What are the benefits of magnesium citrate? How much magnesium citrate should you take for constipation? Get the facts on the uses and dosage of this mineral supplement.

What is Magnesium Citrate?

Magnesium citrate is an over-the-counter magnesium preparation made with a combination of salt and citric acid. It is sometimes described as a “saline laxative” because it effectively works to relieve constipation and clear out the intestines, thanks to its ability to increase water and fluids in the small intestine. However, treating occasional constipation is not the only use for magnesium citrate supplements — they are also taken for nutritional support.

Health Benefits of Magnesium Citrate

1. Can Help Treat Constipation and Clear Out the Intestines

Does magnesium citrate make you poop and provide constipation relief? Yes, it usually results in a bowel movement within 30 minutes to eight hours, depending on the type you take and the dosage. Lower doses are recommended for daily use to help with regularity, in addition to sticking with other healthy diet and lifestyle habits. Higher doses are used only once or for several days if being used for medical reasons, such as for a colonoscopy. If a high dose is taken you can expect to have a bowel movement within about three hours.

Magnesium citrate pulls water into the intestines due to its chemical structure. Magnesium and citric acid have oppositely charged atoms, which causes an osmotic effect to take place in your digestive tract when you consume them together. This means that water enters the intestines and becomes absorbed by the stools. This helps lubricate the GI tract and soften stools, making it easier to pass a bowel movement.

2. Can Help Prevent Magnesium Deficiency Symptoms

Taking magnesium citrate is one way to increase magnesium levels, especially since it has higher bioavailability than some other types of magnesium supplements. Preventing magnesium deficiency is important because magnesium is needed for hundreds of different bodily functions, plus for warding off common symptoms like anxiety, trouble sleeping, aches, spasms, headaches and blood pressure changes.

3. Can Help Support Muscle and Nerve Functions

Because magnesium is an electrolyte that is particularly important for the nervous system and muscle contractions, magnesium citrate can help support proper muscle and nerve functions. It plays a role in regulating muscle tone, preventing muscle cramps, and supporting healthy nerve signaling.

How Much Magnesium Citrate Should You Take?

The recommended dosage of magnesium citrate can vary depending on the reason for taking it. For general health and preventing deficiency, the recommended daily intake is around 310-420mg per day for adults.

For constipation relief, a typical dosage is between 150-300mg taken once per day. Higher doses of 500-600mg may be used for a short period of time to help clear the bowels, such as before a medical procedure. It’s important to start with a lower dose and increase slowly, as magnesium citrate can cause diarrhea if taken in excess.

When taking magnesium citrate for constipation, it’s best to take it on an empty stomach with a full glass of water. This helps the magnesium citrate work more effectively. Be sure to drink plenty of fluids when taking magnesium citrate to avoid dehydration.

Who Should Take Magnesium Citrate?

Magnesium citrate can be beneficial for many people, including those who:

• Struggle with occasional constipation
• Want to prevent or treat magnesium deficiency
• Need support for muscle and nerve functions
• Experience issues like headaches, fatigue, muscle aches or cramps
• Have trouble sleeping or feel stressed/anxious
• Need to prepare for a medical procedure like a colonoscopy

However, magnesium citrate may not be suitable for everyone. Those with kidney or heart problems, intestinal blockages, or severe dehydration should avoid it or speak to their doctor first. Pregnant women and young children should also check with their healthcare provider before taking magnesium citrate.

How to Choose a Magnesium Citrate Supplement

When selecting a magnesium citrate supplement, look for one that uses high-quality, pure ingredients and is free of unnecessary fillers or additives. The supplement should also contain the proper dosage for your needs. Start with a lower dose and work your way up gradually to assess your tolerance.

It’s a good idea to take magnesium citrate with meals or to divide the daily dose into two or more smaller servings throughout the day. This can help improve absorption and minimize any potential gastrointestinal side effects.

Magnesium Citrate vs. Other Forms of Magnesium

Magnesium citrate is just one of many different types of magnesium supplements available. Other common forms include magnesium glycinate, magnesium malate, magnesium orotate, and magnesium oxide.

The main differences between these forms come down to their chemical structure, absorption rates, and intended uses. For example, magnesium glycinate is often preferred for its ability to be well-absorbed and gentle on the digestive system, while magnesium oxide is a less expensive option that’s better suited for occasional constipation relief.

When choosing a magnesium supplement, it’s best to consider your specific health goals and any other medications or conditions you have. Consulting with your healthcare provider can help you determine the best form and dosage for your individual needs.

The Bottom Line

Magnesium citrate is a versatile magnesium supplement that can provide a variety of health benefits, including relieving occasional constipation. By increasing water content in the intestines, magnesium citrate helps soften stools and promote regular bowel movements.

In addition to its laxative effects, magnesium citrate can also help prevent magnesium deficiency symptoms, support muscle and nerve functions, and potentially even provide relief for headaches, fatigue, and sleep issues.

When taking magnesium citrate, be sure to start with a low dose, stay hydrated, and consult your healthcare provider if you have any underlying medical conditions. With the right dosage and usage, magnesium citrate can be a helpful tool for maintaining overall health and wellbeing.

Magnesium Citrate Benefits, Including for Constipation

Fact Checked

This Dr. Axe content is medically reviewed or fact checked to ensure factually accurate information.

With strict editorial sourcing guidelines, we only link to academic research institutions, reputable media sites and, when research is available, medically peer-reviewed studies. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) are clickable links to these studies.

The information in our articles is NOT intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice.

This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by our trained editorial staff. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) are clickable links to medically peer-reviewed studies.

Our team includes licensed nutritionists and dietitians, certified health education specialists, as well as certified strength and conditioning specialists, personal trainers and corrective exercise specialists. Our team aims to be not only thorough with its research, but also objective and unbiased.

The information in our articles is NOT intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice.

By Jillian Levy, CHHC

June 10, 2022

Magnesium is the fourth most-abundant mineral in the body, and it’s mostly stored inside our bones. Because our bodies can’t make magnesium, we must get this mineral from our diets or supplements. Magnesium supplements are available in a variety of forms, one of which is magnesium citrate.

What is magnesium citrate good for? The No. 1 reason to use any magnesium supplement is to help maintain adequate levels of this mineral in order to prevent deficiency. Believe it or not, some research shows that nearly two-thirds of the population in the western world does not achieve the recommended daily allowance for magnesium.

