How many carbs should a person with type 2 diabetes consume daily. What are the recommended carbohydrate intake levels for blood sugar control. Which factors influence ideal carb intake for diabetics. How can carb counting help manage diabetes effectively.

Understanding Carbohydrates and Their Impact on Blood Sugar

Carbohydrates play a crucial role in managing type 2 diabetes. They are the macronutrient that has the most significant effect on blood glucose levels. When consumed, carbs are broken down into sugar, which enters the bloodstream. For individuals with diabetes, this can lead to blood sugar spikes if not properly managed.

There are three main types of carbohydrates:

• Sugars (simple carbohydrates)
• Starches (complex carbohydrates)
• Fiber (complex carbohydrates)

Sugars are found naturally in foods like fruits and milk, as well as added to processed foods. Starches are present in foods such as potatoes, grains, and legumes. Fiber, found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, doesn’t raise blood sugar and may even help slow its rise.

Traditional Carbohydrate Recommendations for Diabetes Management

Historically, dietary guidelines for individuals with diabetes recommended that 45-65% of daily calories come from carbohydrates. This translates to approximately 225-325 grams of carbs per day on a 2,000-calorie diet. However, recent research and expert opinions have begun to challenge this approach.

Why are traditional recommendations being reconsidered?

The high carbohydrate intake suggested by traditional guidelines can make it challenging for some individuals with diabetes to maintain stable blood sugar levels. This often necessitates higher doses of insulin or diabetes medications, which may increase the risk of side effects and weight gain.

Emerging Perspectives on Low-Carb Approaches for Diabetes

A growing body of evidence suggests that lower-carbohydrate diets may be beneficial for many people with type 2 diabetes. Some experts now advocate for carb intakes significantly below the traditional recommendations.

What are the potential benefits of lower carb intake?

• Improved blood sugar control
• Reduced need for diabetes medications
• Potential weight loss
• Lower triglyceride levels
• Increased HDL (good) cholesterol

Studies have shown that various levels of carb intake can be effective for managing diabetes, with some research indicating that very low-carb diets (less than 50 grams per day) may produce the most dramatic results in terms of blood sugar control and medication reduction.

Individualized Approach to Carbohydrate Intake

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) now promotes an individualized approach to carbohydrate intake. This strategy recognizes that there is no one-size-fits-all solution for diabetes management.

What factors influence ideal carb intake for individuals with diabetes?

1. Personal dietary preferences
2. Metabolic goals
3. Insulin sensitivity
4. Physical activity level
5. Medication regimen
6. Overall health status

The key is to find a carbohydrate intake level that allows for optimal blood sugar control while being sustainable and enjoyable in the long term.

Carb Counting: A Valuable Tool for Diabetes Management

Carb counting is a technique that can help individuals with diabetes better manage their blood sugar levels. By tracking the number of carbohydrates consumed at each meal or snack, people can more accurately adjust their insulin doses or make informed food choices.

How does carb counting work?

Carb counting involves:
1. Learning to identify carbohydrate-containing foods
2. Estimating portion sizes
3. Reading food labels
4. Keeping a food diary
5. Monitoring blood glucose levels in relation to carb intake

Many diabetes educators and healthcare providers can teach patients how to effectively count carbs and use this information to improve their diabetes management.

The Concept of Net Carbs in Diabetes Management

When tracking carbohydrate intake, some experts recommend focusing on “net carbs” rather than total carbohydrates. Net carbs are calculated by subtracting the grams of fiber from the total grams of carbohydrates in a food.

Why focus on net carbs?

The concept of net carbs is based on the idea that fiber is not digested and therefore does not significantly impact blood sugar levels. By focusing on net carbs, individuals may be able to include more high-fiber foods in their diet while still maintaining good blood sugar control.

However, it’s important to note that the FDA does not regulate the term “net carbs,” and not all experts agree on its usefulness in diabetes management. Individuals should consult with their healthcare provider before making decisions based on net carb calculations.

Practical Tips for Optimizing Carb Intake with Diabetes

Regardless of the specific carbohydrate target, there are several strategies that can help individuals with type 2 diabetes make the most of their carb intake:

• Choose high-fiber, nutrient-dense carbohydrate sources
• Pair carbohydrates with protein and healthy fats to slow digestion
• Spread carbohydrate intake throughout the day
• Monitor portion sizes carefully
• Be consistent with carb intake from day to day
• Adjust carb intake based on physical activity levels

Implementing these strategies can help improve blood sugar control and overall health outcomes for people with type 2 diabetes.

The Role of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load in Carb Selection

The glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are tools that can help individuals with diabetes make informed choices about the carbohydrates they consume. These measures provide information about how quickly and significantly a particular food is likely to raise blood sugar levels.

What is the difference between glycemic index and glycemic load?

The glycemic index ranks carbohydrate-containing foods on a scale from 0 to 100 based on how quickly they raise blood sugar levels. The glycemic load takes into account both the glycemic index and the amount of carbohydrates in a serving of food, providing a more comprehensive picture of a food’s impact on blood sugar.

Foods with a lower GI and GL are generally considered better choices for people with diabetes, as they tend to cause a more gradual rise in blood sugar levels. Examples of low GI foods include:

• Non-starchy vegetables
• Whole grains
• Legumes
• Most fruits

Incorporating more low GI and GL foods into the diet can help improve overall glycemic control for individuals with type 2 diabetes.

The Importance of Regular Blood Glucose Monitoring

Regardless of the specific carbohydrate approach chosen, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial for effective diabetes management. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) provides valuable information about how different foods, activities, and other factors affect an individual’s blood sugar levels.

How can blood glucose monitoring inform carb intake decisions?

By tracking blood glucose levels before and after meals, individuals can:
1. Identify which foods or meal compositions work best for their body
2. Detect patterns in blood sugar fluctuations
3. Make informed decisions about portion sizes and food choices
4. Adjust medication doses as needed (in consultation with their healthcare provider)
5. Assess the effectiveness of their overall diabetes management plan

Many people with diabetes find that using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) provides even more detailed information about their blood sugar patterns, allowing for more precise adjustments to their diet and lifestyle.

The Role of Exercise in Carbohydrate Metabolism

Physical activity plays a significant role in how the body processes carbohydrates. Regular exercise can improve insulin sensitivity, allowing cells to use glucose more effectively. This can lead to better blood sugar control and potentially allow for greater flexibility in carbohydrate intake.

How does exercise affect carbohydrate needs?

