What are the signs of a collapsed lung. How is pneumothorax diagnosed. What causes air to escape from the lungs. How is a collapsed lung treated. Can pneumothorax be life-threatening. What activities should be avoided after pneumothorax treatment. How long does it take to recover from a collapsed lung.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Pneumothorax

Pneumothorax, commonly known as a collapsed lung, is a potentially serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. Identifying the symptoms early can be crucial for timely intervention. But how do you recognize the signs of a collapsed lung?

• Sudden, sharp chest pain that worsens when breathing deeply or coughing
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Rapid heartbeat
• Bluish skin color (cyanosis) due to lack of oxygen
• Fatigue and weakness
• Dry, hacking cough

These symptoms can vary in intensity depending on the severity of the lung collapse. In some cases, especially with a small pneumothorax, symptoms may be mild or even absent. However, it’s essential to seek medical care if you experience any of these signs, particularly after chest trauma or if you have a history of lung disease.

Can a collapsed lung heal on its own?

In some cases, a small pneumothorax may heal without intervention. However, this depends on the size of the air leak and the underlying cause. Most cases require medical treatment to prevent complications and ensure proper healing. Never assume a suspected pneumothorax will resolve itself – always consult a healthcare professional.

Causes and Risk Factors of Pneumothorax

Understanding the causes of pneumothorax can help in prevention and early detection. There are several ways in which air can escape from the lung and enter the pleural space:

1. Blunt chest trauma: This is a common cause, often resulting from car accidents, falls, or sports injuries.
2. Penetrating chest injuries: Stab wounds, gunshots, or even accidental punctures can create an opening for air to escape.
3. Medical procedures: Certain interventions, such as lung biopsies or the insertion of central lines, carry a risk of causing pneumothorax.
4. Underlying lung diseases: Conditions like COPD, cystic fibrosis, and lung cancer can weaken lung tissue, increasing the risk of air leaks.
5. Spontaneous pneumothorax: This occurs without apparent cause, typically in tall, thin young adults or those with a genetic predisposition.

Are smokers at higher risk for pneumothorax?

Yes, smoking significantly increases the risk of pneumothorax. Tobacco smoke damages lung tissue over time, making it more susceptible to air leaks. Quitting smoking is one of the most effective ways to reduce your risk of developing a collapsed lung.

Diagnostic Procedures for Collapsed Lung

When pneumothorax is suspected, prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial. Healthcare providers employ various methods to confirm the presence and extent of a collapsed lung:

• Physical examination: The doctor will listen to your chest with a stethoscope, checking for decreased breath sounds on the affected side.
• Chest X-ray: This is the primary diagnostic tool, providing a clear image of the lungs and revealing any air in the pleural space.
• CT scan: For more detailed imaging, especially in complex cases or when planning treatment.
• Ultrasound: Increasingly used in emergency settings for rapid diagnosis.
• Arterial blood gas analysis: To assess oxygen levels and overall lung function.

How quickly can pneumothorax be diagnosed?

In most cases, pneumothorax can be diagnosed within minutes to hours of a patient presenting with symptoms. The speed of diagnosis depends on the availability of imaging equipment and the severity of the condition. In emergency situations, bedside ultrasound can provide almost immediate confirmation, allowing for rapid treatment initiation.

Treatment Options for Pneumothorax

The treatment approach for a collapsed lung depends on its size, cause, and the patient’s overall health. Options range from conservative management to invasive procedures:

1. Observation: For small, uncomplicated pneumothoraces, monitoring in a hospital setting may be sufficient.
2. Oxygen therapy: Supplemental oxygen can help the lung re-expand and relieve symptoms.
3. Needle aspiration: A thin needle is inserted to remove excess air from the pleural space.
4. Chest tube insertion: A tube is placed between the ribs to continuously drain air and allow the lung to re-expand.
5. Pleurodesis: A procedure to stick the lung to the chest wall, preventing future collapses.
6. Surgery: In severe or recurrent cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair the lung and prevent future episodes.

How long does chest tube treatment typically last?

The duration of chest tube treatment varies depending on the individual case. Generally, chest tubes remain in place for 1 to 5 days. The tube is removed once the air leak stops and the lung has fully re-expanded, as confirmed by chest X-rays. Some patients may require longer treatment, especially if there are complications or persistent air leaks.