Magnesium deficiency is believed to be one of the most prevalent nutrient deficiencies that affects adults, for reasons including poor soil quality, issues with absorption, and a lack of fruits or vegetables in people’s diets. Not only can magnesium citrate help defend against deficiency symptoms like fatigue, muscle aches and trouble sleeping, but it’s also commonly used by doctors to relieve constipation. That’s not all.

What Is Magnesium Citrate?

Magnesium citrate is an over-the-counter magnesium preparation made with a combination of salt and citric acid. Magnesium citrate is sometimes described as a “saline laxative” because it effectively works to relieve constipation and clear out the intestines, thanks to its ability to increase water and fluids in the small intestine.

However, treating occasional constipation is not the only use for magnesium citrate supplements — they are also taken for nutritional support.

The main purpose of using magnesium citrate and other forms of magnesium is to maintain healthy levels, since magnesium deficiency can contribute to a wide variety of symptoms and conditions. These include trouble sleeping, headaches, fatigue, and muscle aches or spams.

Health Benefits (Including for Constipation)

1. Can Help Treat Constipation and Clear Out the Intestines

Does magnesium citrate make you poop and provide constipation relief? Yes, it usually results in a bowel movement within 30 minutes to eight hours, depending on the type you take and the dosage. Lower doses are recommended for daily use to help with regularity, in addition to sticking with other healthy diet and lifestyle habits.

Higher doses are used only once or for several days if being used for medical reasons, such as for a colonoscopy. If a high dose is taken you can expect to have a bowel movement within about three hours.

Magnesium citrate pulls water into the intestines due to its chemical structure. Magnesium and citric acid have oppositely charged atoms, which causes an osmotic effect to take place in your digestive tract when you consume them together. This means that water enters the intestines and becomes absorbed by the stools. This helps lubricate the GI tract and soften stools, making it easier to pass a bowel movement.

2. Can Help Prevent Magnesium Deficiency Symptoms

Taking magnesium citrate is one way to increase magnesium levels, especially since it has higher bioavailability than some other types of magnesium supplements.

Preventing magnesium deficiency is important because magnesium is needed for hundreds of different bodily functions, plus for warding off common symptoms like anxiety, trouble sleeping, aches, spasms, headaches and blood pressure changes.

3. Can Help Support Muscle and Nerve Functions

Because magnesium is an electrolyte that is particularly important for the muscles and nerve cells, using magnesium citrate may provide benefits like enhancing relaxation, increasing sleep quality and helping with stress relief. It also can help fight muscle spasms, aches and pains since magnesium helps contracted muscles relax.

That said, other forms of magnesium tend to be more popular for these effects, including magnesium glycinate, magnesium sulfate or magnesium chloride oil.

4. May Help Protect Against Kidney Stones

High calcium levels in the urine can contribute to kidney stones. In fact, it’s estimated that high urinary calcium is the cause of kidney stones in upward of 80 percent of cases.

Calcium and magnesium work together to balance each other out, and magnesium may be able to decrease accumulation of calcium, thereby supporting good kidney health. While magnesium citrate is useful for this prevention of kidney issues, magnesium oxide may work even better for this purpose. (It’s frequently recommended at doses of approximately 400 milligrams per day.)

5. Beneficial for Cardiovascular and Bone Health

Magnesium is an essential mineral for maintaining bone density, normal cardiac rhythmicity, pulmonary function and healthy blood glucose levels. Having adequate levels is important for maintaining normal blood pressure and heartbeat rhythms, protecting against issues like hypertension and arrhythmia (irregular heartbeats).

Magnesium citrate is commonly used to prevent irregular heartbeats. In addition, it works to make artery walls more flexible — stiff artery walls are an atherosclerosis risk and can contribute to cardiovascular issues.

In addition, magnesium citrate contributes to bone creation, as it works to regulate the transport of calcium across cell membranes. Our bones possess roughly 60 percent of the body’s magnesium.

Types

Other names for magnesium citrate can include Citrate of Magnesia or the brand name Citroma.

The absorption rate and bioavailability of magnesium supplements differs depending on the kind you use. Research shows that usually types that dissolve in liquid are better absorbed in the gut than less soluble forms. Some research suggests that magnesium citrate, chelate and chloride forms are typically absorbed better than magnesium supplements in oxide and magnesium sulfate forms.

Here’s a bit about the different types of magnesium citrate supplements that are available:

• Magnesium citrate powder — This is a popular form of magnesium that is stirred into water or another fluid and taken for nutritional support. The powder is combined with water. This causes the two to bind together, creating “ionic magnesium citrate,” which is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.
• Magnesium citrate liquid — This form is the type usually taken for its laxative effects. A liquid magnesium citrate product usually has a magnesium content of about 290 mg per 1 fl oz (30 mL) serving. Other ingredients might also be added to enhance the taste and effects, such as potassium, lemon oil, polyethylene glycol, sodium and sugar/sucrose. Because liquid products are usually used as saline laxatives, they are typically taken about two or more hours before or after other drugs.
• Magnesium citrate capsules — Capsules are a convenient way to take magnesium citrate. They are usually taken just like powder forms, with at least a glass of water.

Dosage

The magnesium dosage that is right for you is based on factors like your medical condition, age, any symptoms you’re experiencing and how sensitive to this product you are. It’s important to always read the directions on the label of the product you use, since each product works a bit differently.

Below are general recommendations for magnesium citrate dosages:

• If you’re taking magnesium citrate as a nutritional supplement, a general recommendation for adults is to take between 200 and 400 milligrams per day orally in a single daily dose, or in divided doses, with a full glass of water.
• If you’re taking magnesium citrate for the purpose of constipation relief or bowel evacuation, the standard dose is 195–300 mL of liquid magnesium in a single daily dose or in divided doses with full glass of water, or two to four tablets before bedtime.
• Adult men should generally stick with the recommended daily allowance of 400 to 420 mg/day, while adult women should stick with 310 to 320 mg/day. However, sometimes a patient may take higher doses, up to 900 milligrams daily, if working with a health care provider.
• In liquid form, the standard dosage recommendation is 290 mg/5ml daily, unless your doctor tells you otherwise.
• In tablet form, the the standard dosage recommendation is 100 mg/day, which might be taken in two to three divided doses.
• Pregnant and breastfeeding women need about 320 to 350 mg/day.
• Children should take between 60 to 195 milligrams per day, depending on their age (it’s best to check with your pediatrician first).

