How to test for aspergers: Testing for Asperger’s Syndrome | Everyday Health
Testing for Asperger’s Syndrome | Everyday Health
Your doctor might suggest that your child take a test to see if he or she has symptoms of Asperger’s syndrome.
Some assessments are designed for children, while others are specifically created for adults.
Asperger’s is no longer considered its own syndrome in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Because doctors are now instructed to diagnose Asperger’s under the broad category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), some may not screen for Asperger’s-specific symptoms.
Still, testing tools may help clinicians better evaluate behavior, personality, language skills, IQ, mental health, and more in people with Asperger’s. And some of the tests may overlap with measures that help identify classic autism.
Tools to Assess Children for Asperger’s
There’s not one specific test to diagnose Asperger’s, but many are used to analyze and assess the condition.
Some of these include:
- Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) This widely-used assessment tool helps identify children with an autism spectrum disorder and determine the severity of their condition. It includes 15 items that evaluate social interaction, emotion regulation, thinking skills, ability to adapt, and more. Each item is rated on a scale of one to four. It’s a highly sensitive test for kids ages 2 and older, but some studies have shown that CARS may over-diagnose young children as having autism. (1)
- Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GADS) This is especially helpful in distinguishing between autism, Asperger’s, and other behavioral disorders. It’s appropriate to use with individuals between ages 3 and 22. It takes about 5 to 10 minutes and can be completed by a parent, teacher, or health professional. (2)
- Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale (ASDS) The ASDS evaluation looks at specific behaviors associated with Asperger’s, documents progress, and suggests goals for change.
It’s used for assessing children and adolescents and can be completed in 15 minutes by anyone who knows the child well. (3) - Autism Spectrum Rating Scales (ASRS) This evaluation detects symptoms and behaviors of autism spectrum disorders in kids ages 2 to 18. It takes about 20 minutes to complete and is the first test that compares the child with a national sample of children with autism spectrum disorders. (4)
- Social Responsiveness Scale This test is commonly used to distinguish autism spectrum disorders from other psychiatric conditions. It takes about 15 to 20 minutes to complete and is suitable for individuals ages 4 to 18. (5)
It’s used for assessing children and adolescents and can be completed in 15 minutes by anyone who knows the child well. (3)Tools to Assess Adults for Asperger’s
Some common evaluations used to analyze Asperger’s in adults include:
- Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale (RAADS) This test includes 80 questions that can help identify adults who show symptoms of Asperger’s. RAADS analyzes language, social interactions, sensory-motor skills, interests, and more. A mental health professional scores and analyzes the results. (6)
- Asperger’s Quotient Test (AQT) This 50-question online test measures symptoms of Asperger’s in adults. It’s not used to make a formal diagnosis but rather to give you a rough idea of whether you have certain symptoms that might be characteristic of Asperger’s. (7)
- Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI) With this test, a psychologist or other professional interviews a person, asking questions about language, communication, social interaction, interests, and other behaviors. It can be used for both children and adults. (8)
RAADS analyzes language, social interactions, sensory-motor skills, interests, and more. A mental health professional scores and analyzes the results. (6)Genetic Testing to Spot Autism-Linked Mutations
Genetic testing can spot changes in a person’s DNA that are associated with specific conditions. For instance, genetic disorders such as Rett syndrome or Fragile X syndrome are linked to autism spectrum disorders.
Other genetic variability may also play a role.
Your doctor might recommend genetic tests, such as chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) or whole-exome sequencing (WES). One expert says such testing may uncover an identifiable genetic cause for an autism spectrum disorder in 15 to 30 percent of children who have already been diagnosed. (9) However, genetic testing will not give answers to everyone.
Other Common Tests Used to Assess Asperger’s
Your doctor will likely perform a variety of other tests to evaluate you. These might include:
- A physical, psychological, and/or neurological exam
- Hearing, speech, or language tests
- An IQ and/or personality test
- An electroencephalography (EEG), a test that looks at electrical activity in the brain
- A brain scan, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Standard Developmental Screening for Children
Even if your child doesn’t show any symptoms of an autism spectrum disorder, your primary care doctor or pediatrician will likely screen for developmental delays during routine visits.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that all children be screened for developmental delays and disabilities during their well-check visits at:
- 9 months
- 18 months
- 30 months
Additionally, all toddlers should be screened specifically for autism spectrum disorders at their 18-month and 24-month well-check visits. (10)
If your child shows signs of an autism spectrum disorder during a standard evaluation, you’ll likely be referred to a specialist for further testing.
