How are dermoid cysts formed. What are the common symptoms of dermoid cysts. What causes dermoid cysts to develop. What are the available treatment options for dermoid cysts. How are dermoid cysts diagnosed and managed.

Understanding Dermoid Cysts: A Comprehensive Overview

Dermoid cysts are fascinating biological anomalies that often pique medical interest due to their unique composition and origin. These saclike growths, present at birth, contain an array of structures typically found on or in the skin, such as hair, fluid, teeth, or skin glands. Unlike other types of cysts, dermoid cysts are characterized by their slow growth and generally painless nature, unless ruptured.

Occurring primarily on the face, inside the skull, on the lower back, and in the ovaries, dermoid cysts present a range of clinical challenges depending on their location and size. While superficial facial dermoid cysts can often be removed without significant complications, those found in rarer locations require specialized techniques and expertise for proper management.

Key Characteristics of Dermoid Cysts

• Present at birth
• Slow-growing
• Usually painless unless ruptured
• Contain skin-like structures
• Can occur in various body locations

The Embryonic Origins of Dermoid Cysts

The formation of dermoid cysts is intrinsically linked to fetal development. These cysts arise when skin and skin structures become trapped during the complex process of embryogenesis. The result is a cyst with cell walls nearly identical to those of the outer skin, capable of housing multiple skin structures within its confines.

Do dermoid cysts develop after birth. No, dermoid cysts are congenital, meaning they are present from birth. However, they may not be noticeable until later in life due to their slow growth rate.

Common Components of Dermoid Cysts

1. Hair follicles
2. Sweat glands
3. Hair
4. Teeth
5. Nerves

Locational Variants: Exploring Different Types of Dermoid Cysts

Dermoid cysts can manifest in various locations throughout the body, each presenting unique challenges and considerations for medical professionals. Understanding these variants is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Brain Dermoid Cysts

Intracranial dermoid cysts are extremely rare but can pose significant risks due to their location. Neurosurgical intervention may be necessary if these cysts cause neurological symptoms or increase intracranial pressure.

Nasal Sinus Dermoid Cysts

These exceptionally rare cysts present a formidable challenge in terms of diagnosis and removal. Their complex location within the nasal sinuses requires specialized surgical approaches to ensure complete excision while minimizing complications.

Ovarian Dermoid Cysts

Occurring in women during their reproductive years, ovarian dermoid cysts can lead to various complications, including torsion, infection, rupture, and rarely, malignant transformation. Surgical removal, either through conventional methods or laparoscopy, is often recommended.

Spinal Cord Dermoid Cysts

These rare cysts are typically connected to the skin surface via a sinus tract. While complete removal can be challenging, the prognosis is generally excellent. However, the risk of infection necessitates careful management and follow-up.

Recognizing Dermoid Cyst Symptoms and When to Seek Medical Care

While dermoid cysts are often asymptomatic, certain signs and symptoms may indicate the need for medical attention. Understanding these cues can help individuals seek timely care and prevent potential complications.

When should you consult a doctor about a dermoid cyst. Medical attention is warranted if the cyst becomes painful or inflamed, shows signs of growth or color change, or if removal is desired for cosmetic reasons.

Key Symptoms to Watch For

• Pain or tenderness in the cyst area
• Inflammation or redness
• Noticeable growth or change in appearance
• Fever (in case of infection)

Is immediate medical care necessary for all dermoid cysts. Generally, removing a dermoid cyst is not considered an emergency procedure. However, if the cyst ruptures, becomes severely inflamed, or causes significant pain or fever, immediate medical advice should be sought.

Diagnostic Approaches for Dermoid Cysts

Accurate diagnosis of dermoid cysts is crucial for appropriate management and treatment planning. Medical professionals employ various diagnostic techniques to confirm the presence of a dermoid cyst and rule out other potential conditions.

Physical Examination

A thorough physical examination is typically the first step in diagnosing a dermoid cyst. Doctors assess the cyst’s characteristics, including its firmness, mobility, and relationship to surrounding structures.

Imaging Studies

In cases where a dermoid cyst is suspected to extend into deeper structures, imaging studies may be recommended. These can include:

• CT scans
• MRI
• Ultrasound (particularly for ovarian dermoid cysts)

Are imaging studies always necessary for diagnosing dermoid cysts. No, imaging studies are not always required, especially for superficial cysts. The decision to use advanced imaging depends on the doctor’s suspicion of a deep-level cyst and a careful consideration of the risks and benefits.

Treatment Options and Surgical Approaches for Dermoid Cysts

The primary treatment for dermoid cysts is surgical removal. The specific approach depends on the cyst’s location, size, and potential complications. Understanding the available treatment options can help patients make informed decisions about their care.

Surgical Excision

For superficial dermoid cysts, the standard treatment involves complete surgical excision. This procedure typically includes the following steps:

1. Cleaning the area over the cyst
2. Administering local anesthesia
3. Making an incision directly over the cyst
4. Carefully removing the entire cyst sac
5. Closing the incision with sutures

Laparoscopic Surgery

For ovarian dermoid cysts, laparoscopic surgery is often preferred. This minimally invasive approach involves small incisions and specialized instruments, resulting in shorter recovery times and less scarring.

Specialized Surgical Techniques

Dermoid cysts in complex locations, such as the brain or nasal sinuses, require specialized surgical techniques performed by experts in the respective fields. These procedures often involve interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure the best possible outcomes.

Can dermoid cysts be treated without surgery. While surgical excision is the standard treatment, some small, asymptomatic dermoid cysts may be monitored without immediate intervention. However, non-surgical treatments are generally not effective in eliminating dermoid cysts.

Post-Treatment Outlook and Potential Complications

The prognosis for individuals undergoing dermoid cyst removal is generally excellent. Most patients experience complete recovery following the procedure. However, as with any surgical intervention, there are potential risks and complications to consider.

Common Post-Surgical Considerations

• Infection at the surgical site
• Bleeding or hematoma formation
• Scarring
• Recurrence (if removal is incomplete)
• Damage to surrounding structures (particularly for deep or complex cysts)

What is the likelihood of a dermoid cyst recurring after removal. The recurrence rate for properly excised dermoid cysts is low. Complete removal of the cyst sac is crucial to prevent regrowth. However, in complex cases where complete excision is challenging, there is a slightly higher risk of recurrence.

Living with Dermoid Cysts: Management and Prevention

While dermoid cysts cannot be prevented due to their congenital nature, understanding how to manage them and when to seek medical attention is crucial for individuals living with these growths.

Self-Care and Monitoring

For those with known dermoid cysts that do not require immediate removal, regular self-monitoring is important. This includes:

• Observing the cyst for changes in size or appearance
• Being alert to any pain or discomfort in the area
• Avoiding attempts at self-removal or home remedies
• Maintaining good hygiene to prevent infection

Is it safe to attempt self-removal of dermoid cysts at home. No, self-removal of dermoid cysts is strongly discouraged. Attempting to remove a cyst at home increases the risk of infection, incomplete removal, and potential damage to surrounding tissues. Always consult a healthcare professional for proper management.

Regular Medical Check-ups

For individuals with known dermoid cysts, especially those in sensitive locations or of significant size, regular medical check-ups may be recommended. These appointments allow healthcare providers to monitor the cyst’s status and recommend intervention if necessary.

Dermoid cysts, while generally benign, present a unique set of challenges in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and management. Their varied locations and potential for growth necessitate a tailored approach to care, often involving specialized medical expertise. By understanding the nature of these cysts, recognizing when to seek medical attention, and following proper care guidelines, individuals can effectively manage this condition and maintain their overall health and well-being.

Dermoid Cyst Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

Dermoid Cyst Overview

A dermoid cyst is a saclike growth that is present at birth. It contains structures such as hair, fluid, teeth, or skin glands that can be found on or in the skin.

Dermoid cysts grow slowly and are not tender unless ruptured. They usually occur on the face, inside the skull, on the lower back, and in the ovaries. Superficial dermoid cysts on the face usually can be removed without complications. Removal of other, more rare dermoid cysts requires special techniques and training. These rarer dermoid cysts occur in four major areas:

• Dermoid cysts in the brain: Dermoid cysts occur very rarely here. A neurosurgeon may need to remove them if they cause problems.
• Dermoid cysts in the nasal sinuses: These are also very rare. Only a handful of cases involving dermoid cysts located here are reported each year. Removal of these cysts is extremely complicated.
• Ovarian dermoid cysts: These growths can develop in a woman during their reproductive years. They can cause torsion, infection, rupture, and cancer. These dermoid cysts can be removed with either conventional surgery or laparoscopy (surgery that uses small incisions and specially designed instruments to enter the abdomen or pelvis).
• Dermoid cysts of the spinal cord: A sinus tract, which is a narrow connection from a deep pit in the skin, usually connects these very rare cysts to the skin surface. This type of dermoid cyst can become infected. Removal is often incomplete, but the outcome is usually excellent.

Dermoid Cyst Causes

Dermoid cysts are caused when skin and skin structures become trapped during fetal development. Their cell walls are nearly identical to those of the outer skin and may contain multiple skin structures such as hair follicles, sweat glands, and sometimes hair, teeth, or nerves.

When to Seek Medical Care

A doctor should be contacted in the following situations:

• A cyst becomes painful or inflamed.
• A cyst grows or changes color.
• Removal is desired for cosmetic reasons.

Typically, removing a dermoid cyst is not an emergency procedure. If a dermoid cyst ruptures, becomes inflamed, or causes pain or fever, a person should seek immediate medical advice. Depending on the severity of pain or discomfort, a person might also consider visiting a hospital’s emergency department.

Exams and Tests for Dermoid Cysts

Prior to removal of superficial dermoid cysts on the face, a person should know the difference between cysts and other facial growths.

• Because dermoid cysts stem from birth and grow slowly, a person usually notices them during childhood or early adulthood.
• Dermoid cysts are firm and painless unless ruptured.
• Dermoid cysts are not attached to the overlying skin.

