Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions

Ahn, J., Grun, I. U., and Mustapha, A. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of natural extracts in vitro and in ground beef. J Food Prot. 2004;67(1):148-155. View abstract.

Ahn, J., Grun, I. U., and Mustapha, A. Effects of plant extracts on microbial growth, color change, and lipid oxidation in cooked beef. Food Microbiol. 2007;24(1):7-14. View abstract.

Aoki, H., Nagao, J., Ueda, T., Strong, J. M., Schonlau, F., Yu-Jing, S., Lu, Y., and Horie, S. Clinical assessment of a supplement of Pycnogenol(R) and L-arginine in Japanese patients with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction. Phytother.Res. 2012;26(2):204-207. View abstract.

Araghi-Niknam, M., Hosseini, S., Larson, D., Rohdewald, P., and Watson, R. R. Pine bark extract reduces platelet aggregation. Integr.Med. 3-21-2000;2(2):73-77. View abstract.

Asset, G., Bauge, E., Wolff, R. L., Fruchart, J. C., and Dallongeville, J. Comparison of maritime pine oil and fish oil effects on plasma lipoproteins in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2000;62(5):307-310. View abstract.

Asset, G., Bauge, E., Wolff, R. L., Fruchart, J. C., and Dallongeville, J. Pinus pinaster oil affects lipoprotein metabolism in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Nutr 1999;129(11):1972-1978. View abstract.

Baumann, L. How to prevent photoaging? J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125(4):xii-xiii. View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Hosoi, M., Ippolito, E., Bavera, P., and Grossi, M. G. Investigation of Pycnogenol(R) in combination with coenzymeQ10 in heart failure patients (NYHA II/III). Panminerva Med 2010;52(2 Suppl 1):21-25. View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, B. M., Ledda, A., Di Renzo, A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Rohdewald, P., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., and Hosoi, M. Venous ulcers: microcirculatory improvement and faster healing with local use of Pycnogenol. Angiology 2005;56(6):699-705. View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, B. M., Ledda, A., Di, Renzo A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Gizzi, G., Rohdewald, P., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Cipollone, G., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., and Hosoi, M. Diabetic ulcers: microcirculatory improvement and faster healing with pycnogenol. Clin.Appl.Thromb.Hemost. 2006;12(3):318-323. View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, B., Di, Renzo A., Grossi, M. G., Ricci, A., Dugall, M., Cornelli, U., Cacchio, M., and Rohdewald, P. Pycnogenol treatment of acute hemorrhoidal episodes. Phytother.Res. 2010;24(3):438-444. View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, S., Zulli, C., Errichi, B. M., Vinciguerra, G., Ledda, A., Di Renzo, A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Errichi, S., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Cipollone, G., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., Hosoi, M., and Rohdewald, P. Treatment of osteoarthritis with Pycnogenol. The SVOS (San Valentino Osteo-arthrosis Study). Evaluation of signs, symptoms, physical performance and vascular aspects. Phytother.Res. 2008;22(4):518-523. View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, S., Zulli, C., Errichi, B. M., Vinciguerra, G., Ledda, A., Di Renzo, A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Cipollone, G., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., Hosoi, M., and Rohdewald, P. Variations in C-reactive protein, plasma free radicals and fibrinogen values in patients with osteoarthritis treated with Pycnogenol. Redox.Rep. 2008;13(6):271-276. View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Rohdewald, P., Ricci, A., Ippolito, E., Dugall, M., Griffin, M., Ruffini, I., Acerbi, G., Vinciguerra, M. G., Bavera, P., Di Renzo, A., Errichi, B. M., and Cerritelli, F. Prevention of venous thrombosis and thrombophlebitis in long-haul flights with pycnogenol. Clin Appl.Thromb.Hemost. 2004;10(4):373-377. View abstract.

Belcaro, G. , Cesarone, M., Silvia, E., Ledda, A., Stuard, S., G V, Dougall, M., Cornelli, U., Hastings, C., and Schonlau, F. Daily consumption of Reliv Glucaffect for 8 weeks significantly lowered blood glucose and body weight in 50 subjects. Phytother.Res. 4-29-2009; View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Luzzi, R., Cesinaro Di, Rocco P., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Feragalli, B., Errichi, B. M., Ippolito, E., Grossi, M. G., Hosoi, M., Errichi, S., Cornelli, U., Ledda, A., and Gizzi, G. Pycnogenol(R) improvements in asthma management. Panminerva Med. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):57-64. View abstract.

Berryman, A. M., Maritim, A. C., Sanders, R. A., and Watkins, J. B., III. Influence of treatment of diabetic rats with combinations of pycnogenol, beta-carotene, and alpha-lipoic acid on parameters of oxidative stress. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2004;18(6):345-352. View abstract.

Bors, W., Michel, C., and Stettmaier, K. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of radical species of proanthocyanidins and gallate esters. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2-15-2000;374(2):347-355. View abstract.

Buz’Zard, A. R., Peng, Q., and Lau, B. H. Kyolic and Pycnogenol increase human growth hormone secretion in genetically-engineered keratinocytes. Growth Horm.IGF.Res. 2002;12(1):34-40. View abstract.

Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ippolito, E., Scoccianti, M., Ricci, A., Dugall, M., Cacchio, M., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., Acerbi, G., Vinciguerra, M. G., Bavera, P., Di Renzo, A., Errichi, B. M., and Mucci, F. Prevention of edema in long flights with Pycnogenol. Clin Appl.Thromb.Hemost. 2005;11(3):289-294. View abstract.

Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ledda, A., Vinciguerra, G., Ricci, A., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Fano, F., Dugall, M., Acerbi, G., Cacchio, M., Di Renzo, A., Hosoi, M., Stuard, S., and Corsi, M. Comparison of Pycnogenol and Daflon in treating chronic venous insufficiency: a prospective, controlled study. Clin Appl Thromb.Hemost. 2006;12(2):205-212. View abstract.

Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ledda, A., Vinciguerra, G., Ricci, A., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Fano, F., Dugall, M., Acerbi, G., Cacchio, M., Di Renzo, A., Hosoi, M., Stuard, S., and Corsi, M. Rapid relief of signs/symptoms in chronic venous microangiopathy with pycnogenol: a prospective, controlled study. Angiology 2006;57(5):569-576. View abstract.

Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ledda, A., Vinciguerra, G., Ricci, A., Ippolito, E., Fano, F., Dugall, M., Cacchio, M., Di, Renzo A., Hosoi, M., Stuard, S., and Corsi, M. Improvement of signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency and microangiopathy with Pycnogenol: a prospective, controlled study. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(11):835-839. View abstract.

Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Stuard, S., Schonlau, F., Di, Renzo A., Grossi, M. G., Dugall, M., Cornelli, U., Cacchio, M., Gizzi, G., and Pellegrini, L. Kidney flow and function in hypertension: protective effects of pycnogenol in hypertensive participants–a controlled study. J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol.Ther. 2010;15(1):41-46. View abstract.

Chayasirisobhon, S. Use of a pine bark extract and antioxidant vitamin combination product as therapy for migraine in patients refractory to pharmacologic medication. Headache 2006;46(5):788-793. View abstract.

Cho, K. J., Yun, C. H., Packer, L., and Chung, A. S. Inhibition mechanisms of bioflavonoids extracted from the bark of Pinus maritima on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;928:141-156. View abstract.

Cho, K. J., Yun, C. H., Yoon, D. Y., Cho, Y. S., Rimbach, G., Packer, L., and Chung, A. S. Effect of bioflavonoids extracted from the bark of Pinus maritima on proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7. Toxicol Appl.Pharmacol 10-1-2000;168(1):64-71. View abstract.

Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sivonova, M., Dvorakova, M., Zitnanova, I., Waczulikova, I., Trebaticka, J., Skodacek, I., and Durackova, Z. Effect of polyphenolic extract, Pycnogenol, on the level of 8-oxoguanine in children suffering from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Free Radic.Res 2006;40(9):1003-1010. View abstract.

Cisar, P., Jany, R., Waczulikova, I., Sumegova, K., Muchova, J., Vojtassak, J., Durackova, Z., Lisy, M., and Rohdewald, P. Effect of pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) on symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Phytother.Res. 2008;22(8):1087-1092. View abstract.

Clark, C. E., Arnold, E., Lasserson, T. J., and Wu, T. Herbal interventions for chronic asthma in adults and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim.Care Respir.J 2010;19(4):307-314. View abstract.

Dene, B. A., Maritim, A. C., Sanders, R. A., and Watkins, J. B., III. Effects of antioxidant treatment on normal and diabetic rat retinal enzyme activities. J Ocul.Pharmacol Ther 2005;21(1):28-35. View abstract.

Devaraj, S., Vega-Lopez, S., Kaul, N., Schonlau, F., Rohdewald, P., and Jialal, I. Supplementation with a pine bark extract rich in polyphenols increases plasma antioxidant capacity and alters the plasma lipoprotein profile. Lipids 2002;37(10):931-934. View abstract.

Drieling, R. L., Gardner, C. D., Ma, J., Ahn, D. K., and Stafford, R. S. No beneficial effects of pine bark extract on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Arch.Intern.Med. 9-27-2010;170(17):1541-1547. View abstract.

Durackova, B. Trebatický V. Novotný I. Žit®anová J. Breza. Lipid metabolism and erectile function improvement by Pycnogenol®, extract from the bark of Pinus pinaster in patients suffering from erectile dysfunction – a pilot study. Nutrition Research 2003;23(9):1189-1198.

Durackova, Z., Trebaticky, B., Novotny, V., Zitnanova, A., and Breza, J. Lipid metabolism and erectile dysfunction improvement by Pycnogenol(R), extract from the bark of Pinus pinaster in patients suffering from erectile dysfunction — a pilot study. Nutr.Res. 2003;23:1189-1198.

Dvorakova, M., Jezova, D., Blazicek, P., Trebaticka, J., Skodacek, I., Suba, J., Iveta, W., Rohdewald, P., and Durackova, Z. Urinary catecholamines in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): modulation by a polyphenolic extract from pine bark (pycnogenol). Nutr.Neurosci. 2007;10(3-4):151-157. View abstract.

Dvorakova, M., Paduchova, Z., Muchova, J., Durackova, Z., and Collins, A. R. How does pycnogenol(R) influence oxidative damage to DNA and its repair ability in elderly people? Prague.Med.Rep. 2010;111(4):263-271. View abstract.

Dvorakova, M., Sivonova, M., Trebaticka, J., Skodacek, I., Waczulikova, I., Muchova, J., and Durackova, Z. The effect of polyphenolic extract from pine bark, Pycnogenol on the level of glutathione in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Redox.Rep. 2006;11(4):163-172. View abstract.

Enseleit, F., Sudano, I., Periat, D., Winnik, S., Wolfrum, M., Flammer, A. J., Frohlich, G. M., Kaiser, P., Hirt, A., Haile, S. R., Krasniqi, N., Matter, C. M., Uhlenhut, K., Hogger, P., Neidhart, M., Luscher, T. F., Ruschitzka, F., and Noll, G. Effects of Pycnogenol on endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Eur.Heart J. 2012;33(13):1589-1597. View abstract.

Errichi, B. M., Belcaro, G., Hosoi, M., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Feragalli, B., Bavera, P., Hosoi, M., Zulli, C., Corsi, M., Ledda, A., Luzzi, R., and Ricci, A. Prevention of post thrombotic syndrome with Pycnogenol(R) in a twelve month study. Panminerva Med. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):21-27. View abstract.

Errichi, S., Bottari, A., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Hosoi, M., Cornelli, U., Dugall, M., Ledda, A., and Feragalli, B. Supplementation with Pycnogenol(R) improves signs and symptoms of menopausal transition. Panminerva Med. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):65-70. View abstract.

Ferri, C. and Grassi, D. Antioxidants and beneficial microvascular effects: is this the remedy? Hypertension 2010;55(6):1310-1311. View abstract.

Furumura, M., Sato, N., Kusaba, N., Takagaki, K., and Nakayama, J. Oral administration of French maritime pine bark extract (Flavangenol((R))) improves clinical symptoms in photoaged facial skin. Clin.Interv. Aging 2012;7:275-286. View abstract.

Golanski, J., Muchova, J., Golanski, R., Durackova, Z., Markuszewski, L., and Watala, C. Does pycnogenol intensify the efficacy of acetylsalicylic acid in the inhibition of platelet function? In vitro experience. Postepy Hig.Med Dosw.(Online.) 2006;60:316-321. View abstract.

Grimm, T., Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sumegova, K., Liptakova, A., Durackova, Z., and Hogger, P. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation and MMP-9 secretion by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). J Inflamm.(Lond) 2006;3:1. View abstract.

Grimm, T., Schafer, A., and Hogger, P. Antioxidant activity and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases by metabolites of maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol). Free Radic.Biol Med 3-15-2004;36(6):811-822. View abstract.

Grimm, T., Skrabala, R., Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sumegova, K., Liptakova, A., Durackova, Z., and Hogger, P. Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol) after oral administration to healthy volunteers. BMC.Clin Pharmacol 2006;6:4. View abstract.

Grossi, M. G., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Hosoi, M., Cacchio, M., Ippolito, E., and Bavera, P. Improvement in cochlear flow with Pycnogenol(R) in patients with tinnitus: a pilot evaluation. Panminerva Med. 2010;52(2 Suppl 1):63-67. View abstract.

Hasegawa, N. Stimulation of lipolysis by pycnogenol. Phytother Res 1999;13(7):619-620. View abstract.

