What are the common symptoms of indigestion. How can diet and lifestyle changes alleviate indigestion symptoms. What medications provide immediate relief for indigestion. How does stress contribute to indigestion and what relaxation techniques can help. When should you see a doctor for persistent indigestion symptoms.

Understanding Indigestion: Symptoms and Underlying Causes

Indigestion, also known as dyspepsia, is a common digestive issue that affects many people. It can manifest in various ways, causing discomfort and disrupting daily life. Understanding the symptoms and causes of indigestion is crucial for effective management and treatment.

Common Symptoms of Indigestion

Indigestion can present with a range of symptoms, including:

• Burning sensation in the upper abdomen or chest
• Bloating and feeling uncomfortably full
• Nausea and vomiting
• Excessive belching or flatulence
• Regurgitation of stomach acid or food
• Abdominal pain or discomfort

These symptoms can vary in intensity and frequency from person to person. Some individuals may experience occasional mild discomfort, while others may suffer from more severe and frequent episodes.

Underlying Causes of Indigestion

Indigestion can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Overeating or eating too quickly
2. Consuming fatty, spicy, or acidic foods
3. Excessive alcohol or caffeine intake
4. Smoking
5. Stress and anxiety
6. Certain medications (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen)
7. Underlying medical conditions (e.g., gastroesophageal reflux disease, stomach ulcers)

Identifying the root cause of indigestion is essential for determining the most appropriate treatment approach.

Lifestyle Modifications to Alleviate Indigestion Symptoms

Making simple changes to your daily habits can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of indigestion symptoms. Here are some effective lifestyle modifications to consider:

Maintaining a Healthy Weight

Excess weight can increase pressure on the stomach, leading to acid reflux and indigestion. How can you achieve and maintain a healthy weight? Focus on a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. Combine this with regular physical activity to promote weight loss and overall digestive health.

Quitting Smoking

Smoking can contribute to indigestion by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter, allowing stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus. Quitting smoking not only improves digestive health but also offers numerous other health benefits. Seek support from healthcare professionals or smoking cessation programs to increase your chances of success.

Dietary Adjustments

Certain foods and beverages can trigger or exacerbate indigestion symptoms. Consider the following dietary adjustments:

• Reduce intake of spicy, fatty, and acidic foods
• Limit caffeine consumption
• Moderate alcohol intake
• Eat smaller, more frequent meals
• Avoid lying down immediately after meals

Keeping a food diary can help identify specific trigger foods and guide your dietary choices.

Bedtime Habits

Nighttime indigestion can disrupt sleep and overall well-being. How can you minimize nighttime symptoms? Try these strategies:

• Avoid eating 3-4 hours before bedtime
• Elevate the head of your bed by a few inches
• Use extra pillows to prop up your head and shoulders

These measures can help prevent stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus while you sleep.

Stress Management Techniques for Indigestion Relief

Stress and anxiety can significantly contribute to indigestion symptoms. Implementing effective stress management techniques can help alleviate digestive discomfort and improve overall well-being.

Relaxation Exercises

Incorporating relaxation exercises into your daily routine can help reduce stress-related indigestion. Consider trying:

• Deep breathing exercises
• Progressive muscle relaxation
• Guided imagery
• Meditation or mindfulness practices

These techniques can help calm your mind and body, potentially reducing the frequency and severity of indigestion symptoms.

Regular Exercise

Physical activity is not only beneficial for maintaining a healthy weight but also for managing stress. Engaging in regular exercise can help reduce anxiety, improve mood, and promote better digestive function. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week.

Time Management and Prioritization

Feeling overwhelmed and rushed can contribute to stress-induced indigestion. How can you better manage your time and reduce stress? Try these strategies:

• Create a daily to-do list and prioritize tasks
• Break large projects into smaller, manageable steps
• Learn to say “no” to non-essential commitments
• Schedule regular breaks throughout the day

By improving your time management skills, you can reduce stress and potentially alleviate indigestion symptoms.

Medication Options for Immediate Indigestion Relief

When lifestyle modifications are not sufficient to manage indigestion symptoms, various medications can provide immediate relief. It’s important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new medication regimen.

Antacids

Antacids are over-the-counter medications that work by neutralizing stomach acid. They can provide quick relief for mild to moderate indigestion symptoms. How do antacids work, and when should you take them?