In rare cases, a dermoid cyst extends into a structure deeper than skin, such as a facial cavity or an orbit. Some doctors recommend a CT scan or other imaging studies for these cases. This decision depends on the doctor’s suspicion of a deep-level cyst and after a determination of risk versus benefit.

Dermoid Cyst Home Remedies

Self-removal of facial cysts at home is not recommended, because the cyst will grow back if not completely removed. Chances of infection, bleeding, and other complications increase for people who remove dermoid cysts themselves, especially because the person may not be able to differentiate between a harmless growth and other, more serious skin growths.

Medical Treatment for Dermoid Cysts

To remove a dermoid cyst, the doctor will clean the area over which the cyst is located, inject a local anesthetic, and make an incision directly over the cyst and attempt remove it completely.

Outlook for Dermoid Cysts

Barring the possible complications associated with any surgery, removal of a dermoid cyst usually results in complete recovery.

Dermoid Cyst: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Overview

What is a dermoid cyst?

A dermoid cyst is a growth of normal tissue enclosed in a pocket of cells called a sac. This tissue grows in or under your skin in an unexpected location.

Dermoid refers to something that’s like skin. A cyst is a lump or bump that may contain fluid or other material. Most often, dermoid cysts contain a greasy yellow material, but they may contain:

• Bone.
• Fluid.
• Hair.
• Nerves.
• Skin.
• Sweat glands.
• Teeth.

Dermoid cysts can be anywhere on your body. The ones close to your skin surface may look like small lumps. People can also develop dermoid cysts deeper inside your body.

At first, a dermoid cyst can seem like a tumor, but these cysts usually aren’t harmful. You or your child may need surgery to remove a dermoid cyst. It won’t go away on its own.

What are the types of dermoid cysts?

More than 8 out of 10 dermoid cysts occur on the head and neck. The most common type of dermoid cyst is a periorbital dermoid cyst. This type of cyst occurs near the outside edge of one of your eyebrows.

Other common dermoid cyst types include:

• Ovarian dermoid cyst: Occurs on or in your ovary.
• Spinal dermoid cyst: Forms on your spine.

Rarer types of dermoid cysts include:

• Epibulbar dermoid cyst: Found on the surface of your eye.
• Intracranial dermoid cyst: Found in your brain.
• Nasal sinus dermoid cyst: Forms inside your nose.
• Orbital dermoid cyst: Occurs around the bones of your eye socket.

Who might get a dermoid cyst?

Anyone can get a dermoid cyst, but healthcare providers diagnose about 7 in 10 dermoid cysts in children under age 5. Healthcare providers diagnose about 4 in 10 dermoid cysts at birth.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes a dermoid cyst?

Dermoid cysts are present at birth (congenital). These cysts occur when skin layers don’t grow together as they should. This happens during the early stages of development in the uterus (fetal development).

For a dermoid cyst to form, skin cells, tissues and glands typically found in skin collect in a sac. These glands continue to produce fluid, often causing the cyst to grow.

What are the symptoms of a dermoid cyst?

Many people with dermoid cysts have no symptoms. Some people start to experience symptoms as their cysts grow. Symptoms vary based on the type of dermoid cyst. For example:

Periorbital dermoid cyst: A lump near the edge of your eyebrow may be swollen and have a yellow tint. Over time, it can change the shape of bones in the area.

Ovarian dermoid cyst: You may have pain in your pelvic area, particularly around the time of menstruation.

Spinal dermoid cyst: A growing dermoid cyst may compress your spinal cord or nerves, causing:

Diagnosis and Tests

How is a dermoid cyst diagnosed?

To help diagnose you or your child’s condition, your healthcare provider will ask about symptoms. Your provider can diagnose a dermoid cyst in different ways depending on the cyst’s location:

• Physical exam: If the cyst is close to your skin’s surface, your provider can examine the cyst and the area around it.
• CT (computed tomography) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): These noninvasive tests show your provider images of the cyst. These tests can show if the cyst is near a sensitive area, such as a carotid artery. They can also see if a spinal dermoid cyst may be near a nerve.
• Pelvic ultrasound or transvaginal ultrasound: Your provider uses painless sound waves to see images of an ovarian dermoid cyst. During a pelvic ultrasound, your provider applies a probe against your skin. During a transvaginal ultrasound, your provider inserts a wand into your vagina.

Management and Treatment

How is a dermoid cyst treated?

Surgical removal is the only effective treatment for any type of dermoid cyst. The type of surgery depends on the kind of dermoid cyst:

• Periorbital dermoid cyst: Your provider cleans the area and injects a local anesthetic. They remove the cyst through a small incision. They close the incision with stitches so it can heal with as little scarring as possible.
• Ovarian dermoid cyst: Your provider may use minimally invasive surgery (ovarian cystectomy) to remove the cyst without removing your ovary. If the cyst is large, you may need removal of both your ovary and the cyst.
• Spinal dermoid cyst: Your provider will use a surgical microscope and precise instruments (microsurgery) to remove the cyst. During the surgery, you lie face down so your surgeon has good access. You’ll be asleep during the surgery with general anesthesia.

Prevention

How can I reduce my risk of a dermoid cyst?

Dermoid cysts are congenital (present at birth). You can’t reduce the chances of a dermoid cyst.

Outlook / Prognosis

What can I expect if I have a dermoid cyst?

Untreated dermoid cysts usually don’t cause any harm. But over time, dermoid cysts may cause complications, especially if they grow. Complications can include:

• Damage to nearby bones.
• Infection.
• Injury to the spinal cord or nerves.
• Rupture (bursting open) of the cyst.
• Twisting of the ovaries (ovarian torsion).

Dermoid cyst surgery is usually a safe procedure. Having your or your child’s cyst removed can help manage any symptoms and prevent future complications. If you have an ovarian dermoid cyst that needs removal, talk to your provider about how surgery could affect your fertility.

Living With

When should I see my healthcare provider?

See your provider if you or your child has any new symptoms or if symptoms worsen. Seek medical treatment immediately if a cyst:

• Becomes inflamed.
• Causes pain.
• Changes color or gets bigger.
• Ruptures.

What else should I ask my doctor about dermoid cysts?

To understand this condition, you may want to ask:

• What’s the most appropriate treatment?
• Can a cyst come back after treatment?
• What’s the recovery time after dermoid cyst surgery?

A note from Cleveland Clinic

Dermoid cysts are usually harmless, but some may cause complications depending on their size and location. If you or your child has a dermoid cyst, talk to your healthcare provider about the best ways to treat it. Your provider can often remove a dermoid cyst through surgery. Cyst removal can reduce the chance of having symptoms in the future.

Dermoid Cyst: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Overview

What is a dermoid cyst?

A dermoid cyst is a growth of normal tissue enclosed in a pocket of cells called a sac. This tissue grows in or under your skin in an unexpected location.

Dermoid refers to something that’s like skin. A cyst is a lump or bump that may contain fluid or other material. Most often, dermoid cysts contain a greasy yellow material, but they may contain:

• Bone.
• Fluid.
• Hair.
• Nerves.
• Skin.
• Sweat glands.
• Teeth.

Dermoid cysts can be anywhere on your body. The ones close to your skin surface may look like small lumps. People can also develop dermoid cysts deeper inside your body.

At first, a dermoid cyst can seem like a tumor, but these cysts usually aren’t harmful. You or your child may need surgery to remove a dermoid cyst. It won’t go away on its own.

What are the types of dermoid cysts?

More than 8 out of 10 dermoid cysts occur on the head and neck. The most common type of dermoid cyst is a periorbital dermoid cyst. This type of cyst occurs near the outside edge of one of your eyebrows.

Other common dermoid cyst types include:

• Ovarian dermoid cyst: Occurs on or in your ovary.
• Spinal dermoid cyst: Forms on your spine.

Rarer types of dermoid cysts include:

• Epibulbar dermoid cyst: Found on the surface of your eye.
• Intracranial dermoid cyst: Found in your brain.
• Nasal sinus dermoid cyst: Forms inside your nose.
• Orbital dermoid cyst: Occurs around the bones of your eye socket.

Who might get a dermoid cyst?

Anyone can get a dermoid cyst, but healthcare providers diagnose about 7 in 10 dermoid cysts in children under age 5. Healthcare providers diagnose about 4 in 10 dermoid cysts at birth.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes a dermoid cyst?

Dermoid cysts are present at birth (congenital). These cysts occur when skin layers don’t grow together as they should. This happens during the early stages of development in the uterus (fetal development).

For a dermoid cyst to form, skin cells, tissues and glands typically found in skin collect in a sac. These glands continue to produce fluid, often causing the cyst to grow.

What are the symptoms of a dermoid cyst?

Many people with dermoid cysts have no symptoms. Some people start to experience symptoms as their cysts grow. Symptoms vary based on the type of dermoid cyst. For example:

Periorbital dermoid cyst: A lump near the edge of your eyebrow may be swollen and have a yellow tint. Over time, it can change the shape of bones in the area.

Ovarian dermoid cyst: You may have pain in your pelvic area, particularly around the time of menstruation.

Spinal dermoid cyst: A growing dermoid cyst may compress your spinal cord or nerves, causing:

Diagnosis and Tests

How is a dermoid cyst diagnosed?

To help diagnose you or your child’s condition, your healthcare provider will ask about symptoms. Your provider can diagnose a dermoid cyst in different ways depending on the cyst’s location:

• Physical exam: If the cyst is close to your skin’s surface, your provider can examine the cyst and the area around it.
• CT (computed tomography) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): These noninvasive tests show your provider images of the cyst. These tests can show if the cyst is near a sensitive area, such as a carotid artery. They can also see if a spinal dermoid cyst may be near a nerve.
• Pelvic ultrasound or transvaginal ultrasound: Your provider uses painless sound waves to see images of an ovarian dermoid cyst. During a pelvic ultrasound, your provider applies a probe against your skin. During a transvaginal ultrasound, your provider inserts a wand into your vagina.

Management and Treatment

How is a dermoid cyst treated?