Here are tips for taking magnesium citrate:

• If using a magnesium citrate powder, start with a low dose, about half a teaspoon daily or 200 milligrams or less, and increase as needed to the full or recommended amount as stated on the product label.
• Take this product with a full glass of water (at least eight ounces), since it works by pulling water into the intestines.
• Magnesium can usually be taken with or without food. However, depending on the reason you’re taking magnesium citrate, your doctor might tell you to take it on an empty stomach, at least one hour before or two hours after a meal.
• Magnesium can be taken at any time of day. Trying picking a time of day to take magnesium and stick with it, since daily use of a moderate dosage may have the best effects.
• Many people find the taste of magnesium citrate to be unpleasant, so if you’d like to improve the taste, try chilling the mixture first or mixing it with a small amount of juice. Just don’t freeze magnesium citrate. This can change how it works.
• Some magnesium citrate products work by dissolving in water first, which usually works fastest when you use warm water, although cold water will work too (effects will just take slightly longer to kick in).
• Don’t forget to also aim to get magnesium naturally from a nutrient-dense diet full of anti-inflammatory plant foods.

Common Questions

How long does it take for magnesium citrate to kick in?

If you’re taking magnesium citrate for constipation or prior to bowel procedure, it should have an effect within about six to eight hours and sometimes in as little as 30 minutes.

If you’re taking a low dose daily, such as before bed, it may kick in within 30 minutes but not encourage a bowel movement until the next morning. The length of time it takes to kick in depends on how much you take and how sensitive you are.

Is magnesium citrate safe to take daily?

Yes, as long as you take a low to moderate amount and not a high dose that causes loose stools repeatedly.

Ideally you want to maintain healthy digestion and normal bowel function by drinking plenty of water and fluids and by eating a diet that includes enough fiber and foods high in magnesium — such as dark leafy greens, beans, avocado and bananas. Exercising, sleeping enough, managing stress, and avoiding too much caffeine and alcohol are also important for staying “regular” and reducing reliance on laxatives.

Is magnesium citrate not working for you?

You may need to increase the dosage you’re taking or try splitting the dose in two parts. If you’re looking for other benefits besides constipation relief, consider trying another form of magnesium or getting your doctor’s advice.

Risks, Side Effects and Interactions

Magnesium citrate may have a laxative effect in some cases when taken in high doses but is otherwise considered safe for most people.

That said, it’s possible for magnesium citrate side effects to occur, especially if you take a high dose for an extended period of time. Magnesium citrate side effects may include:

• Dehydration symptoms/loss of too much body water
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain, gas and nausea
• Decreased weight
• Weakness
• Rarely, serious side effects like slow/irregular heartbeat, mental/mood changes, persistent diarrhea, severe/persistent stomach/abdominal pain, bloody stools, rectal bleeding, decreased urination and allergic reactions

You don’t want to use magnesium citrate too often because this can wind up causing “dependence” on the product and loss of normal bowel function (same story with senna). People who abuse laxatives, including magnesium citrate, may not be able to have normal bowel movement without using the product after some time.

You also shouldn’t take magnesium citrate or other laxatives if you’re taking antibiotics, especially tetracycline/quinolone. If you need to take both, take them at least two hours apart. If you have any of the following medical conditions, talk to your doctor before you start taking magnesium citrate: kidney disease, GI issues that last longer than two weeks, frequent stomach pains, nausea, vomiting, or if you’ve been told to follow a low-magnesium or low-potassium diet.

When it comes to using magnesium supplements during pregnancy or giving magnesium to your child, it’s recommended that you check with your doctor first, although both are usually safe and can be beneficial.

Final Thoughts

• Magnesium citrate is an over-the-counter magnesium supplement made with a combination of salt and citric acid. It is sometimes described as a “saline laxative” because it effectively works to relieve constipation and clear out the intestines. It does this by drawing water and fluids into the intestines, which lubricates stools.
• Other magnesium citrate benefits include helping increase magnesium levels and prevent deficiency and supporting bone, nerve, muscle and heart health.
• If you take a high dosage of magnesium citrate you might experience side effects, including diarrhea/loose stools. Other magnesium citrate side effects can include dehydration, weakness, abdominal pains and weight loss.
• Always follow magnesium citrate dosage recommendations carefully, since each type of product (powder, liquid and pills) works a bit differently.

Magnesium citrate dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more

Dosing & Uses

AdultPediatric

Dosage Forms & Strengths

liquid

• 290mg/5mL

tablet

• 100mg (elemental)

Nutritional Supplementation

19-30 years: Men, 400 mg/day; women, 310 mg/day; pregnant women (≤50 years), 350 mg/day; breastfeeding women (≤50 years), 310 mg/day

>30 years: Men, 420 mg/day; women, 320 mg/day; pregnant women (≤50 years), 360 mg/day; breastfeeding women (≤50 years), 320 mg/day

Constipation/Laxative

195-300 mL PO in single daily dose or in divided doses with full glass of water

Alternative: 2-4 tablets PO at bedtime

Acid Indigestion

1 tablet twice daily or as directed by healthcare provider

Dosing Considerations

Should be refrigerated to maintain potency and palatability

Dosage Forms & Strengths

liquid

• 290mg/5mL

tablet

• 100mg (elemental)

Constipation/Laxative

2-6 years: 60-90 mL PO once or divided doses; not to exceed 90 mL/24hr

6-12 years: 90-210 mL in single dose or in divided doses with full glass of water

>12 years: 195-300 mL PO in single daily dose or in divided doses with full glass of water; alternatively, may administer 2-4 tablets PO at bedtime

Dosing Considerations

Should be refrigerated to maintain potency and palatability

Interactions

Interaction Checker

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Contraindicated (0)

Serious – Use Alternative (9)

• baloxavir marboxil

  magnesium citrate will decrease the level or effect of baloxavir marboxil by cation binding in GI tract. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Baloxavir may bind to polyvalent cations resulting in decreased absorption. Studies in monkeys showed concurrent use with calcium, aluminum, or iron caused significantly decreased plasma levels. Human studies not conducted.

• demeclocycline

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of demeclocycline by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

• dolutegravir

  magnesium citrate will decrease the level or effect of dolutegravir by cation binding in GI tract. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Administer dolutegravir 2 hr before or 6 hr after taking medications containing polyvalent cations

• doxycycline

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of doxycycline by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

• eltrombopag

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of eltrombopag by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Contraindicated. Separate by at least 4 hours.

• minocycline

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of minocycline by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

• oxytetracycline

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of oxytetracycline by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

• potassium phosphates, IV

  magnesium citrate decreases effects of potassium phosphates, IV by cation binding in GI tract. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Magnesium decreases serum phosphate concentration by binding dietary phosphate. Use alternatives if available.