Antacids neutralize existing stomach acid, providing relief within minutes. They are most effective when taken:

• After meals
• At bedtime
• When symptoms first appear

Common antacids include calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide. It’s important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and be aware of potential side effects or interactions with other medications.

Alginates

Some antacids contain alginates, which form a protective barrier on top of the stomach contents. This barrier helps prevent acid reflux by keeping stomach acid in the stomach and away from the esophagus. Alginates are particularly useful for individuals who experience symptoms of acid reflux or GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease).

H2 Receptor Antagonists

H2 receptor antagonists, also known as H2 blockers, work by reducing the production of stomach acid. These medications can provide longer-lasting relief compared to antacids. Common H2 blockers include ranitidine, famotidine, and cimetidine. While some H2 blockers are available over-the-counter, others may require a prescription.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

For more severe or persistent indigestion symptoms, proton pump inhibitors may be recommended. PPIs work by blocking the production of stomach acid, providing relief for conditions such as GERD and stomach ulcers. Examples of PPIs include omeprazole, esomeprazole, and lansoprazole. These medications are typically prescribed by a healthcare provider and may require long-term use in some cases.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Indigestion

While occasional indigestion is common and often manageable with lifestyle changes and over-the-counter medications, certain situations warrant medical attention. When should you consult a healthcare provider for indigestion symptoms?

• Persistent symptoms lasting more than two weeks
• Severe abdominal pain or discomfort
• Difficulty swallowing or painful swallowing
• Unexplained weight loss
• Vomiting blood or passing black, tarry stools
• Chest pain or shortness of breath
• Indigestion accompanied by sweating or jaw pain

These symptoms may indicate a more serious underlying condition and require prompt medical evaluation. Your healthcare provider can perform necessary tests and develop an appropriate treatment plan based on your specific situation.

Natural Remedies and Supplements for Indigestion Relief

In addition to lifestyle changes and conventional medications, some individuals find relief from indigestion symptoms through natural remedies and supplements. While scientific evidence varies for these approaches, some people report benefits from:

Herbal Teas

Certain herbal teas may help soothe digestive discomfort. Popular options include:

• Peppermint tea
• Ginger tea
• Chamomile tea
• Fennel tea

These teas are generally considered safe for most people, but it’s important to be aware of potential interactions with medications or existing health conditions.

Probiotics

Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that support digestive health. How can probiotics help with indigestion? They may help balance the gut microbiome, potentially reducing symptoms such as bloating and discomfort. Probiotics can be found in fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, and sauerkraut, or taken as supplements.

Digestive Enzymes

Some individuals find relief from indigestion by taking digestive enzyme supplements. These enzymes may help break down food more efficiently, potentially reducing digestive discomfort. Common digestive enzymes include amylase, lipase, and protease.

Baking Soda

A simple home remedy for occasional indigestion is mixing a teaspoon of baking soda with water. This mixture can help neutralize stomach acid, providing temporary relief. However, it’s important to use this remedy sparingly and consult with a healthcare provider before regular use, as excessive consumption can have side effects.

While natural remedies can be helpful for some individuals, it’s crucial to discuss their use with a healthcare provider, especially if you have ongoing indigestion symptoms or are taking other medications.

Prevention Strategies for Long-term Digestive Health

Preventing indigestion is often more effective than treating it after symptoms occur. Implementing long-term strategies for digestive health can help reduce the frequency and severity of indigestion episodes. What are some key prevention strategies to consider?

Mindful Eating Practices

Adopting mindful eating habits can significantly improve digestion and reduce the risk of indigestion. Try the following techniques:

• Eat slowly and chew food thoroughly
• Pay attention to hunger and fullness cues
• Avoid distractions while eating (e.g., watching TV, using smartphones)
• Practice portion control

By being more mindful of your eating habits, you can improve digestion and potentially reduce indigestion symptoms.

Regular Meal Schedule

Maintaining a consistent meal schedule can help regulate digestive processes and prevent indigestion. Try to eat meals at similar times each day and avoid skipping meals or going long periods without eating.

Hydration

Proper hydration is essential for overall digestive health. How much water should you drink daily? Aim for at least 8 glasses (64 ounces) of water per day, adjusting based on your activity level and climate. Adequate hydration helps maintain the mucus lining of the stomach and promotes proper digestion.

Regular Exercise

Incorporating regular physical activity into your routine can improve digestion and reduce the risk of indigestion. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week. Activities like walking, swimming, or cycling can be beneficial for digestive health.