Recovery and Rehabilitation After Pneumothorax

Recovering from a collapsed lung requires patience and adherence to medical advice. The recovery process typically involves:

• Rest and gradual return to activities
• Follow-up chest X-rays to ensure complete lung re-expansion
• Breathing exercises to improve lung function
• Smoking cessation support, if applicable
• Avoidance of air travel and scuba diving for a specified period
• Regular check-ups to monitor for recurrence

When can patients resume normal activities after pneumothorax?

The timeline for returning to normal activities varies based on the severity of the pneumothorax and the treatment received. Most patients can resume light activities within a week or two after treatment. However, strenuous exercise, contact sports, and activities that increase pressure in the chest (like scuba diving) should be avoided for at least 4-6 weeks or as advised by the healthcare provider. Full recovery and return to all activities typically take 6-8 weeks.

Preventing Recurrence of Pneumothorax

While not all cases of pneumothorax are preventable, certain measures can reduce the risk of recurrence:

1. Quit smoking and avoid exposure to secondhand smoke
2. Wear protective gear during contact sports or activities with a risk of chest trauma
3. Follow medical advice for managing underlying lung conditions
4. Consider genetic counseling if there’s a family history of spontaneous pneumothorax
5. Avoid rapid changes in atmospheric pressure (e.g., scuba diving) if you’ve had a previous pneumothorax
6. Maintain a healthy lifestyle to support overall lung health

Does having one pneumothorax increase the risk of future episodes?

Yes, experiencing a pneumothorax does increase the risk of future episodes. The recurrence rate varies but can be as high as 50% for spontaneous pneumothorax. This risk is highest in the first year following the initial event. However, proper treatment and preventive measures can significantly reduce the likelihood of recurrence. Patients with a history of pneumothorax should be vigilant about symptoms and maintain regular follow-ups with their healthcare provider.

Complications and Long-term Outlook of Pneumothorax

While many cases of pneumothorax resolve without long-term effects, potential complications can occur:

• Tension pneumothorax: A life-threatening condition where air continues to enter the pleural space, compressing the heart and other organs
• Prolonged air leak: Persistent escape of air from the lung, delaying recovery
• Infection: Particularly in cases involving chest tube insertion or surgery
• Lung scarring: Can occur after treatment, potentially affecting lung function
• Chronic pain: Some patients experience lingering chest discomfort
• Recurrence: Especially in cases of spontaneous pneumothorax

What is the long-term prognosis for patients with pneumothorax?

The long-term outlook for patients who have experienced pneumothorax is generally positive, especially with proper treatment and follow-up care. Most individuals recover fully and return to their normal activities without significant limitations. However, the risk of recurrence remains a concern, particularly in the first few years after the initial event. Patients with underlying lung diseases may face additional challenges and require ongoing management. Regular medical check-ups and adherence to preventive measures are crucial for optimizing long-term outcomes and maintaining lung health.

Emerging Treatments and Research in Pneumothorax Management

The field of pneumothorax treatment continues to evolve, with researchers exploring new approaches to improve outcomes and reduce recurrence rates:

1. Minimally invasive surgical techniques: Advanced video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) procedures are being refined to reduce recovery time and complications.
2. Endobronchial valves: Originally developed for emphysema treatment, these devices are being studied for their potential in managing persistent air leaks.
3. Bioengineered lung sealants: Research is ongoing to develop more effective and biocompatible materials for sealing lung leaks.
4. Genetic studies: Investigations into the genetic factors contributing to spontaneous pneumothorax may lead to new preventive strategies.
5. Personalized treatment algorithms: Advanced imaging and AI-assisted decision-making tools are being developed to optimize treatment selection for individual patients.

How might future treatments improve pneumothorax management?

Future treatments for pneumothorax are likely to focus on minimizing invasiveness while maximizing effectiveness. We may see the development of smart chest tubes that can adjust suction automatically based on real-time measurements of air leakage. Additionally, advancements in tissue engineering could lead to more effective and natural repair methods for damaged lung tissue. These innovations aim to reduce hospitalization time, decrease recurrence rates, and improve overall patient outcomes. As research progresses, personalized treatment plans based on genetic profiles and specific pneumothorax characteristics may become the standard of care, ensuring optimal management for each individual case.

Know the Signs of a Collapsed Lung

You may have heard of a collapsed lung, but what exactly does that mean, and how do you treat it? 

