What are genital warts and how do they affect the labia minora. How is HPV transmitted and what are the common symptoms. What treatment options are available for genital warts caused by HPV. How can you prevent the spread of HPV and genital warts.

Understanding Genital Warts and HPV

Genital warts are a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). These small bumps or growths can form in and around the genitals and rectum, including the labia minora. While some warts may be barely noticeable, others can be seen or felt.

Healthcare providers often refer to genital warts as condyloma, and STDs are also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It’s crucial to understand that genital warts are highly contagious and can be transmitted to sexual partners.

Where Can Genital Warts Appear?

• Groin area
• Inside and outside of the anus
• Lips, mouth, tongue, or throat
• Penis and scrotum
• Vagina, vulva, labia (including labia minora), and cervix

Are genital warts a common issue? Approximately 400,000 people, primarily in their late teens and twenties, contract genital warts annually. HPV, the virus responsible for these warts, is the most prevalent STD, affecting an estimated 79 million Americans.

Risk Factors and Transmission of Genital Warts

Genital warts can affect individuals of all genders, but they are most common among teenagers and young adults. Men are slightly more at risk than women. Several factors can increase your chances of contracting genital warts:

• Not using condoms during sexual activity
• Having multiple sexual partners

How contagious are genital warts? Both the warts themselves and the HPV virus that causes them are highly contagious. It’s important to note that there is no cure for HPV. Once infected, an individual remains infectious, even if they don’t display symptoms or have had the warts treated and removed.

Transmission Methods

Genital warts spread through skin-to-skin contact during sexual activities, including:

• Vaginal, anal, and penile-vaginal intercourse
• Genital touching without ejaculation
• Giving or receiving oral sex to/from someone with HPV or genital warts

Can you get genital warts from hand or foot warts? No, the virus causing genital warts is different from the one responsible for warts on hands and feet. You cannot contract genital warts by touching yourself or someone else with a hand or foot that has warts.

Recognizing Symptoms of Genital Warts

Genital warts typically appear as rough, skin-colored growths. They often have a bumpy, cauliflower-like appearance, although some can be flat. While genital warts are usually painless, they may occasionally cause:

• Mild bleeding
• Burning sensation
• Discomfort
• Genital itching or irritation

How quickly do genital warts appear after infection? The incubation period for genital warts can vary significantly. Some individuals may develop warts within weeks of infection, while for others, it can take months or even years. This variation makes it challenging to determine the exact time of infection.

Is it possible to have HPV without visible warts? Yes, it’s possible to carry the virus without developing visible genital warts. In some cases, warts may be present internally, such as inside the anus or elsewhere in the body, making them difficult to detect. This means you could unknowingly transmit the virus to others even if you don’t have visible symptoms.

Diagnosing Genital Warts and HPV

Healthcare providers can often diagnose external genital warts through visual examination. However, internal warts pose a greater diagnostic challenge. To ensure accurate diagnosis, your healthcare provider may recommend several tests:

Diagnostic Procedures

• Pelvic exam: For women, this may include a Pap test to check for cervical changes caused by genital warts. A colposcopy might also be performed to examine and biopsy the vagina and cervix.
• Blood tests: These can help detect other STDs often associated with genital warts, such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia.
• Anal exam: An anoscope may be used to inspect the inside of the anus for warts.
• Biopsy: In cases where the diagnosis is uncertain, a small tissue sample may be removed for further examination.

Why is proper diagnosis crucial? Accurate diagnosis ensures appropriate treatment and helps prevent the spread of the virus to sexual partners. It also allows for the detection of any potential complications or associated conditions.

Treatment Options for Genital Warts

While genital warts can sometimes resolve on their own, they may also grow larger or multiply. Various treatment methods are available to remove genital warts, and multiple sessions may be necessary for complete removal. Most treatments involve the use of a local anesthetic to numb the area.