Stress Management

Chronic stress can have a significant impact on digestive health. Implementing ongoing stress management techniques, such as regular meditation, yoga, or counseling, can help prevent stress-induced indigestion and promote overall well-being.

By incorporating these prevention strategies into your daily life, you can work towards long-term digestive health and reduce the likelihood of experiencing frequent indigestion symptoms.

Indigestion – Illnesses & conditions

Treatment for indigestion (dyspepsia) will vary, depending on what is causing it and how severe your symptoms are.

If you have been diagnosed with an underlying health condition, you may want to read our information on:

• treating gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
• treating a stomach ulcer

Diet and lifestyle changes

If you only have indigestion occasionally, you may not need to see your pharmacist or GP for treatment. It may be possible to ease your symptoms by making a few simple changes to your diet and lifestyle, summarised below.

Healthy weight

Being overweight puts more pressure on your stomach, making it easier for stomach acid to be pushed back up into your gullet (oesophagus). This is known as acid reflux, and is one of the most common causes of indigestion.

If you are overweight or obese, it is important to lose weight safely and steadily through regular exercise and by eating a healthy, balanced diet. Read advice on losing weight.

Stop smoking

If you smoke, the chemicals you inhale in cigarette smoke may contribute to your indigestion. These chemicals can cause the ring of muscle that separates your oesophagus from your stomach to relax, causing acid reflux.

Read more about quitting smoking, or speak to your GP or pharmacist. You can also call the Quit Your Way Scotland service on 0800 84 84 84 (8.00am to 10.00pm, every day).

Diet and alcohol

Make a note of any particular food or drink that seems to make your indigestion worse, and avoid these if possible. This may mean:

• eating less rich, spicy and fatty foods
• cutting down on drinks that contain caffeine – such as tea, coffee and cola
• avoiding or cutting down on alcohol

At bedtime

If you tend to experience indigestion symptoms at night, avoid eating for three to four hours before you go to bed. Going to bed with a full stomach means there is an increased risk that acid in your stomach will be forced up into your oesophagus while you are lying down.

When you go to bed, use a couple of pillows to prop your head and shoulders up or, ideally, raise the head of your bed by a few inches by putting something underneath the mattress. The slight slope that is created should help to prevent stomach acid moving up into your oesophagus while you are asleep.

Stress or anxiety

If you regularly experience feelings of stress or anxiety, this can contribute to symptoms of indigestion.

Read some relaxation tips to relieve stress.

Changing current medication

Your pharmacist may recommend making changes to your current medication if they think it could be contributing to your indigestion.

As long as it is safe to do so, you may need to stop taking certain medications, such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Where required, your pharmacist may advise you see your GP to prescribe an alternative medication that will not cause indigestion. However, never stop taking any medication without consulting your pharmacist or GP first.

Immediate indigestion relief

If you have indigestion that requires immediate relief, your pharmacist can advise you about the best way to treat this. As well as lifestyle changes and reviewing your current medication, your GP may prescribe or recommend:

• antacid medicines
• alginates

These are described in more detail below.

Antacids

Antacids are a type of medicine that can provide immediate relief for mild to moderate symptoms of indigestion. They work by neutralising the acid in your stomach (making it less acidic), so that it no longer irritates the lining of your digestive system.

Antacids are available in tablet and liquid form. You can buy them over the counter from most pharmacies without a prescription.

The effect of an antacid only lasts for a few hours at a time, so you may need to take more than one dose. Always follow the instructions on the packet to ensure you do not take too much.

It is best to take antacids when you are expecting symptoms of indigestion, or when they start to occur, such as:

• after meals
• at bedtime

This is because antacids stay in your stomach for longer at these times and have more time to work. For example, if you take an antacid at the same time as eating a meal, it can work for up to three hours. In comparison, if you take an antacid on an empty stomach, it may only work for 20 to 60 minutes.

Read more about antacids, including possible interactions with other medicines and side effects.

Alginates

Some antacids also contain a medicine called an alginate. This helps relieve indigestion caused by acid reflux.

Acid reflux occurs when stomach acid leaks back up into your oesophagus and irritates its lining. Alginates form a foam barrier that floats on the surface of your stomach contents, keeping stomach acid in your stomach and away from your oesophagus.

Your pharmacist may suggest that you take an antacid that contains an alginate if you experience symptoms of acid reflux or if you have GORD.

Take antacids containing alginates after eating, because this helps the medicine stay in your stomach for longer. If you take alginates on an empty stomach, they will leave your stomach too quickly to be effective.