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Making a Diagnosis
Your healthcare provider will probably use a variety of tools and tests to assess your condition.
Additionally, most professionals refer to the criteria listed in the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) DSM-5 to make an official diagnosis (or the International Classification of Diseases, ICD-11, in many countries outside the United States).
The newest version of the manual states that an individual with Asperger’s should be given a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Those who have deficits in social communication, but no other categories, should be evaluated for social (pragmatic) communication disorder. (11)
Many parents may find it frustrating that the APA no longer recognizes Asperger’s as a separate disorder, but this change doesn’t mean your child can’t receive effective treatment for his or her condition.
Why Testing Is Important to Your Child
Getting an ASD diagnosis related to Asperger’s can be a challenging ordeal. Kids with Asperger’s are often misdiagnosed as having other conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Some are overlooked, altogether.
That’s why testing tools are vital for helping doctors make an accurate analysis. They can give professionals a clear and in-depth look at your child’s condition.
An accurate diagnosis can ensure kids receive prompt and helpful treatment.
Research shows therapies that involve early intervention can help improve many symptoms of autism spectrum disorders. (12)
Editorial Sources and Fact-Checking
- Chlebowski C, Green JA, Barton ML, Fein D. Using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale to Diagnose Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. January 7, 2010.
- Samadi SA, Biçak CA, Noori H, et al. Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnostic Criteria Changes and Impacts on the Diagnostic Scales-Utility of the 2nd and 3rd Versions of the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS). Brain Sciences. April 23, 2022.
- Camodeca A, Todd KQ, Croyle J. Utility of the Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale in the Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. February 2020.
- Simek AN, Wahlberg AC. Test Review: Autism Spectrum Rating Scales. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. April 2011.
- Constantino JN, Davis SA, Todd RD, et al. Validation of a Brief Quantitative Measure of Autistic Traits: Comparison of the Social Responsiveness Scale With the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. August 2003.
- Ritvo RA, Ritvo ER, Guthrie D, et al. The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R): A Scale to Assist the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults: An International Validation Study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. August 2011.
- Woodbury-Smith MR, Robinson J, Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S. Screening Adults for Asperger Syndrome Using the AQ: A Preliminary Study of Its Diagnostic Validity in Clinical Practice. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. June 2005.
- Lord C, Rutter M, Le Couteur A. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A Revised Version of a Diagnostic Interview for Caregivers of Individuals With Possible Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. October 1994.
- Genetic Testing Can Guide Interventions for Autism and Its Co-Occurring Conditions. Autism Speaks. March 23, 2022.
- Screening and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder for Healthcare Providers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 6, 2022.
- Autism Diagnosis Criteria: DSM-5. Autism Speaks.
- Study Finds Early Intervention Highly Effective. Autism Speaks. November 29, 2009.
Validation of a Brief Quantitative Measure of Autistic Traits: Comparison of the Social Responsiveness Scale With the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. August 2003.
October 1994.Additional Resources
- About Rett Syndrome. International Rett Syndrome Foundation.
- Fragile X Syndrome. MedlinePlus. April 1, 2020.
- Miller DT, Adam MP, Aradhya S, et al. Consensus Statement: Chromosomal Microarray Is a First-Tier Clinical Diagnostic Test for Individuals With Developmental Disabilities or Congenital Anomalies. American Journal of Human Genetics. May 14, 2010.
- What Are Whole Exome Sequencing and Whole Genome Sequencing? MedlinePlus. July 28, 2021.
- What Is Asperger Syndrome? Autism Speaks.
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Diagnosis and Treatment. Mayo Clinic. January 6, 2018.
- Developmental Surveillance and Screening. American Academy of Pediatrics.
- International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD). World Health Organization.
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Asperger/Autism Spectrum Diagnosis in Adults – The Asperger / Autism Network (AANE)
Initial Discovery
Many adults with an Asperger profile stumble upon the description of Asperger Syndrome or Autism Spectrum. They may read about it or be told by a family member or friend about the profile.
Some may believe that the information matches their history and their current situation and, as a result, may self-diagnose. Others are not so welcoming of the diagnosis and do not choose to identify with the label. Sometimes family members suspect that their adult child, spouse, or sibling may have an Asperger profile and wonder how to tell them about it.