Henrotin, Y., Lambert, C., Couchourel, D., Ripoll, C., and Chiotelli, E. Nutraceuticals: do they represent a new era in the management of osteoarthritis? – a narrative review from the lessons taken with five products. Osteoarthritis.Cartilage. 2011;19(1):1-21. View abstract.

Horakova, L., Licht, A., Sandig, G., Jakstadt, M., Durackova, Z., and Grune, T. Standardized extracts of flavonoids increase the viability of PC12 cells treated with hydrogen peroxide: effects on oxidative injury. Arch Toxicol 2003;77(1):22-29. View abstract.

Hosseini S, Pishnamazi S Sadrzadeh SMH Farid F Farid R Watson RR. Pycnogenol in the management of asthma. J Medicinal Food 2001;4(4):201-209.

Hosseini, S., Lee, J., Sepulveda, R. T., Fagan, T., Rohdewald, P., and Watson, R. R. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, prospective 16 week crossover study to determine the role of Pycnogenol(R) in modifying blood pressure in mildly hypertensive patients. Nutr.Res. 2001;21(9):67-76.

Hosseini, S., Pishnamazi, S., Sadrzadeh, S. M., Farid, F., Farid, R., and Watson, R. R. Pycnogenol((R)) in the Management of Asthma. J Med Food 2001;4(4):201-209. View abstract.

Huang, W. W., Yang, J. S., Lin, C. F., Ho, W. J., and Lee, M. R. Pycnogenol induces differentiation and apoptosis in human promyeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. Leuk.Res 2005;29(6):685-692. View abstract.

Huynh, H. T. and Teel, R. W. Effects of intragastrically administered Pycnogenol on NNK metabolism in F344 rats. Anticancer Res 1999;19(3A):2095-2099. View abstract.

Huynh, H. T. and Teel, R. W. Effects of pycnogenol on the microsomal metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK as a function of age. Cancer Lett 10-23-1998;132(1-2):135-139. View abstract.

Huynh, H. T. and Teel, R. W. Selective induction of apoptosis in human mammary cancer cells (MCF-7) by pycnogenol. Anticancer Res 2000;20(4):2417-2420. View abstract.

Jialal I, Devaraj S Hirany S et al. The effect of pycnogenol supplementation on markers of inflammation. Alternative Therapies 2001;7:S17.

Kim, H. C. and Healey, J. M. Effects of pine bark extract administered to immunosuppressed adult mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Am J Chin Med 2001;29(3-4):469-475. View abstract.

Kim, J., Chehade, J., Pinnas, J. L., and Mooradian, A. D. Effect of select antioxidants on malondialdehyde modification of proteins. Nutrition 2000;16(11-12):1079-1081. View abstract.

Kim, Y. G. and Park, H. Y. The effects of Pycnogenol on DNA damage in vitro and expression of superoxide dismutase and HP1 in Escherichia coli SOD and catalase deficient mutant cells. Phytother.Res 2004;18(11):900-905. View abstract.

Kimbrough, C., Chun, M., dela, Roca G., and Lau, B. H. PYCNOGENOL chewing gum minimizes gingival bleeding and plaque formation. Phytomedicine 2002;9(5):410-413. View abstract.

Kobayashi, M. S., Han, D., and Packer, L. Antioxidants and herbal extracts protect HT-4 neuronal cells against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. Free Radic.Res 2000;32(2):115-124. View abstract.

Kohama T, Negami M. Effect of Low-dose French Maritime Pine Bark Extract on Climacteric Syndrome in 170 Perimenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. J Reproductive Med 2013;58(1):39-47.

Ledda, A., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., and Schonlau, F. Investigation of a complex plant extract for mild to moderate erectile dysfunction in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study. BJU.Int. 2010;106(7):1030-1033. View abstract.

Liu, X., Wei, J., Tan, F., Zhou, S., Wurthwein, G., and Rohdewald, P. Pycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, improves endothelial function of hypertensive patients. Life Sci 1-2-2004;74(7):855-862. View abstract.

Luzzi, R., Belcaro, G., Zulli, C., Cesarone, M. R., Cornelli, U., Dugall, M., Hosoi, M., and Feragalli, B. Pycnogenol(R) supplementation improves cognitive function, attention and mental performance in students. Panminerva Med. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):75-82. View abstract.

Mach, J., Midgley, A. W., Dank, S., Grant, R. S., and Bentley, D. J. The effect of antioxidant supplementation on fatigue during exercise: potential role for NAD+(H). Nutrients. 2010;2(3):319-329. View abstract.

Macrides, T. A., Shihata, A., Kalafatis, N., and Wright, P. F. A comparison of the hydroxyl radical scavenging properties of the shark bile steroid 5 beta-scymnol and plant pycnogenols. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1997;42(6):1249-1260. View abstract.

Marini, A., Grether-Beck, S., Jaenicke, T., Weber, M., Burki, C., Formann, P., Brenden, H., Schonlau, F., and Krutmann, J. Pycnogenol(R) effects on skin elasticity and hydration coincide with increased gene expressions of collagen type I and hyaluronic acid synthase in women. Skin Pharmacol.Physiol 2012;25(2):86-92. View abstract.

Maritim, A., Dene, B. A., Sanders, R. A., and Watkins, J. B., III. Effects of pycnogenol treatment on oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2003;17(3):193-199. View abstract.

Mochizuki, M. and Hasegawa, N. Pycnogenol stimulates lipolysis in 3t3-L1 cells via stimulation of beta-receptor mediated activity. Phytother Res 2004;18(12):1029-1030. View abstract.

Mochizuki, M. and Hasegawa, N. Therapeutic efficacy of pycnogenol in experimental inflammatory bowel diseases. Phytother Res 2004;18(12):1027-1028. View abstract.

Moini, H., Arroyo, A., Vaya, J., and Packer, L. Bioflavonoid effects on the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain and cytochrome c redox state. Redox.Rep 1999;4(1-2):35-41. View abstract.

Moini, H., Guo, Q., and Packe, L. Xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase inhibition by the procyanidin-rich French maritime pine bark extract, pycnogenol: a protein binding effect. Adv.Exp Med Biol 2002;505:141-149. View abstract.

Moini, H., Guo, Q., and Packer, L. Protein binding of procyanidins: studies using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and French maritime pine bark extract. Methods Enzymol. 2001;335:333-337. View abstract.

Nelson, A. B., Lau, B. H., Ide, N., and Rong, Y. Pycnogenol inhibits macrophage oxidative burst, lipoprotein oxidation, and hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage. Drug Dev.Ind Pharm 1998;24(2):139-144. View abstract.

Ni, Z., Mu, Y., and Gulati, O. Treatment of melasma with Pycnogenol. Phytother.Res. 2002;16(6):567-571. View abstract.

Nikolova, V., Stanislavov, R., Vatev, I., Nalbanski, B., and Punevska, M. [Sperm parameters in male idiopathic infertility after treatment with prelox]. Akush.Ginekol.(Sofiia) 2007;46(5):7-12. View abstract.

Noda, Y., Anzai, K., Mori, A., Kohno, M., Shinmei, M., and Packer, L. Hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities of natural source antioxidants using the computerized JES-FR30 ESR spectrometer system. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1997;42(1):35-44. View abstract.

Ohkita, M., Kiso, Y., and Matsumura, Y. Pharmacology in health foods: improvement of vascular endothelial function by French maritime pine bark extract (Flavangenol). J.Pharmacol.Sci. 2011;115(4):461-465. View abstract.

Packer, L., Rimbach, G., and Virgili, F. Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (Pinus maritima) bark, pycnogenol. Free Radic.Biol Med 1999;27(5-6):704-724. View abstract.

Pavone, C., Abbadessa, D., Tarantino, M. L., Oxenius, I., Lagana, A., Lupo, A., and Rinella, M. [Associating Serenoa repens, Urtica dioica and Pinus pinaster. Safety and efficacy in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Prospective study on 320 patients]. Urologia. 2010;77(1):43-51. View abstract.

Peng, Q. L., Buz’Zard, A. R., and Lau, B. H. Pycnogenol protects neurons from amyloid-beta peptide-induced apoptosis. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 7-15-2002;104(1):55-65. View abstract.

Peng, Q., Wei, Z., and Lau, B. H. Pycnogenol inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced nuclear factor kappa B activation and adhesion molecule expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2000;57(5):834-841. View abstract.

Perera, N., Liolitsa, D., Iype, S., Croxford, A., Yassin, M., Lang, P., Ukaegbu, O., and van, Issum C. Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;8:CD004322. View abstract.

Reuter, J., Wolfle, U., Korting, H. C., and Schempp, C. Which plant for which skin disease? Part 2: Dermatophytes, chronic venous insufficiency, photoprotection, actinic keratoses, vitiligo, hair loss, cosmetic indications. J.Dtsch.Dermatol.Ges. 2010;8(11):866-873. View abstract.

Rimbach, G., Virgili, F., Park, Y. C., and Packer, L. Effect of procyanidins from Pinus maritima on glutathione levels in endothelial cells challenged by 3-morpholinosydnonimine or activated macrophages. Redox.Rep 1999;4(4):171-177. View abstract.

Rohdewald P. Bioavailability and metabolism of pycnogenol. Eur Bull Drug Res 1999;7:5-7.

Rohdewald P. Reducing the risk for stroke and heart infarction with pycnogenol. Eur Bull Drug Res 1999;7:14-18.

Rong, Y., Li, L., Shah, V., and Lau, B. H. Pycnogenol protects vascular endothelial cells from t-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidant injury. Biotechnol Ther 1994;5(3-4):117-126. View abstract.

Roseff SJ, Gulati R. Improvement of sperm quality by pycnogenol. Eur Bull Drug Res 1999;7:33-36.

Roseff, S. J. Improvement in sperm quality and function with French maritime pine tree bark extract. J Reprod Med 2002;47(10):821-824. View abstract.

Rucklidge, J. J., Johnstone, J., and Kaplan, B. J. Nutrient supplementation approaches in the treatment of ADHD. Expert.Rev.Neurother. 2009;9(4):461-476. View abstract.

Ryan, J., Croft, K., Mori, T., Wesnes, K., Spong, J., Downey, L., Kure, C., Lloyd, J., and Stough, C. An examination of the effects of the antioxidant Pycnogenol on cognitive performance, serum lipid profile, endocrinological and oxidative stress biomarkers in an elderly population. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22(5):553-562. View abstract.

Schafer, A., Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sumegova, K., Liptakova, A., Durackova, Z., and Hogger, P. Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). Biomed.Pharmacother. 2006;60(1):5-9. View abstract.

Schmidtke I, Schoop W. Pycnogenol: stasis oedema and its medical treatment. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur GanzheitsMedizin 1995;3:114-115.

Schoonees, A., Visser, J., Musekiwa, A., and Volmink, J. Pycnogenol((R)) for the treatment of chronic disorders. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;2:CD008294. View abstract.

Schoonees, A., Visser, J., Musekiwa, A., and Volmink, J. Pycnogenol(R) (extract of French maritime pine bark) for the treatment of chronic disorders. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;4:CD008294. View abstract.

Segger, D. and Schonlau, F. Supplementation with Evelle improves skin smoothness and elasticity in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 62 women. J Dermatolog.Treat. 2004;15(4):222-226. View abstract.

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Stuard, S., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Ricci, A., Dugall, M., Cornelli, U., Gizzi, G., Pellegrini, L., and Rohdewald, P. J. Kidney function in metabolic syndrome may be improved with Pycnogenol(R). Panminerva Med. 2010;52(2 Suppl 1):27-32. View abstract.

Suzuki, N., Uebaba, K., Kohama, T., Moniwa, N., Kanayama, N., and Koike, K. French maritime pine bark extract significantly lowers the requirement for analgesic medication in dysmenorrhea: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Reprod.Med. 2008;53(5):338-346. View abstract.

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Zhang, D., Tao, Y., Gao, J., Zhang, C., Wan, S., Chen, Y., Huang, X., Sun, X., Duan, S., Schonlau, F., Rohdewald, P., and Zhao, B. Pycnogenol in cigarette filters scavenges free radicals and reduces mutagenicity and toxicity of tobacco smoke in vivo. Toxicol Ind Health 2002;18(5):215-224. View abstract.

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Pycnogenol: Uses and Risks

Pycnogenol is a compound of natural chemicals. It comes from the bark of a European pine tree.

Pycnogenol is thought to be an antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage.

Pycnogenol is the registered trademark name for a French formula. The active ingredients in pycnogenol can also be extracted from other sources, including peanut skin, grape seed, and witch hazel bark.

Why do people take pycnogenol?

Pycnogenol seems to help with asthma and allergies. Early research shows that taking it at least 5 weeks before the start of allergy season seems to lessen symptoms.

In a small/preliminary study of kids with asthma, pycnogenol helped improve symptoms. It also lessened the amount of asthma medication they needed.

Pycnogenol may have benefits for heart and artery health. It seems to lower blood pressure and improve blood flow to the legs. Some small studies suggest it may also protect against coronary artery disease and blood clots.

There’s good evidence that pycnogenol helps with eye damage caused by diabetes. There is limited evidence that it could be used in treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

More research is needed to see how this supplement affects all of these conditions.

Pycnogenol may help with other conditions as well. They include:

We need more research to know for sure if pycnogenol helps treat these conditions.

Optimal doses of pycnogenol have not been set for any condition. Quality and active ingredients in supplements may vary widely from maker to maker. This makes it very hard to set a standard dose. Ask your doctor for advice.

Can you get pycnogenol naturally from foods?

Traditionally, people might drink a brew made from pine bark — rich in pycnogenol — as a treatment.

What are the risks?

Tell your doctor about any supplements you’re taking, even if they’re natural. That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with medications.