A collapsed lung, or pneumothorax, happens when air escapes from your lung and fills the space between the lung and chest wall. The lung is then not able to expand normally when you take a breath. The condition is rare but could be life-threatening, so you should seek immediate care.

Symptoms of a collapsed lung include:

• Dull, steady ache in the chest
• Pain upon inhaling
• Shortness of breath
• Chest tightness
• The sensation that you can’t draw breath
• Face turning blue due to lack of oxygen
• Very fast heartbeat

What Causes a Collapsed Lung?

Impact with Blunt Object. This is the leading cause of a collapsed lung. It can happen when playing sports where you might collide with a ball or person. A car crash can also involve an impact to the chest wherein this injury could occur.

Puncture. Any penetrating wound to the chest can puncture the lung. This could be something violent, like a knife or stab wound. It could also be the result of vigorous play, such as a pencil stabbing. An aerosol can exploding could also cause a collapsed lung.

Disease. Diseases such as emphysema and COPD can lead to a collapsed lung. Certain infections, such as pneumonia, can be the culprit, too.

Spontaneous pneumothorax. Very tall and typically very thin male young adults are especially prone. For these people, the pneumothorax can just occur; you don’t need to be hit in the chest or have other trauma for it to happen.    

Hospital procedures. In the hospital, some medical procedures, such as the insertion of a chemotherapy port to your chest, can also sometimes damage your lung.

What To Do Immediately After Injury

The most pressing concern is to make sure oxygen is flowing. Emergency services should be called immediately, and you will be administered oxygen as you are transported to a hospital.

When oxygen escapes from the lungs, they can’t function fully and properly. Supplying oxygen keeps the lungs working and helps replace some of the missing air. Psychologically, the sooner your breathing returns to a more normalized state, the sooner your body receives the signal to relax. Supplied oxygen can help the pneumothorax get smaller too. 

How a Collapsed Lung Is Treated

Treatment is determined by how much of the lung is collapsed. If just a small portion is affected, your doctor may admit you to the hospital for observation. If you have a tiny wound, it can easily seal over.

If the affected area is larger, your doctor will evacuate the air that has escaped from the lung and is gathering in the chest cavity. Each time air gets pushed out from the lung, it is then trapped and pushing against the lung. Picture your lung as a balloon, and in this case, it’s pushed against a wall. This misplaced air can also exert pressure on the heart, which is another reason to address the problem quickly.

Your doctor will explore all nonsurgical options. One of the first steps is to place a small chest tube with a suction device to evacuate the air from outside the lung.

A second course of treatment might be a patch through which your own blood can be inserted to seal the injury. Alternatively, another substance may be inserted through the chest tube to intentionally irritate the lung lining, causing it to stick together and seal up.

If the affected lung area doesn’t seal with these measures, your doctor can perform a video-assisted surgery to find where the air is escaping and repair it.

Your doctor will make the most conservative treatment choice possible, escalating only when necessary.

What To Do After Treatment

After the wound has been treated, it’s important that, for the next two to four weeks, you avoid:

• Flying on airplanes
• Scuba diving
• Playing a wind instrument
• Playing contact sports or participating in anything where a chest hit might occur

Once the injury has fully healed, you’re safe to resume these activities and your normal lifestyle.

Orlando Health Orlando Regional Medical Center is first in Central Florida to offer Zephyr Endobronchial Valve

The lung valve is the first FDA-approved device to help patients with emphysema breathe easier without major surgery.

Learn More

Collapsed lung (pneumothorax) Information | Mount Sinai

Air around the lung; Air outside the lung; Pneumothorax dropped lung; Spontaneous pneumothorax

A collapsed lung occurs when air escapes from the lung. The air then fills the space outside of the lung between the lung and chest wall. This buildup of air puts pressure on the lung, so it cannot expand as much as it normally does when you take a breath.

The medical name of this condition is pneumothorax.

The major features of the lungs include the bronchi, the bronchioles and the alveoli. The alveoli are the microscopic blood vessel-lined sacks in which oxygen and carbon dioxide gas are exchanged.

Aortic rupture (a tear in the aorta, which is the major artery coming from the heart) can be seen on a chest X-ray. In this case, it was caused by a traumatic perforation of the thoracic aorta. This is how the X-ray appears when the chest is full of blood (right-sided hemothorax) seen here as cloudiness on the left side of the picture.