Exercise can impact carbohydrate requirements in several ways:
1. Increased muscle glucose uptake during and after exercise
2. Enhanced insulin sensitivity for hours following physical activity
3. Potential need for additional carbohydrates to fuel intense or prolonged exercise
4. Reduced blood glucose levels, which may necessitate adjustments in medication or carb intake to prevent hypoglycemia

Individuals with type 2 diabetes should work closely with their healthcare team to develop an exercise plan that complements their dietary approach and overall diabetes management strategy.

The Potential of Ketogenic Diets for Type 2 Diabetes Management

Ketogenic diets, which are very low in carbohydrates and high in fats, have gained attention as a potential approach for managing type 2 diabetes. These diets typically limit carbohydrate intake to less than 50 grams per day, inducing a metabolic state called ketosis.

What are the potential benefits and risks of ketogenic diets for diabetes?

Potential benefits:
1. Significant improvements in blood sugar control
2. Reduced need for diabetes medications
3. Weight loss
4. Improved cardiovascular risk factors

Potential risks:
1. Difficulty adhering to the strict dietary restrictions
2. Potential nutrient deficiencies
3. Risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in some individuals
4. Possible negative impacts on kidney function

While some studies have shown promising results for ketogenic diets in diabetes management, more long-term research is needed to fully understand their safety and efficacy. Individuals considering a ketogenic approach should do so under close medical supervision.

The Importance of Nutrient Quality in Carbohydrate Choices

When managing carbohydrate intake for type 2 diabetes, it’s crucial to consider not just the quantity of carbs consumed, but also their quality. Nutrient-dense carbohydrate sources can provide essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber that support overall health and may help with blood sugar management.

Which carbohydrate sources offer the most nutritional value?

Some nutrient-dense carbohydrate options include:
1. Non-starchy vegetables (e.g., leafy greens, broccoli, cauliflower)
2. Whole grains (e.g., quinoa, oats, brown rice)
3. Legumes (e.g., lentils, chickpeas, black beans)
4. Fruits (especially berries and other low-glycemic options)
5. Nuts and seeds

These foods not only provide complex carbohydrates but also offer fiber, protein, healthy fats, and various micronutrients that can contribute to better overall health and diabetes management.

Addressing Common Challenges in Carb Management for Diabetes

Managing carbohydrate intake can be challenging for many individuals with type 2 diabetes. Common obstacles include dining out, social events, and cravings for high-carb foods.

How can individuals overcome these challenges?

Strategies for successful carb management include:
1. Planning meals and snacks in advance
2. Learning to estimate portion sizes accurately
3. Practicing mindful eating techniques
4. Finding lower-carb alternatives to favorite foods
5. Communicating dietary needs to friends and family
6. Working with a registered dietitian to develop personalized strategies

By developing these skills and having a toolkit of strategies, individuals with diabetes can navigate various situations while maintaining their carbohydrate goals.

The Future of Carbohydrate Management in Diabetes Care

As research in diabetes management continues to evolve, new approaches to carbohydrate intake and blood sugar control are likely to emerge. Personalized nutrition, based on individual genetic and metabolic profiles, may play an increasingly important role in diabetes care.

What emerging technologies and strategies might impact future diabetes management?

Some areas of ongoing research and development include:
1. Advanced continuous glucose monitoring systems
2. Artificial intelligence-powered diet planning tools
3. Gut microbiome analysis for personalized nutrition recommendations
4. Novel diabetes medications that impact carbohydrate metabolism
5. Improved insulin delivery systems for more precise dosing

As these technologies and strategies continue to develop, individuals with type 2 diabetes may have even more tools at their disposal for optimizing their carbohydrate intake and overall diabetes management.

In conclusion, while there is no one-size-fits-all approach to carbohydrate intake for type 2 diabetes, a personalized strategy that takes into account individual needs, preferences, and health goals can lead to improved blood sugar control and overall well-being. By working closely with healthcare providers, staying informed about current research, and remaining flexible in their approach, individuals with diabetes can develop an effective carbohydrate management plan that supports their long-term health.

How Many Carbs Should a Person with Diabetes Have?

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An individualized approach is often best when it comes to carb intake for diabetes management. These guidelines can help you get started on the right path.

Figuring out how many carbs to eat when you have diabetes can seem confusing.

Dietary guidelines from around the globe traditionally recommend that you get around 45–65% of your daily calories from carbs if you have diabetes (1, 2, 3).

However, a growing number of experts believe that people with diabetes should eat far fewer carbs. In fact, many recommend less than half this amount.

Counting your carbs will help ensure that you stay within the range that’s best for you.

This article tells you how many carbs to consider eating if you have diabetes.

There are three main types of carbs: sugars, starches, and fiber (4).

Sugar belongs to a category known as simple carbohydrates. Simple carbs have one sugar molecule (monosaccharides) or two sugar molecules (disaccharides).

Sugar is found naturally in foods and beverages like whole fruit, juice, milk products, and honey. It’s also added to processed foods such as candy.

Starches and fiber are both complex carbohydrates. Complex carbs have at least three sugar molecules. The body takes more time to digest, or break down, starches than sugar, and it can’t digest fiber at all.

Starches are found in foods like potatoes, corn, legumes, and whole grain breads and pastas.

Fiber is found in foods like fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains. Unlike sugars and starches, naturally occurring fiber doesn’t raise your blood sugar level and may even slow its rise (5, 6).

Many foods and beverages, such as rice, contain more than one type of carbohydrate.

SUMMARY

The three main types of carbohydrates are sugars, starches, and fiber.

Many factors, including exercise, stress, and illness, affect your blood sugar levels. That said, one of the largest factors is what you eat.

Of the three macronutrients — carbs, protein, and fat — carbs have the greatest effect on blood sugar. That’s because your body breaks down carbs into sugar, which enters your bloodstream.

This occurs with all digestible carbs, including refined sources like chips and cookies as well as whole, unprocessed sources like fruits and vegetables.

When people with diabetes eat foods high in carbs, their blood sugar levels can surge. High carb intake typically requires high doses of insulin or diabetes medication to manage blood sugar.

Given that people with type 1 diabetes are unable to produce insulin, they need to inject insulin several times a day, regardless of what they eat. However, eating fewer carbs can significantly reduce their mealtime insulin dosage.

SUMMARY

Your body breaks down certain carbs into sugar, which enters your bloodstream. People with diabetes who eat a lot of carbs require insulin or diabetes medication to keep their blood sugar from rising too much.

Studies have shown that many different levels of carb intake may help manage blood sugar, and the optimal amount of carbs varies by individual.

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) used to recommend that people with diabetes get around 45% of their calories from carbs.

However, the ADA now promotes an individualized approach in which your ideal carb intake should take into account your dietary preferences and metabolic goals (7).

It’s important to eat the number of carbs at which you feel best and that you can realistically maintain in the long term.