Side effects. Pycnogenol seems well-tolerated for use in adults for up to 6 months. It may cause side effects such as:

Risks. Pycnogenol may stimulate the immune system. So it may not be safe for people with immune disorders, such as:

It’s not known if pycnogenol is safe for children or for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Interactions. If you take any medications regularly, talk to your doctor before you start using pycnogenol supplements. They could interact with medicines to suppress the immune system, chemotherapy drugs, and blood thinners.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does regulate dietary supplements; however, it treats them like foods rather than medications. Unlike drug manufacturers, the makers of supplements don’t have to show their products are safe or effective before selling them on the market.

Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews

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Aoki, H., Nagao, J., Ueda, T., Strong, J. M., Schonlau, F., Yu-Jing, S., Lu, Y., and Horie, S. Clinical assessment of a supplement of Pycnogenol(R) and L-arginine in Japanese patients with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction. Phytother.Res. 2012;26(2):204-207. View abstract.

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Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Hosoi, M., Ippolito, E., Bavera, P., and Grossi, M. G. Investigation of Pycnogenol(R) in combination with coenzymeQ10 in heart failure patients (NYHA II/III). Panminerva Med 2010;52(2 Suppl 1):21-25. View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, B. M., Ledda, A., Di Renzo, A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Rohdewald, P., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., and Hosoi, M. Venous ulcers: microcirculatory improvement and faster healing with local use of Pycnogenol. Angiology 2005;56(6):699-705. View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, B. M., Ledda, A., Di, Renzo A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Gizzi, G., Rohdewald, P., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Cipollone, G., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., and Hosoi, M. Diabetic ulcers: microcirculatory improvement and faster healing with pycnogenol. Clin.Appl.Thromb.Hemost. 2006;12(3):318-323. View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, B., Di, Renzo A., Grossi, M. G., Ricci, A., Dugall, M., Cornelli, U., Cacchio, M., and Rohdewald, P. Pycnogenol treatment of acute hemorrhoidal episodes. Phytother.Res. 2010;24(3):438-444. View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, S., Zulli, C., Errichi, B. M., Vinciguerra, G., Ledda, A., Di Renzo, A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Errichi, S., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Cipollone, G., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., Hosoi, M., and Rohdewald, P. Treatment of osteoarthritis with Pycnogenol. The SVOS (San Valentino Osteo-arthrosis Study). Evaluation of signs, symptoms, physical performance and vascular aspects. Phytother.Res. 2008;22(4):518-523. View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, S., Zulli, C., Errichi, B. M., Vinciguerra, G., Ledda, A., Di Renzo, A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Cipollone, G., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., Hosoi, M., and Rohdewald, P. Variations in C-reactive protein, plasma free radicals and fibrinogen values in patients with osteoarthritis treated with Pycnogenol. Redox.Rep. 2008;13(6):271-276. View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Rohdewald, P., Ricci, A., Ippolito, E., Dugall, M., Griffin, M., Ruffini, I., Acerbi, G., Vinciguerra, M. G., Bavera, P., Di Renzo, A., Errichi, B. M., and Cerritelli, F. Prevention of venous thrombosis and thrombophlebitis in long-haul flights with pycnogenol. Clin Appl.Thromb.Hemost. 2004;10(4):373-377. View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M., Silvia, E., Ledda, A., Stuard, S., G V, Dougall, M., Cornelli, U., Hastings, C., and Schonlau, F. Daily consumption of Reliv Glucaffect for 8 weeks significantly lowered blood glucose and body weight in 50 subjects. Phytother.Res. 4-29-2009; View abstract.

Belcaro, G., Luzzi, R., Cesinaro Di, Rocco P., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Feragalli, B., Errichi, B. M., Ippolito, E., Grossi, M. G., Hosoi, M., Errichi, S., Cornelli, U., Ledda, A., and Gizzi, G. Pycnogenol(R) improvements in asthma management. Panminerva Med. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):57-64. View abstract.

Berryman, A. M., Maritim, A. C., Sanders, R. A., and Watkins, J. B., III. Influence of treatment of diabetic rats with combinations of pycnogenol, beta-carotene, and alpha-lipoic acid on parameters of oxidative stress. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2004;18(6):345-352. View abstract.

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Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ippolito, E., Scoccianti, M., Ricci, A., Dugall, M., Cacchio, M., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., Acerbi, G., Vinciguerra, M. G., Bavera, P., Di Renzo, A., Errichi, B. M., and Mucci, F. Prevention of edema in long flights with Pycnogenol. Clin Appl.Thromb.Hemost. 2005;11(3):289-294. View abstract.

Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ledda, A., Vinciguerra, G., Ricci, A., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Fano, F., Dugall, M., Acerbi, G., Cacchio, M., Di Renzo, A., Hosoi, M., Stuard, S., and Corsi, M. Comparison of Pycnogenol and Daflon in treating chronic venous insufficiency: a prospective, controlled study. Clin Appl Thromb.Hemost. 2006;12(2):205-212. View abstract.

Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ledda, A., Vinciguerra, G., Ricci, A., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Fano, F., Dugall, M., Acerbi, G., Cacchio, M., Di Renzo, A., Hosoi, M., Stuard, S., and Corsi, M. Rapid relief of signs/symptoms in chronic venous microangiopathy with pycnogenol: a prospective, controlled study. Angiology 2006;57(5):569-576. View abstract.

Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ledda, A., Vinciguerra, G., Ricci, A., Ippolito, E., Fano, F., Dugall, M., Cacchio, M., Di, Renzo A., Hosoi, M., Stuard, S., and Corsi, M. Improvement of signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency and microangiopathy with Pycnogenol: a prospective, controlled study. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(11):835-839. View abstract.

Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Stuard, S., Schonlau, F., Di, Renzo A., Grossi, M. G., Dugall, M., Cornelli, U., Cacchio, M., Gizzi, G., and Pellegrini, L. Kidney flow and function in hypertension: protective effects of pycnogenol in hypertensive participants–a controlled study. J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol.Ther. 2010;15(1):41-46. View abstract.

Chayasirisobhon, S. Use of a pine bark extract and antioxidant vitamin combination product as therapy for migraine in patients refractory to pharmacologic medication. Headache 2006;46(5):788-793. View abstract.

Cho, K. J., Yun, C. H., Packer, L., and Chung, A. S. Inhibition mechanisms of bioflavonoids extracted from the bark of Pinus maritima on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;928:141-156. View abstract.

Cho, K. J., Yun, C. H., Yoon, D. Y., Cho, Y. S., Rimbach, G., Packer, L., and Chung, A. S. Effect of bioflavonoids extracted from the bark of Pinus maritima on proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7. Toxicol Appl.Pharmacol 10-1-2000;168(1):64-71. View abstract.

Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sivonova, M., Dvorakova, M., Zitnanova, I., Waczulikova, I., Trebaticka, J., Skodacek, I., and Durackova, Z. Effect of polyphenolic extract, Pycnogenol, on the level of 8-oxoguanine in children suffering from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Free Radic.Res 2006;40(9):1003-1010. View abstract.

Cisar, P., Jany, R., Waczulikova, I., Sumegova, K., Muchova, J., Vojtassak, J., Durackova, Z., Lisy, M., and Rohdewald, P. Effect of pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) on symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Phytother.Res. 2008;22(8):1087-1092. View abstract.

Clark, C. E., Arnold, E., Lasserson, T. J., and Wu, T. Herbal interventions for chronic asthma in adults and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim.Care Respir.J 2010;19(4):307-314. View abstract.

Dene, B. A., Maritim, A. C., Sanders, R. A., and Watkins, J. B., III. Effects of antioxidant treatment on normal and diabetic rat retinal enzyme activities. J Ocul.Pharmacol Ther 2005;21(1):28-35. View abstract.

Devaraj, S., Vega-Lopez, S., Kaul, N., Schonlau, F., Rohdewald, P., and Jialal, I. Supplementation with a pine bark extract rich in polyphenols increases plasma antioxidant capacity and alters the plasma lipoprotein profile. Lipids 2002;37(10):931-934. View abstract.

Drieling, R. L., Gardner, C. D., Ma, J., Ahn, D. K., and Stafford, R. S. No beneficial effects of pine bark extract on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Arch.Intern.Med. 9-27-2010;170(17):1541-1547. View abstract.

Durackova, B. Trebatický V. Novotný I. Žit®anová J. Breza. Lipid metabolism and erectile function improvement by Pycnogenol®, extract from the bark of Pinus pinaster in patients suffering from erectile dysfunction – a pilot study. Nutrition Research 2003;23(9):1189-1198.

Durackova, Z., Trebaticky, B., Novotny, V., Zitnanova, A., and Breza, J. Lipid metabolism and erectile dysfunction improvement by Pycnogenol(R), extract from the bark of Pinus pinaster in patients suffering from erectile dysfunction — a pilot study. Nutr.Res. 2003;23:1189-1198.

Dvorakova, M., Jezova, D., Blazicek, P., Trebaticka, J., Skodacek, I., Suba, J., Iveta, W., Rohdewald, P., and Durackova, Z. Urinary catecholamines in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): modulation by a polyphenolic extract from pine bark (pycnogenol). Nutr.Neurosci. 2007;10(3-4):151-157. View abstract.

Dvorakova, M., Paduchova, Z., Muchova, J., Durackova, Z., and Collins, A. R. How does pycnogenol(R) influence oxidative damage to DNA and its repair ability in elderly people? Prague.Med.Rep. 2010;111(4):263-271. View abstract.

Dvorakova, M., Sivonova, M., Trebaticka, J., Skodacek, I., Waczulikova, I., Muchova, J., and Durackova, Z. The effect of polyphenolic extract from pine bark, Pycnogenol on the level of glutathione in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Redox.Rep. 2006;11(4):163-172. View abstract.

Enseleit, F., Sudano, I., Periat, D., Winnik, S., Wolfrum, M., Flammer, A. J., Frohlich, G. M., Kaiser, P., Hirt, A., Haile, S. R., Krasniqi, N., Matter, C. M., Uhlenhut, K., Hogger, P., Neidhart, M., Luscher, T. F., Ruschitzka, F., and Noll, G. Effects of Pycnogenol on endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Eur.Heart J. 2012;33(13):1589-1597. View abstract.

Errichi, B. M., Belcaro, G., Hosoi, M., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Feragalli, B., Bavera, P., Hosoi, M., Zulli, C., Corsi, M., Ledda, A., Luzzi, R., and Ricci, A. Prevention of post thrombotic syndrome with Pycnogenol(R) in a twelve month study. Panminerva Med. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):21-27. View abstract.

Errichi, S., Bottari, A., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Hosoi, M., Cornelli, U., Dugall, M., Ledda, A., and Feragalli, B. Supplementation with Pycnogenol(R) improves signs and symptoms of menopausal transition. Panminerva Med. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):65-70. View abstract.

Furumura, M., Sato, N., Kusaba, N., Takagaki, K., and Nakayama, J. Oral administration of French maritime pine bark extract (Flavangenol((R))) improves clinical symptoms in photoaged facial skin. Clin.Interv.Aging 2012;7:275-286. View abstract.

Grimm, T., Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sumegova, K., Liptakova, A., Durackova, Z., and Hogger, P. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation and MMP-9 secretion by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). J Inflamm.(Lond) 2006;3:1. View abstract.

Grimm, T., Skrabala, R., Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sumegova, K., Liptakova, A., Durackova, Z., and Hogger, P. Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol) after oral administration to healthy volunteers. BMC.Clin Pharmacol 2006;6:4. View abstract.

Grossi, M. G., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Hosoi, M., Cacchio, M., Ippolito, E., and Bavera, P. Improvement in cochlear flow with Pycnogenol(R) in patients with tinnitus: a pilot evaluation. Panminerva Med. 2010;52(2 Suppl 1):63-67. View abstract.

Hasegawa, N. Stimulation of lipolysis by pycnogenol. Phytother Res 1999;13(7):619-620. View abstract.

Henrotin, Y., Lambert, C., Couchourel, D., Ripoll, C., and Chiotelli, E. Nutraceuticals: do they represent a new era in the management of osteoarthritis? – a narrative review from the lessons taken with five products. Osteoarthritis.Cartilage. 2011;19(1):1-21. View abstract.

Hosseini S, Pishnamazi S Sadrzadeh SMH Farid F Farid R Watson RR. Pycnogenol in the management of asthma. J Medicinal Food 2001;4(4):201-209.

Hosseini, S., Lee, J., Sepulveda, R. T., Fagan, T., Rohdewald, P., and Watson, R. R. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, prospective 16 week crossover study to determine the role of Pycnogenol(R) in modifying blood pressure in mildly hypertensive patients. Nutr.Res. 2001;21(9):67-76.

Hosseini, S., Pishnamazi, S., Sadrzadeh, S. M., Farid, F., Farid, R., and Watson, R. R. Pycnogenol((R)) in the Management of Asthma. J Med Food 2001;4(4):201-209. View abstract.

Huang, W. W., Yang, J. S., Lin, C. F., Ho, W. J., and Lee, M. R. Pycnogenol induces differentiation and apoptosis in human promyeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. Leuk.Res 2005;29(6):685-692. View abstract.

Huynh, H. T. and Teel, R. W. Effects of intragastrically administered Pycnogenol on NNK metabolism in F344 rats. Anticancer Res 1999;19(3A):2095-2099. View abstract.

Huynh, H. T. and Teel, R. W. Effects of pycnogenol on the microsomal metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK as a function of age. Cancer Lett 10-23-1998;132(1-2):135-139. View abstract.