Common Treatment Methods

• Electrocautery: This procedure uses an electric current to burn away warts.
• Cryotherapy: Liquid nitrogen is applied to freeze and destroy warts.
• Laser treatment: A laser light is used to destroy tiny blood vessels inside warts, cutting off their blood supply.
• Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP): An electrically charged wire loop removes warts.

Is abstaining from sexual contact necessary during treatment? Yes, it’s crucial to avoid sexual contact during the treatment period to prevent spreading the virus and to allow the treated area to heal properly.

Prevention Strategies for HPV and Genital Warts

While there is no cure for HPV, there are several strategies you can employ to reduce your risk of contracting or spreading the virus:

• Use condoms consistently during sexual activity
• Limit your number of sexual partners
• Get vaccinated against HPV
• Undergo regular STD screenings
• Communicate openly with sexual partners about STD history

How effective is the HPV vaccine? The HPV vaccine is highly effective in preventing infection from the most common HPV types that cause genital warts and certain cancers. It’s recommended for both males and females, ideally before they become sexually active.

Long-term Impact and Complications of HPV

While genital warts themselves are not typically dangerous, persistent HPV infection can lead to more serious health concerns:

• Increased risk of cervical cancer
• Potential for anal, penile, or oropharyngeal cancers
• Complications during pregnancy and childbirth
• Psychological distress and impact on sexual relationships

How often should individuals with a history of genital warts be screened? Those with a history of genital warts or HPV infection should undergo more frequent cervical cancer screenings and maintain regular check-ups with their healthcare provider to monitor for any potential complications.

Living with HPV: Emotional and Social Considerations

Receiving a diagnosis of genital warts or HPV can be emotionally challenging. It’s important to address both the physical and psychological aspects of living with this condition:

• Seek support from trusted friends, family, or support groups
• Communicate openly with sexual partners about your diagnosis
• Educate yourself about HPV and genital warts to dispel myths and reduce anxiety
• Consider counseling if you’re experiencing significant emotional distress

How can individuals maintain a healthy sex life with HPV? With proper precautions, open communication, and regular check-ups, many individuals with HPV can maintain healthy and fulfilling sexual relationships. It’s crucial to inform partners, practice safe sex, and follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations.

Understanding HPV and genital warts, including their impact on areas like the labia minora, is crucial for prevention, early detection, and effective management. By staying informed, practicing safe sex, and seeking prompt medical attention when necessary, individuals can minimize the impact of this common STD on their health and well-being. Remember, while HPV is widespread, it’s manageable with proper care and attention.

HPV, STD, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

Overview

What are genital warts?

Genital warts are a type of sexually transmitted disease (STD). The disease causes warts (small bumps or growth ) to form in and around the genitals and rectum. Certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) cause genital warts.

Some warts are very small. Still, you can usually feel or see them. Healthcare providers may call genital warts condyloma; STDs are also called sexually transmitted infections (STIs). You can give genital warts to other people.

Where do you get genital warts?

Genital warts can infect the:

• Groin (area between the stomach and thigh).
• Inside and outside of the anus.
• Lips, mouth, tongue or throat.
• Penis and scrotum (the sac that contains the testicles).
• Vagina (including inside the vagina), vulva, vaginal lips (labia minora and labia majora) and cervix (tissue that connects the vagina and uterus).

How common are genital warts?

An estimated 400,000 people — most of them in their late teens and twenties — get genital warts every year. The virus that causes these warts, HPV, is the most common STD. Approximately 79 million Americans have HPV. There are many different types of HPV. Not all cause genital warts.

Who might get genital warts?

Genital warts affect all genders. It’s most common in teenagers and young adults. Men are slightly more at risk. Your chances of getting genital warts increase if you:

• Don’t use condoms while having sex.
• Have multiple sexual partners.

Are genital warts contagious?

Yes, genital warts and the virus that causes them are both highly contagious. There isn’t a cure for HPV. Once you have the virus, you’re always infectious. Even if you don’t have symptoms like genital warts, or you have the warts treated and removed, you can still infect another person with HPV and genital warts.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes genital warts?