• tetracycline

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of tetracycline by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug.

Monitor Closely (16)

• bictegravir

  magnesium citrate will decrease the level or effect of bictegravir by cation binding in GI tract. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Bictegravir can be taken under fasting conditions 2 hr before antacids containing Al, Mg, or Ca. Routine administration of bictegravir simultaneously with, or 2 hr after, antacids containing Al, Mg, or Ca is not recommended.

• cabotegravir

  magnesium citrate will decrease the level or effect of cabotegravir by cation binding in GI tract. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Administer polyvalent cation products at least 2 hr before or 4 hr after taking oral cabotegravir.

• ciprofloxacin

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of ciprofloxacin by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor. Coadministration of ciprofloxacin with multivalent cation-containing products may reduce the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin by 90%. Administer ciprofloxacin at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after using these products. Use alternatives if available.

• deferiprone

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of deferiprone by enhancing GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Deferiprone may bind polyvalent cations (eg, iron, aluminum, and zinc), separate administration by at least 4 hr between deferiprone and other medications (eg, antacids), or supplements containing these polyvalent cations.

• deflazacort

  magnesium citrate and deflazacort both decrease serum potassium. Use Caution/Monitor.

• fleroxacin

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of fleroxacin by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor. Separate by 2 hours.

• gemifloxacin

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of gemifloxacin by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor. Separate by 2 hours.

• ifosfamide

  ifosfamide, magnesium citrate.
  Either increases toxicity of the other by nephrotoxicity and/or ototoxicity. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Monitor electrolytes and renal function.

• levofloxacin

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of levofloxacin by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor. Separate by 2 hours.

• moxifloxacin

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of moxifloxacin by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor. Separate by 2 hours.

• ofloxacin

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of ofloxacin by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor. Separate by 2 hours.

• omadacycline

  magnesium citrate will decrease the level or effect of omadacycline by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Multivalent cation-containing products may impair absorption of tetracyclines, which may decrease its efficacy. Separate dosing of tetracyclines from these products.

• penicillamine

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of penicillamine by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Use Caution/Monitor. Separate by 2 hours.

• sarecycline

  magnesium citrate will decrease the level or effect of sarecycline by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Multivalent cation-containing products may impair absorption of tetracyclines, which may decrease its efficacy. Separate dosing of tetracyclines from these products.

• sodium phosphates, IV

  magnesium citrate decreases effects of sodium phosphates, IV by cation binding in GI tract. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Magnesium decreases serum phosphate concentration by binding dietary phosphate. Use alternatives if available.

• vitamin D

  vitamin D increases levels of magnesium citrate by Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor.
  Comment: Vitamin D can increase serum magnesium concentrations, particularly in the presence of renal impairment. The combined use of vitamin D and magnesium-containing products should be avoided, if possible, in patients with chronic renal failure.

Minor (41)

• amikacin

  amikacin decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• amiloride

  amiloride increases levels of magnesium citrate by decreasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• amphotericin B deoxycholate

  amphotericin B deoxycholate decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens

  bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens decreases levels of magnesium citrate by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown.
  Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.

• bendroflumethiazide

  bendroflumethiazide decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• bumetanide

  bumetanide decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• calcitonin salmon

  calcitonin salmon increases levels of magnesium citrate by decreasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• chlorothiazide

  chlorothiazide decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• chlorthalidone

  chlorthalidone decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• conjugated estrogens

  conjugated estrogens decreases levels of magnesium citrate by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown.
  Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.

• conjugated estrogens, vaginal

  conjugated estrogens, vaginal decreases levels of magnesium citrate by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown.
  Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.

• cyclopenthiazide

  cyclopenthiazide decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• dextrose

  dextrose decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• dextrose (Antidote)

  dextrose (Antidote) decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• digoxin

  digoxin decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• doxercalciferol

  doxercalciferol increases levels of magnesium citrate by enhancing GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• drospirenone

  drospirenone increases levels of magnesium citrate by decreasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• estradiol

  estradiol decreases levels of magnesium citrate by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown.
  Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.

• estrogens conjugated synthetic

  estrogens conjugated synthetic decreases levels of magnesium citrate by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown.
  Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.

• estrogens esterified

  estrogens esterified decreases levels of magnesium citrate by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown.
  Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.

• estropipate

  estropipate decreases levels of magnesium citrate by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown.
  Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.

• ethacrynic acid

  ethacrynic acid decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• furosemide

  furosemide decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• gentamicin

  gentamicin decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• glucagon intranasal

  glucagon intranasal increases levels of magnesium citrate by decreasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• hydrochlorothiazide

  hydrochlorothiazide decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• ibandronate

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of ibandronate by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• indapamide

  indapamide decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• mannitol

  mannitol decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• mestranol

  mestranol decreases levels of magnesium citrate by Other (see comment). Minor/Significance Unknown.
  Comment: Magnesium shifted from blood to tissue storage.

• methyclothiazide

  methyclothiazide decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• metolazone

  metolazone decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• neomycin PO

  neomycin PO decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• nitrofurantoin

  magnesium citrate decreases levels of nitrofurantoin by inhibition of GI absorption. Applies only to oral form of both agents. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• paromomycin

  paromomycin decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• sodium polystyrene sulfonate

  sodium polystyrene sulfonate increases levels of magnesium citrate by decreasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown. Risk of alkalosis.

• spironolactone

  spironolactone increases levels of magnesium citrate by decreasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• streptomycin

  streptomycin decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• tobramycin

  tobramycin decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• torsemide

  torsemide decreases levels of magnesium citrate by increasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

• triamterene

  triamterene increases levels of magnesium citrate by decreasing renal clearance. Minor/Significance Unknown.

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Adverse Effects

Frequency Not Defined

Abdominal cramping

Diarrhea

Electrolyte imbalance

Hypermagnesemia

Gas formation

Nausea/vomiting

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Warnings

Contraindications

Low sodium diet

Cautions

For occasional use only in treatment of constipation; prolonged use for constipation may cause serious adverse effects

To be used under the supervision of a physician when administered to patients with sodium or manesium restricted diet, kidney dysfunction, nausea/vomiting/abdominal pain with sudden change in bowel habits persisting over 2 weeks

Use with caution in patients with myasthenia gravis or other neuromuscular disease

Avoid use in renal failure, existing electrolyte imbalance, appendicitis or acute surgical abdomen, myocardial damage or heart block, fecal impaction or rectal fissures, intestinal obstruction or perforation, dehydration

Discontinue use and consult healthcare provider if bowel movement does not occur or rectal bleeding develops

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Pregnancy & Lactation

Pregnancy category: A

Lactation: Use in nursing mothers appears to be safe

Pregnancy Categories

A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk.