The typical American diet provides around 2,200 calories per day, with 50% of them coming from carbs. This is equivalent to 275 grams of carbs per day (8).

A severely restricted intake of less than 50 grams of carbs per day appears to produce the most dramatic results and may reduce or even eliminate the need for insulin or diabetes medication. This represents 9–10% of daily calories on a 2,000–2,200-calorie diet (9, 10, 11).

When tracking carb intake, experts sometimes recommend focusing on your net carbs instead of the total amount of carbs you eat. Net carbs is total grams of carbs minus grams of fiber (11).

People with diabetes can also benefit from diets that allow up to 26% of their daily calories to come from carbs. For people who eat 2,000–2,200 calories a day, this is equivalent to 130–143 grams of carbs (12).

Since carbs raise blood sugar, reducing them to any extent can help you manage your blood sugar levels. Therefore, figuring out how many carbs to eat requires some testing and evaluating to find out what works best for you.

For instance, if you’re currently consuming about 250 grams of carbs per day, reducing your intake to 150 grams should result in significantly lower blood sugar after meals.

SUMMARY

There’s no one-size-fits-all recommendation for how many carbs people with diabetes should eat. However, having carbs account for no more than 26% of your daily calories may help you manage your condition.

To determine your ideal carb intake, measure your blood sugar with a blood glucose meter before a meal and again 1–2 hours after eating.

To prevent damage to your blood vessels and nerves, the maximum level your blood sugar should reach is 180 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 10 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), 2 hours after eating. However, you may want to aim for an even lower ceiling (13).

To achieve your blood sugar goals, you may need to restrict your carb intake to less than 10, 15, or 25 grams per meal. Also, you may find that your blood sugar rises more at certain times of the day, so your upper carb limit may be lower for dinner than for breakfast or lunch.

In general, the fewer carbs you consume, the less your blood sugar will rise and the less insulin or diabetes medication you’ll require to stay within a healthy range.

If you take insulin or diabetes medication, it’s very important to speak with a healthcare professional to ensure the appropriate dosage before reducing your carb intake.

SUMMARY

Determining the optimal carb intake for diabetes management requires testing your blood sugar and making adjustments as needed based on your response, including how you feel.

Many studies support the use of carb restriction in people with diabetes. Research has confirmed that many levels of carb restriction can effectively lower blood sugar levels.

Very low carb ketogenic diets

Very low carb diets typically induce mild to moderate ketosis, a state in which your body uses ketones and fat, rather than sugar, as its main energy sources.

Ketosis usually occurs at a daily intake of fewer than 50 grams of total carbs (9).

Very low carb ketogenic diets were prescribed for people with diabetes even before insulin was discovered in 1921 (8).

Several studies indicate that restricting carb intake to 20–50 grams per day can significantly reduce blood sugar levels, promote weight loss, and improve cardiovascular health for people with diabetes (9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16).

In addition, these improvements often occur very quickly.

For instance, in a small 3-month study, people consumed either a low carb diet containing up to 50 grams of carbs per day or a calorie-restricted low fat diet.

The low carb group averaged a 0.6% decrease in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lost more than twice as much weight as the low fat group. What’s more, 44% of them discontinued at least one diabetes medication compared with 11% of the low fat group (16).

In fact, in several studies, participants have reduced or discontinued use of insulin and other diabetes medications due to improvements in blood sugar control (9, 10, 11, 14, 15).

Diets containing 20–50 grams of carbs per day have also been shown to lower blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of disease in people with prediabetes (17).

Although concerns have been raised that higher protein intake on low carb diets may lead to kidney problems, a 12-month study found that a very low carb intake didn’t increase the risk of kidney disease (18).

Another study found that the diet might actually improve kidney function in people with type 2 diabetes and normal renal function or mild kidney disease (19).

Low carb diets

Many low carb diets restrict carbs to 50–100 grams, or about 10–20% of calories, per day.

Although there are very few studies on carb restriction in people with type 1 diabetes, those that exist have reported impressive results (20, 21, 22, 23).

One of the biggest concerns for people with type 1 diabetes is hypoglycemia, or blood sugar that drops to dangerously low levels.

In a small 12-month study from 2005, adults with type 1 diabetes who restricted their daily carb intake to fewer than 90 grams had 82% fewer episodes of low blood sugar than before they started the diet (20).

In a 2012 study in people with type 1 diabetes who restricted carbs to 70 grams per day, participants saw their HbA1c drop from 7.7% to 6.4%, on average. What’s more, their HbA1c levels remained the same 4 years later (21).

A 1.3% reduction in HbA1c is a significant change to maintain over several years, particularly in those with type 1 diabetes.

People with type 2 diabetes may also benefit from limiting their daily carb intake.

According to a research review, people who consumed no more than 26% of calories from carbs were 32% more likely to experience diabetes remission than people who mostly followed a low fat diet. A person was considered in remission if their HbA1c was under 6.5% (12).

Moderate carb diets

A more moderate carb diet may provide 130–220 grams of carbs per day, or 26–44% of calories in a 2,000-calorie diet (24).

A few studies examining such diets have reported good results in people with diabetes (25, 26).

In a 2010 study of 259 people with type 2 diabetes, those who followed a Mediterranean diet providing 35% or fewer calories from carbs experienced a significant reduction in HbA1c. Over the course of 12 months, HbA1c dropped 2.0% on average (27).

SUMMARY

Studies demonstrate that restricting carbs may benefit people with diabetes. The lower your carb intake, the greater the effect on your blood sugar levels and other health markers.

Many tasty, nutritious, low carb foods raise blood sugar levels only minimally. You can enjoy these foods in moderate to liberal amounts on low carb diets.

However, you should avoid or limit the following high carb items:

• breads, muffins, rolls, and bagels
• pasta, rice, corn, and other grains
• potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, and taro
• milk and sweetened yogurt
• most fruit, except berries
• cakes, cookies, pies, ice cream, and other sweets
• snack foods like pretzels, chips, and popcorn
• juice, soda, sweetened iced tea, and other sugar-sweetened drinks
• beer, wine, and spirits

Keep in mind that not all of these foods are unhealthy. For example, fruits are highly nutritious, but eating large amounts isn’t optimal for anyone trying to manage their blood sugar levels by eating fewer carbs.

SUMMARY

On a low carb diet, you should avoid or limit foods and beverages like beer, bread, potatoes, fruit, and sweets.

Low carb diets have consistently been shown to lower blood sugar and improve other health markers in people with diabetes.

At the same time, certain higher carb diets have been credited with similar effects.

For example, some studies suggest that low fat vegan or vegetarian diets may lead to better blood sugar control and overall health (28, 29, 30, 31).