Surgical removal is the only effective treatment for any type of dermoid cyst. The type of surgery depends on the kind of dermoid cyst:

• Periorbital dermoid cyst: Your provider cleans the area and injects a local anesthetic. They remove the cyst through a small incision. They close the incision with stitches so it can heal with as little scarring as possible.
• Ovarian dermoid cyst: Your provider may use minimally invasive surgery (ovarian cystectomy) to remove the cyst without removing your ovary. If the cyst is large, you may need removal of both your ovary and the cyst.
• Spinal dermoid cyst: Your provider will use a surgical microscope and precise instruments (microsurgery) to remove the cyst. During the surgery, you lie face down so your surgeon has good access. You’ll be asleep during the surgery with general anesthesia.

Prevention

How can I reduce my risk of a dermoid cyst?

Dermoid cysts are congenital (present at birth). You can’t reduce the chances of a dermoid cyst.

Outlook / Prognosis

What can I expect if I have a dermoid cyst?

Untreated dermoid cysts usually don’t cause any harm. But over time, dermoid cysts may cause complications, especially if they grow. Complications can include:

• Damage to nearby bones.
• Infection.
• Injury to the spinal cord or nerves.
• Rupture (bursting open) of the cyst.
• Twisting of the ovaries (ovarian torsion).

Dermoid cyst surgery is usually a safe procedure. Having your or your child’s cyst removed can help manage any symptoms and prevent future complications. If you have an ovarian dermoid cyst that needs removal, talk to your provider about how surgery could affect your fertility.

Living With

When should I see my healthcare provider?

See your provider if you or your child has any new symptoms or if symptoms worsen. Seek medical treatment immediately if a cyst:

• Becomes inflamed.
• Causes pain.
• Changes color or gets bigger.
• Ruptures.

What else should I ask my doctor about dermoid cysts?

To understand this condition, you may want to ask:

• What’s the most appropriate treatment?
• Can a cyst come back after treatment?
• What’s the recovery time after dermoid cyst surgery?

A note from Cleveland Clinic

Dermoid cysts are usually harmless, but some may cause complications depending on their size and location. If you or your child has a dermoid cyst, talk to your healthcare provider about the best ways to treat it. Your provider can often remove a dermoid cyst through surgery. Cyst removal can reduce the chance of having symptoms in the future.

Dermoid Cyst: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Overview

What is a dermoid cyst?

A dermoid cyst is a growth of normal tissue enclosed in a pocket of cells called a sac. This tissue grows in or under your skin in an unexpected location.

Dermoid refers to something that’s like skin. A cyst is a lump or bump that may contain fluid or other material. Most often, dermoid cysts contain a greasy yellow material, but they may contain:

• Bone.
• Fluid.
• Hair.
• Nerves.
• Skin.
• Sweat glands.
• Teeth.

Dermoid cysts can be anywhere on your body. The ones close to your skin surface may look like small lumps. People can also develop dermoid cysts deeper inside your body.

At first, a dermoid cyst can seem like a tumor, but these cysts usually aren’t harmful. You or your child may need surgery to remove a dermoid cyst. It won’t go away on its own.

What are the types of dermoid cysts?

More than 8 out of 10 dermoid cysts occur on the head and neck. The most common type of dermoid cyst is a periorbital dermoid cyst. This type of cyst occurs near the outside edge of one of your eyebrows.

Other common dermoid cyst types include:

• Ovarian dermoid cyst: Occurs on or in your ovary.
• Spinal dermoid cyst: Forms on your spine.

Rarer types of dermoid cysts include:

• Epibulbar dermoid cyst: Found on the surface of your eye.
• Intracranial dermoid cyst: Found in your brain.
• Nasal sinus dermoid cyst: Forms inside your nose.
• Orbital dermoid cyst: Occurs around the bones of your eye socket.

Who might get a dermoid cyst?

Anyone can get a dermoid cyst, but healthcare providers diagnose about 7 in 10 dermoid cysts in children under age 5. Healthcare providers diagnose about 4 in 10 dermoid cysts at birth.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes a dermoid cyst?

Dermoid cysts are present at birth (congenital). These cysts occur when skin layers don’t grow together as they should. This happens during the early stages of development in the uterus (fetal development).

For a dermoid cyst to form, skin cells, tissues and glands typically found in skin collect in a sac. These glands continue to produce fluid, often causing the cyst to grow.

What are the symptoms of a dermoid cyst?

Many people with dermoid cysts have no symptoms. Some people start to experience symptoms as their cysts grow. Symptoms vary based on the type of dermoid cyst. For example:

Periorbital dermoid cyst: A lump near the edge of your eyebrow may be swollen and have a yellow tint. Over time, it can change the shape of bones in the area.

Ovarian dermoid cyst: You may have pain in your pelvic area, particularly around the time of menstruation.

Spinal dermoid cyst: A growing dermoid cyst may compress your spinal cord or nerves, causing:

Diagnosis and Tests

How is a dermoid cyst diagnosed?

To help diagnose you or your child’s condition, your healthcare provider will ask about symptoms. Your provider can diagnose a dermoid cyst in different ways depending on the cyst’s location:

• Physical exam: If the cyst is close to your skin’s surface, your provider can examine the cyst and the area around it.
• CT (computed tomography) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): These noninvasive tests show your provider images of the cyst. These tests can show if the cyst is near a sensitive area, such as a carotid artery. They can also see if a spinal dermoid cyst may be near a nerve.
• Pelvic ultrasound or transvaginal ultrasound: Your provider uses painless sound waves to see images of an ovarian dermoid cyst. During a pelvic ultrasound, your provider applies a probe against your skin. During a transvaginal ultrasound, your provider inserts a wand into your vagina.

Management and Treatment

How is a dermoid cyst treated?

Surgical removal is the only effective treatment for any type of dermoid cyst. The type of surgery depends on the kind of dermoid cyst:

• Periorbital dermoid cyst: Your provider cleans the area and injects a local anesthetic. They remove the cyst through a small incision. They close the incision with stitches so it can heal with as little scarring as possible.
• Ovarian dermoid cyst: Your provider may use minimally invasive surgery (ovarian cystectomy) to remove the cyst without removing your ovary. If the cyst is large, you may need removal of both your ovary and the cyst.
• Spinal dermoid cyst: Your provider will use a surgical microscope and precise instruments (microsurgery) to remove the cyst. During the surgery, you lie face down so your surgeon has good access. You’ll be asleep during the surgery with general anesthesia.

Prevention

How can I reduce my risk of a dermoid cyst?

Dermoid cysts are congenital (present at birth). You can’t reduce the chances of a dermoid cyst.

Outlook / Prognosis

What can I expect if I have a dermoid cyst?

Untreated dermoid cysts usually don’t cause any harm. But over time, dermoid cysts may cause complications, especially if they grow. Complications can include:

• Damage to nearby bones.
• Infection.
• Injury to the spinal cord or nerves.
• Rupture (bursting open) of the cyst.
• Twisting of the ovaries (ovarian torsion).

Dermoid cyst surgery is usually a safe procedure. Having your or your child’s cyst removed can help manage any symptoms and prevent future complications. If you have an ovarian dermoid cyst that needs removal, talk to your provider about how surgery could affect your fertility.

Living With

When should I see my healthcare provider?

See your provider if you or your child has any new symptoms or if symptoms worsen. Seek medical treatment immediately if a cyst:

• Becomes inflamed.
• Causes pain.
• Changes color or gets bigger.
• Ruptures.

What else should I ask my doctor about dermoid cysts?

To understand this condition, you may want to ask:

• What’s the most appropriate treatment?
• Can a cyst come back after treatment?
• What’s the recovery time after dermoid cyst surgery?

A note from Cleveland Clinic

Dermoid cysts are usually harmless, but some may cause complications depending on their size and location. If you or your child has a dermoid cyst, talk to your healthcare provider about the best ways to treat it. Your provider can often remove a dermoid cyst through surgery. Cyst removal can reduce the chance of having symptoms in the future.

Dermoid Cyst: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Overview

What is a dermoid cyst?

A dermoid cyst is a growth of normal tissue enclosed in a pocket of cells called a sac. This tissue grows in or under your skin in an unexpected location.

Dermoid refers to something that’s like skin. A cyst is a lump or bump that may contain fluid or other material. Most often, dermoid cysts contain a greasy yellow material, but they may contain:

• Bone.
• Fluid.
• Hair.
• Nerves.
• Skin.
• Sweat glands.
• Teeth.

Dermoid cysts can be anywhere on your body. The ones close to your skin surface may look like small lumps. People can also develop dermoid cysts deeper inside your body.

At first, a dermoid cyst can seem like a tumor, but these cysts usually aren’t harmful. You or your child may need surgery to remove a dermoid cyst. It won’t go away on its own.

What are the types of dermoid cysts?

More than 8 out of 10 dermoid cysts occur on the head and neck. The most common type of dermoid cyst is a periorbital dermoid cyst. This type of cyst occurs near the outside edge of one of your eyebrows.

Other common dermoid cyst types include:

• Ovarian dermoid cyst: Occurs on or in your ovary.
• Spinal dermoid cyst: Forms on your spine.

Rarer types of dermoid cysts include:

• Epibulbar dermoid cyst: Found on the surface of your eye.
• Intracranial dermoid cyst: Found in your brain.
• Nasal sinus dermoid cyst: Forms inside your nose.
• Orbital dermoid cyst: Occurs around the bones of your eye socket.

Who might get a dermoid cyst?

Anyone can get a dermoid cyst, but healthcare providers diagnose about 7 in 10 dermoid cysts in children under age 5. Healthcare providers diagnose about 4 in 10 dermoid cysts at birth.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes a dermoid cyst?

Dermoid cysts are present at birth (congenital). These cysts occur when skin layers don’t grow together as they should. This happens during the early stages of development in the uterus (fetal development).

For a dermoid cyst to form, skin cells, tissues and glands typically found in skin collect in a sac. These glands continue to produce fluid, often causing the cyst to grow.

What are the symptoms of a dermoid cyst?

Many people with dermoid cysts have no symptoms. Some people start to experience symptoms as their cysts grow. Symptoms vary based on the type of dermoid cyst. For example:

Periorbital dermoid cyst: A lump near the edge of your eyebrow may be swollen and have a yellow tint. Over time, it can change the shape of bones in the area.