Professionals, even some who have had long-term relationships with their clients, may realize for the first time that the traits their client is exhibiting are best described as an Asperger profile or Autism spectrum difference. A professional may be uncertain of the diagnosis, however, if Asperger/Autism spectrum is outside his or her area of expertise.
After the question of an Asperger profile is initially raised, many adults and their family members wonder, “Should I pursue a ‘formal diagnosis’?”
Choosing not to seek diagnosis
Many individuals choose to conduct their own research through books, the internet, and through support and information organizations (like AANE).
Independent exploration can provide sufficient answers and confirmation that an Asperger profile accounts for challenges faced and talents possessed. Some individuals do not find that getting an official diagnosis is necessary.
Working with a professional
There are numerous reasons as to why someone might seek a formal diagnosis. For some, it can offer a clear avenue for communicating their strengths and struggles to friends and families. For others, it can open the door for needed supports:
- Formal diagnosis is necessary if one wants to apply for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) or Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI).
- A diagnosis is needed to request reasonable accommodations for employment under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). See Adult Life Planning and Employment for more information.
How do you get a “formal” diagnosis of Asperger/Autism spectrum difference (ASD)?
Many individuals pursue neuropsychological testing with a neuropsychologist (PhD) or a psychiatrist (MD).
As a result of this testing, it may be determined that the individual has ASD, something related to ASD, or something different. This will give a fairly full picture of strengths and challenges and of how one’s brain processes information.
The clinician will usually ask questions about your behavioral history, make behavioral observations, and administer various paper-and-pencil or computer-based tests to evaluate a range of cognitive, linguistic, and communicational abilities. When you go to see the clinician, be sure to bring with you any previous testing or other written records of past behaviors that stand out in your life. It is also a good idea to bring along a friend or family member who can provide additional perspective.
Any professional with the credentials and expertise to diagnose any other condition may also make a diagnosis of ASD. Such professionals may be social workers (MSW), master’s level psychologists (MA), or other mental health professionals.
Neuropsychological testing is not required to get a “formal” diagnosis.
To apply for SSI there must be written documentation in the record from a medical doctor or Ph.D level psychologist that there is some type of a psychological issue (not necessarily Asperger/Autism). There is no requirement of psychological testing. Specific issues regarding inability to work may be described by other clinicians.
The variability of diagnosis
Keep in mind that the Asperger/Autism Spectrum diagnosis is not an absolute and fixed category of traits and characteristics. Everyone with this profile looks different and therefore the boundaries around this characterization can be challenging to define.
Historically, professionals have not even agreed on the constellation of attributes that define Asperger Syndrome and/or ASD. Asperger Syndrome was not a formal diagnosis until 1994. Asperger Syndrome has since been subsumed under the formal diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. We have yet to see how the categories will shift in the future.
Fewer females than males receive diagnoses of AS or ASD.
This could be because professionals are still learning to recognize the profile as it is expressed in girls and women.
Because many adults have adapted strategies to navigate a predominantly neurotypical world, their differences might be less easy to identify than those of children which may result in fewer adults receiving an official diagnosis.
Is it ever too late to discover an Asperger profile or to seek a diagnosis?
Never. It is never too late for an individual to increase self-awareness in order to capitalize on strengths and work around areas of challenge. Knowing about the Asperger/Autism Spectrum diagnosis gives the individual an explanation, not an excuse, for why his or her life has taken the twists and turns that it has. What one does with this information at the ages of 20, 50, or 70 may differ, but in all cases it can still offer great value and improve quality of life.
Young adults may use this self-knowledge to improve their college experience by:
- Choosing a single room to decrease social and sensory demands and to ensure a safe haven.
- Taking classes part-time (to account for executive functioning/organizational challenges).
- Possibly living at home (to minimize the number of changes to adjust to all at once).
- Joining interest-based groups (so that socializing has a purpose).
- Choosing careers that match interests and abilities.
- Requesting reasonable accommodations at school and/or at work.
In middle adulthood, individuals may use the information to:
- Do a life review, understand why careers and relationships have or have not been successful.
- Improve on relationships or pursue better matches.
- Ask for accommodations at work, or to pursue work that is more fitting.
In late adulthood, individuals may use the information to:
- Do a life review.