In a 12-week Korean study, a brown-rice-based vegan diet containing 268.4 grams of carbs per day (about 72% of calories) lowered participants’ HbA1c levels more than a standard diabetes diet with 249.1 grams of total daily carbs (about 67% of calories) (30).

An analysis of four studies found that people with type 2 diabetes who followed a low fat macrobiotic diet consisting of 70% carbs achieved significant reductions in blood sugar and other health markers (32).

The Mediterranean diet likewise improves blood sugar control and provides other health benefits in individuals with diabetes (33).

However, it’s important to note that most of these diets weren’t directly compared with low carb diets, but rather with standard low fat diets often used for diabetes management. More research on these diets is needed.

SUMMARY

Studies suggest that certain higher carb diets may aid diabetes management. Still, additional research is needed.

If you have diabetes, reducing your carb intake may be beneficial.

Multiple studies have shown that a daily carb intake of up to 44% of calories not only leads to better blood sugar control but also may promote weight loss and other health improvements.

Here’s a sample menu, which would provide about 113 grams of total carbs for the day (34):

• Breakfast: 1 slice of whole wheat toast (about 14 grams of carbs) plus an omelet made with 2 large eggs (about 1 gram) and 1 cup of nonstarchy vegetables like broccoli and greens (about 10 grams)
• Lunch: 12 ounces of lentil soup (about 33 grams) and 1 apple (about 15 grams)
• Dinner: 4 ounces of grilled chicken breast (0 grams), 1. 5 cups of nonstarchy vegetables like zucchini and okra (about 15 grams), and 4 ounces of brown rice (about 25 grams)

However, some individuals can tolerate more carbs than others.

Testing your blood sugar and paying attention to how you feel at different carb intakes can help you find your ideal range for optimal diabetes management, energy levels, and quality of life.

It might also be helpful to reach out to others for support. Our free app, T2D Healthline, connects you with real people living with type 2 diabetes. Ask diet-related questions and seek advice from others who get it. Download the app for iPhone or Android.

How many carbs per day for a diabetic? Factors to consider

Monitoring carbohydrate intake is one of the key ways people with diabetes can manage their blood sugar levels. People living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes should aim to get 45% of their daily calories from carbohydrates.

This advice comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Carbohydrates occur in many different foods, including whole grains, fruit, vegetables, and baked goods. By eating a safe amount of carbohydrates, a person with diabetes can:

• stay healthier for longer
• improve their quality of life
• reduce the risk of diabetes complications

In this article, we look at the number of carbohydrates a person with diabetes needs per day, the factors affecting this, and how to eat a suitable amount.

Share on PinterestA person living with diabetes may benefit from getting most of their carbohydrates from unprocessed carbohydrate sources.

According to the CDC, people living with diabetes should get about 45% of their total calories each day from carbohydrates.

For females, they recommend 3–4 servings of carbohydrates, at 15 grams (g) per serving. For males, they recommend a slightly higher amount of 4–5 servings. This is equivalent to 45–75 g each meal.

According to a 2019 article, a low carbohydrate diet may work well for people living with type 2 diabetes, as it can reduce their need for diabetes medication.

However, various other factors can influence how many carbohydrates a person with diabetes needs per day at an individual level.

Other lifestyle factors that influence how many carbohydrates a person with diabetes needs include:

• physical activity level
• age
• weight
• diabetes medications

The more active a person is, the more calories they need for energy. This can have an impact on their blood sugar levels, as well as how many carbohydrates they will need on a given day.

Weight and body fat also has an impact. According to the Obesity Action Coalition, excessive body fat can cause a person at risk of developing type 2 diabetes to have less effective insulin, which can raise blood sugar levels. As a result, people who have obesity may need fewer carbohydrates.

People with prediabetes may also benefit from lowering their carbohydrate intake. The National Institute on Aging (NIA) says that millions of older people in America live with prediabetes. Making dietary changes can help someone prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.

According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), eating too many carbohydrates causes hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) in people with diabetes. Hyperglycemia causes symptoms such as:

• increased thirst
• frequent urination
• high blood sugar readings

If someone with diabetes continues to have high blood sugar levels, they may develop ketoacidosis. Ketoacidosis is a severe and life-threatening condition that requires immediate treatment. The symptoms include:

• shortness of breath
• breath that smells fruity
• nausea and vomiting
• a very dry mouth

A person should seek emergency help from a doctor if they notice signs of ketoacidosis.

People with diabetes can also develop complications if their blood sugar levels fall too low, which causes hypoglycemia. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Health Information Center (NIDDK), this can happen if someone:

• uses too much diabetes medication or insulin
• does not eat enough carbohydrates
• skips or delays meals
• increases their physical activity
• drinks alcohol without enough food
• vomits

Hypoglycemia can cause mild or no symptoms, so it is essential that people check their blood glucose levels regularly. The symptoms of hypoglycemia include:

• hunger
• feeling shaky or dizzy
• sweating
• headaches
• tiredness
• weakness
• fast or irregular heartbeat
• personality changes
• seizures or convulsions
• loss of consciousness

Hypoglycemia requires quick treatment. Severe hypoglycemia can be life-threatening. To avoid hypoglycemia, a person should make sure their medication and carbohydrate intake match each other, that they eat regularly, and that they take any exercise and illness into account.

Many foods contain carbohydrates. According to the CDC, some common sources of carbohydrates include:

• grains and foods that contain grains, such as bread, cereal, and pasta
• fruits and fruit juice
• dairy including yogurt, milk, and cheeses
• starchy vegetables, such as potatoes and corn
• beans, legumes, and peas
• soft drinks and sports drinks
• snack foods and desserts

However, some types of carbohydrates are more beneficial than others for people with diabetes. According to the ADA, there are three broad types of carbohydrate that deserve particular attention:

• Sugar: This includes sugar from sugar cane, honey, fruits, and dairy products. Sugars can occur naturally in food, or manufacturers may add sugar to foods.
• Starch: Foods high in starch include starchy vegetables, beans, and refined and whole grains.
• Fiber: Foods that are high in fiber include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, beans, and legumes.

The ADA recommend that people get most of their carbohydrates from unprocessed carbohydrate sources, such as whole grains and vegetables, rather than white bread or baked goods.

By contrast, fiber can actively reduce blood sugar levels, aid digestion, and reduce the risk of heart disease. As such, people with diabetes should avoid foods containing added sugar and refined carbohydrates and focus on vegetables, fruits, and whole grain sources.

A person can find out the most suitable amount of carbohydrates for them by counting them. According to the NIDDK, counting carbohydrates can help someone understand how many carbohydrates they need to eat to reach their target blood sugar level.