Treating persistent indigestion

If you have indigestion that is persistent or recurring, treatment with antacids and alginates may not be effective enough to control your symptoms. Your pharmacist may recommend a different type of medication, which will be prescribed at the lowest possible dose to control your symptoms. Possible medications include:

• proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
• h3-receptor antagonists

These are described in more detail below. Your pharmacist may advise you to see your GP who may also test you for the Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) bacteria (see Indigestion – diagnosis) and prescribe treatment for this if necessary.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

PPIs restrict the acid produced in your stomach.

The medication is taken as tablets and if you are over 18, you can buy some types of PPIs over the counter in pharmacies, but these should only be used for short-term treatment. PPIs may enhance the effect of certain medicines. If you are prescribed a PPI, your progress will be monitored if you are also taking other medicines, such as:

• warfarin – a medicine that stops the blood clotting
• phenytoin – a medicine to treat epilepsy

If your ingestion is persistent, your pharmacist might advise you to see your GP.

If your GP refers you for an endoscopy (a procedure that allows a surgeon to see inside your abdomen), you will need to stop taking a PPI at least 14 days before the procedure. This is because PPIs can hide some of the problems that would otherwise be spotted during the endoscopy.

PPIs can sometimes cause side effects. However, they are usually mild and reversible. These side effects may include:

• headaches
• diarrhoea
• constipation
• feeling sick (nausea)
• vomiting
• flatulence
• stomach pain
• dizziness
• skin rashes

h3-receptor antagonists

h3-receptor antagonists are another type of medication that your pharmacist or GP may suggest if antacids, alginates and PPIs have not been effective in controlling your indigestion. There are four h3-receptor antagonists:

• cimetidine 
• famotidine 
• nizatidine 
• ranitidine 

These medicines work by lowering the acidity level in your stomach.

Your GP may prescribe any one of these four h3-receptor antagonists, although ranitidine is available from pharmacies under the Pharmacy First Scotland service. h3-receptor antagonists are usually taken in tablet form.

As with PPIs, you will need to stop taking h3-receptor antagonists at least 14 days before having an endoscopy if this has been arranged through your GP. This is because they can hide some of the problems that could otherwise be spotted during the endoscopy.

Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection

If your indigestion symptoms are caused by an infection with H pylori bacteria, you will need to have treatment to clear the infection from your stomach. This should help relieve your indigestion, because the H pylori bacteria will no longer be increasing the amount of acid in your stomach.

H pylori infection is usually treated using triple therapy (treatment with three different medications). Your GP will prescribe a course of treatment containing:

• two different antibiotics (medicines to treat infections that are caused by bacteria)
• a PPI

You will need to take these medicines twice a day for seven days. You must follow the dosage instructions closely to ensure that the triple therapy is effective.

In up to 85% of cases, one course of triple therapy is effective in clearing an H pylori infection. However, you may need to have more than one course of treatment if it does not clear the infection the first time.

Symptoms, Causes, Diet, and Treatments

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

• What Are the Symptoms of Indigestion?
• Who Is at Risk for Indigestion?
• What Causes Indigestion?
• How Is Indigestion Diagnosed?
• What Is the Treatment for Indigestion?
• How Can I Prevent Indigestion?
• When Should I Call the Doctor About Indigestion?
• More

Indigestion is often a sign of an underlying problem, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, or gallbladder disease, rather than a condition of its own.

Also called dyspepsia, it is defined as a persistent or recurrent pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen.

The symptoms of indigestion include:

• Burning in the stomach or upper abdomen
• Abdominal pain
• Bloating (full feeling)
• Belching and gas
• Nausea and vomiting
• Acidic taste
• Growling stomach

These symptoms may increase in times of stress.

People often have heartburn (a burning sensation deep in the chest) along with indigestion. But heartburn is a different symptom that may be a sign of another problem.