B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk. C: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks. Animal studies show risk and human studies not available or neither animal nor human studies done. D: Use in LIFE-THREATENING emergencies when no safer drug available. Positive evidence of human fetal risk. X: Do not use in pregnancy. Risks involved outweigh potential benefits. Safer alternatives exist. NA: Information not available.

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Pharmacology

Mechanism of Action

Increases peristaltic activity of the colon; promotes bowel evacuation by causing osmotic retention of fluid

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15-30% absorbed

Onset: 0.5-6 hr or less

Elimination

Excretion: Urine (mainly)

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The use of magnesium citrate allows the prevention of preterm birth in pregnant women with a high risk of miscarriage | Tetruashvili N.K., Gromova O.A., Serov V.N.

Introduction
Recurrent miscarriage is a complex polyetiological problem. The process of interaction of the blastocyst with the maternal endometrium plays a central role in this pathology. Factors that disrupt the normal course of implantation and placentation include hormonal, autoimmune, alloimmune, and anatomical factors [1].

Recurrent miscarriage is a complex polyetiological problem. The process of interaction of the blastocyst with the maternal endometrium plays a central role in this pathology. Factors that disrupt the normal course of implantation and placentation include hormonal, autoimmune, alloimmune, and anatomical factors [1].
Pathogenetic mechanisms of early pregnancy termination are often implemented through endothelial dysfunction, microthrombosis, spasm of the spiral arteries, which leads to growth restriction and invasion of the trophoblast, impaired gas exchange, and a decrease in the hormone-producing function of the placenta. The emergence of endothelial dysfunction and microthrombosis largely contribute to infectious and inflammatory gynecological diseases [1,2].
Numerous early predictors of miscarriage are known from clinical practice: infectious diseases of the genitourinary tract, hemocoagulation factors (elevated levels of homocysteine, a tendency to thrombophilia), including acquired and genetic ones (antiphospholipid syndrome, mutations of factor V Leiden, prothrombin, PAI-1, GP IIIA, FGB, FXI, MTHFR / MTRR, thrombogenic DNA polymorphisms of genes, etc. ), spasmophilia (increased tone of the uterus, also accompanied by cramps in the calf muscles, spasms of the esophagus (the so-called “lump in the throat”), intestinal spasms, etc.) [2,3]. An increase in the tone of the uterus disrupts the uteroplacental blood flow and creates additional obstacles to the full development of the fetal egg. Increased uterine tone is often accompanied by significant discomfort in the pelvis and lower abdomen, up to pain [1,2].
It should be noted that spasm, hypertonicity of the myometrium and hypercoagulability are largely the result of an imbalance in the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system. Like hormones, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sodium ions are classified as systemic substances: for example, Na + and Ca2 + ions cause vasoconstriction, and K + and Mg2 + ions have an expanding effect. Ignoring the correction of autonomic disorders and deformed mineral balance in the complex therapy of habitual miscarriage reduces the effectiveness of treatment, and in some cases makes it completely unsuccessful [4].
The balance of potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium is often considered in a simplified way, only in terms of the regulation of water-salt metabolism. We should not forget about the critical role of electrolytes in maintaining the balance of the autonomic nervous system. In particular, magnesium deficiency, like potassium deficiency, corresponds to hypersympathiconia, which is manifested by the aforementioned increase in uterine tone, convulsions, spasms of the esophagus and intestines [5]. Magnesium deficiency also contributes to a significant increase in the risk of thrombophilia [6] and a decrease in the activity of magnesium-dependent placental proteins [7]. Therefore, effective and safe compensation of magnesium deficiency in early pregnancy is a promising direction in the prevention of miscarriage.
The use of preparations of organic magnesium salts for oral administration (magnesium citrate), which have high bioavailability and practically no side effects, is a promising direction for effective and safe compensation of magnesium deficiency during pregnancy. A meta-analysis (7 studies, 2689 patients) presented in the Cochrane Evidence-Based Research Database (Cochrane Database) showed the effectiveness of oral administration of organic magnesium salts in the prevention of pregnancy complications [8]. It was found that the intake of organic magnesium salts up to 25 weeks. pregnancy significantly (compared with placebo) reduces the risk of preterm birth by 27% (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.57-0.94), threatened miscarriage by 62% (RR 0.38; 95% CI 0.16-0.90)
and the risk of having children with low body weight – by 33%
(OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.46–0.96) [8].
Therefore, in recent obstetric practice, oral use of preparations of organic magnesium salts in order to prevent placental insufficiency and early termination of pregnancy has received special attention. This article offers readers a brief overview of the fundamental molecular mechanisms of the impact of magnesium deficiency on the pathophysiology of miscarriage (thrombophilia, spasmophilia, fetoplacental insufficiency). To illustrate the clinical effects of the inclusion of preparations of organic magnesium salts in a set of measures for the prevention of miscarriage, two typical cases from practice are given.
Magnesium deficiency and thrombophilia
According to world data, up to 55–62% of cases of recurrent miscarriage are associated with defects in coagulation proteins or platelets [3]. One of the negative consequences of magnesium deficiency, leading to pregnancy complications (miscarriage, preeclampsia, etc.), is an increased tendency of blood to thrombosis [9,10]. And vice versa – magnesium preparations reduce the formation of blood clots [11,12], improving the overall and uteroplacental blood flow.
The main process of thrombus formation is a complex physiological process through which blood passes from a fluid state to a thrombotic state and vice versa. Although coagulation is the main process of hemostasis, the state of the coagulation system is far from the only factor influencing the formation of a thrombus. For example, in the second half of pregnancy, many women experience proatherogenic processes that narrow the lumen of the vessel and initiate platelet aggregation. Systematic analysis of the biological roles of magnesium [9] showed that it contributes to a decrease in thromboxane synthesis, weakening of hypercoagulability and vasoconstriction, and a decrease in inflammation of the vascular endothelium (Fig. 1).
In particular, fundamental research conducted for more than 30 years has repeatedly confirmed that magnesium is an effective antiplatelet agent [12], contributes to a significant decrease in thromboxane A2 levels [13], and inhibits its biological effects [14]. With magnesium deficiency in the blood, the levels of thromboxane A2 in blood plasma and urine increase [15].
Magnesium deficiency
and placental insufficiency
More than 700 Mg-dependent proteins have been found in the human body, of which at least 100 have been found in the placenta. Due to the fact that the placenta, first, contains many Mg-dependent proteins and, secondly, is one of the centers of energy metabolism (which also depends on magnesium), magnesium is fundamental for the functioning of the placenta and, therefore, for the development of the fetus. In a systematic analysis, the molecular functions of almost all known Mg-dependent placental proteins were considered and a generalized picture of the effect of magnesium and Mg deficiency on the functioning of the placenta was formulated [7] .
The mother-placenta-fetus system is formed and functions from the earliest stages of pregnancy until the birth of a child. Among the tissues of the human body, the placenta is characterized by one of the highest levels of magnesium. Placental Mg-dependent proteins control: 1) energy metabolism and metabolism in the placenta, 2) the state of the muscular, immune, connective tissue systems, 3) proliferation (division) and apoptosis of cells (Fig. 2).
energy metabolism. The less intense the transfer of energy and nutrients to the growing fetus through the placenta, the more likely will be malnutrition and immaturity of the fetus. Magnesium deficiency negatively affects the functioning of Mg-dependent carbohydrate metabolism proteins (in particular, glycolysis proteins) and fatty acids. For example, the glycolytic enzymes enolase (ENO1, ENO2), phosphoglucomutase (PGM1, PGM2, PGM3), and 6-phosphofructokinase (PFKP) have been found in significant amounts in placental tissues. All three of these key glycolytic enzymes require magnesium as a cofactor (Figure 3).