Pneumothorax occurs when air leaks from inside of the lung to the space between the lung and the chest wall. The lung then collapses. The dark side of the chest (right side of the picture) is filled with air that is outside of the lung tissue.

Air is breathed in through the nasal passageways, travels through the trachea and bronchi to the lungs.

The pleural cavity is the space between the layers of the membrane lining the lung (pleura) and the chest cavity.

The lungs are paired organs that lie in the thoracic cavity. The lungs extract oxygen from inhaled air and transport the oxygen to the blood. Surrounding the lungs is a very thin space called the pleural space. The pleural space is usually extremely thin, and filled with a small amount of fluid.

Causes

Collapsed lung can be caused by an injury to the lung. Injuries can include a gunshot or knife wound to the chest, rib fracture, or certain medical procedures.

In some cases, a collapsed lung is caused by air blisters of the lung (blebs) that break open, sending air into the space around the lung. This can result from air pressure changes such as when scuba diving or traveling to a high altitude.

Tall, thin people and smokers are more at risk for a collapsed lung.

Lung diseases can also increase the chance of getting a collapsed lung. These include:

• Asthma
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Cystic fibrosis
• Tuberculosis
• Whooping cough

In some cases, a collapsed lung occurs without any cause. This is called a spontaneous collapsed lung or spontaneous pneumothorax.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of a collapsed lung include:

• Sharp chest or shoulder pain, made worse by a deep breath or a cough
• Shortness of breath
• Nasal flaring (from shortness of breath)

A larger pneumothorax causes more severe symptoms, including:

• Bluish color of the skin due to lack of oxygen
• Chest tightness
• Lightheadedness and near fainting
• Easy fatigue
• Abnormal breathing patterns or increased effort of breathing
• Rapid heart rate
• Shock and collapse

Exams and Tests

The health care provider will listen to your breathing with a stethoscope. If you have a collapsed lung, there are decreased breath sounds or no breath sounds on the affected side. You may also have low blood pressure.

Tests that may be ordered include:

• Chest x-ray
• Arterial blood gases and other blood tests
• CT scan if other injuries or conditions are suspected
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Treatment

A small pneumothorax may go away on its own over time. You may only need oxygen treatment and rest.

The provider may use a needle to allow the air to escape from around the lung so it can expand more fully. You may be allowed to go home if you live near the hospital.

If you have a large pneumothorax, a chest tube will be placed between the ribs into the space around the lungs to help drain the air and allow the lung to re-expand. The chest tube may be left in place for several days and you may need to stay in the hospital. If a small chest tube or flutter valve is used, you may be able to go home. You will need to return to the hospital to have the tube or valve removed.

Some people with a collapsed lung need extra oxygen.

Lung surgery may be needed to treat collapsed lung or to prevent future episodes. The area where the leak occurred may be repaired. Sometimes, a special chemical is placed into the area of the collapsed lung. This chemical causes a scar to form. This procedure is called pleurodesis.

Outlook (Prognosis)

If you have a spontaneous collapsed lung, you are more likely to have another one in the future if you:

• Are tall and thin
• Continue to smoke
• Have had two collapsed lung episodes in the past

How well you do after having a collapsed lung depends on what caused it.

Possible Complications

Complications may include any of the following:

• Another collapsed lung in the future
• Shock, if there are serious injuries or infection, severe inflammation, or fluid in the lung develops

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your provider if you have symptoms of a collapsed lung, especially if you have had one before.

Prevention

There is no known way to prevent a collapsed lung. Following standard procedure can reduce the risk of a pneumothorax when scuba diving. You can decrease your risk by not smoking.

Hallifax R, Rahman NM. Pneumothorax. In: Broaddus VC, Ernst JD, King TE, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 110.

Peak DA. Scuba diving and dysbarism. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 131.

Raja AS. Thoracic trauma. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 37.

Last reviewed on: 1/2/2023

Reviewed by: Jesse Borke, MD, CPE, FAAEM, FACEP, Attending Physician at Kaiser Permanente, Orange County, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

There are more homeless planets in the Universe than usual

Planets for us are gas giants or solid worlds orbiting the parent star. And while the stars are leaving, the Milky Way is littered with hundreds of billions of such planets, including our own, the only and so far unique Earth. And each planet, in principle, has its own and also unique history of the birth and life of . Some of them are massive and bright, others are small and dim; some were born a couple of million years ago, others can compete with the age of the universe itself. But there is one common feature that we endow all these planets with: the solar system. As the Kepler mission and other searches for exoplanets have shown, if you want to find planets, just point your finger at a star and look around it: around it you will find one, but a whole system of planets.