Huynh, H. T. and Teel, R. W. Selective induction of apoptosis in human mammary cancer cells (MCF-7) by pycnogenol. Anticancer Res 2000;20(4):2417-2420. View abstract.

Kim, H. C. and Healey, J. M. Effects of pine bark extract administered to immunosuppressed adult mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Am J Chin Med 2001;29(3-4):469-475. View abstract.

Kim, Y. G. and Park, H. Y. The effects of Pycnogenol on DNA damage in vitro and expression of superoxide dismutase and HP1 in Escherichia coli SOD and catalase deficient mutant cells. Phytother.Res 2004;18(11):900-905. View abstract.

Kimbrough, C., Chun, M., dela, Roca G., and Lau, B. H. PYCNOGENOL chewing gum minimizes gingival bleeding and plaque formation. Phytomedicine 2002;9(5):410-413. View abstract.

Kobayashi, M. S., Han, D., and Packer, L. Antioxidants and herbal extracts protect HT-4 neuronal cells against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. Free Radic.Res 2000;32(2):115-124. View abstract.

Kohama T, Negami M. Effect of Low-dose French Maritime Pine Bark Extract on Climacteric Syndrome in 170 Perimenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. J Reproductive Med 2013;58(1):39-47.

Ledda, A., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., and Schonlau, F. Investigation of a complex plant extract for mild to moderate erectile dysfunction in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study. BJU.Int. 2010;106(7):1030-1033. View abstract.

Liu, X., Wei, J., Tan, F., Zhou, S., Wurthwein, G., and Rohdewald, P. Pycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, improves endothelial function of hypertensive patients. Life Sci 1-2-2004;74(7):855-862. View abstract.

Luzzi, R., Belcaro, G., Zulli, C., Cesarone, M. R., Cornelli, U., Dugall, M., Hosoi, M., and Feragalli, B. Pycnogenol(R) supplementation improves cognitive function, attention and mental performance in students. Panminerva Med. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):75-82. View abstract.

Mach, J., Midgley, A. W., Dank, S., Grant, R. S., and Bentley, D. J. The effect of antioxidant supplementation on fatigue during exercise: potential role for NAD+(H). Nutrients. 2010;2(3):319-329. View abstract.

Macrides, T. A., Shihata, A., Kalafatis, N., and Wright, P. F. A comparison of the hydroxyl radical scavenging properties of the shark bile steroid 5 beta-scymnol and plant pycnogenols. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1997;42(6):1249-1260. View abstract.

Marini, A., Grether-Beck, S., Jaenicke, T., Weber, M., Burki, C., Formann, P., Brenden, H., Schonlau, F., and Krutmann, J. Pycnogenol(R) effects on skin elasticity and hydration coincide with increased gene expressions of collagen type I and hyaluronic acid synthase in women. Skin Pharmacol.Physiol 2012;25(2):86-92. View abstract.

Maritim, A., Dene, B. A., Sanders, R. A., and Watkins, J. B., III. Effects of pycnogenol treatment on oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2003;17(3):193-199. View abstract.

Mochizuki, M. and Hasegawa, N. Pycnogenol stimulates lipolysis in 3t3-L1 cells via stimulation of beta-receptor mediated activity. Phytother Res 2004;18(12):1029-1030. View abstract.

Mochizuki, M. and Hasegawa, N. Therapeutic efficacy of pycnogenol in experimental inflammatory bowel diseases. Phytother Res 2004;18(12):1027-1028. View abstract.

Moini, H., Arroyo, A., Vaya, J., and Packer, L. Bioflavonoid effects on the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain and cytochrome c redox state. Redox.Rep 1999;4(1-2):35-41. View abstract.

Nelson, A. B., Lau, B. H., Ide, N., and Rong, Y. Pycnogenol inhibits macrophage oxidative burst, lipoprotein oxidation, and hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage. Drug Dev.Ind Pharm 1998;24(2):139-144. View abstract.

Ni, Z., Mu, Y., and Gulati, O. Treatment of melasma with Pycnogenol. Phytother.Res. 2002;16(6):567-571. View abstract.

Nikolova, V., Stanislavov, R., Vatev, I., Nalbanski, B., and Punevska, M. [Sperm parameters in male idiopathic infertility after treatment with prelox]. Akush.Ginekol.(Sofiia) 2007;46(5):7-12. View abstract.

Noda, Y., Anzai, K., Mori, A., Kohno, M., Shinmei, M., and Packer, L. Hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities of natural source antioxidants using the computerized JES-FR30 ESR spectrometer system. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1997;42(1):35-44. View abstract.

Ohkita, M., Kiso, Y., and Matsumura, Y. Pharmacology in health foods: improvement of vascular endothelial function by French maritime pine bark extract (Flavangenol). J.Pharmacol.Sci. 2011;115(4):461-465. View abstract.

Packer, L., Rimbach, G., and Virgili, F. Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (Pinus maritima) bark, pycnogenol. Free Radic.Biol Med 1999;27(5-6):704-724. View abstract.

Pavone, C., Abbadessa, D., Tarantino, M. L., Oxenius, I., Lagana, A., Lupo, A., and Rinella, M. [Associating Serenoa repens, Urtica dioica and Pinus pinaster. Safety and efficacy in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Prospective study on 320 patients]. Urologia. 2010;77(1):43-51. View abstract.

Peng, Q. L., Buz’Zard, A. R., and Lau, B. H. Pycnogenol protects neurons from amyloid-beta peptide-induced apoptosis. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 7-15-2002;104(1):55-65. View abstract.

Peng, Q., Wei, Z., and Lau, B. H. Pycnogenol inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced nuclear factor kappa B activation and adhesion molecule expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2000;57(5):834-841. View abstract.

Perera, N., Liolitsa, D., Iype, S., Croxford, A., Yassin, M., Lang, P., Ukaegbu, O., and van, Issum C. Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;8:CD004322. View abstract.

Reuter, J., Wolfle, U., Korting, H. C., and Schempp, C. Which plant for which skin disease? Part 2: Dermatophytes, chronic venous insufficiency, photoprotection, actinic keratoses, vitiligo, hair loss, cosmetic indications. J.Dtsch.Dermatol.Ges. 2010;8(11):866-873. View abstract.

Roseff SJ, Gulati R. Improvement of sperm quality by pycnogenol. Eur Bull Drug Res 1999;7:33-36.

Roseff, S. J. Improvement in sperm quality and function with French maritime pine tree bark extract. J Reprod Med 2002;47(10):821-824. View abstract.

Rucklidge, J. J., Johnstone, J., and Kaplan, B. J. Nutrient supplementation approaches in the treatment of ADHD. Expert.Rev.Neurother. 2009;9(4):461-476. View abstract.

Ryan, J., Croft, K., Mori, T., Wesnes, K., Spong, J., Downey, L., Kure, C., Lloyd, J., and Stough, C. An examination of the effects of the antioxidant Pycnogenol on cognitive performance, serum lipid profile, endocrinological and oxidative stress biomarkers in an elderly population. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22(5):553-562. View abstract.

Schafer, A., Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sumegova, K., Liptakova, A., Durackova, Z., and Hogger, P. Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). Biomed.Pharmacother. 2006;60(1):5-9. View abstract.

Schmidtke I, Schoop W. Pycnogenol: stasis oedema and its medical treatment. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur GanzheitsMedizin 1995;3:114-115.

Schoonees, A., Visser, J., Musekiwa, A., and Volmink, J. Pycnogenol((R)) for the treatment of chronic disorders. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;2:CD008294. View abstract.

Schoonees, A., Visser, J., Musekiwa, A., and Volmink, J. Pycnogenol(R) (extract of French maritime pine bark) for the treatment of chronic disorders. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;4:CD008294. View abstract.

Segger, D. and Schonlau, F. Supplementation with Evelle improves skin smoothness and elasticity in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 62 women. J Dermatolog.Treat. 2004;15(4):222-226. View abstract.

Sharma, S. C., Sharma, S., and Gulati, O. P. Pycnogenol inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells. Phytother Res 2003;17(1):66-69. View abstract.

Siler-Marsiglio, K. I., Paiva, M., Madorsky, I., Serrano, Y., Neeley, A., and Heaton, M. B. Protective mechanisms of pycnogenol in ethanol-insulted cerebellar granule cells. J Neurobiol. 2004;61(2):267-276. View abstract.

Stanislavov, R., Nikolova, V., and Rohdewald, P. Improvement of seminal parameters with Prelox: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Phytother.Res 2009;23(3):297-302. View abstract.

Stefanescu, M., Matache, C., Onu, A., Tanaseanu, S., Dragomir, C., Constantinescu, I., Schonlau, F., Rohdewald, P., and Szegli, G. Pycnogenol efficacy in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Phytother Res 2001;15(8):698-704. View abstract.

Steigerwalt, R., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Di, Renzo A., Grossi, M. G., Ricci, A., Dugall, M., Cacchio, M., and Schonlau, F. Pycnogenol improves microcirculation, retinal edema, and visual acuity in early diabetic retinopathy. J.Ocul.Pharmacol.Ther. 2009;25(6):537-540. View abstract.

Stuard, S., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Ricci, A., Dugall, M., Cornelli, U., Gizzi, G., Pellegrini, L., and Rohdewald, P. J. Kidney function in metabolic syndrome may be improved with Pycnogenol(R). Panminerva Med. 2010;52(2 Suppl 1):27-32. View abstract.

Suzuki, N., Uebaba, K., Kohama, T., Moniwa, N., Kanayama, N., and Koike, K. French maritime pine bark extract significantly lowers the requirement for analgesic medication in dysmenorrhea: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Reprod.Med. 2008;53(5):338-346. View abstract.

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Torras, M. A., Faura, C. A., Schonlau, F., and Rohdewald, P. Antimicrobial activity of Pycnogenol. Phytother Res 2005;19(7):647-648. View abstract.

Trebaticka, J., Kopasova, S., Hradecna, Z., Cinovsky, K., Skodacek, I., Suba, J., Muchova, J., Zitnanova, I., Waczulikova, I., Rohdewald, P., and Durackova, Z. Treatment of ADHD with French maritime pine bark extract, Pycnogenol. Eur.Child Adolesc.Psychiatry 2006;15(6):329-335. View abstract.

Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H., and Packer, L. Procyanidins extracted from Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol): scavengers of free radical species and modulators of nitrogen monoxide metabolism in activated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Free Radic.Biol Med 1998;24(7-8):1120-1129. View abstract.

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Zhang, D., Tao, Y., Gao, J., Zhang, C., Wan, S., Chen, Y., Huang, X., Sun, X., Duan, S., Schonlau, F., Rohdewald, P., and Zhao, B. Pycnogenol in cigarette filters scavenges free radicals and reduces mutagenicity and toxicity of tobacco smoke in vivo. Toxicol Ind Health 2002;18(5):215-224. View abstract.

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Belcaro G, Cesarone R, Steigerwalt J, et al. Jet-lag: prevention with Pycnogenol. Preliminary report: evaluation in healthy individuals and in hypertensive patients. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2008 Oct;56(5 Suppl):3-9. View abstract.

Belcaro G, Cornelli U, Dugall, M, Hosoi M, Cotllese R, Feragalli B. Long-haul flights, edema, and thrombotic events: prevention with stockings and Pycnogenol supplementation (LONFLIT Registry Study). Minverva Cardioangiologica. 2018 Apr;66(2):152-9. View abstract.

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Belcaro G, Dugall M, Hosol M, et al. Pycnogenol and centella asiatica for asymptomatic atherosclerosis progression. Int Angiol. 2014 Feb;33(1):20-6. View abstract.

Belcaro G, Dugall M, Hu S, et al. Prevention of recurrent venous thrombosis and post-thrombotic syndrome. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2018;66(3):238-245. View abstract.

Belcaro G, Dugall M, Ippolito E, Hus S, Saggino A, Feragalli B. The COFU3 Study. Improvement in cognitive function, attention, mental performance with Pycnogenol in healthy subjects (55-70) with high oxidative stress. J Neurosurg Sci 2015 Dec;59(4):437-46.

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Belcaro G, Dugall M. Preservation of muscular mass and strength in aged subjects with Pycnogenol supplementation. Minerva Ortopedica e Traumatologica 2016 Sept;67(3):124-30.

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Bottari A, Belcaro G, Ledda A, et al. Lady Prelox improves sexual function in generally healthy women of reproductive age. Minerva Ginecol 2013;65(4):435-44. View abstract.

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Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Scipione C, et al. Prevention of vaginal dryness in perimenopausal women. Supplementation with Lady Prelox®. Minerva Ginecol. 2019;71(6):434-41. View abstract.

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Farid R, Mirfeizi Z Mirheidari M Z Rezaieyazdi Mansouri H Esmaelli H. Pycnogenol® supplementation reduces pain and stiffness and improves physical function in adults with knee osteoarthritis. Nutrition Research 2007;27(11):692-697.

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Fogacci F, Tocci G, Sahebkar A, Presta V, Banach M, Cicero AFG. Effect of Pycnogenol on Blood Pressure: Findings from a PRISMA Compliant Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Studies. Angiology. 2020;71(3):217-25. View abstract.

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Hu S, Belcaro G, Ledda A, et al. Behçet syndrome: effects of Pycnogenol supplementation during regression phases. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2018;66(4):386-390. View abstract.

Hu S, Hosoi M, Belcaro G, et al. Management of mild, primary Raynaud Syndrome: supplementation with Pycnogenol®. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2019;67(5):392-8. View abstract.

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Jialal I, Devaraj S, Hirany S, et al. The effect of pycnogenol supplementation on markers of inflammation. Alternative Therapies 2001;7:S17.