Magnesium and proteins of the immune system. Magnesium levels influence the specific and non-specific immune response [16]. At least 20 Mg-dependent placental proteins are directly involved in the functioning of signaling pathways in the immune system – in particular, through signaling from the cytokine TNF (“tumor necrosis factor”) and the regulation of adenosine levels. Magnesium deficiency will interfere with signal transmission, thereby weakening the intensity of the immune response.
Placental proteins and apoptosis. Normal tissue growth in the placenta and fetus is the result of a delicate balancing act between cell proliferation (division) and cell apoptosis (programmed cell death). Violation of this balance will lead to pathology of the placenta, low birth weight and developmental defects of the embryo. As a key cofactor for more than 25 Mg-dependent apoptosis/cellular survival proteins (such as activin receptors, serine-threonine kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinases, etc.), magnesium helps maintain a balance between these two fundamental cellular processes.
Thus, magnesium is absolutely essential for maintaining the biological functions of the placenta. Magnesium deficiency leads to a decrease in its total amount in the placenta in complexes with both ATP and proteins. A decrease in the activity of Mg-dependent placental proteins causes defective functioning of the placenta. Replenishment of magnesium deficiency through preparations based on highly assimilable forms of organic magnesium will help maintain fetoplacental function.
Magnesium deficiency and spasmophilia
Magnesium supports the rapid recovery of the resting potential of the membranes of muscle cells (cells of the myometrium, smooth muscles of blood vessels and the heart, skeletal muscles, etc.). With magnesium deficiency, the duration of the resting phase is reduced, which leads to an increase in muscle tone, defective (shortened) diastole, and skeletal muscle cramps [17,18].
However, shortening the resting phase is far from the only way magnesium deficiency affects the functioning of muscle cells. It should be remembered that the tone of the myometrium and other muscle cells is regulated by the action of a number of neurotransmitters on their receptors. The biological effects of neurotransmitters are realized through a number of Mg-dependent proteins. First of all, it should be noted the most important role of magnesium in the regulation of the biological effects of catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline), known stress hormones.
Under stress, the levels of catecholamines in the blood of pregnant women increase. The signal from catecholamines enters the b-2adrenergic receptors of muscle cells (myometrium, cardiomyocytes, etc.) and is transmitted into the cell through the signaling molecule of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The amplitude of this signal is limited by the activity of Mg-dependent adenylate cyclases (genes ADCY1, ADCY2, etc. , only 10 genes) and the rate of decay of excess cAMP by Mg-dependent cAMP-phosphodiesterases. Therefore, magnesium deficiency will contribute to a more enhanced muscle response to catecholamine stimulation, which will lead to hyperconstriction of smooth muscles, including the uterus and blood vessels of the placenta [19].
In addition, the Mg-dependent enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) (Fig. 4) is responsible for the inactivation of excess catecholamines in the blood. Obviously, COMT activity decreases with magnesium deficiency, which contributes to the maintenance of excess smooth muscle tone even at low stress levels. Increased vascular tone of the placenta leads to a decrease in the intensity of the blood circulation of the fetus and, consequently, to limit the intensity of development of its tissues and malnutrition. It is well known that stress is an important etiological factor in miscarriage [1–4].
Case studies
To illustrate the actual participation of organic magnesium salts in achieving the best results in the prevention and treatment of miscarriage, we present two typical cases from clinical practice. In both cases, the patients had a pronounced magnesium deficiency (ICD-10 code E61.2).
Clinical case No. 1
Patient I.V.V., 36 years old.
Complaints of scanty bloody discharge from the genital tract, nagging pain in the lower abdomen and lower back, constipation, general weakness, irritability, insomnia.
Pregnancy occurred spontaneously, menstruation was delayed by 2 weeks, pregnancy test was positive.
Anamnesis data: allergic anamnesis is not burdened; previous diseases: rubella, chicken pox, appendicitis and appendectomy in 1995
Gynecological diseases: in 1996, chlamydial and papillomavirus infection, cervicitis, cervical ectopia were detected. The patient and her husband were treated with macrolide preparations and metronidazole, smears were taken for oncocytology – stage I-II dysplasia, a second course of antibiotic therapy was carried out, control smears for oncocytology – no pathology was detected.
Menstrual function: menarche at 12 years old, regular menstrual cycle, menstruation every 28–30 days, 5–6 days each, moderate, painless.
Reproductive history:
• 1st pregnancy (2005) proceeded with the threat of interruption since the first trimester, was treated with antispasmodics in a hospital setting. The pregnancy ended in preterm labor at 35 weeks. – premature detachment of a normally located placenta, caesarean section, a child weighing 2030 g, 42 cm tall, girl, alive. Blood loss – 1800 ml, blood transfusion.
• 2nd pregnancy (2007) ended in spontaneous miscarriage for a period of 5-6 weeks. Conducted curettage of the walls of the uterine cavity.
• 3rd pregnancy (2009) ended in spontaneous miscarriage at 19 weeks, the miscarriage began with bleeding, curettage was performed, the size of the fetus corresponded to a period of 16 weeks.
• 4th pregnancy (2010) ended in early spontaneous miscarriage at a period of 7-8 weeks, a non-developing pregnancy was diagnosed (according to ultrasound, the size of the embryo corresponded to 5-6 weeks).
• 5th pregnancy, real, occurred spontaneously, without prior preparation, the patient applied for a period of 5 weeks. with signs of threatened miscarriage.
Objectively: on examination – a woman of the correct physique (height – 165 cm, weight – 60 kg). Hair on the female type.
Previous results of the examination: hormones are within normal limits, rectal temperature is biphasic, infection outside of pregnancy was not detected.
Inspection of the cervix in the mirrors and vaginal examination: the cervix is ​​tilted backwards, ectopia and cervicitis are determined, moderate bleeding from the cervical canal. On palpation, the cervix is ​​dense, formed, 3 cm long, the external os is closed. The body of the uterus is enlarged up to 6 weeks. pregnancy, in high tone. Discharge from the genital tract moderate, bloody. After a detailed examination according to the accepted algorithms, the patients with recurrent miscarriage were diagnosed with a pregnancy of 6 weeks. Threatened miscarriage. antiphospholipid syndrome. Habitual miscarriage.
Anticoagulant (enoxaparin), hormonal (dydrogesterone), antispasmodic (drotaverine) therapy, magnesium citrate with pyridoxine (Magne B6 forte) was prescribed. Against the background of the treatment for 5 days, a pronounced positive effect was achieved, the pains in the lower abdomen and lower back were stopped, the tone of the uterus returned to normal, the stool became regular, the patient’s psycho-emotional state improved, sleep normalized.
Therapy with Magne B6 forte was continued throughout pregnancy, which made it possible to avoid the appointment of tocolytic therapy.
The appointment of magnesium citrate with pyridoxine (Magne B6 forte, 1 tablet 2 times a day) made it possible to eliminate the adverse symptoms of magnesium deficiency – spastic constipation, insomnia, and normalize uterine tone. The daily dose of elemental magnesium as part of therapy was 200 mg (100 mg per 1 tablet), and pyridoxine – 20 mg (10 mg per 1 tablet). In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in pregnant women, it was shown that the dose of pyridoxine is 30 mg / day. is a safe and effective therapy for nausea and vomiting, including in women at risk of miscarriage [20]. In this patient, under the influence of ongoing therapy, there were no signs of placental insufficiency, which, in particular, is explained by the complex effect of therapeutic measures with the inclusion of magnesium citrate and pyridoxine. A full-term girl was born weighing 3520 g, height 52 cm, Apgar score – 8–9points. Blood loss – 600 ml.
The course of pregnancy and drug therapy of the patient I.V.V. are shown in Figure 5.