To count carbohydrates, a person needs to:

1. learn which foods contain carbohydrates
2. take note of the carbohydrates on the food label, or look them up online
3. add the gram measurements together to calculate the total for each meal and each day

A dietitian can also help someone find the best balance of carbohydrates, exercise, and medication, and create a plan based on their needs and preferences.

A person with diabetes should see their doctor if they are struggling to control their blood sugar levels or frequently experience the symptoms of high or low blood sugar.

Someone with diabetes should also speak to their doctor before making lifestyle changes that could affect their blood sugar levels, such as a new diet or exercise program.

If a person has symptoms of severe hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, they must seek emergency medical attention.

In general, people with diabetes should get about 45% of their daily calories from carbohydrates. However, this may change depending on factors, such as age, weight, exercise, and the severity of their condition. People with prediabetes may benefit from a low carbohydrate diet, for example.

It is important that people talk to a dietitian or doctor to find the best balance of carbohydrates for their lifestyle.

Weekly Diet for People with Type 2 Diabetes

Contents

• 1 Type 2 Diabetes: Weekly Diet
  • 1.1 Diet Basics
  • 1.2 Benefits of Eating Regularly
  • 1 .3 Low blood sugar
  • 1.4 Diet for breakfast
  • 1.5 Diet for lunch
  • 1.6 Diet for dinner
  • 1.7 Proper snacks
  • 1.8 Limiting carbohydrate intake
  • 1.9 Choosing the right foods
  • 1.10 Decreased fat intake
  • 1.11 Increased fiber intake
  • 1.12 Avoidance of pre-cooked food
  • 1.13 Alcohol consumption
  • 1. 14 Eating healthy
  • 1.15 Physical activity
  • 1.16 Blood sugar control
  • 1.17 Doctor visit and consultation with a nutritionist
  • 1.18 Related videos:
  • 1.19 Q&A:
    • • 1.19.0.1 What foods are recommended for a weekly diet for people with type 2 diabetes?
      • 1.19.0.2 What foods should be avoided in type 2 diabetes?
      • 1.19.0.3 What kind of physical activity is recommended for type 2 diabetes?
      • 1.19.0.4 Can I follow this diet if I have other diseases?
      • 1.19.0.5

Learn how to make a weekly diet for people with type 2 diabetes. Tips for choosing foods, preparing meals, and maintaining normal blood sugar levels.

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition in which blood sugar levels are constantly elevated. Proper nutrition plays a very important role for people suffering from this disease. The diet should be balanced, rich in nutrients and low in carbohydrates.

When planning a weekly diet for people with type 2 diabetes, it is recommended to take into account not only the quantitative composition of food, but also the distribution of meals throughout the day. Preference should be given to foods with a low glycemic index, which are slowly digested and do not cause a sharp increase in blood sugar levels.

It is also important to remember the right combination of foods to ensure that all the necessary nutrients are absorbed. The diet should consist of fresh vegetables, fruits, lean meat and fish products, cereals, dairy and dairy products with low fat content, as well as nuts and seeds.

Following this diet for a week will help maintain a stable blood sugar level, improve general well-being and reduce the risk of complications of diabetes. It is important to update the menu every week to avoid monotony and enrich the body with all the necessary vitamins and nutrients.

Basic principles of the diet

The diet for people with type 2 diabetes is based on controlling blood glucose levels and maintaining optimal weight. The basic principles of this diet are aimed at regulating carbohydrate metabolism and managing food intake.

One of the main principles of the diabetic diet is to control the amount of carbohydrates that are absorbed by the body. It is necessary to limit the consumption of fast carbohydrates, such as sugar, sweets, white bread, buns, cakes and other foods containing simple carbohydrates. Swap them out for low-glycemic foods like vegetables, low-sugar fruits, whole grains, and legumes.

Another principle of the diet is regular meals in small portions. It is recommended to divide meals into 4-6 meals a day to keep blood glucose levels stable and avoid sudden fluctuations. Such a nutrition system allows you to keep your appetite under control and avoid overeating, which is especially important for people with diabetes.

Another principle of the diet is the correct combination of carbohydrates with proteins and fats. It is necessary to consume complex carbohydrates, which are absorbed more slowly and do not cause a sharp jump in blood glucose levels. Protein and a small amount of healthy fats will help keep you feeling full and keep your blood sugar levels more even.

In addition, it is important to control the total calorie content of food and choose the right foods. It is recommended to reduce the intake of fats, especially saturated and trans fats, and increase the intake of foods rich in fiber. It is also important to drink enough water and avoid sugary sodas and alcohol.

The Benefits of Eating Regularly

Eating regularly is one of the key health factors for people with type 2 diabetes. This means that you need to stick to a meal plan that includes regular food intake.

One of the main reasons for eating regularly is to maintain an even blood sugar level. In diabetes, blood glucose levels may be unstable due to inadequate levels of insulin or its misuse by the body. Dividing your food intake into multiple meals throughout the day helps keep blood sugar levels stable.

Also, regular meals provide a constant source of energy for the body. If you follow the diet, the body receives the necessary nutrients, vitamins and minerals, which contributes to the normal functioning of the body.

For people with type 2 diabetes, it is very important to consider the amount of carbohydrates in the diet. Eating regularly allows you to control your carbohydrate intake and keep them at a certain level. Eating regularly also helps avoid problems with overeating or skipping meals, which can lead to unstable blood sugar levels.

It is important to note that regular meals should be balanced and varied. The diet should include various types of foods such as vegetables, fruits, meat, fish, grains and dairy products. A variety of food ensures that all the necessary nutrients are supplied to the body.

In general, regular meals are essential for controlling blood sugar and maintaining health for people with type 2 diabetes. By following a meal plan, the body receives the necessary amount of nutrients, maintains a stable blood sugar level and improves overall health.

Lowering blood sugar levels

Lowering blood sugar levels is an important aspect of type 2 diabetes care. Optimal blood sugar levels help prevent complications and support overall body health.

To lower blood sugar levels, it is usually recommended to follow a special diet that is low in carbohydrates and sugar. This diet should include fresh vegetables, low-sugar fruits, healthy proteins, and healthy fats.

Regular physical activity also helps lower blood sugar levels. Exercise improves the sensitivity of cells to insulin, controls weight and contributes to the overall strengthening of the body.

It is important to remember the need to control your blood sugar level when it drops. If necessary, hypoglycemic agents or insulin can be used to achieve normal blood sugar levels.

Breakfast meal

Breakfast is the most important meal of the day for people with type 2 diabetes. It helps maintain stable blood glucose levels and provides energy to start the day.

The basis of breakfast for diabetics should be foods with a low glycemic index, which allow a gradual increase in blood sugar levels. It is recommended to consume complex carbohydrates rich in fiber, which contributes to the slow absorption of glucose.