Khurana H, Pandey RK, Saksena AK, Kumar A. An evaluation of vitamin E and pycnogenol in children suffering from oral mucositis during cancer chemotherapy. Oral Dis 2013;19(5):456-64.View abstract.

Koch R. Comparative study of venostatin and pycnogenol in chronic venous insufficiency. Phytother Res 2002:16:S1-S5. Phytother Res 2002:16:S1-S5. View abstract.

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Liu FJ, Zhang YX, Lau BH. Pycnogenol enhances immune and haemopoietic functions in senescence-accelerated mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 1998;54:1168-72. View abstract.

Liu X, Wei J, Tan F, et al. Antidiabetic effect of Pycnogenol French maritime pine bark extract in patients with diabetes type II. Life Sci 2004;75:2505-13. View abstract.

Liu X, Zhou HJ, Rohdewald P. French maritime pine bark extract pycnogenol dose-dependently lowers glucose in type 2 diabetic patients (letter). Diabetes Care 2004;27:839. View abstract.

Luzzi R, Belcaro G, Hosoi M, et al. Normalization of cardiovascular risk factors in pre-menopausal women with Pycnogenol. Minerva Ginecol. 2017 Feb;69(1):29-34. View abstract.

Luzzi R, Belcaro G, Hu S, et al. Efficacy of Pycnogenol supplementation in remission phases of Sjögren syndrome. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2018; 66(5):543-546. doi: 10.23736/S0026-4725.18.04638-8. View abstract.

Luzzi R, Belcaro G, Hu S, et al. Improvement in symptoms and cochlear flow with Pycnogenol in patients with Meniere’s disease and tinnitus. Minerva Med. 2014 Jun;105(3):245-54. View abstract.

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Matsumori A, Higuchi H, Shimada M. French maritime pine bark extract inhibits viral replication and prevents development of viral myocarditis. J Card Fail. 2007 Nov;13(9):785-91. View abstract.

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Putter M, Grotemeyer KH, Wurthwein G, et al. Inhibition of smoking-induced platelet aggregation by aspirin and pycnogenol. Thromb Res 1999;95:155-61. View abstract.

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Maritime Pine: MedlinePlus Supplements

When taken by mouth: A standardized extract of maritime pine bark (Pycnogenol, Horphag Research) is POSSIBLY SAFE in doses of 50-450 mg daily for up to one year. It may cause dizziness, stomach problems, headache, mouth sores, and bad breath.

When applied to the skin: A standardized extract of maritime pine bark (Pycnogenol, Horphag Research) is POSSIBLY SAFE as a cream for up to 7 days or as a powder for up to 6 weeks.

Special precautions & warnings:

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Early research suggests that a standardized extract of maritime pine bark (Pycnogenol, Horphag Research) is POSSIBLY SAFE when used in late pregnancy. However, until more is known, it should be used cautiously or avoided by women who are pregnant.

There is not enough reliable information about the safety of taking maritime pine products if you are breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Children: A standardized extract of maritime pine bark (Pycnogenol, Horphag Research) is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth, short-term.

“Auto-immune diseases” such as multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or other conditions: Maritime pine might cause the immune system to become more active, and this could increase the symptoms of auto-immune diseases. If you have one of these conditions, it’s best to avoid using maritime pine..

Bleeding conditions: In theory, high doses of maritime pine might increase the risk of bleeding in people with bleeding conditions.

Diabetes: In theory, high doses of maritime pine might decrease blood sugar too much in people with diabetes.

Hepatitis: In theory, taking maritime pine might worsen liver function in people with hepatitis.

Surgery: Maritime pine might slow blood clotting and reduce blood sugar. There is some concern that it might cause blood sugar to go too low and increase the chance of bleeding during and after surgery. Stop using maritime pine at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.

Pine Bark Extract | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

Obtained from the bark of the French maritime pine tree, pine bark extracts contain procyanidins which have antioxidant properties. Various formulations using different species have been marketed, vary in amounts of procyanidins, and are often promoted for use in chronic conditions.

In vitro and animal studies suggest that pine bark extract has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory ⁽⁶⁾, immunostimulant ⁽¹⁾, cardioprotective ⁽²⁰⁾, and neuroprotective ⁽³¹⁾ effects. It may also have antimicrobial activities ^{(15) (16) (17)}.

In humans, preliminary data suggest it may reduce menopausal ⁽⁸⁾, dysmenorrheic ⁽²⁷⁾, and osteoarthritic ^(9) (10) symptoms. Small studies suggest one pine bark extract formulation may improve oxidative stress and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal osteopenic women ⁽³⁹⁾, and improve nutrition and clinical status in critically ill patients ⁽⁴⁰⁾. Other data suggest pine bark extract may improve hyperpigmentation ⁽¹¹⁾, erythema ⁽¹²⁾, and symptoms of endometriosis ⁽¹³⁾ and lupus ⁽¹⁴⁾.

Improvements in endothelial dysfunction ^(2) (33) and chronic venous insufficiency ⁽⁵⁾ have also been observed, but a meta-analyses found no benefit with pycnogenol on blood pressure ⁽³⁶⁾, and determined effects were small for cardiometabolic health ⁽³⁷⁾. Another meta-analyses recommended against pycnogenol and various other supplements for musculoskeletal pain ⁽³⁸⁾.

Pycnogenol may enhance memory in elderly participants ⁽⁷⁾, but studies in adults and children with ADHD yielded mixed results ^(3) (4). When used in conjunction with L-arginine, pycnogenol improved erectile dysfunction symptoms ^(18) (29).

Preliminary data suggest pycnogenol may reduce some adverse effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy ⁽³⁰⁾, but further research is needed.

Systematic reviews have concluded that evidence is insufficient and that large-scale studies are needed to establish the value of various pine bark extract supplements for chronic disorders ^(34) (41).

32 Pycnogenol & Pine Bark Extract Benefits + Dosage

According to research, Pycnogenol may have a multitude of health benefits, which are likely due to this extract’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Learn about all the potential benefits of Pycnogenol and find out which ones are most supported by science.

What Is Pycnogenol?

Pycnogenol is a patented extract of the French maritime pine bark (Pinus pinaster).

It is standardized to contain 65-75% procyanidins, a class of polyphenols and flavonoids like those found in blueberries, wine, grape skin, citrus, and cocoa. Some research suggests that procyanidins may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The remaining compounds are phenolic acids, which may also have antioxidant activity [1, 2].

Research into Pycnogenol has revealed some promising results in over 30 health conditions. However, it’s unclear how clinically effective Pycnogenol is for most of these conditions due to the low quality of evidence. That said, there are some instances where this extract may possibly be effective.

In this article, we’ll summarize all the potential benefits and the scientific research surrounding pine bark extract and Pycnogenol.

Pycnogenol is officially extracted from the French maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), which grows in the southwest coast of France. Its quality is specified in the United States Pharmacopeia [3].

Pycnogenol is known under different names in some countries, such as Oligopin, and Flavangenol in Japan [4, 5].

Extracts can also be made from other pine barks, such as Pinus radiata, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, and Pinus massoniana. Most have similar amounts of active substances and are often sold under the brand name Pycnogenol [6].

However, some of these other pine bark extracts can have different active compounds, which may affect their biological activity.

For example, Enzogenol is an extract from a pine that grows in California and Mexico (Pinus radiata) that may have cognitive-enhancing effects. Trees of this pine have been naturalized in Australia and New Zealand, where most Enzogenol is now made [7].

How Does Pycnogenol Act in the Body?

There’s some evidence that Pycnogenol acts similar to a sustained-release formulation. According to some researchers, when you take Pycnogenol [8]:

• Small molecule antioxidants (phenolic acids, catechin, and taxifolin) are quickly absorbed and begin to act in the body within 30 min
• The remaining more complex antioxidants (long chains of procyanidins) reach the gut, where your gut microbiome breaks them down into active metabolites
• The microbiome-produced active compounds appear in blood 6 h later and remain for at least 14 h

Research suggests that Pycnogenol may protect cells in the body against oxidative stress. It also may help regenerate and maintain vitamin C and E levels while also potentially increasing nitric oxide levels, which may relax and protect blood vessels [1].

Health Benefits of Pycnogenol

Possibly Effective For:

1) Exercise Performance & Recovery

Clinical research suggests that Pycnogenol is possibly effective for improving athletic performance. According to researchers, it may help prevent the rise in free radicals typically seen after exercise, which could cause muscle fatigue and damage [9].

A study of 147 people found that pycnogenol (100 mg/day) may improve running, push-ups, and sit-ups endurance in recreational athletes over an 8-week training program. It also may enhance swimming, biking, and running scores in professional athletes preparing for a triathlon (at 150 mg/day). Finally, research suggests that Pycnogenol may improve triathlon time while possibly reducing cramps and post-running pain [10].

Pycnogenol (200 mg/day) may reduce muscle cramps and pain according to a study of 66 healthy people, athletes, and those with venous problems after 4 weeks. The researchers of the study propose that pycnogenol may reduce pain and cramps during retraining and rehabilitation in people with blood vessel problems [11].

Based on another study of 6 trained and 7 untrained people, an antioxidant combination product containing Pycnogenol (Lactaway) may increase endurance. This supplement may also increase muscle endurance and performance after a single pre-exercise dose according to a study of 9 cyclists [12, 13].

2) Asthma Symptoms

Pycnogenol (up to 200 mg/day) may improve asthma and reduce inflammatory asthma markers in the blood, leukotrienes, after 4 weeks, according to a randomized placebo-controlled trial of 26 asthma patients [14].

A randomized placebo-controlled trial of 60 children with mild-to-moderate asthma found that those who took Pycnogenol may be able to reduce or discontinue their use of rescue inhalers more often than the placebo group [15].

In a study of 76 people with allergic asthma, Pycnogenol (100 mg/day) added to conventional corticosteroid inhalers for 6 months helped 55% of them reduce inhaler use frequency and dosage. In contrast, almost 20% of the participants on inhalers alone had to increase their dosage. Researchers suggest that Pycnogenol may reduce cough, night-awakenings, improve airway flow, and the need for additional asthma medication [16].

3) Allergies

A trial of 39 people with hay fever found that Pycnogenol may reduce nose and eye symptoms. In the study, the placebo group had higher IgE antibodies to the birch allergen than those who took Pycnogenol during the allergy season [17].

Pycnogenol (100 mg/day) may reduce hay fever symptoms, according to a clinical trial of 39 people. Another clinical trial of 76 people with allergic asthma also suggests that Pycnogenol may reduce IgE antibodies and asthma symptoms [18, 16].

Importantly, all studies found that Pycnogenol has to be taken at least 5 weeks before the allergy season in order to see potential benefits, with the best results in those who take it 7-8 weeks ahead. One study suggests that Pycnogenol has no effect when given just 3 weeks beforehand, as it possibly requires a lag time to stabilize the immune response [17].

4) Cognitive Function and Brain Fog

There’s evidence that Pycnogenol may be a promising nootropic for various groups of people, including middle-aged professionals, students, and people with mild cognitive decline like brain fog.

A clinical trial of 60 health professionals found that Pycnogenol (150 mg/day) may improve cognitive function, attention, mental performance and specific professional skills after 12 weeks. Researchers suggest it may boost sustained attention, memory, executive functions, mood, and reduce oxidative stress [19].

A trial of 53 students found that pycnogenol may improve cognitive function, memory, attention, mood, and mental performance after 8 weeks [20].

Pycnogenol (100 mg/day) given to 44 older healthy people with high oxidative stress improved cognitive function, attention, mental performance, and reduced oxidative stress after 12 months [21].

Pycnogenol also potentially improved cognitive function in 78 people with mild cognitive impairment. All included participants had “subclinical” cognitive impairment, which looks like typical brain fog [22].

Enzogenol, a slightly different pine bark extract, improved cognitive function in a clinical trial of 42 older men after 5 weeks of supplementation [23].

5) Vein Diseases and Swelling

Pycnogenol (100 mg/day) may reduce leg swelling, spider veins, and cramps according to a study of 133 women with varicose veins who recently gave birth. Researchers suggest that it may have stronger benefits than elastic compression stockings. In the study, women taking Pycnogenol were more satisfied and compliant to the regimen [24].

A randomized clinical trial of 30 people found that Pycnogenol (150 mg/day) may help heal vein ulcers from surgery and reduce swelling after 3 months of treatment [25].

When pycnogenol cream was added to oral supplements in a small study of 18 people with vein ulcers, it helped ulcers heal more quickly [26].

One study of 211 found that Pycnogenol may help prevent edema and ankle swelling from long flights [27].

Pycnogenol improved symptoms, circulation, and reduced complications in 156 people with deep vein thrombosis (blot clots in deep leg veins) in a 12-month study. It had the best results when combined with compression stockings, but worked just as well alone [28].

Insufficient Evidence For:

The following purported benefits of Pycnogenol are only supported by limited, low-quality clinical studies. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of Pycnogenol for any of the uses listed below. Remember to speak with a doctor before taking Pycnogenol. It should never be used as a replacement for approved medical therapies.

6) Metabolic Syndrome

A trial of 132 people found that Pycnogenol (150 mg/day) may improve risk factors of metabolic syndrome including lowering triglyceride levels, blood pressure, and fasting glucose, decreasing waist circumference, and increasing HDL cholesterol levels [29].

In a study of 50 overweight people, a combination product (Pycnogenol, Madeglucyl, and starches called Glucaffect) reduced weight, BMI, blood glucose, and HbA1C after 8 weeks [30].

7) Diabetes

A number of clinical trials suggest that Pycnogenol may lower blood glucose if taken daily for at least 12 weeks.