People of all ages and genders are affected by indigestion. It’s extremely common. A person’s risk increases with:

• Drinking too much alcohol
• Use of drugs that irritate the stomach, such as aspirin and other pain relievers
• Conditions where there is an abnormality in the digestive tract, such as an ulcer
• Emotional problems, such as anxiety or depression
• Obesity
• Smoking

Indigestion has many causes, including:

Diseases:

• Ulcers
• GERD
• Stomach cancer (rare)
• Gastroparesis (a condition where the stomach doesn’t empty properly; this often occurs in people with diabetes)
• Stomach infections
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Chronic pancreatitis
• Thyroid disease
• Pregnancy

Medications:

• Aspirin and other painkillers, such as NSAIDs like ibuprofen and naproxen 
• Estrogen and oral contraceptives
• Steroid medications
• Certain antibiotics
• Thyroid medicines

Lifestyle:

• Eating too much, eating too fast, eating high-fat foods, or eating during stressful situations
• Drinking too much alcohol
• Cigarette smoking
• Stress and fatigue

Indigestion is not caused by excess stomach acid.

Swallowing excessive air when eating may increase the symptoms of belching and bloating, which are often associated with indigestion.

Sometimes people have persistent indigestion that is not related to any of these factors. This type of indigestion is called functional or non-ulcer dyspepsia.

If you have indigestion, make an appointment to see your doctor. Because indigestion is such a broad term, it is helpful to provide your doctor with a precise description of the discomfort you are feeling. In describing the symptoms, try to define where in the abdomen the discomfort usually occurs.

Your doctor will rule out any underlying conditions that may be causing your symptoms. Your doctor may perform several blood tests and you may have X-rays of the stomach or small intestine. Your doctor may also suggest you have an upper endoscopy to look closely at the inside of the stomach. During the procedure, an endoscope — a flexible tube that contains a light and a camera to produce images from inside the body — is used to look inside your stomach.

Because indigestion is a symptom rather than a disease, treatment usually depends upon the underlying condition causing the indigestion.

Indigestion Medicine

Antacids

Antacids help ease indigestion symptoms. They neutralize, or offset, the stomach acid that causes indigestion. Common over-the-counter (OTC) antacids are:

• Mylanta
• Rolaids
• Tums

Histamine (h3) Blockers

h3 blockers lessen the amount of acid your stomach makes, so they can both stop and prevent indigestion symptoms. They take between 1 and 3 hours to take effect but work for several hours. If you take any prescription medications, ask your doctor or pharmacist before you use an h3 blocker because they can interact with certain other drugs. Common h3 blockers include: 

• Cimetidine (Tagamet HB)
• Famotidine (Pepcid Complete or Pepcid AC, Zantac 360)
• Nizatidine (Axid, Axid AR)

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

OTC PPIs also work by reducing the amount of acid your stomach makes, but they only treat frequent indigestion that happens two or more times per week. They take from 1 to 4 days to become effective. You can use them for up to 14 days, and up to three times per year. They can also interact with other medications, so check with your doctor or pharmacist before you use them. The most common PPIs that you can buy over the counter are: 

• Esomeprazole (Nexium 24HR)
• Lansoprazole (Prevacid 24HR)
• Omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate (Zegerid OTC)
• Omeprazole magnesium (Prilosec OTC)

Indigestion Relief

You might not need any treatment. Indigestion often goes away on its own after a few hours. But let your doctor know if your symptoms get worse.

There a number of home or natural remedies that some people claim will ease indigestion symptoms, including: 

• Baking soda
• Apple cider vinegar 
• Chewing gum 
• Ginger 
• Bananas 
• Milk
• Aloe vera juice 

But unlike medications that are tested for safety and effectiveness, there are no guidelines to know if these remedies are safe and will work. Many things can affect how a remedy will work for you, including the cause of your indigestion, other medications you may be taking, and whether or not you’re pregnant. Check with your doctor before trying a natural remedy for indigestion. 

The best way to prevent indigestion is to avoid the foods and situations that seem to cause it. Keeping a food diary is helpful in identifying foods that cause indigestion. Here are some other suggestions:

• Eat small meals so the stomach does not have to work as hard or as long.
• Eat slowly.
• Try not to chew with your mouth open, talk while you chew, or eat too fast. This makes you swallow too much air, which can add to indigestion.
• Avoid foods that contain high amounts of acids, such as citrus fruits and tomatoes.
• Avoid spicy foods.
• Reduce or avoid foods and beverages that contain caffeine.
• If stress is a trigger for your indigestion, learn new methods for managing stress, such as relaxation and biofeedback techniques.
• If you smoke, quit. Smoking can irritate the lining of the stomach.
• Cut back on alcohol because it can also irritate the stomach lining.
• Avoid wearing tight-fitting garments because they tend to compress the stomach, which can cause its contents to enter the esophagus.
• Don’t exercise with a full stomach. Rather, exercise before a meal or at least one hour after eating a meal.
• Don’t lie down right after eating.
• Avoid late-night eating. Wait at least 3 hours after your last meal of the day before going to bed.
• Sleep with your head elevated (at least 6 inches) above your feet and use pillows to prop yourself up. This will help allow digestive juices to flow into the intestines rather than to the esophagus.
• Get to and stay at a healthy weight. Extra weight puts pressure on your stomach and lower esophagus. 

