest and slightest symptoms appear, you should immediately consult a doctor, especially if the child has symptoms! DO NOT SELF-MEDICATED!

Prevention

General hygiene and frequent handwashing are effective in reducing the spread of these viruses. If soap and clean water are not available, use an alcohol-based “hand sanitizer”. It is important to note that breast milk contains antibodies that can protect the baby.

Enteroviral infection | uzalo48.lipetsk

Enterovirus infection (EVI) is a disease caused by enteroviruses that are very resistant in the external environment.

Enteroviruses tolerate low temperatures well : in a frozen state, the activity of enteroviruses persists for many years, in a refrigerator they persist for several weeks, in tap water they survive up to 18 days, in river water – about a month, in treated wastewater – up to two months.

The source of the disease is a sick person or a carrier. You can get infected through contaminated food, water, objects that surround a person, dirty hands, as well as through the air when sneezing, coughing, talking. Risk factors are also swimming in virus-contaminated water bodies, eating unwashed vegetables and fruits, and drinking water of dubious quality.

Viruses enter the human body through the mouth or upper respiratory tract. The period from the entry of the virus into the human body until the first clinical signs appear is the same for all EVIs – from 2 to 10 days, more often 2-5 days. The disease begins acutely – with an increase in body temperature to 38-39º C, which most often lasts 3-5 days, then decreases to normal numbers. Very often the temperature has a wave-like course. When the temperature rises, a person, especially a child, feels weakness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, and vomiting may occur.

Enteroviruses can infect different body systems – central and peripheral nervous systems, oropharyngeal mucosa, eye mucosa, skin, muscles, heart, intestinal mucosa, liver, therefore there are several forms of enterovirus infection.

The most severe diseases occur when the nervous system is damaged , when serous meningitis and encephalitis develop. These diseases are characterized by an acute onset, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, fever up to 39-40 ⁰ C, convulsions, paresis and paralysis, loss of consciousness.

When the oropharyngeal mucosa is affected, enteroviral herpangina develops when there is an increase in body temperature, general intoxication (weakness, headache, drowsiness) and a rash in the form of fluid-filled vesicles on the oropharyngeal mucosa and tonsils. The bubbles burst, and in their place ulcers are formed, filled with white bloom. After recovery, no traces remain at the site of the sores.

In case of skin lesions , exanthema may appear – reddening of the skin, most often on the upper half of the body (head, chest, arms) and the appearance of a rash of various types, similar to a rash with rubella, measles, which usually appears on the 1-2 day of the disease and disappears after 4-6 days.

If the intestinal mucosa is affected, loose stools are observed. Symptoms of the disease – as with an intestinal infection. Stools of normal color (yellow or brown), liquid, without various (mucus, blood) impurities. The appearance of loose stools can be both against the background of an increase in temperature, and without it.

If the eyes of are affected, conjunctivitis develops, which manifests itself in the form of photophobia, lacrimation, redness and swelling of the eyes. There may be hemorrhages in the conjunctiva of the eye.

When muscles are damaged develops myositis – pain in the muscles. Pain appears on the background of an increase in temperature. Soreness is observed in the chest, arms and legs. When the body temperature decreases, the pain decreases or disappears completely.

Enteroviral infections can affect various parts of the heart with the development of myocarditis and pericarditis, and with liver damage, acute hepatitis develops.

To make a diagnosis of enterovirus infection in patients, depending on the clinical manifestations, nasal swabs, pharynx or feces, cerebrospinal fluid are taken for examination. Research is carried out in a virological laboratory.

There is no specific treatment for enterovirus infection. Treatment is carried out symptomatically, depending on the manifestations of the infection – tonsillitis, conjunctivitis, myositis, loose stools, heart damage, encephalitis, meningitis, hepatitis, exanthema. If necessary, carry out the prevention of bacterial complications. If symptoms of an enterovirus infection appear, you should consult a doctor.

Prevention of enterovirus infection

Personal hygiene must be observed. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap before preparing food, before eating, after coming home from the street and using the toilet.

Keep children’s hands clean, teach them to observe personal hygiene measures from childhood. Wash door handles, faucets, toilet flush handles. Wash and keep children’s toys clean regularly.

Do not swim or allow children to swim in waters where it is not recommended or prohibited. Swim only in permitted areas, teach children not to swallow water when bathing.

Do not use water from open reservoirs for drinking and household needs (in exceptional cases only after boiling for 5-7 minutes), water from the well must be boiled. Drink only boiled or bottled water.

Thoroughly wash fruits, berries, vegetables under running tap water, and for small children, it is advisable to wash fruits with boiled water or scald with hot boiled water after washing.

When buying, be sure to read the expiration dates and storage conditions of food products indicated on the packaging, strictly follow them in everyday life. Keep track of the food in the refrigerator. Pack each product in a separate clean package, keep products from contamination. Do not allow contact between products that have not passed and have undergone culinary (thermal) processing.