Each planet in our solar system has its own history

Planets without stars

And yet – in addition to the stars and all the bodies that revolve around them – there must be a great many planets that are not tied to the central star at all: planets – outcasts. Scientists believe this is true anywhere in the universe, from small star clusters and interstellar space to the cores of giant galaxies. As far as we know, there are as many starless planets in space as there are stars themselves – and maybe more. It follows that for every point of light you see, there are many more massive points that you can’t see because they don’t emit visible light.

There are a huge number of starless planets in space.

You can also find all the latest news from the world of high technologies in Google News.

Through observations, we have discovered a number of possible candidates for rogue planets . “Candidate” is an important word; we cannot be sure that these planets are true, because we do not have a good technique for confirming this fact. Even with our best modern equipment, they are so difficult to detect that we must assume the existence of many more worlds than we have already found. But we have already found something and can draw conclusions. Where do these alien planets come from?

One of the most convincing sources of all these planets is near us, and we cherish it very much.

A protoplanetary disk around a star

We know how solar systems form: after gravitational collapse creates a region of space in which fusion ignites, a protoplanetary disk gathers around the central star. Gravitational perturbations regularly appear in this disk, drawing more and more matter from its surroundings, while the heat of the newly formed central star slowly blows the lightest gas into the interstellar medium. Over time, gravitational perturbations develop into asteroids, solid planets and gas giants.

But the fact is that these worlds not only revolve around their star, but also gravitationally pull each other together. Over time, these planets migrate to the most stable configurations they can achieve: the most massive worlds take their most stable places, often sacrificing other smaller worlds. What happens to the “losers” in the cosmic battle for planetary advantage? They are absorbed in the process of merging, fall into the Sun or are ejected from the solar system into interstellar space.

Solar system simulations

Recent simulations have shown that for every planet-rich solar system like our own (with gas giants), at least one gas giant will be ejected into the interstellar medium, where it will be doomed to wander the galaxy by a wandering planet – an outcast. At the same time, the number of smaller solid worlds thrown out of the system can reach 5-10. This, in principle, is the largest source of rogue planets, and there are probably hundreds of billions of them in our own galaxy.

It is particularly amusing that when scientists make theoretical calculations, ejected planets from young solar systems turn out to be half the expected number of rogue planets. Where do they come from then? To understand where most starless planets come from, we need to take a broader look at one time: not only when our solar system formed, but also at the cluster of stars (and star systems) that formed at the same time.

The formation of stars and galaxies gives us an understanding of where rogue planets come from

Star clusters form from the slow collapse of cold gas, mostly hydrogen, and usually originate in a pre-existing galaxy. Deep in the collapsing clouds gravitational instabilities form and the first, most massive instabilities attract more and more matter. When enough matter is collected in a small region of space and the density and temperature in the core become high enough, nuclear fusion begins and stars form.

In order not to miss anything interesting from the world of high technologies, subscribe to our news channel in Telegram. There you will learn a lot of new things.

But not one star and star system is born, but many of them, because each cloud that collapses to form a new star contains enough material to form many stars. Along with this, something happens. The largest formed star is also the hottest and bluest, that is, it emits the most ionizing, ultraviolet radiation. And this star is starting one of the most active races to take his place in space.

If you look into the star-forming nebula, you can see two processes occurring simultaneously:

• Gravity is trying to pull matter in the direction of this young, growing gravitational overdensity
• Radiation burns out neutral gas and pushes it back into the interstellar medium

90 057

Who will win?

There are different types of stars

The answer depends on what counts as a victory. The largest gravitational superdensities form the largest, hottest, and bluest stars—but such stars are exceedingly rare. Smaller superdensities (still large) form other stars, but as the mass decreases, more and more of them become. That is why, when we look deep into a cluster of young stars, it is easy to see the brightest (blue or otherwise) stars, but they are greatly outnumbered by yellow (and red) stars with less mass.

Can planets grow

If it weren’t for the radiation that young stars emit, these dim, red and yellow stars would continue to grow, become more massive and brighter, would flare up more strongly. Stars (in the main sequence) come in different types of , from O stars (the hottest, biggest and bluest) to M stars (the smallest, coolest, reddest and low mass). And although the majority of stars – ¾ – are M-class stars, and less than 1% of all stars are O- or B-type stars, the total mass of the last two types of stars is comparable to the total mass of M-type stars. It takes about 250 M-class stars to match the mass of an O star.