In one trial of 77 people with type 2 diabetes, pycnogenol (100 mg/day) for 12 weeks lowered both blood sugar levels and HbA1c, a marker of long-term blood glucose levels [31].

Pycnogenol (125 mg/day) had the same effects in another study of 48 people with diabetes and high blood pressure. It also may help those on blood pressure medications to reduce their dose [32].

In another trial, 30 people with type 2 diabetes received a range of pycnogenol doses. The most effective blood sugar-lowering dose was 200 mg/day – higher doses had no further benefit [33].

However, in all the above studies insulin levels did not change. Pycnogenol may reduce glucose levels, but it doesn’t appear to increase insulin production or insulin sensitivity.

8) Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is a type of eye injury caused by complications from diabetes.

In 24 people with early eye damage from diabetes, Pycnogenol improved vision, reduced eye swelling, and improved circulation in the eye after 2 months. Used early on, it may prevent eye damage and blindness from diabetes [34].

A trial of 86 people with eye damage from diabetes found that antioxidant therapy (including pycnogenol, vitamin E, and Coenzyme Q10) may improve eye health and reduce reactive oxygen species levels [35].

9) Blood Pressure and Heart Health

According to some researchers, Pycnogenol may lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, reducing free radicals, and lowering inflammation. According to a meta-analysis of 9 trials including 549 people, 150-200 mg/day for at least 12 weeks may reduce both diastolic and systolic blood pressure [36].

A study of 58 people with high blood pressure suggests that even lower doses (100 mg/day) may improve blood vessel health and reduce markers of high blood pressure (endothelin-1) after 12 weeks. In the study, many of the participants on Pycnogenol reduced their dosage of high-blood-pressure medication (nifedipine) [37].

Higher doses (200 mg/day) may improve blood vessel health and function after 8 weeks according to a study of 23 people with heart disease [38].

A Pycnogenol combination product (with l-arginine, alpha lipoic acid, B vitamins, and vitamin K2) may help protect the blood vessels and reduce high homocysteine levels, according to a trial of 25 people [39].

A study of 32 people with heart failure lasting 12 weeks suggests that a combination of Pycnogenol with CoQ10 (PycnoQ10) may improve blood pressure, heart function, edema, and capacity for physical activity [40].

10) Symptoms of ADHD

A clinical trial of 57 ADHD children found that daily Pycnogenol (1 mg/kg) for one month may reduce hyperactivity symptoms. Researchers suggest this effect may be due to reduced dopamine and adrenaline levels and increased glutathione levels.

In a study of 61 ADHD children, pycnogenol reduced hyperactivity, improved attention, and motorics after 1 month. But a month after pycnogenol was stopped, the symptoms came back, suggesting that it may need to be used regularly to achieve the benefits [41].

A trial of children with ADHD found that Pycnogenol may improve attention, possibly by increasing the total antioxidant status and reducing DNA damage. In another study, Pycnogenol increased glutathione levels and total antioxidants after a month in children with ADHD [42, 43].

However, a study of 24 adults with ADHD found that pycnogenol did not improve ADHD symptoms better than placebo. Researchers from the study suggest that low Pycnogenol dosage and short study duration may explain the lack of benefits [44].

11) Osteoarthritis Symptoms

According to a large analysis, Pycnogenol may reduce osteoarthritis symptoms and pain short-term [45, 46].

In a study of 33 people with severe osteoarthritis, pycnogenol (200 mg/day) reduced inflammatory markers after 3 weeks. Researchers suggest that it may epigenetically turn off genes responsible for joint damage (ADAMTS) as well as reduce inflammation enzymes (MMP3) and cytokines (IL 1-beta) [47, 48].

In one clinical trial of 156 osteoarthritis patients, pycnogenol reduced pain, stiffness, swelling, and improved joint function after 3 months. In a smaller study of 58 people, pycnogenol reduced the inflammatory marker CRP [49, 50].

Pycnogenol (150 mg/day) reduced pain in a study of 100 people with osteoarthritis after 3 months. Subjects in the study that took Pycnogenol ended up taking fewer painkillers [51].

12) Inflammation

One study found that Pycnogenol may reduce the activity of the inflammatory enzymes COX1 and COX2, similar to how NSAID drugs work. According to the lab results of 10 volunteers, a higher Pycnogenol dose (300 mg) may impact these enzymes after just 30 minutes [52].

In 7 volunteers, Pycnogenol (300 mg) for 5 days may reduce the activity of a crucial inflammatory gene (NF-κB) [53].

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

According to a study of 11 patients with lupus, pycnogenol may reduce symptoms, inflammation, and oxidative stress [54].

13) Cholesterol

Pycnogenol (150 mg/day) reduced LDL and increased HDL cholesterol in a trial of 25 healthy people after 6 weeks [55].

It also reduced LDL cholesterol at a slightly lower dose (125 mg/day) in those with type 2 diabetes in a clinical trial of 48 people after 12 weeks. High-dose Pycnogenol (360 mg/day) for 4 weeks had the same LDL-lowering benefits in another study of 40 people [32, 56].

14) Oral Health

Chewing gum with Pycnogenol (2.5 mg/piece) for 4 weeks reduced bad breath and mouth bacteria in a trial of 22 people [57].

A systematic review of 14 studies found that Pycnogenol gum or mouthwashes may reduce dental plaque, but the quality of evidence is low [58, 59].

15) Common Cold

Pycnogenol (100 mg/day) supplementation may decrease symptoms of the common cold and speed up recovery, according to a clinical trial of 146 people. In the study, it reduced cold symptoms and complications, the number of lost working days, and the use of over-the-counter medications compared to those who did not supplement with the extract [60].

16) Hemorrhoids

A trial of 84 people found that both Pycnogenol oral supplements and creams (0.5%) may prevent hemorrhoids from bleeding during acute attacks after 7 days. In contrast, bleeding still occurred in the control group [61].

17) Melasma (or Chloasma)

Pycnogenol may help reduce symptoms of melasma, a form of hyperpigmentation, possibly because it protects against UV rays. A study of 30 women found that Pycnogenol (75 mg/day) may reduce the skin area affected by melasma as well as lower symptoms of fatigue, constipation, body pain, and anxiety [62].

18) Skin Health

Pycnogenol supplementation reduced skin redness from UV rays in a trial of 21 people over 8 weeks. With time, the participants were able to handle more UV radiation without experiencing skin damage [63].

In a study of 20 postmenopausal women, 12 weeks of pycnogenol supplementation improved hydration and elasticity of the skin. It also may increase the activity of genes that make collagen and hyaluronic acid in the body [64].

A combination supplement (pycnogenol with collagen, coenzyme Q10, and other ingredients) reduced skin aging, elasticity, hydration, and tonicity in a study of 30 women [65].

19) Erectile Dysfunction (ED)

The combination of L-arginine and Pycnogenol may help in erectile dysfunction by boosting nitric oxide, which potentially could improve blood flow in men [66].

In a clinical trial of 40 men with erectile dysfunction, 92.5% of the men on this combination regained normal erections after 3 months. Pycnogenol was gradually increased to 120 mg/day over this time period, while the l-arginine was maintained at 1.7 g/day throughout. Another group of men who took just l-arginine didn’t improve [66].

In another trial, a combination supplement (Pycnogenol 60 mg/day, L-arginine 690 mg/day and aspartic acid 552 mg/day) improved erectile dysfunction and sexual satisfaction in men after 8 weeks. It also slightly decreased blood pressure and increased testosterone [67].

20) Menopausal Symptoms

Pycnogenol (100 mg/day) improved menopausal symptoms and quality of life in a clinical trial of 35 women after 8 weeks [68].

According to a study of 170 women, low-dose pycnogenol (60 mg/day) may improve menopausal symptoms over 3 months, including night sweats, hot flashes, insomnia and sleep problems [69].

A combination product with Pycnogenol (Lady Prelox) improved sexual function in a clinical trial of 83 healthy postmenopausal women after 8 weeks. The study suggests it may increase desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and reduce pain [70].

21) Pain In Pregnancy

Low-dose Pycnogenol (30 mg/day) may reduce pain in pregnant women, particularly hip, joint, lower back, groin, and calf cramps in the third trimester [71].

22) Menstrual Pain

In a clinical trial of 116 women, Pycnogenol (60 mg/day) reduced menstrual pain and the need for additional painkillers, taken over 2 cycles. These benefits appeared to persist for some time even after stopping supplementation [72].

Another study of 47 women found that supplementing with 30 mg Pycnogenol twice daily for over 1 month may reduce menstrual pain [73].

23) Sexual Function in Women

In a study of 100 healthy women mostly in their early 40s with mild sexual dysfunction, a combination product with Pycnogenol (Lady Prelox) improved sexual function over 8 weeks [74].

24) Male Reproductive Health

A study of 50 mildly infertile men found that a combination of L-arginine, L-citrulline, roburins, and Pycnogenol (Prelox R) may improve sperm quality, volume, and concentration [75].

25) Crohn’s Disease in Children

A 10 week clinical trial with 30 children shows that Pycnogenol may improve symptoms of Crohn’s disease. Researchers suggest this benefit may be due to an increase in glutathione and SOD, two antioxidants that may reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in Crohn’s [76].

26) Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

In a study of 77 people with symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Pycnogenol (150 mg/day) improved symptoms and reduced the frequency of attacks [77].

27) Chemotherapy Side Effects

According to a study in 59 cancer patients, Pycnogenol (150 mg/day) may reduce side effects associated with radiation or chemotherapy, including mouth soreness and ulcers, mouth and eye dryness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and weight loss [78].

In a study of 72 children undergoing cancer chemotherapy, Pycnogenol reduced painful mouth ulcers, both alone and in combination with vitamin E [79].

28) Tinnitus

In a clinical trial of 92 people with tinnitus, or ringing in the ears, Pycnogenol (100-150 mg/day) helped reduce symptoms and improve blood flow in the ears after 4 weeks [80].

29) Glaucoma

In combination with Mirtoselect, Pycnogenol may improve blood flow to the eye and reduce eye blood pressure as shown in a trial of 38 people [81].

30) Concussions

Enzogenol, a slightly different pine bark extract, may help improve brain function after mild concussions. It decreased concussion symptoms in 42 student-athletes with a history of sports-related concussions after 6 weeks. Enzogenol also may reduce mental fatigue and sleep problems [82].

31) Jet Lag

A study of 68 people found that Pycnogenol, started 2 days prior to flying, may reduce the duration of jet lag symptoms [83].

32) Leg Cramps

A study of 66 healthy adults found that Pycnogenol may reduce the number of leg cramps experienced [11].

Limitations and Caveats

Certain studies used combination products, so it’s unknown what the contribution of Pycnogenol itself was.

Also, it’s important to note that some of these studies were funded by Horphag Research, the original developers and exclusive marketers of Pycnogenol. However, these studies appear to be methodologically sound and reliable, with no blatant errors in the study design and data collection.

Pycnogenol Side Effects & Precautions

Pycnogenol is considered possibly safe when taken orally or when applied topically as a cream or ointment.

Studies have also safely used Pycnogenol in children and during pregnancy. However, research on these two groups is limited [71, 15].

In clinical research, doses up to about 300 mg/day have been used for up to one year without major safety concerns [33, 37].

Reported effects include:

Pycnogenol acts as a sustained-release formulation. But the actual bioavailability of this complex mixture is still unknown. Since components of Pycnogenol can be modified during digestion and absorption as well as by the liver, diseases that affect the gut or liver may increase or decrease its effects [84].

Supplementing with Pycnogenol

In the following sections, we’ll discuss the common forms and dosages of Pycnogenol that are commercially available. Pycnogenol is not approved by the FDA for medical use. Regulations set manufacturing standards for supplements, but that does not guarantee that they are safe or effective. Speak with your doctor before supplementing.

Pycnogenol Dosage

There is currently insufficient evidence to determine what a safe and effective dose of lysine is for specific conditions.

The dosage in most clinical studies varied between 50-360 mg/day. The standard dose appears to be 100-200 mg/day.

Pycnogenol and Pine Bark Extract Supplements

Various brands of pycnogenol are available. Some pycnogenol supplements are mixed with other antioxidants, such as vitamin C.

Remember that:

• Pycnogenol is standardized to contain 70 ± 5% procyanidins, which should be on the label
• Pycnogenol standardization doesn’t determine other major active compounds, which can vary

Pine bark extracts other than pycnogenol are also sold. Although these may still be high quality, the active compounds are more likely to vary.

Pycnogenol Supplement — Health Benefits, Dosage, Side Effects

Summary of Pycnogenol

Primary information, health benefits, side effects, usage, and other important details

Pycnogenol is a patented formulation of Pine Bark Extract which is standardized to 65-75% Procyanidin compounds by weight. Procyanidins are chain-like structures consisted of catechins similar to some found in green tea (the green tea catechins that do not have ‘gallate’ in their names). Pycnogenol is similar to grape seed extract and cocoa polyphenols as those are the three most common sources of Procyanidins.

Pycnogenol’s benefits include increased blood flow (via a mechanism related to increased nitric oxide levels) and improved blood glucose control. The former exerts cardioprotective effects and may help with erectile dysfunction, while the latter appears to be anti-diabetic.

There are many human trials conducted on Pycnogenol, but a good deal of them have industry funding. Although industry funding doesn’t necessarily invalidate published results, it should always be noted. Although the range of Pycnogenol research has significant breadth, it also has a relative lack of study replication. Some of the studies of Pycnogenol in autoimmune disease are also open-label, meaning that neither the researchers nor the subjects are blinded to treatments. While promising, these results need to be interpreted with a degree of caution since this type of experimental design fails to control for placebo effects or any unconscious bias that may be harbored by researchers analyzing the data. The one topic that appears to have been replicated numerous times is the effects on erectile dysfunction, with the caveat that all of the studies are confounded with the inclusion of l-arginine. So the effects of Pycnogenol alone on erectile dysfunction are still unknown.