Sample breakfast foods for Type 2 Diabetes:

• Water Oatmeal with Berries and Nuts – Oatmeal is the perfect breakfast choice. It is rich in soluble fiber, which lowers blood cholesterol levels and helps keep sugar levels stable.
• Eggs prepared in the form of an omelette or scrambled eggs – eggs are rich in protein and vitamins, while they do not contain carbohydrates. Cooked without oil or steamed, they make a healthy and nutritious part of your breakfast.
• Almond Milk with Whole Grain Bread – Almond milk is sugar and lactose free and can be used as a substitute for regular cow’s milk. Whole grain bread provides the body with nutrients and does not cause a sharp increase in blood sugar levels.
• Protein Omelet with Vegetables – Omelet with vegetables is an excellent choice for breakfast. Vegetables are rich in fiber, vitamins and minerals, and proteins help keep you feeling full for a long time.

It is very important to remember that each body is different, so the choice of breakfast diet should be made in conjunction with a doctor or nutritionist, taking into account individual characteristics and treatment goals.

Lunch Meal

Lunch on the Type 2 Diabetes Diet should be balanced and consist of low-calorie, low-glycemic foods. The lunch menu is recommended to include vegetable soups, protein foods and complex carbohydrates.

One option for lunch may include vegetable broth made with fresh vegetables such as carrots, broccoli, cauliflower and onions. This soup allows you to get an adequate amount of vitamins and minerals. Additionally, you can add pieces of chicken fillet or stewed mushrooms to increase the protein content.

As a main dish for lunch, you can choose fish or seafood, as they are high in protein and unsaturated fatty acids, which are good for the body. It is better to give preference to fish, steamed, grilled or baked.

Complex carbohydrates are essential for maintaining normal blood glucose levels. As a side dish to the main course, you can serve boiled porridge, preferably oatmeal or buckwheat, which have a low glycemic index.

Recommended lunch drink is water or sugar-free soft drinks such as green tea or natural juice without added sugar. Avoid sugary carbonated drinks.

When formulating a lunchtime diet for people with type 2 diabetes, it is important to take into account the individual characteristics of the body and, if necessary, consult a doctor or nutritionist. Following a diet will help control blood sugar levels and improve overall health.

Dinner meal

Dinner is the last meal of the day before bed, so it is especially important to choose foods with a low glycemic index to avoid high blood sugar overnight. As part of a weekly diet for people with type 2 diabetes, dinner should be light but nutritious.

As a main course for dinner, you can choose protein foods such as skinless chicken breast, fish or seafood. They are rich in proteins, which make you feel full for a long time and do not cause a sharp increase in blood sugar levels. It is recommended to bake or steam to preserve the maximum amount of nutrients.

As a side dish for dinner, you can choose low carbohydrate vegetables such as broccoli, asparagus or spinach. They contain vitamins and minerals necessary for maintaining the health and good performance of the body. Cooked vegetables can be seasoned with olive oil and seasoned with spices to add flavor.

It is also helpful to add low-fat dairy products to your dinner diet, such as cottage cheese or yogurt with no added sugar. They contain proteins and calcium, which have a positive effect on bone and muscle health, and may also help lower blood sugar levels.

It is important to remember that the most important thing when planning a meal for dinner is to control portion sizes and avoid overeating. Eating in moderation at dinner will help you avoid weight gain and keep your blood sugar under control.

Snacking the right way

If you have diabetes, it’s important to make sure your snacks are low in calories and contain complex carbohydrates to help keep your blood sugar levels stable.

As a snack, you can choose vegetable salads based on fresh vegetables such as tomatoes, cucumbers, broccoli and spinach. To add some protein, you can add low-fat cottage cheese or chicken fillet cubes.

Another snack option is low-fat dairy products such as low-fat yogurt or cottage cheese. These foods are high in protein and can help satisfy your hunger.

You can also choose snacks based on nuts and seeds, which are rich in beneficial micronutrients and contain a small amount of carbohydrates. But it is worth remembering that these products contain a fairly high amount of calories, so you should consume them in moderation.

Alternatively, you can choose to snack on cereals such as whole grain bread or cereals. They contain a lot of fiber, which helps to normalize blood sugar levels.

It’s important to remember to eat well and watch your snack portion sizes to avoid spikes in blood sugar levels.

Carbohydrate restriction

One of the main objectives of the diet for people with type 2 diabetes is to limit carbohydrate intake. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body, but in diabetes they can cause a spike in blood sugar levels, which can lead to serious complications.

To control the level of glycemia, it is recommended to limit the consumption of fast carbohydrates such as sugar, sweets, flour products, white bread, etc. To replace these foods, it is recommended to consume slower digesting carbohydrates such as vegetables, berries, whole grain breads and cereals.

It is also important to consider the glycemic index of foods. The glycemic index measures how quickly blood sugar levels rise after eating a particular food. When planning a diet, preference should be given to foods with a low glycemic index, such as broccoli, spinach, buckwheat, apples.

It is also advisable to limit the consumption of alcohol, as it can cause spikes in blood sugar levels. Using the Bread Units account book, or using special applications and websites for calculating Bread Units, will help you more accurately control the level of carbohydrates consumed.

Sample menu for a carbohydrate-restricted week:

1. Breakfast: scrambled eggs with vegetables, green tea;
2. High tea: berries;
3. Lunch: grilled chicken breast, vegetable salad with fresh vegetables;
4. Snack: cottage cheese with nuts and berries;
5. Dinner: baked salmon, steamed cauliflower;
6. Snack: nuts;
7. Dinner: chicken breast in tomato sauce, steamed cauliflower.

It is important to remember that each body is different, so before starting a diet, it is recommended to consult a doctor and a nutritionist for detailed advice and development of an individual nutrition plan.

Choosing the Right Products

Good food choices are the foundation of a healthy diet for people with type 2 diabetes. Meals should consist of foods rich in dietary fiber, low glycemic index and healthy fats.

Dietary fiber helps maintain stable blood sugar levels, improves gastrointestinal function and promotes satiety. It is recommended to consume vegetables, fruits, berries, whole grains and legumes.

It is important to choose foods with a low glycemic index to avoid spikes in blood sugar levels. Foods such as vegetables, buckwheat, lean fish, nuts, and seeds are good choices for people with type 2 diabetes.

Healthy fats such as olive oil, avocados, nuts and fish contain healthy fatty acids and are the best alternatives to saturated fats. They help lower blood cholesterol levels and improve overall health.

In addition, it is recommended to pay attention to the amount of salt and sugar in food. Avoid processed foods that contain hidden added sugars and salt. Try to cook on your own and control the amount of added ingredients.