Ovarian dermoid cyst: You may have pain in your pelvic area, particularly around the time of menstruation.

Spinal dermoid cyst: A growing dermoid cyst may compress your spinal cord or nerves, causing:

Diagnosis and Tests

How is a dermoid cyst diagnosed?

To help diagnose you or your child’s condition, your healthcare provider will ask about symptoms. Your provider can diagnose a dermoid cyst in different ways depending on the cyst’s location:

• Physical exam: If the cyst is close to your skin’s surface, your provider can examine the cyst and the area around it.
• CT (computed tomography) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): These noninvasive tests show your provider images of the cyst. These tests can show if the cyst is near a sensitive area, such as a carotid artery. They can also see if a spinal dermoid cyst may be near a nerve.
• Pelvic ultrasound or transvaginal ultrasound: Your provider uses painless sound waves to see images of an ovarian dermoid cyst. During a pelvic ultrasound, your provider applies a probe against your skin. During a transvaginal ultrasound, your provider inserts a wand into your vagina.

Management and Treatment

How is a dermoid cyst treated?

Surgical removal is the only effective treatment for any type of dermoid cyst. The type of surgery depends on the kind of dermoid cyst:

• Periorbital dermoid cyst: Your provider cleans the area and injects a local anesthetic. They remove the cyst through a small incision. They close the incision with stitches so it can heal with as little scarring as possible.
• Ovarian dermoid cyst: Your provider may use minimally invasive surgery (ovarian cystectomy) to remove the cyst without removing your ovary. If the cyst is large, you may need removal of both your ovary and the cyst.
• Spinal dermoid cyst: Your provider will use a surgical microscope and precise instruments (microsurgery) to remove the cyst. During the surgery, you lie face down so your surgeon has good access. You’ll be asleep during the surgery with general anesthesia.

Prevention

How can I reduce my risk of a dermoid cyst?

Dermoid cysts are congenital (present at birth). You can’t reduce the chances of a dermoid cyst.

Outlook / Prognosis

What can I expect if I have a dermoid cyst?

Untreated dermoid cysts usually don’t cause any harm. But over time, dermoid cysts may cause complications, especially if they grow. Complications can include:

• Damage to nearby bones.
• Infection.
• Injury to the spinal cord or nerves.
• Rupture (bursting open) of the cyst.
• Twisting of the ovaries (ovarian torsion).

Dermoid cyst surgery is usually a safe procedure. Having your or your child’s cyst removed can help manage any symptoms and prevent future complications. If you have an ovarian dermoid cyst that needs removal, talk to your provider about how surgery could affect your fertility.

Living With

When should I see my healthcare provider?

See your provider if you or your child has any new symptoms or if symptoms worsen. Seek medical treatment immediately if a cyst:

• Becomes inflamed.
• Causes pain.
• Changes color or gets bigger.
• Ruptures.

What else should I ask my doctor about dermoid cysts?

To understand this condition, you may want to ask:

• What’s the most appropriate treatment?
• Can a cyst come back after treatment?
• What’s the recovery time after dermoid cyst surgery?

A note from Cleveland Clinic

Dermoid cysts are usually harmless, but some may cause complications depending on their size and location. If you or your child has a dermoid cyst, talk to your healthcare provider about the best ways to treat it. Your provider can often remove a dermoid cyst through surgery. Cyst removal can reduce the chance of having symptoms in the future.

Dermoid Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

Continuing Education Activity

A dermoid cyst is a benign cutaneous developmental anomaly that arises from the entrapment of ectodermal elements along the lines of embryonic closure. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of dermoid cysts and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition.

Objectives:

• Describe the presentation of dermoid cysts.

• Summarize the treatment of dermoid cysts.

• Outline the differential diagnosis of dermoid cysts.

• Review the workup of dermoid cysts and describes the role of health professionals working together to manage this condition.

Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.

Introduction

A dermoid cyst is a benign cutaneous developmental anomaly that arises from the entrapment of ectodermal elements along the lines of embryonic closure.[1][2] These benign tumors are lined by stratified squamous epithelium with mature skin appendages found on their wall and their lumens filled with keratin and hair.[3] Dermoid cysts are considered to be congenital, but not all of them are diagnosed at birth.[3][4][5] Only about 40% of dermoid cysts are diagnosed at birth, while about 60% of the dermoid cysts are diagnosed by five years of age.[3] The dermoid cysts usually present within the first year of life and grow slowly.[1] Dermoid cysts occur most commonly on the head and neck, with 84% of these cysts occurring in this region.[4]

Etiology

The etiology of dermoid cysts remains mostly unknown. The cause of this congenital developmental anomaly has yet to be determined.[3][4] Dermoid cysts are true hamartomas. These occur when skin and skin structures become trapped during fetal development. Prior et al. did not find any correlation between the localization of the dermoid cyst and sex, histology, or age of the patient.[4]

Epidemiology

Dermoid cysts are among the most common pediatric skull tumors.[4][3] Dermoid cysts account for about 15.4%-58.5% of all scalp and skull masses in pediatric patients.[4] Dermoid cysts are usually congenital, with about 70% of cases discovered in children five years old or younger.[3][6] Cases of dermoid cysts discovered in adulthood have also been reported.[3][4] Pollard et al. found a slight predominance of dermoid cysts in girls.[5] However, this significant predominance has not been seen in other case series.[3] No racial predilection is apparent; however, most cases are described in Whites.

Pathophysiology

Dermoid cysts result from an abnormal alteration in fetal development.[2][4] They occur due to the abnormal sequestration and inclusion of the surface ectoderm along the lines of skin fusion during embryologic development. [4][2][7] Due to this abnormality, a dermoid cyst can usually be found along cranial sutures or the anterior fontanelle.[4][2] 

Histopathology

Dermoid cyst on histology shows a well-defined wall lined by stratified squamous epithelium and a lumen that may be filled with mature adnexal structures of mesodermal origin, such as hair follicles and shafts, sebaceous and eccrine glands.[2][4][8]

History and Physical

In the majority of cases, dermoid cysts occur in the head and neck region, although they may be found anywhere on the body.[4][3] In the head and neck region, dermoid cysts can most commonly be seen in the frontal, occipital, and supraorbital areas, with the outer third of the eyebrow being the most frequently affected region.[2][4] An eyelid dermoid cyst attached to a tarsus may present as a firmly adherent non-tender upper eyelid nodule.[9] 

A lower lid dermoid cyst may be evident as a painless, gradually enlarging swelling of the lower lid.[10] Dermoid cysts in the medial canthal area may present as masses adherent to lacrimal canaliculi. [11] 

Dermoid cysts usually occur as solitary lesions; however, multiple concurrent dermoid cysts have also been reported.[2] Dermoid cysts typically present as a pale, flesh-colored, pearly, dome-shaped, firm, deep-seated, subcutaneous nodule.[1][2][3][12] They are usually asymptomatic, non-pulsatile, and non-compressible.[1][2]

Hair protruding from a dermoid cyst punctum is pathognomic for dermoid cysts.[13] Of note, midline dermoid cyst may present as a pit that secreted sebaceous material that can become intermittently inflamed and infected.[3][13]

Evaluation

Dermoid cysts have the potential to grow over time and extend intracranially or intraspinally.[1][3] Due to this potential, one should consider radiological studies before biopsy or manipulation, especially of a lesion that is midline or on the scalp.[3][1] Aspiration or biopsies of dermoid cysts have the potential to cause infection, further leading to osteomyelitis, meningitis, or cerebral abscess.[3][4][14] Other possible complications include bony erosions, eyelid displacement, and intracranial extension. [3][15]

Midline dermoid cysts have the highest association with cranial or spinal dysraphism or have an intracranial extension.[3] Nasal dermoid cysts are the most frequent midline congenital nasal malformations.[3] Studies have shown that there is a 10-45% incidence of intracranial extension in patients with a nasal dermoid cyst.[1] When undergoing neuroimaging, MRI is the preferred means of revealing evidence of intracranial or intraspinal extension.[1][3] Studies showed a higher association between a dermoid cyst located in the frontal and pterional regions and bony erosion.[4][16] If bony erosion is suspected, CT imaging is better at delineating these bony changes.[3][4] In some instances, high-resolution ultrasonography may help reveal a deep component.[3] 

Dermoid cysts under an ultrasound will show a well-defined homogenous and hypoechoic cystic lesion.[2] Fistulography was done preoperatively in some cases to rule out the involvement of a deep tract in a dermoid cyst. [3] Dacryocystography was also performed in some atypical dermoid cysts cases.[3] Furthermore, consultation with a neurosurgeon is highly recommended for dermoid cyst complicated by intracranial or intraspinal extension.[1][3]

Treatment / Management

Dermoid cysts usually tend to grow slowly, further having the potential to cause bony deformities, intracranial extension, or intraspinal extension.[1][4] The presence of intracranial extension or intraspinal extension can further lead to meningitis or develop into an abscess.[1][3] A small, asymptomatic dermoid cyst may not necessitate immediate excision as it can be stable for years or even regress.[3][17] However, because most dermoid cysts grow over time, complete surgical excision without disruption of the cyst wall by an experienced surgeon is recommended before the development of such complications.[3][4]

Early resection may also avoid extensive surgery and a shorter skin incision, further resulting in an improved cosmetic outcome. [3][4] An additional advantage of surgical excision is the possibility of obtaining a histologic diagnosis due to the rare possibility of a malignant tumor presenting as a solitary lump in the head and neck region of a child like a dermoid cyst.[4] The most dermoid cysts can be removed using a direct approach with careful dissection at the site where the cyst adheres to the bone.[3] If the cyst wall ruptures at the time of surgical removal, then remnant tissue should be removed using curettage and copious irrigation.[3]