Pycnogenol does appear to possess dual anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, with the latter being confirmed in humans and possibly being subject to a build-up effect over time. The low-dose buildup effect of Pycnogenol as an anti-inflammatory agent would make it useful in a multinutrient format, but it may not be the most potent anti-inflammatory in isolation. The degree of measured anti-inflammatory potential on COX enzymes (targets of Aspirin) are still lower than Aspirin itself.

Although not the most potent anti-inflammatory agent out there, Pycnogenol has shown some efficacy in alleviating symptoms in patients with autoimmune disease. Although the type of rampant inflammation during a flare far-exceeds the ability of pycnogenol, it has shown some efficacy for patients in remission phases of their disease, where symptoms tend to be driven by lower-level, chronic inflammation. One preliminary study has shown that pycnogenol may be particularly effective for relieving dry eye/ mouth symptoms associated with Sjogren’s syndrome, a common autoimmune condition in women.

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What is pycnogenol and how does it work ?: yanaubka – LiveJournal

The miracle supplement Pycnogenol, is sold on iHerb, but it turns out that very few people have heard about it and do not take it to improve their well-being. And in vain, it has a very wide range of applications. The supplement isn’t cheap, but it’s worth it.

Pycnogenol is a proprietary form of pine bark extract. Thanks to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to improve blood circulation, memory, joint pain, improve vision, seasonal allergies, protect the skin from the sun and other ailments.Pycnogenol contains a unique combination of procyanidins, bioflavonoids and phenolic acids that provide comprehensive support to the body.

Clinical trials have shown that pycnogenol is beneficial for:

1 . Chronic venous insufficiency and blood clots. A daily dose of 150 to 300 mg of pycnogenol reduces leg swelling and pain in people with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), which causes blood flow to the legs.

2 .Pycnogenol reduces the risk of blood clots during long flights.

3 . Helps with osteoarthritis of the knee joint.

4 . Reduces marks of inflammation in the body.

5 . Improves cognitive function in adulthood.

6 . It has a beneficial effect on vision.
Among people with retinal damage due to diabetes (diabetic retinopathy), hardening of the arteries, or other conditions, those who took 50 mg pycnogenol three times daily (total daily dose 150 mg) for two months improved vision.

7 . Asthma and allergies.
There is evidence that Pycnogenol improves asthma symptoms in children and adults. People with asthma and dust mite allergies who took pycnogenol 100 mg per day (50 mg in the morning and 50 mg in the evening) along with asthma medications (inhaled corticosteroids) significantly reduced symptoms such as coughing and wheezing, thus reducing the need for drug therapy. Another clinical study showed that 50 mg Pycnogenol taken twice daily significantly reduced watery eyes and nasal symptoms of birch allergy.

8 . Sun protection.
Pine Bark Extract ( Pycnogenol ) can improve the appearance of the skin and protect it from sun damage.

9 . Tinnitus.
Based on preliminary research, pycnogenol may be useful for people with tinnitus, a high or low ringing in the ear that is sometimes associated with poor blood flow to the ear, and an inner ear disorder such as Meniereir’s disease.

10 .Diabetes.
Pycnogenol has the potential to lower blood sugar and increase the risk of bleeding. Therefore, it should be used with caution by people with diabetes who are taking medications to lower their blood sugar levels, including insulin. And people on drugs like aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), and warfarin (Coumadin).

Pycnogenol preparations on iHerb: (all photos are clickable, click to quickly go to the product page)

1. Healthy Origins, Pycnogenol

2. Country Life, Pycnogenol, 100mg, 30 Vegetarian Capsules

3. Now Foods, Pycnogenol

4. Solgar4 Solgar4

5. Source Naturals, Pycnogenol

6. Nature’s Way, Pycnogenol, Pine Bark Extract, 50 mg, 30 Tablets

7. Natural Factors, Pycnogenol, 25 mg, 60 Capsules

8. Life Extension, Pycnogenol, French Maritime Pine Bark Extract, 100 mg, 60 Capsules

* If my post was helpful, enter code KTQ514 in your shopping cart (or just click on the link).
________________________________________

For new customers on iHerb there is a discount for the first order of $ 5 + 5% for codes KTQ514 and RU2018 , the discount will appear in the basket when you click on any of the links.

PYNOGENOL: SANATOR’S TYPE CARE – ALL THE BEST ON EIKHERB. Secrets. Myths. Discoveries – LiveJournal

Pycnogenol is a pine bark extract. But not simple, but patented. It contains a standardized, that is, precisely measured and proven, amount of proanthocyanidins.

What are proanthocyanidins? These are compounds from the bioflavonoid family. All plants contain bioflavonoids that protect them from adverse environmental factors.

Of the bioflavonoids that are heard – quercetin, rutin, resveratrol, ellagic acid, green tea polyphenols.

So, proanthocyanidins in this series are one of the strongest.

They act as a free radical trap. They also block enzymes that are the instigators of inflammation (inflammation accompanies or underlies many negative phenomena: aging, rosacea, etc.).

And also proanthocyanidins prevent the cross-linking of collagen with glucose, due to which the fibers lose their elasticity.

As a result, collagen, elastin and lipids of cell membranes are protected from oxidative destruction, external signs of aging are reduced, fragile vessels are strengthened, and couperosis is less pronounced.

Advanced technology companies include pycnogenol in their funds.

Pycnogenol is a trend in modern cosmetology.

It is no coincidence that after four serums: with hyaluronic acid, vitamin C, retinol and peptides, the fifth Ayherb releases a serum with pycnogenol.

The concept of serum means that there will be a lot of active substance, and you need to apply the product under the cream. If you do not apply the cream on top, you may experience a feeling of tightness, because this serum does not moisturize, its main task is to saturate the skin with pycnogenol.

It is better to apply the serum to the face moistened with tonic – then pycnogenol penetrates the skin better.

Consistency – thick gel. Slightly thicker than Vitamin C whey, who knows.

By the way, lovers of multi-layer care can use these two serums at the same time: first one, then the second. Together, different antioxidants only enhance their antioxidant effect. And with rosacea, such a synergy: pycnogenol + vitamin C, will be especially useful.

The brownish color of the serum is due to the high concentration of proanthocyanidins.After all, in essence, these are pigments.

I really love this serum. I see the effect. First of all – to improve complexion and skin tone. The skin after it is like from a sanatorium. Where there is air, snow and pines. ))

I think that some antioxidant serum should be used in care. Constant stress, air pollution in cities, solar radiation, temperature and humidity drops – the skin must be protected from all this.

Retinol, peptides, etc.are all good too, but this is already the second, special line of defense against aging. They do not cancel antioxidants.

The serum is suitable for any age, for any skin type and for any of your cream.

Take necessarily!

P.S. In my photo there is a pycnogenol serum in the old design. Now it is produced under the Azelique brand, and the design of the box is made in orange tones.

=> Buy Azelique, Serumdipity, Anti-Aging Pycnogenol Facial Serum, 1 fl oz (30 ml)

***

Pycnogenol Health and Longevity Supplements 30 mg NOW

Pycnogenol 30 mg From NOW

NOW Pycnogenol 30 mg is a powerful antioxidant of the highest quality at an affordable cost.

Benefits of Pycnogenol 30 mg:

• Protection against free radicals and their elimination
• Rejuvenation of the body at the cellular level
• Prevention of cardiovascular pathologies
• Strengthening capillaries
• Anti-inflammatory effect
• Skin protection and improvement
• Prevention of premature aging
• Restoration of strength and elasticity of connective tissue

Pycnogenol, the main component of the supplement, is a concentrate of pine bark extract from southwestern France.It is a powerful antioxidant that contains bioflavonoids, procyanidin, proanthocyanid and is 20 times more effective than vitamin C.

Pycnogenol, one of those plant antioxidants that dissolves perfectly in liquid media and has the highest bioavailability. Therefore, mixtures based on it are especially appreciated by athletes who usually experience problems with the absorption of nutrients.

The active components of pycnogenol begin to work almost immediately after entering the body.It works on the same principle as all antioxidants – it protects the body from free radicals, increases immunity, promotes cell rejuvenation, and improves the condition of the skin.

Its features include the ability to strengthen the collagen structure of blood vessels and enhance the effect of vitamin C, and in addition, it is able, unlike other antioxidants, to also protect the central nervous system, since it easily passes the blood-brain barrier.

In the course of research, it has been proven that it reduces the risk of developing more than 50 diseases, during which the body is suppressed by free radicals – inflammation of the joints, pathologies of the cardiovascular system, vision problems.

Additional pharmacological properties of the substance apply to the genitourinary and reproductive systems. So it reduces soreness during menstruation and improves sperm quality in men.
Pycnogenol 30 mg from NOW – for health, youth and beauty!

Applications

Take 2 capsules 1-3 times daily.

The product is not a medicine. We do not recommend using the products for persons under 18 years of age.Before you start taking any product, be sure to consult a specialist!

Oligopine (pycnogenol) – inna_sharfik – LiveJournal

Oligopin

Many people know pycnogenol (and that it is taken from the bark of purebred pine), but what is this word, and is there any difference between these two extracts bark of French maritime pine.
Pycnogenol comes in a variety of qualities.
Oligopine of different quality does not exist, because it is a branded extract.
That is, you can buy and pack in your own jars, but only the products of the French company Purextract (the leader in the production of highly purified pine bark extract for more than 65 years) have the right to be called oligopine.
This is a high quality standard, scientific basis and control, therefore such an extract of the fms bark is usually more expensive than pycnogenol.

Now in samples with a 50% discount. Usually you have to catch it at full cost.

However, this does not mean that pycnogenol is bad, it is simply less concentrated, oligopine has a guaranteed polyphenol content of at least 96%, and good pycnogenol has 65%.
Why “oligo-“. Oligomers are complex molecules with the smallest (limited) structure. The smallest structures have the best bioavailability.

Oligopine (pycnogenol) acts in the body like a slow-release capsule (naturally) ( 1 )

Almost immediately antioxidants phenols and catechins begin to act, then more complex antioxidants fall into the clutches of intestinal bacteria and are broken down by them into simpler ones active structures, these metabolites enter the bloodstream after 6 hours and stay there up to 14 hours.

So, what is it for and where is it strong:

• Support for healthy blood circulation, beneficial effect on blood vessels, including deep vein thrombosis, venous ulcers, edema, varicose veins, spider veins ( 4 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 )
• As a nootropic, to improve brain function and performance ( 8 , 9 , 10, 11 )
• Normalization of high blood pressure, studies have been studied combinations with Q10 , B vitamins , alpha lipoic acid ( 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 )
• Allergic rhinitis.Oligopine only works when taken 5 weeks before the season. ( 26 , 27 , 28 )
• Asthma ( 5 , 6 , 7 )
• Tinnitus ( 48 )
• Pain prevention after pain training ( 2 , 3 , 4 )
• Painful osteoarthritis (osteoarthritis) ( 1 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 9020) glucose ( 16 , 17 , 18 )
• ADHD ( 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 )
• Menopause symptoms ( 32 34 )
• Painful menstrual periods ( 35 , 36 )
• Erectile dysfunction (ED) ( 46 , 47 )
• Retinopathy , 9024 20 )
• Slowing down the aging process
• Maintaining healthy, elastic and elastic skin (protection of natural elastins and collagens) ( 43 , 44 , 45 )
• UV protection8 from the inside 42 ).Depigmentation of the skin and stimulation of microcirculation
• Improving male fertility ( 37 )

COURSE: safe to take continuously up to a year

about which I wrote here.

If you take this oligopine and attach to it nattokinase like this or like this,
, then it will turn out to be exactly two times cheaper, i.e. VenoFlow for this price for a month, and these 1 + 1 – for two months (and even nattokinase remains for a month), and in terms of composition, this solution is even better.

As for autoimmune, everything is the same as with pycnogenol, Th-1 is possible (it is believed, but they wrote to me that RA has worsened), Th-2 is possible only with asthma.

CONTRAINDICATION

Oligopine and nattokinase together and each separately thin the blood, so if you are taking anticoagulants or have poor blood clotting, consult your doctor.

In other respects, oligopine is a highly safe supplement, you can even pregnant women (after a medical consultation)

=================================================================================== ========= ====

Code for 5% discount ZHL245 (valid for products with no stock)

90,000 ᐉ The Ordinary – Pycnogenol 5% – Antioxidant serum with pine bark extract – 15 ml

The Ordinary – Pycnogenol 5%

Antioxidant serum with pine bark extract

Volume: 15 ml

The Ordinary – Pycnogenol 5% from natural bark French pines.Contains procyanidins, bioflavonoids and organic acids that work synergistically to rejuvenate, moisturize and plump skin. With its ability to selectively bind to collagen and elastin, Pycnogenol® protects these proteins from degradation, helping to nourish the skin from the inside out. A unique and powerful antioxidant, Pycnogenol® scavenges free radicals before they damage oxidative stress. Pycnogenol® does not contain artificial colors.

Serum action:

• perfectly moisturizes
• protects the skin from external factors
• nourishes

How to use:

Use alone or after water-based serums, but before oils or creams.

Warning:

• Do not use on damaged skin
• Avoid contact with eyes
• If any signs of irritation stop using
• Keep out of reach of children

Shelf life: 6 months from the moment the package was opened.

Attention! Do not use with:

• Buffet + Copper Peptides 1%

Can be used The Ordinary – Pycnogenol 5% in the evening and Buffet + Copper Peptides 1% in the morning.