If you don’t feel better after these changes, your doctor may prescribe medications for you.

Because indigestion can be a sign of a more serious health problem, call your doctor if you have any of the following symptoms:

• Vomiting, blood in vomit, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds
• Weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Black, tarry stools or visible blood in stools
• Severe pain in the abdomen
• Discomfort unrelated to eating

Symptoms similar to indigestion may be caused by heart attacks. If indigestion is unusual, accompanied by shortness of breath, sweating, chest pain, or pain radiating to the jaw, neck, or arm, call 911 immediately.

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symptoms and diagnosis, prices for the treatment of heartburn in Moscow at the Hadassah clinic

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Heartburn is an unpleasant sensation, up to a burning pain in the upper abdomen. Many people experience discomfort regularly or occasionally, especially after overeating or drinking alcohol. If it happens from time to time, it does no harm. With frequent episodes, we are talking about the development of reflux disease. Heartburn occurs

when the contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus – this backflow is also known as reflux. Thus, heartburn is not an independent disease, but is a consequence.

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Symptoms of heartburn

Heartburn is not a disease, but a manifestation of reflux. Discomfort in the chest and neck is aggravated by leaning forward, physical activity and eating. Patients complain of the presence of sour belching and an unpleasant aftertaste in the oral cavity. Additional symptoms depend on the severity of the reflux disease. Thus, the patient may experience a violation of food intake and a manifestation of indigestion. Sometimes there is no discomfort at all.

Additional symptoms of heartburn that indicate the presence of reflux disease:

• increased salivation;
• nausea and bitterness in the mouth;
• discomfort when swallowing food;
• occurrence of bad breath;
• lump in throat and characteristic burning;
• chronic cough and hoarseness;
• sleep problems;
• poor appetite.

In the chronic form of the disease, there are violations of the respiratory system. Inflammation of the lungs may develop, which occurs due to the reflux of gastric juice into the respiratory tract. Bronchial asthma can be complicated by frequent attacks.

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Causes of heartburn

Heartburn can have several causes. In most cases, they remain unclear. Most often, heartburn develops against the background of an unhealthy lifestyle and diet, which overload the stomach. For example, stress can literally hit the stomach and cause heartburn because it stimulates stomach acid production, delays emptying, and promotes reflux.

Other factors that can cause heartburn include:

• excessive body weight;
• alcohol abuse;
• smoking;
• inclusion in the diet of fatty and fried foods;
• eating hot spices such as garlic, mustard or horseradish;
• meal before going to bed.

Medicines are also among the causes of heartburn. They can both cause heartburn and increase existing discomfort. For some medications, reflux is a possible side effect. Painkillers from the group of so-called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause heartburn especially often. Therefore, those who are prone to heartburn should prophylactically take a gastric protector during drug therapy.

In addition, there are some diseases that sometimes cause heartburn, for example:

• functional dyspepsia;
• diaphragmatic hernia;
• gastritis and gastric ulcer;
• stenosis and achalasia of the esophagus.

Delayed gastric emptying can also lead to heartburn and reflux. Usually, solid food stays in the stomach for 1 to 5 hours. Liquids are absorbed much faster – with an empty stomach, they enter the small intestine in an average of 10-20 minutes.

Methods for diagnosing heartburn

If you experience such a symptom as heartburn, you should make an appointment with a gastroenterologist. The doctor will take a history of the disease and conduct an initial examination. Comprehensive diagnostics for heartburn allows you to obtain accurate information about the state of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract) of the patient. To determine the cause of heartburn, the specialist will prescribe the following tests:

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

examination of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, duodenum and esophagus

X-ray of the esophagus

Diaphragmatic herniation and complications of reflux disease

Electromyography

Examination of the muscles of the esophagus

Treatments for heartburn

Medication is given to reduce stomach acid, relieve symptoms, and address the cause of heartburn. In addition to drugs, the gastroenterologist prescribes a diet that allows you to normalize the activity of the intestines and stomach.