If the cyst wall has adhered to vital structures, a partial excision may be performed.[3] Recurrences of dermoid cyst have been seen in cases of incomplete excision.[3] Another benefit of early removal of dermoid cysts is a higher chance of obtaining a complete excision without disruption of the cyst wall, a factor associated with a reduced risk of recurrence.[3][4] For small dermoid cysts, endoscopic surgery is a novel approach for removal.[3] In cases of a dermoid cyst with intracranial extension, a craniotomy may still be required. [3]

Differential Diagnosis

Dermoid cysts are rare, but all nodular cystlike lesions are included in the differential diagnoses of a patient presenting with a subcutaneous nodule, especially in the head and neck or midline region.[1][2][3] Following are the differentials of a dermoid cyst:

• Epidermoid cyst

• Glioma

• Encephalocele

• Juvenile xanthogranuloma

• Lipoma

• Pilar cysts

• Meningioma

• Neurofibroma

• Teratoma

• Rhabdomyosarcoma

• Olfactory neuroblastoma

• Lymphoma

• Subcutaneous abscess

• Facial trauma

• Trichilemmal cyst

• Pilomatrixoma

• Lymphatic malformation

• Thyroglossal duct cyst

Prognosis

The overall prognosis for patients with a dermoid cyst is good, especially when there is no intracranial or intraspinal extension. [3] Although histologically benign, dermoid cysts may grow and erode the skull, further being potentially susceptible to the epidural extension.[4] When there is intracranial or, intraspinal extension overall prognosis is still good if there is proper, timely surgical intervention.[3][4] In rare instances, when dermoid cysts become symptomatic due to local mass, effect, rupture, infection, or even in rare cases, cause brain compression prognosis can be poor.[3][4]

Complications

There are no complications for dermoid cysts that don’t have an intracranial or intraspinal extension.[3][4] Dermoid cysts that have intracranial or intraspinal extension may lead to meningitis, abscess, or cause local mass effect.[3][1][4] Aspiration and biopsies of dermoid cysts have the potential to cause infection, further leading to osteomyelitis, meningitis, or cerebral abscess.[1][3]

Other possible complications include bony erosions, eyelid displacement, and intracranial extension.[3] Malignant transformation is a rare complication that may occur in patients with long-standing dermoid cysts. Carcinomatous transformation to squamous cell carcinoma is described in sublingual, ovarian, and intra-abdominal dermoid cysts.

Deterrence and Patient Education

A dermoid cyst is a benign cutaneous developmental anomaly that usually presents in the head and neck regions in pediatric patients.[1] Due to its tendency for growth and possible complications, early surgical intervention is recommended.[3]

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

An interprofessional team that provides a holistic and integrated approach to diagnosing and treating dermoid cysts can help achieve the best possible outcomes. Health care staff of primary care and emergency departments play a vital role in diagnosing and referring patients with head and neck subcutaneous nodules to dermatology or head and neck surgery. This will aid in better patient satisfaction, quality of life, proper care, and decrease the chance of complications. 

Collaboration shared decision making and communication are crucial elements for a good outcome. The interprofessional care provided to the patient must use an integrated care pathway combined with an evidence-based approach to planning and evaluation of all joint activities. The earlier signs and symptoms of dermoid cysts are identified; the better is the patient outcome, satisfaction, and prognosis.

Figure

Dermoid cyst. Contributed by Sunil Munakomi, MD

References

1.

Julapalli MR, Cohen BA, Hollier LH, Metry DW. Congenital, ill-defined, yellowish plaque: the nasal dermoid. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006 Nov-Dec;23(6):556-9. [PubMed: 17155997]

2.

Nakajima K, Korekawa A, Nakano H, Sawamura D. Subcutaneous dermoid cysts on the eyebrow and neck. Pediatr Dermatol. 2019 Nov;36(6):999-1001. [PubMed: 31414508]

3.

Orozco-Covarrubias L, Lara-Carpio R, Saez-De-Ocariz M, Duran-McKinster C, Palacios-Lopez C, Ruiz-Maldonado R. Dermoid cysts: a report of 75 pediatric patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013 Nov-Dec;30(6):706-11. [PubMed: 23488469]

4.

Prior A, Anania P, Pacetti M, Secci F, Ravegnani M, Pavanello M, Piatelli G, Cama A, Consales A. Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts of Scalp: Case Series of 234 Consecutive Patients. World Neurosurg. 2018 Dec;120:119-124. [PubMed: 30189303]

5.

Pollard ZF, Calhoun J. Deep orbital dermoid with draining sinus. Am J Ophthalmol. 1975 Feb;79(2):310-3. [PubMed: 1115198]

6.

McAvoy JM, Zuckerbraun L. Dermoid cysts of the head and neck in children. Arch Otolaryngol. 1976 Sep;102(9):529-31. [PubMed: 962697]

7.

Sorenson EP, Powel JE, Rozzelle CJ, Tubbs RS, Loukas M. Scalp dermoids: a review of their anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013 Mar;29(3):375-80. [PubMed: 23180312]

8.

Reissis D, Pfaff MJ, Patel A, Steinbacher DM. Craniofacial dermoid cysts: histological analysis and inter-site comparison. Yale J Biol Med. 2014 Sep;87(3):349-57. [PMC free article: PMC4144289] [PubMed: 25191150]

9.

Koreen IV, Kahana A, Gausas RE, Potter HD, Lemke BN, Elner VM. Tarsal dermoid cyst: clinical presentation and treatment. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Mar-Apr;25(2):146-7. [PubMed: 19300165]

10.

Gonsalves SR, Lobo GJ, Mendonca N. Dermoid cyst: an unusual location. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Nov 08;2013 [PMC free article: PMC3830189] [PubMed: 24214152]

11.

Kim NJ, Choung HK, Khwarg SI. Management of dermoid tumor in the medial canthal area. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2009 Sep;23(3):204-6. [PMC free article: PMC2739971] [PubMed: 19794949]

12.

Brownstein MH, Helwig EB. Subcutaneous dermoid cysts. Arch Dermatol. 1973 Feb;107(2):237-9. [PubMed: 4685580]

13.

Wardinsky TD, Pagon RA, Kropp RJ, Hayden PW, Clarren SK. Nasal dermoid sinus cysts: association with intracranial extension and multiple malformations. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1991 Jan;28(1):87-95. [PubMed: 2004099]

14.

Yavuzer R, Bier U, Jackson IT. Be careful: it might be a nasal dermoid cyst. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999 Jun;103(7):2082-3. [PubMed: 10359279]

15.

Pensler JM, Bauer BS, Naidich TP. Craniofacial dermoids. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988 Dec;82(6):953-8. [PubMed: 3200958]

16.

Pryor SG, Lewis JE, Weaver AL, Orvidas LJ. Pediatric dermoid cysts of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Jun;132(6):938-42. [PubMed: 15944568]

17.

Shields JA, Shields CL. Orbital cysts of childhood–classification, clinical features, and management. Surv Ophthalmol. 2004 May-Jun;49(3):281-99. [PubMed: 15110666]

Dermoid Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

Continuing Education Activity

A dermoid cyst is a benign cutaneous developmental anomaly that arises from the entrapment of ectodermal elements along the lines of embryonic closure. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of dermoid cysts and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition.

Objectives:

• Describe the presentation of dermoid cysts.

• Summarize the treatment of dermoid cysts.

• Outline the differential diagnosis of dermoid cysts.

• Review the workup of dermoid cysts and describes the role of health professionals working together to manage this condition.

Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.

Introduction

A dermoid cyst is a benign cutaneous developmental anomaly that arises from the entrapment of ectodermal elements along the lines of embryonic closure.[1][2] These benign tumors are lined by stratified squamous epithelium with mature skin appendages found on their wall and their lumens filled with keratin and hair.[3] Dermoid cysts are considered to be congenital, but not all of them are diagnosed at birth.[3][4][5] Only about 40% of dermoid cysts are diagnosed at birth, while about 60% of the dermoid cysts are diagnosed by five years of age.[3] The dermoid cysts usually present within the first year of life and grow slowly.[1] Dermoid cysts occur most commonly on the head and neck, with 84% of these cysts occurring in this region.[4]

Etiology

The etiology of dermoid cysts remains mostly unknown. The cause of this congenital developmental anomaly has yet to be determined.[3][4] Dermoid cysts are true hamartomas. These occur when skin and skin structures become trapped during fetal development. Prior et al. did not find any correlation between the localization of the dermoid cyst and sex, histology, or age of the patient.[4]

Epidemiology

Dermoid cysts are among the most common pediatric skull tumors.[4][3] Dermoid cysts account for about 15.4%-58.5% of all scalp and skull masses in pediatric patients.[4] Dermoid cysts are usually congenital, with about 70% of cases discovered in children five years old or younger.[3][6] Cases of dermoid cysts discovered in adulthood have also been reported.[3][4] Pollard et al. found a slight predominance of dermoid cysts in girls.[5] However, this significant predominance has not been seen in other case series.[3] No racial predilection is apparent; however, most cases are described in Whites.