Classification of stars

As it turns out, about 90% of the original gas and dust that was in this star-forming nebula is blown out into the interstellar medium and does not go into star formation. The most massive stars form faster and begin to blow material out of the nebula. In just a couple of million years, there is less and less material left, and new stars stop forming. The remaining gas with dust completely burn out.

And now the most interesting part. Not only M-class stars – with a mass between 8% and 40% of the Sun – represent the most common type of stars in the Universe. There’s a lot more to what could be M-class stars if the high-mass stars didn’t burn out the excess material.

Subscribe to our channel in Yandex Zen. There you can find a lot of interesting things that are not even on our website.

In other words, for every star formed, there are many more failed stars that simply did not reach critical mass: and there can be tens to hundreds of thousands of such stars for every star formed.

Just imagine: our own solar system contains hundreds or even thousands of objects that potentially fit the geophysical definition of a planet, but have been astronomically ruled out just by virtue of their orbital position. Now imagine that for every star like our Sun, there are hundreds of failed stars that simply haven’t gained enough mass to trigger fusion in the core. These are homeless planets – or rogue planets – which are much more than planets like ours, orbiting stars. Orphan planets may or may not have an atmosphere and are extremely difficult to detect, especially the smallest ones. But think about it: for every planet like ours in the galaxy, there could be up to 100,000 planets that not only don’t orbit the star now, but never did. Finding them is very difficult.

Rogue planets roam the vastness of space

So while we may have a few planets ejected from young solar systems, and even a handful of such worlds in a galaxy that hails from the solar system, the vast majority of all planets in the galaxy have never held onto stars . Rogue planets roam the galaxy, doomed to forever wandering in the darkness of and never know the warmth of their parent star. Their potential parents, perhaps, never even became stars. There could be a quadrillion of these wandering worlds in the galaxy that we haven’t even really begun to discover yet.

InScience

News

The kilonova explosion has an almost perfect spherical shape

By Anastasia Cherkesova Sat February 18, 2023

Albert Sneppen

Astronomers have discovered that the explosion that accompanies the collision of two neutron stars has a spherical shape. This discovery will help to understand the fundamental physics of the processes that occur in space, and even clarify the age of the universe. The study is published in the journal Nature.

When two neutron stars revolve around each other and then collide, gigantic explosions occur – kilones. As a result of the reactions that accompany these events, heavy chemical elements and, for example, black holes appear. For a long time, kilonovae remained a mystery. For the first time, scientists were able to obtain data on them only in 2017, when a kilonova explosion was recorded at a distance of 140 million light-years from us. Until now, scientists continue to investigate this event.

Previously, researchers believed that the kilonova explosion should be asymmetric and have a flattened shape. However, in reality, everything is not so at all. The 2017 kilonova explosion has an almost perfect ball shape. Scientists say that this is very strange.

“The most likely way to make an explosion spherical is if a huge amount of energy rushes out of the center of the explosion and flattens out a shape that would otherwise be asymmetric. Thus, the spherical shape tells us that, probably, a powerful release of energy occurred in the center of the collision, ”said Albert Sneppen from the Niels Bohr Institute.

When two neutron stars collide, they briefly merge into one supermassive neutron star. And then it collapses into a black hole. “Perhaps a kind of “magnetic bomb” is created at the moment when the star collapses into a black hole and the energy of the huge magnetic field of a hypermassive neutron star is released. This can lead to a more spherical distribution of matter during the explosion,” said Darach Watson of the Niels Bohr Institute.

However, this assumption misses another aspect of the researchers’ discovery. All the superheavy elements that the kilonova produces must scatter in different directions. Only now, scientists have discovered only lighter elements, evenly distributed in space.

Probably neutrinos. Scientists still don’t know much about this mysterious elementary particle, but one thing they know for sure: it can turn neutrons into protons and electrons and, therefore, create lighter elements.

In addition, the shape of the kilonovae must be known because it can be used to understand the age of the Universe. Such explosions can represent a new cosmic ruler: if they are bright and mostly spherical, and we know the distance at which they are from us, then using the “cosmic distance ladder” we can find out the expansion rate of the Universe, which will allow us to understand its age.