Case #2
Patient V.E.G., 29 years old.
Came in at 20 weeks gestation. She complained of pain in the lower abdomen and lower back, increased tone of the uterus, cramps in the muscles of the legs, anxiety, sleep disturbances.
Anamnesis data: heredity is not burdened.
Past diseases: rubella, chickenpox, mumps, tonsillectomy in childhood, chronic cholecystitis.
Menstrual function: menarche at the age of 13, menstrual cycle regular, menstruation after 26–28 days, 5–6 days each, moderate, painless.
Gynecological diseases: chronic salpingo-oophoritis (antibacterial therapy was carried out together with the patient and her husband in 2008).
Reproductive history: first marriage. 1st pregnancy is real.
Objectively: on examination, she is a woman of the correct physique, reduced nutrition (height – 170 cm, weight – 58 kg).
Examination of the cervix in the mirrors and vaginal examination: the cervix is ​​tilted backwards, clean, 2 cm long, moderate transparent mucous discharge from the cervical canal. On palpation, the cervix is ​​2 cm long, of a dense consistency, the external os is closed. The uterus is not enlarged, limited mobility, painless. Discharges are light, mucous.
According to the functional study of the state of the fetus, no violations were noted, the length of the cervix according to cervicometry with a vaginal sensor was 3.5 cm.
The patient has clinical signs of magnesium deficiency: cramps in the muscles of the legs, anxiety, sleep disturbances. In addition, complaints of pain in the lower abdomen and in the lower back indicate a periodically occurring increased tone of the uterus.
As the first line of therapy in this case, preparations of organic magnesium salts are prescribed orally – Magne B6 in a daily dose of 6 tablets or Magne B6 forte in a daily dose of 3 tablets. At the same time, in women of childbearing age, Magne B6 forte is preferable to magnesium preparations in the form of lactate dihydrate or orotate dihydrate. If in the diet of pregnant women there is an excess of animal proteins (red meat) and / or simple carbohydrates (sweets, confectionery), then there is often a deficiency of citrate anions, which leads to acidotic changes in the body, therefore, in such patients, it is important to supplement not only magnesium, but also citrates. For the same reason (citrate deficiency and the formation of an acidotic shift), Magne B6 forte is indicated for women who have had acute respiratory and other infectious diseases during the convalescence period. Against the background of treatment with Magne B6 forte, a faster regression of the clinical symptoms of magnesium and pyridoxine deficiency (normalization of uterine tone, night sleep, disappearance of cramps in the calf muscles and muscle twitches) was noted than with the use of magnesium in the form of lactate dihydrate or orotate dihydrate. The patient on the background of the use of Magne B6 forte noted a rapid improvement in well-being.
Such a fairly rapid normalization of the patient’s condition is probably due to the replenishment of magnesium deficiency, which occurs both as a result of an increased need for magnesium during pregnancy (especially in the second trimester), and due to its insufficient intake with food.
Therapy with Magne B6 forte tablets during pregnancy contributed to its prolongation in this patient and the birth of a full-term viable baby at term 39weeks pregnancy weighing 3456 g, height 50 cm, Apgar score – 8-9 points.
Conclusion
The normal content of magnesium and balanced metal ligand homeostasis is a prerequisite for the harmonious functioning of the female genital area, including the regularity of the menstrual cycle, the ability to ovulate, conceive, normal pregnancy and lactation. The daily requirement for magnesium for healthy women is 300 mg, during pregnancy this figure increases by an additional 150 mg [21,22].
Magnesium deficiency during pregnancy can occur for several reasons. One of the factors is its insufficient intake with food due to an unbalanced diet (refined food, carbonated drinks, easily digestible carbohydrates, soft water). In addition, magnesium absorption disorders are possible in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Increased excretion of magnesium ions from the body, which also leads to magnesium deficiency, occurs with the systematic use of laxatives, diuretics, and in renal pathology. The risk group is also made up of women with extragenital pathology – diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, heart disease, hypertension. For women with similar diseases, it is advisable to prescribe magnesium supplements prophylactically to prevent magnesium deficiency.
The available data from fundamental and clinical studies suggest that the treatment regimens for pregnant women must necessarily include preparations containing organic magnesium salts that are approved for use in this contingent. With an unbalanced diet in terms of proteins and simple carbohydrates, which is common for most women of childbearing age, it is preferable to use magnesium citrate, because. this form allows you to eliminate the deficiency of citrate anions (drug Magne B6 forte). Therapy with modern oral preparations of organic magnesium salts is of particular importance during pregnancy and in the prenatal period due to the high bioavailability of magnesium in these preparations, their high proven efficacy, considerable experience in their use and high safety.
RU.MGP.12.04.17.