Pathophysiology

Dermoid cysts result from an abnormal alteration in fetal development.[2][4] They occur due to the abnormal sequestration and inclusion of the surface ectoderm along the lines of skin fusion during embryologic development.[4][2][7] Due to this abnormality, a dermoid cyst can usually be found along cranial sutures or the anterior fontanelle.[4][2] 

Histopathology

Dermoid cyst on histology shows a well-defined wall lined by stratified squamous epithelium and a lumen that may be filled with mature adnexal structures of mesodermal origin, such as hair follicles and shafts, sebaceous and eccrine glands.[2][4][8]

History and Physical

In the majority of cases, dermoid cysts occur in the head and neck region, although they may be found anywhere on the body.[4][3] In the head and neck region, dermoid cysts can most commonly be seen in the frontal, occipital, and supraorbital areas, with the outer third of the eyebrow being the most frequently affected region.[2][4] An eyelid dermoid cyst attached to a tarsus may present as a firmly adherent non-tender upper eyelid nodule.[9] 

A lower lid dermoid cyst may be evident as a painless, gradually enlarging swelling of the lower lid.[10] Dermoid cysts in the medial canthal area may present as masses adherent to lacrimal canaliculi.[11] 

Dermoid cysts usually occur as solitary lesions; however, multiple concurrent dermoid cysts have also been reported.[2] Dermoid cysts typically present as a pale, flesh-colored, pearly, dome-shaped, firm, deep-seated, subcutaneous nodule.[1][2][3][12] They are usually asymptomatic, non-pulsatile, and non-compressible.[1][2]

Hair protruding from a dermoid cyst punctum is pathognomic for dermoid cysts.[13] Of note, midline dermoid cyst may present as a pit that secreted sebaceous material that can become intermittently inflamed and infected.[3][13]

Evaluation

Dermoid cysts have the potential to grow over time and extend intracranially or intraspinally.[1][3] Due to this potential, one should consider radiological studies before biopsy or manipulation, especially of a lesion that is midline or on the scalp.[3][1] Aspiration or biopsies of dermoid cysts have the potential to cause infection, further leading to osteomyelitis, meningitis, or cerebral abscess.[3][4][14] Other possible complications include bony erosions, eyelid displacement, and intracranial extension.[3][15]

Midline dermoid cysts have the highest association with cranial or spinal dysraphism or have an intracranial extension.[3] Nasal dermoid cysts are the most frequent midline congenital nasal malformations.[3] Studies have shown that there is a 10-45% incidence of intracranial extension in patients with a nasal dermoid cyst.[1] When undergoing neuroimaging, MRI is the preferred means of revealing evidence of intracranial or intraspinal extension.[1][3] Studies showed a higher association between a dermoid cyst located in the frontal and pterional regions and bony erosion.[4][16] If bony erosion is suspected, CT imaging is better at delineating these bony changes.[3][4] In some instances, high-resolution ultrasonography may help reveal a deep component.[3] 

Dermoid cysts under an ultrasound will show a well-defined homogenous and hypoechoic cystic lesion.[2] Fistulography was done preoperatively in some cases to rule out the involvement of a deep tract in a dermoid cyst.[3] Dacryocystography was also performed in some atypical dermoid cysts cases.[3] Furthermore, consultation with a neurosurgeon is highly recommended for dermoid cyst complicated by intracranial or intraspinal extension.[1][3]

Treatment / Management

Dermoid cysts usually tend to grow slowly, further having the potential to cause bony deformities, intracranial extension, or intraspinal extension.[1][4] The presence of intracranial extension or intraspinal extension can further lead to meningitis or develop into an abscess.[1][3] A small, asymptomatic dermoid cyst may not necessitate immediate excision as it can be stable for years or even regress.[3][17] However, because most dermoid cysts grow over time, complete surgical excision without disruption of the cyst wall by an experienced surgeon is recommended before the development of such complications.[3][4]

Early resection may also avoid extensive surgery and a shorter skin incision, further resulting in an improved cosmetic outcome.[3][4] An additional advantage of surgical excision is the possibility of obtaining a histologic diagnosis due to the rare possibility of a malignant tumor presenting as a solitary lump in the head and neck region of a child like a dermoid cyst.[4] The most dermoid cysts can be removed using a direct approach with careful dissection at the site where the cyst adheres to the bone.[3] If the cyst wall ruptures at the time of surgical removal, then remnant tissue should be removed using curettage and copious irrigation.[3]

If the cyst wall has adhered to vital structures, a partial excision may be performed.[3] Recurrences of dermoid cyst have been seen in cases of incomplete excision.[3] Another benefit of early removal of dermoid cysts is a higher chance of obtaining a complete excision without disruption of the cyst wall, a factor associated with a reduced risk of recurrence.[3][4] For small dermoid cysts, endoscopic surgery is a novel approach for removal.[3] In cases of a dermoid cyst with intracranial extension, a craniotomy may still be required.[3]

Differential Diagnosis

Dermoid cysts are rare, but all nodular cystlike lesions are included in the differential diagnoses of a patient presenting with a subcutaneous nodule, especially in the head and neck or midline region.[1][2][3] Following are the differentials of a dermoid cyst:

• Epidermoid cyst

• Glioma

• Encephalocele

• Juvenile xanthogranuloma

• Lipoma

• Pilar cysts

• Meningioma

• Neurofibroma

• Teratoma

• Rhabdomyosarcoma

• Olfactory neuroblastoma

• Lymphoma

• Subcutaneous abscess

• Facial trauma

• Trichilemmal cyst

• Pilomatrixoma

• Lymphatic malformation

• Thyroglossal duct cyst

Prognosis

The overall prognosis for patients with a dermoid cyst is good, especially when there is no intracranial or intraspinal extension.[3] Although histologically benign, dermoid cysts may grow and erode the skull, further being potentially susceptible to the epidural extension.[4] When there is intracranial or, intraspinal extension overall prognosis is still good if there is proper, timely surgical intervention.[3][4] In rare instances, when dermoid cysts become symptomatic due to local mass, effect, rupture, infection, or even in rare cases, cause brain compression prognosis can be poor.[3][4]

Complications

There are no complications for dermoid cysts that don’t have an intracranial or intraspinal extension.[3][4] Dermoid cysts that have intracranial or intraspinal extension may lead to meningitis, abscess, or cause local mass effect.[3][1][4] Aspiration and biopsies of dermoid cysts have the potential to cause infection, further leading to osteomyelitis, meningitis, or cerebral abscess.[1][3]

Other possible complications include bony erosions, eyelid displacement, and intracranial extension.[3] Malignant transformation is a rare complication that may occur in patients with long-standing dermoid cysts. Carcinomatous transformation to squamous cell carcinoma is described in sublingual, ovarian, and intra-abdominal dermoid cysts.

Deterrence and Patient Education

A dermoid cyst is a benign cutaneous developmental anomaly that usually presents in the head and neck regions in pediatric patients.[1] Due to its tendency for growth and possible complications, early surgical intervention is recommended.[3]

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

An interprofessional team that provides a holistic and integrated approach to diagnosing and treating dermoid cysts can help achieve the best possible outcomes. Health care staff of primary care and emergency departments play a vital role in diagnosing and referring patients with head and neck subcutaneous nodules to dermatology or head and neck surgery. This will aid in better patient satisfaction, quality of life, proper care, and decrease the chance of complications. 

Collaboration shared decision making and communication are crucial elements for a good outcome. The interprofessional care provided to the patient must use an integrated care pathway combined with an evidence-based approach to planning and evaluation of all joint activities. The earlier signs and symptoms of dermoid cysts are identified; the better is the patient outcome, satisfaction, and prognosis.

Figure

Dermoid cyst. Contributed by Sunil Munakomi, MD

References

1.

Julapalli MR, Cohen BA, Hollier LH, Metry DW. Congenital, ill-defined, yellowish plaque: the nasal dermoid. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006 Nov-Dec;23(6):556-9. [PubMed: 17155997]

2.

Nakajima K, Korekawa A, Nakano H, Sawamura D. Subcutaneous dermoid cysts on the eyebrow and neck. Pediatr Dermatol. 2019 Nov;36(6):999-1001. [PubMed: 31414508]

3.

Orozco-Covarrubias L, Lara-Carpio R, Saez-De-Ocariz M, Duran-McKinster C, Palacios-Lopez C, Ruiz-Maldonado R. Dermoid cysts: a report of 75 pediatric patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013 Nov-Dec;30(6):706-11. [PubMed: 23488469]

4.

Prior A, Anania P, Pacetti M, Secci F, Ravegnani M, Pavanello M, Piatelli G, Cama A, Consales A. Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts of Scalp: Case Series of 234 Consecutive Patients. World Neurosurg. 2018 Dec;120:119-124. [PubMed: 30189303]

5.

Pollard ZF, Calhoun J. Deep orbital dermoid with draining sinus. Am J Ophthalmol. 1975 Feb;79(2):310-3. [PubMed: 1115198]

6.

McAvoy JM, Zuckerbraun L. Dermoid cysts of the head and neck in children. Arch Otolaryngol. 1976 Sep;102(9):529-31. [PubMed: 962697]

7.

Sorenson EP, Powel JE, Rozzelle CJ, Tubbs RS, Loukas M. Scalp dermoids: a review of their anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013 Mar;29(3):375-80. [PubMed: 23180312]

8.

Reissis D, Pfaff MJ, Patel A, Steinbacher DM. Craniofacial dermoid cysts: histological analysis and inter-site comparison. Yale J Biol Med. 2014 Sep;87(3):349-57. [PMC free article: PMC4144289] [PubMed: 25191150]

9.

Koreen IV, Kahana A, Gausas RE, Potter HD, Lemke BN, Elner VM. Tarsal dermoid cyst: clinical presentation and treatment. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Mar-Apr;25(2):146-7. [PubMed: 19300165]

10.

Gonsalves SR, Lobo GJ, Mendonca N. Dermoid cyst: an unusual location. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Nov 08;2013 [PMC free article: PMC3830189] [PubMed: 24214152]

11.

Kim NJ, Choung HK, Khwarg SI. Management of dermoid tumor in the medial canthal area. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2009 Sep;23(3):204-6. [PMC free article: PMC2739971] [PubMed: 19794949]

12.

Brownstein MH, Helwig EB. Subcutaneous dermoid cysts. Arch Dermatol. 1973 Feb;107(2):237-9. [PubMed: 4685580]

13.

Wardinsky TD, Pagon RA, Kropp RJ, Hayden PW, Clarren SK. Nasal dermoid sinus cysts: association with intracranial extension and multiple malformations. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1991 Jan;28(1):87-95. [PubMed: 2004099]

14.

Yavuzer R, Bier U, Jackson IT. Be careful: it might be a nasal dermoid cyst. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999 Jun;103(7):2082-3. [PubMed: 10359279]

15.

Pensler JM, Bauer BS, Naidich TP. Craniofacial dermoids. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988 Dec;82(6):953-8. [PubMed: 3200958]

16.