Medicines used to treat heartburn:

• Antacids. Neutralize acid, relieve discomfort and pain from heartburn.
• Proton pump inhibitors and H2-histamine receptor blockers. They inhibit the production of hydrochloric acid and improve the condition.

Medication for heartburn can last from 2-3 weeks to 6 months. Each stage of therapy is additionally controlled by a doctor to adjust dosages and eliminate the likelihood of complications.

Surgical intervention for heartburn is necessary only when another pathology was identified during the diagnosis, leading to dysfunction of the digestive tract.

Prevention and treatment programs for heartburn at the Hadassah Clinic

As a preventive measure for heartburn, standard medical recommendations are used to prevent the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus:

• lose extra pounds;
• avoid spicy, salty and fatty foods;
• give up alcohol and cigarettes;
• do not eat 2-3 hours before bedtime.

The Hadassah clinic in Moscow performs two types of operations to eliminate the cause of heartburn:

• Radiofrequency ablation of the esophagus – normalization of the functions of the esophageal sphincter.
• Endoscopic application – prevents the backflow of acid into the esophagus.

#EgorovaON

Egorova
Olga Nikolaevna

Gastroenterologist

Work experience: 17 years

Published: 07/09/2023

The information provided on the site is for reference only and cannot serve as a basis for making a diagnosis or prescribing treatment. Internal consultation of the expert is necessary.

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Comprehensive programs

what are the reasons and what to do?

Indigestion is more correctly called an intestinal disorder, because most of the food is digested there. We will figure out what disrupts digestion and how to deal with burning, bloating, diarrhea, constipation and colic.

With this article we open a series of publications about the most common problems with the stomach and intestines. In the following articles, we will analyze in more detail each of the problems mentioned and tell you what genetics affects and what lifestyle affects.

This and other articles on the Internet will help you learn more about unpleasant symptoms but will not replace your doctor’s visit!

Contents

• 1. Heartburn
• 2. Bloating
• 3. Constipation
• 4. Diarrhea
• 5. Abdominal pains

Heartburn

Symptoms

Heartburn is an unpleasant burning sensation in the chest area, sometimes accompanied by a sour taste in the mouth and belching. It is normal to experience heartburn after a hearty dinner, but with a constant burning sensation in the esophagus, you should consult a gastroenterologist.

Why it occurs

In case of heartburn, the contents of the stomach are partially thrown back into the esophagus. Persistent heartburn is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It can accompany gastritis, gastroduodenitis, peptic ulcer, dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, dysbacteriosis and other pathologies.

Don’t rush into making diagnoses. Burning may also occur after:

• a cup of coffee;
• cigarettes;
• sodas;
• alcohol;
• fatty meat foods;
• dry snacks;
• coarse food;
• savory dishes;
• fruit juice.

Overweight and pregnancy can also cause heartburn.

How to solve the problem

To avoid reflux of gastric juice into the esophagus, it is better not to lie down, jump or bend over for a couple of hours after eating. It is also important to improve nutrition in order to support your microbiome, not overeat and not lean on spicy food.

You don’t need to drink soda or milk for heartburn. You can get rid of heartburn at home with the help of antacids – they instantly and safely “extinguish” the attack.

For persistent heartburn, a gastroenterologist may prescribe proton pump inhibitors or h3-histamine receptor blockers. They slow down the production of hydrochloric acid by the cells of the stomach.

If heartburn torments you all the time, you need to contact a gastroenterologist and do an endoscopy of the stomach (EGD) – this procedure will accurately show whether the mucosa is inflamed.

Bloating

Symptoms

Bloating is flatulence. With it, the stomach bursts, it increases in volume, becomes hard. Sometimes you can feel the movement of gases in the intestines, seething and rumbling. When there is a lot of gas in the intestines, it is difficult and even painful to draw in the stomach.

Why it occurs

A small amount of gas in the intestines is normal. If bloating is noticeable to you and others, interferes with sports and causes discomfort, then this is already excessive gas formation.

A common cause of bloating is eating a lot of fast food and avoiding whole foods, plant foods. A burger, fries, and soda combo can cause stomach heaviness, fermentation, and constipation because there aren’t enough enzymes and fiber to digest it all and get it out of the body.

There is another reason for bloating – food intolerance. Many plant and dairy products contain FODMAP carbohydrates, which feed colon bacteria and lead to increased gas production, especially in people with irritable bowel syndrome.