Reduced fat intake

Type 2 diabetes requires special attention to food composition, especially regarding fat intake. Fats are the main source of energy, but their excess can lead to an increase in blood sugar levels. Therefore, it is important to know how to properly reduce fat intake in the diet.

The right choice of fats. It is important to prioritize healthy fats such as monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, such as those found in olive oil, avocado and fish, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids. These fats help lower cholesterol levels and maintain a healthy cardiovascular condition.

Restriction of animal fats. Animal fats, found in fatty meats, butter and cheese, contribute to high cholesterol levels and may have a negative impact on overall health. Therefore, it is recommended to reduce the intake of animal fats and prefer low-fat dairy products and seafood.

Proper food handling. Cooking food by frying or frying in oil leads to an increased fat content. It is recommended to prefer cooking methods such as boiling, baking or using a double boiler, which will help reduce the amount of fat in cooked food.

Read product labels. It is important to read product labels carefully to determine the fat content. Avoid foods high in saturated and trans fats, which can be harmful to your health. When focusing on lean foods, opt for natural foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals.

Monitoring of fat intake. Monitor your fat intake throughout the day. This will help to control the total caloric content of the diet and avoid excess fat intake. Keep a food journal where you note the amount and types of fats you eat.

Increasing fiber intake

It is especially important for people with type 2 diabetes to increase their fiber intake in their diet. Fiber is a plant fiber that is not absorbed by the body but provides many health benefits. It helps lower blood sugar levels, improves the functioning of the digestive system and prevents stomach and intestinal problems.

Vegetables and fruits are one of the sources of fiber. It is recommended to increase the intake of fresh vegetables and fruits in your diet. Ideal options are berries, apples, pears, citrus fruits, carrots, broccoli, spinach and pumpkin.

It is also helpful to include foods rich in soluble fiber in your diet, such as oatmeal, barley, bran, quinoa and beans. They help lower blood cholesterol levels and improve metabolism.

For optimal fiber intake, it is recommended to consume 25-30 grams of fiber per day. You can do this by adding vegetables and fruits to every meal, replacing white bread with whole grains, eating more green vegetables, and including fiber in your breakfast and snacks.

By following this diet, people with type 2 diabetes can improve their health, control their blood sugar, and reduce their risk of complications. Fiber is another way to help people with diabetes lead active and healthy lives.

Avoiding pre-cooked foods

When designing a weekly diet for people with type 2 diabetes, special attention should be paid to the choice of foods and how they are prepared. One important aspect in this context is the avoidance of pre-cooked food.

Pre-cooked foods such as fast food, supermarket ready meals and canned food usually contain high amounts of additives, sugar and salt. These ingredients can negatively affect blood sugar levels and should be minimized or eliminated entirely.

The best choice for people with type 2 diabetes is to cook your own meals with fresh, natural ingredients. This will allow you to control the amount of sugar and salt, as well as avoid the presence of unwanted additives.

In this case, you should choose low-fat and high-fiber foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables, constantly monitor blood glucose levels and eat a regular diet.

Alcohol consumption

Alcohol consumption has a negative effect on the body of people with type 2 diabetes. Alcohol can lead to a significant increase in blood sugar levels, as it contains a large amount of sugar and increases insulin secretion.

In addition, alcohol can interact with blood sugar medications, which can lead to unpredictable reactions. Therefore, people with diabetes are advised to completely eliminate alcohol from their diet.

If the use of alcohol cannot be completely eliminated, then its quantity should be strictly limited. It’s important to remember that every body reacts to alcohol differently, so it’s important to see your doctor for specific advice on drinking alcohol.

It is also worth noting that drinking alcohol can cause you to lose control of your blood sugar, which can be harmful to your health. Therefore, you need to be especially careful and vigilant if you decide to consume alcoholic beverages.

It is important to know that even drinking small amounts of alcohol can cause changes in the body, so it is recommended that you discuss any alcohol use with your doctor. The doctor will be able to assess your health status, the drugs you are taking, and make recommendations, taking into account all these factors.

Nutrition

Diet is an important part of the diet for people with type 2 diabetes. Accurate adherence to specific meal times helps maintain normal blood sugar levels and prevents glucose fluctuations.

First, it is important to divide your meal into several smaller meals throughout the day. Small meals, taken frequently, help to control the level of sugar in the body, and also help to avoid sudden spikes in glucose after eating large meals.

Secondly, you should stick to roughly the same meal times each day. It helps regulate insulin levels in the body and keep blood sugar levels stable.

It is also important to keep in mind that the caloric intake of food should be balanced and match the person’s physical activity. In this case, preference should be given to foods with a low glycemic index in order to avoid a sharp increase in blood sugar levels.

In general, dietary compliance in type 2 diabetes is key to controlling blood sugar levels. Regular small meals, sticking to specific meal times, and keeping track of calories will help maintain stable glucose levels and control disease.

Physical activity

Physical activity is one of the key components of type 2 diabetes management. Regular exercise helps control blood sugar levels, improves feelings of well-being, and promotes overall health.

It is important to note that physical activity should be tailored to the individual abilities and preferences of each person with diabetes. A consultation with a doctor and a professional instructor will help you choose the right exercises and determine the optimal training intensity.

One of the most effective forms of physical activity for people with diabetes is aerobic exercise. It improves the functioning of the cardiovascular system, which helps to reduce blood sugar levels. Walking, swimming, cycling, dancing – all these activities can be included in the training regimen.

In addition to aerobic training, strength training is also recommended. They help strengthen muscles and improve insulin sensitivity. Possible types of strength training include lifting dumbbells, using weight machines, or working with your own body weight.

Don’t forget about stretching and flexibility, as these can also be helpful in improving overall health. Stretching helps improve the flexibility of muscles and joints, as well as reduce the risk of injury during exercise.

In general, regular physical activity plays an important role in the management of type 2 diabetes. It helps control blood sugar levels, promote health and improve the overall quality of life.

Blood sugar control

Blood sugar control is an important part of managing type 2 diabetes. Regular measurement of glucose levels allows you to monitor the effectiveness of diet and treatment, as well as prevent possible complications.

One of the main methods of control is the use of a glucometer – a portable device for measuring blood sugar levels. Usually glucometers are small and easy to use, they allow you to quickly and painlessly get the results of the analysis.

It is advisable to measure blood sugar levels several times a day, especially before meals and at bedtime. For accurate results, you must follow the instructions for using the meter.

If your blood sugar level is above normal, you should take steps to lower it. It is important to properly balance the diet, exclude from it foods rich in carbohydrates and sugar. It is also recommended to increase physical activity and follow other doctor’s recommendations.