Pryor SG, Lewis JE, Weaver AL, Orvidas LJ. Pediatric dermoid cysts of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Jun;132(6):938-42. [PubMed: 15944568]

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Shields JA, Shields CL. Orbital cysts of childhood–classification, clinical features, and management. Surv Ophthalmol. 2004 May-Jun;49(3):281-99. [PubMed: 15110666]

90,000 Dermoid ovarian cyst – symptoms and treatment

A dermoid ovarian cyst is a type of benign tumor. It contains hair, hair follicles and sebaceous glands, enclosed in a mucus-like mass, and covered with a dense thick-walled capsule. The diameter of a dermoid cyst can reach 15 cm.

What is dermoid cyst

A dermoid cyst appears at the junction of the developing parts of the body of the embryo.Sometimes the appearance of a dermoid cyst is associated with trauma.

A dermoid ovarian cyst is usually unilateral, due to slow growth and a high likelihood of inflammation. Typically, a dermoid cyst occurs in young women and girls during puberty.

Symptoms

Clinical manifestations are varied and are due to the size of the tumor. Very often there is a torsion of the cyst leg, in this case, acute pain occurs. On examination, the dermoid cyst is palpated laterally and in front of the uterus.

The type of dermoid ovarian cyst during ultrasound examination can be different and depends on the content of the cyst. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography can show the presence of fat and dense calcifications.

Treatment

A dermoid cyst is treated surgically: the tumor is removed, leaving healthy ovarian tissue.

Types of cysts:

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90,000 Dermoid ovarian cyst (Teratoma) – signs, causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention

Symptoms

The patient may be unaware of the disease for a long time.As long as the dermoid ovarian cyst is less than 5 cm, there are no symptoms. If growth continues, the diameter of the dermoid increases – and then the dermoid ovarian cyst gives a number of symptoms that can be troubling.

Main symptoms:

Pressure, distension and heaviness are felt in the lower abdomen;

• The nature of the pain is pulling, but without much discomfort;
• When nearby organs are compressed by a tumor, frequent urination, false desires, changes in stool appear;
• Increase in the size of the abdomen;
• Pathology usually does not disturb the menstrual cycle.However, some may experience irregularities in the cycle and bleeding.

A dermoid ovarian cyst grows gradually, and over time, diseased tissue displaces healthy tissue. The vessels begin to be compressed by the tumor and the blood supply to the ovary deteriorates. The second ovary, unaffected by the disease, begins to perform part of the functions of the affected organ, so the body copes with the increased load for a long time.

Are there complications?

Inflammation. It is manifested by an increase in body temperature (up to 39 ° C), abdominal pain and general weakness.

Torsion of the cyst pedicle (dangerous!). Any physical activity and sports can complicate the condition: running, fitness, jumping, bending with turns. There is a sharp pain radiating to the leg, cramps in the groin, during urination and bowel movement, the pain intensifies, the temperature rises (usually to high numbers).

If the disease is ignored and treatment is delayed, for example, due to the small size of the tumor and the asymptomatic course, there is a risk of suppuration. In addition, if the removal of the dermoid ovarian cyst has not been performed, it can degenerate into a malignant tumor.

Diagnostics

When the dermoid ovarian cyst is small, it does not pose a particular danger to life. But in any case, its removal is highly recommended. There is no other method of therapy! A preliminary diagnosis can be made on the basis of the patient’s complaints, palpation (feeling) and examination of the vagina. On palpation, a formation of a round or oval shape is found, most often on the right side, painless and mobile.

Before starting the treatment of a dermoid ovarian cyst, it is imperative to carry out appropriate examinations.A dermoid ovarian cyst is confirmed by ultrasound. This is a high-precision study that allows you to determine the pathology (its presence or absence), size, wall thickness, content. Also, the doctor may prescribe specific studies if there is a suspicion of malignancy of the tumor. Assuming the presence of an ectopic pregnancy or rupture of the ovary, a puncture (sampling through a puncture) of the abdominal cavity is prescribed.

Treatment

Sometimes the symptoms of a dermoid ovarian cyst appear abruptly.Intense pain can suddenly occur after physical activity, dancing, fitness. This condition is life-threatening and requires emergency assistance. In all other cases, when there are no manifestations of the disease or they are minimal, an operation is also performed.

The peculiarity of the disease is that surgery is the only method of therapy. The earlier the operation is performed, the higher the chances of preserving the ovary, and hence its functions. The volume of the operation is influenced by: the state of general health, the age of the patient, the size of the tumor and its location, the presence or absence of complications.

Types of operations

Kystectomy. This is a gentle intervention, after which the reproductive capacity is restored within 6 months. Most often, cystectomy is recommended for patients at a young age, for whom it is important to maintain the ability to conceive.

Wedge-shaped resection. With a diameter of up to 5–7 cm and twisting of the leg of the dermoid ovarian cyst, it is removed together with the affected area. The operation is performed so as to ensure the ovulation of the egg and its release from the follicle.Fertility is restored within 12 months.

Ovariectomy. For premenopausal women, doctors recommend removing the entire ovary. This operation is prescribed for patients who have cyst changes (pus, necrosis, rupture, properties of a malignant tumor).

Adnexectomy. This operation is resorted to if the ovary cannot be preserved. Adnexectomy is one- and two-sided. Removal of two affected organs is indicated if the tumor has developed on both ovaries, is malignant, purulent processes cannot be treated, an ectopic pregnancy has been detected, etc.The surgeon preserves healthy tissue so that the production of sex hormones continues.

Recovery of the body after surgery and prognosis

If the tumor is removed on time, there were no complications, then the prognosis for the restoration of menstrual, reproductive, sexual function is favorable. Laparoscopy minimally traumatizes the surrounding tissue, so recovery is fast.

After the treatment – surgical removal of the dermoid ovarian cyst – with planning pregnancy, you need to wait 6-12 months.

Re-development of teratoma is rare. A dermoid ovarian cyst can theoretically develop again if microscopic fragments of the cyst remain.

Preventive gynecological examinations with ultrasound control – 2 times a year.

References and sources

Video on the topic

Ovarian cyst

An ovarian cyst is a benign tumor that develops in the ovary and can cause various complications.An ovarian cyst is a small, fluid-filled sac that forms in the ovary. The fluid can be different – serous, hemorrhagic, i.e. it’s blood. There are such cysts as dermoid, which are formed by the embryological rudiment, they contain hair, nails, fat.

The reasons for the appearance? What are the factors associated with the appearance of an ovarian cyst:

• Irregular menstrual cycle
• hormonal imbalance
• genetic problems
• infectious diseases
• latent infections
• inflammatory process

What cysts are there?

Functional cysts

• follicular cysts develop from follicles that are contained in the ovary.In every menstrual cycle, an egg must be released during ovulation. If the egg does not come out, the follicle remains and begins to grow, and then a follicular cyst forms;
• corpus luteum cysts – when ovulation has already passed, a corpus luteum forms in place of the follicle. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum is destroyed. In some cases, it may fill with blood or fluid and remain in the ovary for a while. This is how the cyst of the corpus luteum is formed.

Endometrioid cysts
They develop with endometriosis, in which endometrial cells (the inner lining of the uterus) appear in those parts of the body where they normally do not exist – for example, on the peritoneum, ovaries, intestines, bladder, lungs and other organs.

There are many reasons for this disease, but first of all it is genetics or when young girls postpone pregnancy indefinitely. Endometriosis can cause infertility.

Dermoid cysts
This is a type of benign tumor. It contains hair, hair follicles and sebaceous glands, enclosed in a mucus-like mass, and covered with a dense thick-walled capsule. In diameter, a dermoid cyst can reach 15 cm.

A dermoid cyst appears at the junction of the developing parts of the body of the embryo.Sometimes the appearance of a dermoid cyst is associated with trauma. A dermoid ovarian cyst is usually unilateral, due to slow growth and a high likelihood of inflammation. Typically, a dermoid cyst occurs in young women and girls during puberty.

Dermoid and endometrioid cysts do not dissolve on their own, they can only be operated on.

Ovarian cyst – prices for treatment, symptoms and diagnosis of an ovarian cyst in Balashikha

Treatment

Functional cysts tend to grow slowly, so most often doctors prescribe regular check-ups to determine the dynamics of growth and possible complications.Drug therapy consists in the selection of hormone therapy, the appointment of a course of B vitamins and vitamin C.

In the case of complications in which the leg twists or the cyst capsule ruptures, as well as when true cysts are diagnosed, surgical treatment is prescribed.

The price for cyst removal depends on the clinical picture, the patient’s age and the chosen cystectomy method.

Laparotomy is referred to the traditional method – it is used to remove large cysts, with purulent processes, malignant neoplasms, or when a cyst ruptures.An incision is made in the abdominal wall to access the ovary, and sutures are applied after the operation.

The second method is laparoscopy. He is more gentle, less traumatic. The ovary is accessed through small incisions in the area of ​​the ovaries. During the operation, a laparoscope is used, with the help of which the cyst is opened, the fluid and the empty capsule are removed.

One of the subtypes of laparoscopy is laser removal.

With the timely diagnosis of an ovarian cyst, laparoscopy of the cyst in Balashikha can be performed as part of one day’s surgery, without the need to stay in the hospital.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the prevention of ovarian cysts?

• Proper nutrition and weight management
• Preventive examinations at a gynecologist
• Diagnostics and therapy of inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs
• Contraceptive use
• Active lifestyle

Why is an ovarian cyst dangerous?

Some types of cysts can degenerate into malignant ones.An elongated cyst leg can twist, which causes compression of blood vessels and nerves, and, as a result, the development of peritonitis, if surgical intervention was not performed on time.

How are complications of cysts removed?

There are several types of operations:

• Ovarian resection, in which ovarian tissue is excised
• Ovariectomy, when both the cyst and the ovary are removed
• Adnexectomy – removal of the cyst, ovary and fallopian tube

Can ovarian cysts be treated without surgery?

If the cyst is small, benign and does not affect reproductive function, then its removal before the age of 40 is not necessary.In the future, the doctor makes a decision on the treatment or removal of the cyst based on the results of diagnosis and the dynamics of the development of the cyst.