How to solve the problem

If you have severe bloating, it’s best to get up and move around to help the gas pass out of the intestines. A sitting posture will only worsen the condition – the intestines are pinched in it. During this period, it is better to choose loose clothing.

Preparations with simethicone, which “collapses” gas bubbles in the intestines, will help to make you feel better. Peppermint tea and other warm drinks can also relieve discomfort.

If you eat healthy but still suffer from bloating, try identifying your trigger foods with the FODMAP diet and cutting them out.

Constipation

Symptoms

Retention of feces for more than two days is constipation. It is usually accompanied by a feeling of incomplete emptying and heaviness in the abdomen. The stool becomes more dense, you have to push hard and for a long time. Constipation can be temporary or chronic.

Causes

Lack of fiber and water in the diet makes feces hard, making going to the toilet more difficult. The situation is complicated by a sedentary lifestyle, in which peristalsis slows down.

Stress, depression, side effects of certain medications, and comorbidities can also cause constipation. Other reasons are haste and reluctance to use public toilets, which makes it necessary to restrain the urge.

How to solve the problem

Prunes, flax seeds, psyllium (psyllium husk) and prebiotics (inulin, lactulose) are considered natural laxatives. Caffeine also stimulates peristalsis.

Preparations with senna extract and other folk recipes are best avoided – they act harshly, irritating the intestinal receptors and causing it to “evacuate” the contents. As a result, constipation turns into diarrhea with bubbling and pain.

Sodium picosulfate or bisacodyl-based preparations work more gently, but they work on the same principle. Options with a more gentle mechanism of work are macrogol and prucalopride. But any laxatives should be used according to the doctor’s recommendations.

Constipation is best prevented by eating a variety of fiber (fruits, vegetables, herbs, legumes and mushrooms), eating regularly and around the same time, drinking more water.

Fiber absorbs water – feces pass through the digestive tract more easily. It is also important to move more during the day and not put off going to the toilet.

Diarrhea

Symptoms

Diarrhea requires going to the toilet more than three times a day, and the stool becomes loose, unformed, often with undigested food particles. In this case, the body loses water and electrolytes. Distinguish between acute and chronic diarrhea.

Causes

The main causes of diarrhea are food poisoning and intestinal infections. There is also traveler’s diarrhea – it is caused by the ingestion of new types of E. coli for the body.

Loose stools may be due to dysbacteriosis. When pathogenic bacteria take precedence over beneficial ones, the intestinal mucosa and its ability to digest food and synthesize vitamins suffer. Also, a lot of gases are formed that interfere with the normal formation of feces.

Chronic diarrhea often affects people with irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, folate deficiency anemia, or lactose intolerance. Also, the cause of regular diarrhea can be a violation of the intestinal microflora.

How to solve the problem

You need to drink plenty of water and take gel-like sorbents — they bind and remove toxic substances from the body more efficiently than activated charcoal. Medications like loperamide inhibit peristalsis, but do not solve the problem, so they can be relied on only in emergency cases. If diarrhea lasts a day or longer, you need to restore the water-salt balance with rehydration products.

If a rotavirus infection is suspected, antibiotics should not be taken on their own – sorbents will be enough. If diarrhea does not go away after 4-5 days, you need to call a doctor. The same should be done if the diarrhea is accompanied by fever, vomiting, or blood in the stool.

Abdominal pains

Symptoms

When they say that the stomach hurts, they usually mean colic and spasms. They can be barely perceptible, or they can literally twist the stomach. In this case, the abdomen is usually swollen or tense. It is from such colic that babies often wake up and cry.

Causes

One of the possible causes is flatulence. Excess gas stretches the walls of the intestine and thus causes pain when moving along the tract. People with sensitive bowels are especially susceptible to this pain.

Also, the stomach can hurt due to stress or a disturbed daily routine, in which you have to chaotically snack or endure hunger, and then eat up late in the evening.

Another cause is inflammation of the intestinal mucosa caused by intestinal flu or another infection. Colic and spasms can also be the result of a chronic illness such as gastroparesis, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn’s disease, or liver damage.

Babies can have several causes of colic: emerging microflora, lack of enzymes, increased intestinal sensitivity, intolerance to formula for feeding, swallowing air.

How to solve the problem

Pain is relieved by antispasmodics that completely or selectively relax the smooth muscles of the intestine. A warm heating pad on the abdomen may help, but only if the cause of the abdominal pain is known and not inflammation. With colic in a baby, parents should keep a diary of colic and baby’s nutrition in order to establish the cause.