Literature
1. Sidelnikova V.M., Sukhikh G.T. Miscarriage: A guide for practitioners. 2010, MIA. 986 p.
2. Tetruashvili N.K. Early pregnancy loss (immunological aspects, ways of prevention and therapy): Abstract of the thesis. dis. … doc. honey. Sciences .. 2010.
3. Makatsaria A.D. Metabolic syndrome and thrombophilia in obstetrics and gynecology, Moscow: MIA, 2006. 460 p.
4. Kosheleva N.G., Arzhanova O.N., Pluzhnikova T.A. Miscarriage: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, clinic and treatment // Consilium Medicum. Gynecology. 2008. No. 7(6). pp. 1–8.
5. Fundamental and clinical physiology. / Ed. A.G. Kamkina, A.A. Kamensky. Moscow: Academia. 2004. 1072 p.
6. Tetruashvili N.K., Torshin I.Yu., Gromova O.A. Magnesium and thrombophilia in pregnancy: molecular mechanisms and evidence-based medicine // Russian Bulletin of the Obstetrician-Gynecologist. 2009. V. 9. No. 6. S. 75–80.
7. Sukhikh G.T., Torshin I.Yu., Gromova O.A., Rudakov K.V. Molecular mechanisms of regulation of placental proteins by magnesium // Russian Bulletin of the Obstetrician-Gynecologist 2008. No. 6. P. 9-16.
8. Makrides M., Crowther C.A. Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy // Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001 Vol. 4. CD000937.
9. Vormann J., Gunther T., Hollriegl V., Schumann K. Pathobiochemical effects of graded magnesium deficiency in rats // Z Ernahrungswiss. 1998 Vol. 37. Suppl 1, pp. 92–97.
10. Sheu J.R., Hsiao G., Shen M.Y., Fong T.H., Chen Y.W., Lin C.H., Chou D.S. Mechanisms involved in the antiplatelet activity of magnesium in human platelets // Br J Haematol. 2002 Vol. 119(4). R. 1033–1041.
11. Sheu J.R., Hsiao G., Shen M.Y., Lee Y.M., Yen M.H. Antithrombotic effects of magnesium sulfate in vivo experiments // Int J Hematol. 2003 Vol. 77(4). R. 414–419.
12. Herrmann R.G., Lacefield W.B., Crowe V.G. Effect of ionic calcium and magnesium on human platelet aggregation // Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1970 Vol. 135(1). R. 100–103.
13. Ravn H.B., Vissinger H., Kristensen S.D., Husted S.E. Magnesium inhibits platelet activity–an in vitro study // Thromb Haemost. 1996 Vol. 76(1). R. 88–93.
14. Shechter M. The role of magnesium as antithrombotic therapy // Wien Med Wochenschr. 2000 Vol. 150 (15–16). R. 343–347.
15. Nadler J.L., Buchanan T., Natarajan R., Antonipillai I., Bergman R., Rude R. Magnesium deficiency produces insulin resistance and increased thromboxane synthesis // Hypertension. 1993 Vol. 21 (6 Pt 2). R. 1024–1029.
16. Gonzalez C., Cruz M.A., Gallardo V., Varela J. Magnesium and potassium ions on tone and reactivity of human placental chorionic veins // Gen. Pharmacol. 1991 Vol. 22(6). R. 1121–1125.
17. Gonzalez C., Cruz M.A., Gallardo V., Varela J. Magnesium and potassium ions on tone and reactivity of human placental chorionic veins // Gen Pharmacol. 1991 Vol. 22(6). R.1121.
18. Torshin I.Y., Gromova O.A. Magnesium and pyridoxine: fundamental studies and clinical practice // Nova Science. 2009.
19. Vutyavanich T., Wongtra-ngan S., Ruangsri R. Pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial // Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Oct. Vol. 173 (3 Pt 1). R. 881–884.
20. Tkacheva O.N., Gromova O.A., Mishina I.E., Klemenov A.V. Macro- and microelement status during pregnancy. M.: Medpraktika-M, 2007. 129 p.
21. Norms of physiological needs for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation. MR 2.3.1.2432–08. 2008. 39 p.

Magnesium citrate – help with constipation. : evgenia2108 – LiveJournal

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Hello everyone.

My very first Instagram post was about this Natural Vitality magnesium. But I like him so much that I want to write another post about him, but in a slightly different way.

In the photo, in addition to magnesium, Donat Mg water is a natural medicinal water containing many minerals, in particular magnesium. It is prescribed for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. My son Makar was prescribed it by a gastroenterologist for chronic constipation against the background of dolichosigmoid.

It works really well, tastes salty and has a visible mineral flavor. But to a child who is not even 2 years old, you cannot explain that you need to drink it to go to the toilet. He doesn’t like it, he doesn’t drink.

So I ordered magnesium citrate, which also has a laxative effect. He is sweet, with a lemon taste, his son drinks much easier than Donut. Dilute in water at room temperature, drink in the evening.

The principle of action is as follows – magnesium retains fluid in the stool, preventing its absorption into the intestinal wall. Thus, the stool remains more voluminous and soft, which allows it to move faster and easier through the rectum. Magnesium also relaxes the muscles in the intestines, which also helps to eliminate constipation.

With magnesium citrate, organic lemon filling and stevia as a sweetener.

I also drink it, it relaxes me no worse than magnesium glycinate. Of the flavors that I have tried (cherry, without fillers), this one is the most delicious. Neither I nor my son have any allergic reactions. Drink in the evening, stool in the morning. Everything is fast 🙂

Discount code ARY5723.

Tags: iherb, iherb, magnesium, magnesium citrate

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