- Renew and/or repair relationships affected by an Asperger profile.
- Customize their environment in order to be comfortable and accommodating to the strengths and challenges of the Asperger profile.
Regardless of age, individuals may use the information to:
- Find people who share similar interests.
- Find other people with Asperger profiles with whom to compare notes (in-person or online).
- Consider disclosure to family, friends, and/or co-workers.
- Work differently with helping professionals (by shifting the emphasis to concrete coaching help, building of life skills vs. insight-oriented therapy).
For family, friends, and co-workers:
“If I know someone who I think has an Asperger profile, should I tell?”
YES! At AANE, our bias is that it is better to know than not to know. If you have Asperger profile and don’t know, it affects you anyway; if you do know, you may be able to minimize the negative impact and leverage the positive.
Without the knowledge that one has an Asperger profile, one often fills that void with other, more damaging explanations such as being a failure, being weird, being a disappointment, or not living up to one’s potential.
How do I tell an adult that they may have an Asperger profile?
- Lead with strengths! Most people with an Asperger profile have significant areas of strength (even if these have not been translatable into tangible successes).
- Next, point out the areas in which they are struggling.
- Then, suggest to them that there is a name for that confusing combination of strengths and challenges, and it may be an Asperger profile. You may lead them to AANE or other resources for further information. Provide support along the way.
Read more about Disclosing to an Adult
Common responses to this information may include:
RELIEF: “I’ve always known there was something different about me!”
ANGER: “How come no one ever told me before? I’ve lost so much time and opportunity not knowing!”
DENIAL: “I don’t have that.”
TAKES ONE TO KNOW ONE: “If that’s me, it’s you, too!”
Keep in mind that incorporating an Asperger profile into one’s identity is often an ongoing process of self-discovery and understanding that can be fraught with a range of emotions.
This journey can be facilitated through non-judgmental and kind support.
How to Diagnose Asperger’s Syndrome – Psychotherapist Services
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How to Diagnose Asperger’s Syndrome : Asperger’s Syndrome is a general developmental disorder characterized by severe difficulties in social interaction and a limited, stereotyped, repetitive repertoire of interests and classes. The initial diagnosis of Asperger’s syndrome will require a consultation with a psychotherapist. As an additional examination, the doctor may prescribe:
- Brain MRI
- electroencephalography (EEG).
Which doctor treats Asperger’s syndrome: If you have symptoms of Asperger’s syndrome, you should first consult a neurologist or psychologist.
Although Asperger’s Syndrome is no longer an official diagnosis, it belongs to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders known as autism spectrum disorder. The main features of Asperger’s Syndrome include:
- difficulties with social interaction
- repetitive behavior
- abnormal stubbornness in opinions and beliefs
- focus on rules and routine.
Some autistic patients develop a condition called high-functioning autism. They need less support than other people with autism. This category usually includes patients with Asperger’s syndrome. Asperger’s syndrome is not associated with a delay in language skills or cognitive development, so patients can usually manage daily activities on their own. In other words, their needs usually do not prevent them from getting an education in the regular classroom or getting a job.
Differences between Asperger’s syndrome and autism
The main difference between Asperger’s syndrome and autism is that patients with the syndrome tend to:
- experience milder symptoms of autism
- have normal language skills.
Symptoms of Asperger’s Syndrome
Some of the symptoms of Asperger’s Syndrome include:
- hyperfocus. Many patients develop excessive focus on a narrow topic of interest. For children, it can be an all-consuming interest in things like train schedules or dinosaurs. This interest can fuel one-sided conversations with peers and adults
- problems with recognition of social signals. People with Asperger’s Syndrome may not recognize intonations and hints, and for this reason they have difficulty with social interaction. They may also find it difficult to know when to lower their voice in certain places
- difficulty in recognizing someone else’s facial expressions. Many autistic people have difficulty recognizing and understanding other people’s feelings. They may have difficulty interpreting body language, avoid eye contact, speak in a monotone, and show little facial expressions
- problems with motor skills and coordination. Some children with Asperger’s syndrome may find basic motor skills such as running or walking difficult. They may lack coordination.
This interest can fuel one-sided conversations with peers and adultsCauses of Asperger’s Syndrome
Changes in the brain occur in the entire spectrum of autistic disorders. Experts have identified several potential factors that may contribute to the development of autism, including genetics and exposure to environmental toxins such as chemicals or viruses.
Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with autism.
How Asperger’s is diagnosed
A mental health professional can help identify a patient’s support needs by assessing key areas, including:
- language skills
- social interaction
- facial expression when talking
- interest in socializing with others
- motor coordination and motor skills.
Some patients on the autism spectrum may initially be diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Treatment of Asperger’s Syndrome
Many autistic patients, including those with Asperger’s syndrome, do not consider their condition to be a disability or a serious illness. In other words, Asperger’s Syndrome, like autism, is not a disease requiring treatment. Early diagnosis can make it easier to get the support you need to improve social interaction and daily activities. Patients with Asperger’s syndrome, of course, may have mental disorders such as anxiety or depression.
Treating these mental health symptoms can go a long way towards improving your overall well-being.
Medication
There is no cure for Asperger’s Syndrome, but some patients may use medication to treat symptoms of common conditions that occur together, namely depression and anxiety. The patient may be prescribed:
- antidepressants. Antidepressants can relieve symptoms of depression. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, a common type of antidepressant, may also be helpful for symptoms of anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder
- anti-anxiety drugs. Anti-anxiety drugs may reduce anxiety symptoms
- antipsychotics. Some doctors may prescribe them for irritability and agitation.
Therapy
Various therapeutic approaches improve communication skills, emotional regulation and social interaction:
Cognitive behavioral therapy. A type of psychotherapy that allows you to identify and change negative and useless patterns of thought and behavior.
This therapy can help manage anxiety, depression, and other personal or day-to-day problems
speech therapy. A speech therapist examines and solves language and communication problems. For patients with Asperger’s Syndrome, a speech pathologist can help with voice control
social skills training. Social skills programs address issues that make social interaction difficult
physical and occupational therapy. Improve fine motor skills and coordination. Physical therapy can also help children with Asperger’s syndrome cope with sensory issues.
Other potentially helpful strategies include:
melatonin. Sleep disturbances, which are common in children with Asperger’s syndrome, can increase anxiety, depression, and irritability. Preparations containing melatonin allow removing negative states
music and art therapy. Music therapy (also called sound therapy) and art therapy can help with communication, emotional, and social problems associated with Asperger’s syndrome.
massage. Massage therapy may provide short-term relief from anxiety or sensory symptoms in some autistic patients if they feel comfortable being touched.
Long-term treatment options for a child with Asperger’s Syndrome
Early diagnosis can help identify key support needs and learn skills to manage social interactions and other aspects of everyday life. Most adults with Asperger’s Syndrome work and live independently.
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Literature
- Antsiferova L.I. E.Erikson’s epigenetic concept of personality development//Priitsnp of development in psychology. M., 1978. – S.212-242.
- Balp N. Mathematics in biology and medicine. M., 1970.
- Bodalev L.L., Stolits V.V. General psychodiagnostics. SPb., 2000.
- Deglin B.L. Lectures on the functional asymmetry of the human brain. Amsterdam, Kyiv, 1996.
- Kuznetsova I.K. Psychological features of self-awareness as a person of a certain gender in adolescence: Abstract of the thesis. cand. psychol. Nauk M., 1987.
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| 5. 9. 9. | I often notice faint sounds that others can’t hear 2 6. | I usually notice car license plates or similar information | |||||
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| 9 | Dates fascinate me | ||||||
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| 14. | It’s easy for me to make up stories 32 | ||||||
| 15. | I am more attracted to people than to things | 16. | I tend to have very strong interests and get frustrated if I can’t follow them. | ||||
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| 5 | |||||||
20. | When I read a story, it is difficult for me to understand the intentions of the characters | ||||||
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| 24. | I would rather go to the theater than to the museum 25. | I am not very upset if my daily routine is disturbed 0235 | I often find myself not knowing how to carry on a conversation | ||||
| 35 | |||||||
| 29. | I don’t remember very well phone numbers | ||||||
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| 31. | I can tell that someone who listens to me is bored0232 32. | It is easy for me to do several things at the same time 32 33. | When I’m on the phone, I don’t always know when it’s my turn to talk | ||||
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| 35. | 2 | ||||||
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| 42. | I find it hard to put myself in another person’s shoes 235 | ||||||
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| 44. | I enjoy social events | ||||||
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