In general, blood sugar control is an important aspect of type 2 diabetes management. Regular measurement and taking appropriate measures will help maintain a stable glucose level and prevent health problems.

Visiting a doctor and consulting with a nutritionist

Type 2 diabetes requires a comprehensive approach to treatment, including not only drug therapy, but also a special diet. When confirming the diagnosis of diabetes, the first and most important thing to do is to visit an endocrinologist.

A visit to an endocrinologist will allow you to determine the severity of the disease, prescribe the necessary medications and set the goals of the treatment process. Therefore, it is important to conduct a complete examination, perform the necessary tests and transfer all the results to the doctor.

In consultation with a dietitian, you will learn the details of a weekly diet for people with type 2 diabetes. The nutritionist will select nutrition, taking into account the general picture of the disease, physical activity, the degree of obesity and the individual characteristics of the patient.

A dietitian will teach you how to count calories and carbohydrates correctly, give recommendations on carbohydrate metabolism, explain the principles of moderate food intake and the correct ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. He will also tell you how to organize your meal correctly: what foods to choose, which ones to exclude from your diet, and how to control blood sugar levels after eating.

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Q&A:

What foods are recommended for a weekly diet for people with type 2 diabetes?

For type 2 diabetes, it is recommended to include foods such as vegetables, low glycemic fruits, low-fat dairy products, seafood, legumes, nuts, healthy fats (olive and coconut oil) in the diet. These foods will help stabilize blood sugar levels and control disease.

What foods should be avoided in type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes should avoid foods high in sugar and simple carbohydrates. In particular, you should limit the consumption of sweets, carbonated drinks, white bread, potatoes, white rice, flour products. It is also important to limit your intake of fats, especially trans fats found in junk food and packaged foods, for example.

What kind of physical activity is recommended for type 2 diabetes?

Physical activity is very important in type 2 diabetes to improve insulin sensitivity and control blood sugar levels. It is recommended to engage in aerobic exercise such as walking, swimming, cycling, as well as strength training, which helps strengthen muscles. However, before starting classes, it is necessary to consult a doctor, as each patient is assigned an individual training program.

Can I follow this diet if I have other diseases?

If you have other medical conditions such as high blood pressure or food allergies, you should discuss this diet with your doctor and make any necessary adjustments. Diet for type 2 diabetes should be individual and take into account all the features of health.

Republican Endocrinological Center of the KBR Nalchik

No matter how paradoxical it may sound, the model of eating behavior of a patient with diabetes may well be adopted by any person who adheres to a healthy lifestyle and strives to maintain vigor of body and spirit for many years. This nutrition model is based on a balanced diet, taking into account the individual parameters of a particular person, his level of physical activity, as well as the presence of complications and concomitant diseases.

From the moment a person is diagnosed with diabetes, certain restrictions begin to operate in his life, including with regard to nutrition. But unlike dietary restrictions in type 2 diabetes, which, as a rule, is accompanied by overweight and even obesity, in type 1 diabetes, first of all, a strict accounting of the quantity and quality of carbohydrates consumed is required, and in a serious restriction and complete exclusion from the diet no products needed. Why is it important to keep track of carbohydrate intake?

Food carbohydrates are the source of the main energy material for humans – glucose. Glucose enters the cell from the bloodstream. There, splitting, it releases energy, which goes to ensure the vital processes of the body. That is why carbohydrates make up about 55% of the daily energy value of the diet in the patient’s diet. But carbohydrates are different carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates travel through the small intestine before reaching the bloodstream. Hence their division, depending on the rate of absorption, into quickly and slowly digestible carbohydrates.

Slow-digesting (complex) carbohydrates raise blood glucose levels gradually over about 40-60 minutes. These include starch, pectins and fiber.

Starch takes up to 80% of the total amount of carbohydrates ingested with food. The largest amount of starch is found in cereals: corn, wheat, rye. 20% starch is found in potatoes. Pectin and fiber are found in fruits and vegetables.

The recommended daily fiber intake is at least 18 grams, which is equivalent to 200 grams of whole grain bread, 7 medium-sized apples, or 1 serving of boiled green peas.

Rapidly digestible (simple) carbohydrates , or sugars, are absorbed in 5 to 25 minutes and are therefore indicated for a rapid increase in blood glucose levels in case of hypoglycemia. Sugars include: glucose (fruits, berries, bee honey), fructose, galactose, sucrose (fruits, berries, bee honey, beets, sugar (99.5% sucrose), lactose (carbohydrate of animal origin), maltose (honey, beer , malt, molasses) They have a pronounced sweet taste and are very easy to digest.0003

The rate of increase in blood glucose after the consumption of a particular carbohydrate is called the “glycemic index” (GI).

When deciding on glucose-lowering therapy, the choice of specific products, taking into account their quantity and glycemic index, which can be high, medium or low, are of primary importance. But how in everyday life to calculate the amount of carbohydrates necessary for the normal life of a diabetic patient? On what scales?

No scale is actually needed. For the convenience of calculating carbohydrates, there is a universal unit for measuring carbohydrate-containing food – a bread unit (XE), equal to 10–12 g of net carbohydrates.

To determine the amount of XE at each particular meal, it is enough to know the products that are carbohydrate-containing, and their servings, equal to 1 XE.

All products containing carbohydrates are divided into 5 main groups.

1. Starch group (bread, potatoes, most side dishes, legumes, pasta, savory pastries).
   The most useful for a person with diabetes is bread of grain varieties or with bran. It has fewer carbohydrates and a lower GI: 1 XE \u003d 1 slice of bread, 1 cm thick. When choosing potatoes, it is better to give preference not to mashed potatoes (it increases glucose levels the fastest), but to the boiled version. Pasta lovers should also focus on the lowest GI, which demonstrates products from durum wheat. As for cereals, choose oatmeal, buckwheat and pearl barley with a medium-low GI.
2. Fruits and juices . They are divided into more and less favorable. The first (apples, berries, unsweetened plums, pears, feijoa, bananas, pomegranates) contain fiber – a complex carbohydrate, most of which is not absorbed in the human intestine. They have an average GI, i.e. they do not increase the level of glycemia so quickly. The second (watermelons, melons, pineapples, grapes, peaches, apricots, oranges, tangerines, mangoes) contain less fiber and cause a rapid increase in glycemia.
   All juices, with the exception of tomato, have a very high GI and are recommended only in case of hypoglycemia to quickly increase blood glucose levels.
3. Liquid dairy products . 200 ml of unsweetened and 100 ml of any sweet milk drink contain only 1 XE.
4. Sugar and sweets can only be used to stop hypoglycemic reactions!
5. Non-starchy vegetable group .