Free of water, oil, silicone, alcohol and nuts. Gluten free and vegan, no animals were harmed during its production.

Perform an allergy test before first use. Check out our allergy test to find out more.

Check out the challenges The Ordinary products are fighting

Pycnogenol serum: firming and protecting the skin

Today I want to tell you about one of my favorite and universal serums.This is effective face serum with pycnogenol =)

The main working ingredient of this serum is of course Pycnogenol !

Pycnogenol: maritime pine extract

Pycnogenol – standardized and patented extract from the bark of Maritime French pine . It is supplied exclusively by the Swiss concern Horphag Research (Geneva), the world’s largest supplier of ingredients.

Any cosmetic company can only buy Pycnogenol from Horphag Research and this is the best guarantee that your face serum will have high quality, effective Pycnogenol.

The main feature of pycnogenol is that it is a powerful antioxidant with a high concentration of procyanidins .

These flavonoids are also found in grape seed and cocoa beans. Procyanidins act effectively on the skin from within when taken in “beauty supplements”. They reduce skin pigmentation and inflammation, increase the synthesis of its own hyaluronic acid in the skin. I plan to write about this in the next posts.

For now, let’s get back to our serum.In cosmetics, pycnogenol also works effectively, but in a slightly different way:

1. effectively suppresses free radicals
2. protects the skin from sun damage and premature aging
3. strengthens subcutaneous capillaries
4. helps to remove toxins from the skin and excess fluid

Its detoxifying and vascular strengthening properties make pycnogenol an important ingredient for the health of skin prone to rosacea and rosacea .

Serum with Pycnogenol Serumdipity

In this serum, pycnogenol is in third place in the composition, and does not hang out somewhere at the end of the list of ingredients. There is really a lot of it, and a light moisturizing cocktail of glycerin with hyaluronic acid helps it penetrate deeper and strengthen the subcutaneous capillaries.

You can buy my ready-made supplementation protocols, take courses in nutritionology and join a closed club, whose members get more knowledge on taking vitamins and dietary supplements.

Unscented serum, absorbed into the skin just instantly! It does not have the stickiness inherent in many other serums, possibly in the composition of hyaluronic acid with a low molecular weight.

In addition to procyanidins, the serum is excellent versatility : it fits perfectly into any care routine due to its simple and clear composition. Suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin with signs of rosacea.

How to use?

Can be applied in layers by combining with Mad Hippie Vitamin C Serum, Retinol or Peptide Oil from this range.In layering, I like to apply the serum as the first layer on clean skin.

Can be used in the morning for antioxidant protection of the skin all day and as a night care , to strengthen and detoxify.

Serum perfectly combines with remedies for problem skin, reduces redness when using retinol, benzoyl peroxide and other preparations.

I use serum in the morning to protect and strengthen capillaries , sometimes I apply it as a mask all over my face, and be sure to put a couple of drops before retinol to reduce irritation of sensitive skin.An excellent find that everyone should try, and especially for sensitive skin with rosacea.

Where to buy: serum on iHerb (design changed)

Have you tried this serum? Curious about taking pycnogenol supplements?

Pycnogenol

I mentioned this amazing and powerful natural antioxidant when I wrote about varicose veins and how to deal with it. But even then I realized that such a component as pycnogenol should be given special attention, since it has many advantages for the skin of the face, and is used by world famous brands in cosmetic formulations.

The history of the appearance of Pycnogenol

Pycnogenol was discovered in the 1960s by Charles Heimoff, president of the German company Horparg. In his Berlin laboratory, he discovered a unique substance, a water-soluble flavonoid extracted from the bark of the French seaside pine. Over the past 40 years, millions of dollars have been invested in the development of this unique asset and extensive research and development activities have been carried out to ensure the absolute medical safety of Pycnogenol as a premium ingredient.

Today Pycnogenol , a titrated French maritime pine bark extract, is one of the most well-researched ingredients available on the market for science-intensive and innovative solutions in the field of cosmetology and health care, with more than 300 scientific publications.

Pycnogenol – French seaside pine bark extract for beautiful skin!

How does Pycnogenol work on the surface and inside the skin?

Pycnogenol is widely used in the most advanced dermatological research.The unique spectrum of pharmacological functions of pycnogenol provides it with a number of advantages in use over other active ingredients for the skin.

Wrinkles

Glucose – a source of energy in our body, has the ability to launch a cascade of chemical reactions, as a result of which additional bonds are created within protein molecules.

Collagen and elastin are proteins (see details here), their fibers “stick together” after glucose molecules attach to free amino acids of proteins.Skin proteins change their structure.

Alteration of healthy protein structure is called glycation process .

And the glycation process affects not only the accelerated aging of the skin, this process is one of the main processes in the human body, accelerating the physiological “wear” of the whole body as a whole: the vessels become “shabby” (cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus and many other diseases affecting longevity).

Fibers collagen and elastin as a result of glycation lose their elasticity, because they become fixedly rigid due to the molecules of sugars adhered to them.

The process of glycation was discovered in 1912 by the French scientist Louis Maillard, and is called the Maillard reaction.

This is how the sequential “aging” reaction of our skin goes:

⇒ vessels and microcapillaries carrying blood with oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the extracellular matrix are affected by the process of “glazing” and adhesion. The delivery of vital substances to skin cells is impaired.

⇒ fibroblasts – cells that produce collagen and elastin fibers are also damaged, and the process of regeneration of the skin “skeleton” slows down.

⇒ end products of glycation accumulate in cells and are not utilized, which leads to cell death.

So, in essence, glycation is “sugaring” of collagen and elastin fibers. If we imagine fresh, freshly harvested honey, it is transparent and fluid. After some time, due to the highest concentration of glucose in honey, it begins to sugar. And the final picture is painfully familiar to everyone – the initially fluid and plastic liquid becomes dense, sugar-white and motionless.The same thing happens over the years and in our skin! (Therefore, they urgently threw sugar out of the house!)

“Sugared”, tough collagen fibers lead to visible and irreversible wrinkles on the face.

Glitz effects:

• premature aging of the skin, not associated with physiological age
• complications after various plastic and dermatological procedures on the face
• fragile and flaccid vessels, the onset of the process of rosacea and edema on the face
• associated with the process of skin pigmentation
• tissue healing is slower

To prevent tissue glycation, substances were needed that would stop and prevent the “sugar” of proteins or the process of glycation, and start the reverse process – deglication .

What substances start the process of DEGlycation and stop the “sugar” of skin proteins?

⇒ retinoids
⇒ selenium
⇒ brown algae (fucus and kelp)
⇒ aminoguanidine HCL – glycation inhibitor, selective nitric oxide inhibitor (with him this cream and this one on iHerb)
⇒ flavonoid Pycnogenol, as one of strongest antioxidants (25-100 times stronger than vitamins C and E)

Pycnogenol, a water-soluble flavonoid, is an inhibitor (“preventor”) of the glycation process, the same as aminoguanidine.Has a good ability to penetrate the skin barrier.

Hyper-pigmentation of the skin

Sunburn is a micro-inflammation caused by free radicals that damage tissues. Free radical oxidation of cells after UV irradiation leads to photoaging (wrinkled, flaccid skin) and the appearance of age spots. For many of us, just after visiting the “yugas”, yellow or brown spots appear on our face … This is the destructive process of solar irradiation.

As a powerful antioxidant, pycnogenol regenerates skin cells after sunburn, and also helps to brighten skin and give it a “glow”, making skin tone more even, smoothing out external “spots”.

Scar tissue and scar formation

Several clinical studies of pycnogenol have shown that it has the ability to enhance tissue healing by increasing skin resilience during treatment. In addition, pycnogenol stimulates the genesis of new collagen and hyaluronic acid in the intercellular space of the dermis, thereby smoothing the skin and preventing the formation of scar tissue.

After any plastic surgery (and a month before them), it is extremely useful to drink a complex with pycnogenol.

It has been shown in several studies to increase the production of nitric oxide, which is a key mediator in facilitating arterial relaxation, ensuring optimal blood flow. At the same time, blood perfusion in the skin and oxygen pressure increase, and the concentration of carbon dioxide, on the contrary, decreases, which leads to an optimal blood supply to all cells and organs, the supply of healing wounds with all the necessary nutrients, greater hydration, and, consequently, faster wound healing and regeneration. skin.

Our skin is the first line of defense against daily aggressive environmental influences. Pycnogenol helps to restore the firmness of the skin necessary for a younger and healthier complexion.

My tonic concentrate with Pycnogenol

I have already said that I cannot live without tonics. This is a must-have for any cosmetic product. But most of all I like tonic concentrates. This is when, in addition to natural hydrolat and several extracts, the tonic also contains innovative assets.

A pleasant “discovery” in the field of concentrated tonics was the product with pycnogenol from Derma E.

⇒ Derma E, Age-Defying Toner, 6 fl oz (175 ml) – $ 15.60

and its new version (my correction from May 2015, since the tonic indicated in the post has already been discontinued)

⇒ Derma E, Calming Toner, 6 fl oz (175 ml) – $ 12.40

This tonic continues the “series” of my purchases with glycolic acid (I’ll tell you more about it in the next post, since in every product I write about, its concentration is pretty good).

This concentrate simply amazes with its “first line” of ingredients in the composition:

Water, glycerin, glycolic acid, caffeine, allantoin, Ester-C, d-panthenol, retinyl palmitate (vitamin A), niacinamide, bear berry extract, organic green tea extract, ASTAXANTIN (and I specially drink it in courses and for the eyes, and for visible improvements on the skin of the face), organic aloe extract, witch hazel extract, papaya extract (fruit enzyme, see this post), Willowherb (canadian fireweed extract against acne and acne), licorice extract (natural anti-inflammatory glycyrrhizin), PIKNOGENOL, essential oil of lavender.

Fragrant brownish-greenish water with a slight aroma of pine bark and lavender flowers.

Has an exfoliating, whitening, anti-inflammatory and soothing effect for acne-prone skin. And, in addition to all these advantages, of course – the anti-age effect, thanks to the draining and decongestant qualities of caffeine (of which there are many!), Astaxanthin (a powerful beta-carotene, antioxidant), refreshing green tea extract and, of course, pycnogenol.

Now I have in my fridge one more super-tonic concentrate for any cosmetics, which has the properties of a potent asset.

And I already plan to buy this gel for the skin around the eyes with pycnogenol:

⇒ Derma E, Anti-Aging Pycnogenol Calming Eye Gel, 1/2 oz (14 g)

Supplements with Pycnogenol

My pycnogenol, which I talked about in the post about varicose veins, is already waiting for me in the wish list.But in that post, due to its volume, I could not tell more about the properties of pycnogenol when taken orally. And that is why I am making up for lost time here. Who cares, you can open this “file” and see about the studies that were carried out with pycnogenol, and which prove its beneficial effects not only on the veins, but also on the skin of the face when taken internally! That is why, in my “vish” for February, he is the very first position.

About Pycnogenol research on the improvement of facial skin

Taking Pycnogenol® capsules reduces visible signs of aging

In Düsseldorf, at the Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), the following study was carried out.

A test group of 20 women aged 55 to 68 was taken. The participants received 75 grams of pycnogenol per day for 12 weeks. After that, using non-invasive biophysical methods, such indicators as hydration, elasticity and “fatigue” of the skin were assessed, as well as, using a biopsy, estimates of the expression of the HAS-1, COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes were obtained.

Research shows that:

• the amount of hyaluronic acid in the skin increased by 44%
• skin elasticity increased by 25%
• skin moisture in women with initially very dry skin increased by 21%
• pycnogenol significantly reduced the visible “fatigue” of the skin
• facial wrinkles have decreased in depth by 3%, and the skin has smoothed by 6% from the initial level of

The most important discovery is that Pycnogenol stimulates the production of hyaluronic acid in the skin ! But it is thanks to her that we look rested, fresh and young.Probably, this circumstance explains such popularity of pycnogenol in Asia , where it is taken both in supplements and “in cosmetics”.

And the last one. For those who suffer from psoriasis in life.

A Swiss study published in the medical journal Panminerva Medica found that pycnogenol supplementation significantly improved the painful and visible symptoms of psoriasis: redness, flaking, and induration over a wide area of ​​the skin.

Psoriasis dermatologist Dr. Fred Pescatore also confirmed that oral administration of Pycnogenol® from French pine bark reduces psoriasis inflammation of the skin and increases the effectiveness of other agents used to treat this autoimmune disease.

In a 12-week study conducted at the University of Chieti Pescara, Italy, researchers followed 73 patients between 30 and 45 years old who were diagnosed with moderate to severe psoriasis.Of these people, 38 people were selected who, along with the standard psoriasis treatment regimen (hydration, vitamin D, corticosteroids, phototherapy, immunosuppressants, etc.), were given 150 mg of Pycnogenol® (50 mg three times a day). The results were evaluated by measuring various characteristics, such as the amount of free radicals in plasma, the general index of severity of the disease, measuring the moisture and peeling of the skin, etc.

Those participants who were also treated with pycnogenol felt much better, and their rates of “improvement” were much higher than those who remained on only standard treatment.

In this and other studies, Pycnogenol has shown significant clinical results without any side effects, making it a safe alternative to known anti-psoriasis drugs.

Pycnogeno has been shown to reduce and can act as a natural, herbal ingredient to inhibit inflammation, edema and oxidative stress.

Terminal

In the light of all of the above, I will repeat my thought from the post about varicose veins once again: taking pycnogenol will not only help our veins in our legs, but also will significantly improve the condition of the skin and the body as a whole!

The best preparations with Pycnogenol for internal use.