Ovarian cyst: types, symptoms and treatment

The main / Ovarian cyst: types, symptoms and treatment

First you need to define what cyst is. It resembles a bubble that is filled with liquid; it often forms in tissues. There are several types of them:

1. Cyst of the corpus luteum , mainly formed during hormonal imbalance.Its size can be from 2 to 7 cm.
There are certain symptoms that characterize the occurrence of such a cyst. It could be an unexpected disruption in the menstrual cycle. Basically, if the cyst is small, then it remains unnoticed, in which case it dissolves on its own. It is even possible that the cyst bursts, this happens when it reaches a large size. If the contents come out, then a symptom of an acute abdomen may form. Ovarian inflammation or bleeding can be a more serious problem.

2. If the cells that should be in the uterus end up in the ovaries. As a result of this, endometrioid cyst can form. The thing is that endometrial cells are rejected every month and come out during the period of menstruation, and if this happens with violations, then a cyst appears. The cyst has dark contents, grows under the influence of hormones, if the estrogenic background is increased, cyst growth is rapid. With a normal ratio of estrogen and progesterone, the growth of the cyst leads to infertility, disruption of the cycle, constant pain, mood changes.May lead to peritonitis and abdominal tissue damage.

3. In dermoid cyst – such elements as hair, bone particles and so on can be found. This type of brush develops very slowly, but with a constant trend. If it reaches a large size, it can bring pain. One of the complications can be suppuration, and if it is not treated, then there is the possibility of rupture and peritonitis, and blood poisoning is fatal.

4. Cystodenoma , depending on the type, may require an operation.A benign mass does not grow into the surrounding tissues. The cells do not grow rapidly, there is no metastasis. Serous does not interfere with pregnancy and does not accelerate growth during pregnancy, its papillary variety can become malignant. Mucinous are prone to rapid growth but the risk of malignancy is 15%. The reasons include: early sexual activity, infections, stress, prolonged abstinence from sexual intercourse at reproductive age, abortion. The theory of hormonal disorders has not been confirmed.

How to determine the symptoms of an ovarian cyst?

• Sharp pains below on the eve of the onset of the menstrual period;
• Pain during sexual intercourse;
• Changes in the menstrual cycle;
• Fever during menstruation.

How is a cyst treated?

First of all, if you find several symptoms related to you, visit your gynecologist. Do not worry in advance, only a doctor can make an accurate diagnosis.
There are several treatment options for cysts that have formed. First, if there is a hormonal failure, then ultrasound and anti-inflammatory therapy are performed, if there is no response, then surgery may be required. One of these options is laparoscopy – this is when the ovarian tissue is not disturbed by the intervention. More serious is removal of cyst along with the organ.

In order to avoid serious consequences and maintain your health, you need to be careful and consult a doctor on time.

90,000 reasons for the appearance, diagnosis, treatment. Surgery to remove an ovarian cyst

Ovarian cyst is a benign formation in the form of a bladder with liquid contents inside (“cyst” in Greek means “bubble”). This disease is typical for women of reproductive age.

Ovarian cyst, like many other gynecological diseases, often develops without symptoms, and it is not possible to detect it on your own.Therefore, all women are recommended to regularly visit a gynecologist every six months and conduct a routine ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs.

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Ovarian cyst

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Complete blood count

Types of cysts

Experts classify cysts based on their structure and cause.Distinguish between functional cysts, organic, paraovarian, endometrioid.

Functional cysts

Functional cysts look like a bladder with a liquid, watery or serous content. It develops due to malfunctioning of the ovary and menstrual irregularities. The peculiarity of a functional cyst is that it exists for a fairly short time (up to 3 months), is not dangerous to health, and in most cases it dissolves on its own.

The most common types of functional cysts are: luteal and follicular .

Luteal cyst appears after ovulation as a result of stagnation of a large amount of fluid in the corpus luteum.

Follicular cyst occurs if the follicle has not undergone physiological transformations, i.e. for some reason could not break. The follicle remains, continues to grow and turns into a cyst with a liquid content. Usually it does not grow to large sizes and dissolves on its own, but in rare cases it can reach 10 centimeters or more.

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Diagnosis of ovarian cysts

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Ultrasound of the small pelvis

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Complete blood count

Organic ovarian cysts

Organic ovarian cyst (endometrioid , , mucinous mucinous is a type of cyst, but in fact it is a tumor-like formation with the potential for malignancy. It is an indication for surgical treatment.

Endometrioid cyst occurs as a result of ovarian endometriosis. Like endometriosis in general, it is an incomprehensible, mysterious disease. Presumably, endometrial cells that are rejected during menstruation attach to the ovary and begin to grow, forming inclusions in the form of cysts of various sizes. Endometrioid ovarian cyst is an indication for surgical treatment, with the exception of recurrent variants with a size less than 3 cm.

Mucinous cyst is filled with mucin – a mucus-like fluid inside.It often reaches large sizes (several tens of centimeters) and has several chambers.

Dermoid cyst of the ovary is considered a congenital formation (the process of laying organs and tissues in the womb is disrupted). The content of this type of cyst is very diverse – the so-called rudiments of ectoderm (fat, hair, skin, bones, teeth, etc.). Upon reaching a large size, it can manifest itself with pain in the abdomen and lower back, urinary and defecation disorders.Dermoid ovarian cysts are prone to inflammation, torsion of the cyst leg is not excluded. Often, such cysts are an indication for urgent surgery.

Paraovarian cyst appears from the epididymis, cysts of different sizes are found. The main symptom of such a cyst is transparent and thin walls, braided by blood vessels. Formed at the age of 20 – 40 years.

Symptoms of an ovarian cyst

At the initial stage of development, an ovarian cyst may not have any manifestations.But as it grows, symptoms such as an increase in size or bloating (bloating) of the abdomen, as well as pain during the menstrual cycle, will occur.

As the ovarian cyst develops, other clinical manifestations can be observed:

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MRI of the small pelvis

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MRI of the small pelvis

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Complete blood count

Why does an ovarian cyst appear?

The causes of ovarian cysts are still not fully understood. There are a number of factors that can provoke the development of the disease – hormonal disorders, inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, menstrual irregularities (ovarian cysts are detected on average in 30% of patients with regular menstrual cycles and in 50% of women with irregular periods), early onset of menstruation, late menopause, infertility, etc.Also such factors include poor ecology, genetic predisposition, viruses, etc.

Diagnosis of an ovarian cyst

Diagnosis of an ovarian cyst usually begins with a pelvic examination. This is a very important stage, on the basis of which the doctor develops an individual examination plan, which may include the following types of diagnostics:

Treatment of an ovarian cyst

If the ovarian cyst is functional, a gynecologist can prescribe a woman dynamic control for 3-6 menstrual cycles.It must be understood that any ovarian formation can carry a potential risk of malignant transformation, and it is for this reason that sometimes, regardless of the size of the cyst, the doctor may offer surgical treatment.

If there is a risk of torsion, rupture of the cyst, an emergency operation can be performed.

Currently, such a gentle operation for ovarian cysts as laparoscopy is used, which involves manipulation through small holes ranging in size from 3 to 10 mm.This makes a quick recovery possible.

The MedicCity Clinic offers highly professional doctors and advanced medical and diagnostic equipment. We will help you cope with various gynecological diseases.

Remember that timely and regular examination is the key to your general and reproductive health!

Ovarian cyst. Diagnostics and treatment of ovarian cysts – Gyneko – gynecological clinic

These are ovarian formations, which are represented by a capsule (a kind of sac) with various contents.The reasons for their appearance can be both hormonal disorders and inflammatory changes.

What are ovarian cysts:

Functional cysts are formations in the ovaries that arise as a result of cyclical changes and, as a rule, do not require treatment since they persist no more than 2-3 months. This type of cyst in most cases does not show any complaints.

The mechanism of formation of a follicular cyst is as follows: in the first phase of the menstrual cycle, a follicle grows (a bubble with a liquid containing an egg for the subsequent onset of pregnancy).For some reason, in the middle of the cycle, the follicle does not rupture and fluid continues to accumulate in it. During the next 2-3 cycles, these cysts independently undergo reverse development.

The corpus luteum cyst is formed from the same follicle, but which ruptured in the middle of the cycle, and in its place a hormonal gland formed – a corpus luteum with a functional cyst.

Congenital ovarian cysts (dermoid) are benign cysts that form as a result of improper priming of organ rudiments in the prenatal period (i.e.That is, when the future girl is still in the womb). These cysts contain fat, hair, cartilage and even bone. In case of detection of this type of cyst, mandatory surgical treatment is required, since with its active growth, the destruction of healthy ovarian tissue occurs.

Endometrioid cysts are an active manifestation of such a disease as “endometriosis”. The so-called “chocolate” cysts get their name from the dark brownish thick contents. Long-term passive observation of endometriotic cysts leads to tearing of their capsule, the outpouring of the contents onto nearby healthy tissues and neighboring organs.This becomes the direct cause of the development of the adhesive process and the spread of the disease.

Diagnostics of the ovarian cyst

Complaints that can occur with an ovarian cyst are varied (menstrual irregularities, lower abdominal pain, smearing discharge from the genital tract before and after menstruation, infertility, pain during intercourse, and others)

A gynecological examination allows one to suspect an increase in the size of the ovaries, to reveal the relationship of pain.

Ultrasound of the pelvic organs allows you to get more accurate characteristics of the cyst, diagnoses not only its presence, but also the size, structure and other indirect signs that allow you to determine the type of cyst.

If the ovarian cyst persists with a follow-up ultrasound examination after 2-3 months, surgical treatment is recommended.

Laboratory diagnostics includes an additional examination to assess specific blood markers to exclude malignant ovarian tumors.

In some cases, contrast-enhanced MRI is required to clarify the characteristics of the detected ovarian formation.

Treatment of ovarian cysts

The tactics of managing patients with ovarian cysts consists of a set of identified data (complaints, duration of the disease, laboratory parameters and ultrasound data, as well as the dynamics of their course).

Observation that does not require treatment is only possible in the case of functional cysts.If any other types of ovarian cysts persist for more than 2-3 months, surgical treatment is recommended.

Removal of cysts occurs during laparoscopic surgery, which does not require a long hospital stay and subsequent rehabilitation.