Certain types of HPV cause this STD. Genital warts spread through skin-to-skin contact during sex. A different virus causes warts on your hands and feet. You can’t get genital warts by touching yourself or someone else with a hand or foot that has warts.

Genital warts spread through:

• Intercourse, including anal, vaginal-penile and vaginal-vaginal.
• Genital touching (skin-to-skin contact without ejaculation).
• Giving oral sex to someone who has HPV or genital warts.
• Receiving oral sex from someone who has HPV or who has genital warts on the mouth, lips or tongue.

How soon do genital warts appear after infection?

Some people develop genital warts within weeks after infection. Often, though, it can take months or years for warts to appear. For this reason, it can be difficult to pinpoint when you got infected.

It’s also possible to have the virus and not get genital warts. You might not know if you have warts inside the anus or elsewhere in the body. If you don’t have symptoms, you may unknowingly infect others with the virus.

What are the symptoms of genital warts?

Warts look like rough, skin-colored growths. Genital warts often have a bumpy cauliflower look, but some are flat. Genital warts aren’t usually painful. Occasionally, they cause:

• Mild bleeding.
• Burning sensation.
• Discomfort.
• Genital itching or irritation.

Diagnosis and Tests

How are genital warts diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider can diagnose external genital warts by looking at them. Internal warts are more challenging to diagnose. You may get these tests:

• Pelvic exam: A woman may get a Pap test as part of a pelvic exam to check for cervical changes caused by genital warts. Your provider may also perform a colposcopy to examine and biopsy the vagina and cervix.
• Blood tests: Your provider may test for other STDs often associated with genital warts. These STDs include gonorrhea, syphilis and chlamydia.
• Anal exam: Your provider uses a device called an anoscope to look inside the anus for warts.
• Biopsy: Your provider may perform a biopsy (cutting out and removing a tiny piece, about the size of the tip of a pencil) when in doubt about diagnosis.

Management and Treatment

How are genital warts managed or treated?

Genital warts can go away on their own. Or they may get larger or multiply. There are different ways to remove genital warts. You may need several treatments to get rid of warts. For most of them, you’ll receive an anesthetic first to numb the treatment area. During treatment, you should abstain from sexual contact.

Your healthcare provider may use one of these methods to treat genital warts:

• Electrocautery: An electric current burns away warts.
• Freezing: During cryotherapy, your provider applies liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy warts.
• Laser treatment: A laser light destroys tiny blood vessels inside warts, cutting off their blood supply.
• Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP): With LEEP, your provider uses an electrically charged wire loop to remove warts. A provider may use this method to remove warts on a woman’s cervix.
• Topical (skin) medicine: Once a week for several weeks, you apply a prescription chemical solution to the warts. The chemical causes blisters to form under the warts, stopping blood flow. In some cases, your provider may apply the solution.
• Your provider applies the topical TCA solution in the office. Your provider may also provide a prescription for a topical medical when appropriate eg. Imiquimod ( Aldara) that patient self-administers at home for some weeks as directed.
• Surgery: Your provider may surgically cut out warts that are large or don’t respond to other treatments.

Can I get genital warts more than once?

Yes. There’s no cure for HPV, the virus that causes warts. As a result, you can get genital warts over and over again.

What are the complications of genital warts?

Genital warts on the cervix or inside the vagina can cause cervical changes (dysplasia) that can lead to cervical cancer. The warts cause these changes, not HPV.

There are other types of HPV that increase cancer risk. The HPV strains that cause cancer are not the same ones that cause genital warts.

How do genital warts affect pregnancy?

If you have an active outbreak of genital warts while pregnant, your increased hormone levels may cause the warts to bleed, get larger or multiply. Rarely, these complications happen:

• A large wart or mass of warts blocks the birth canal. You may need to deliver via cesarean section.
• HPV passes from mother to baby, causing warts to form inside a baby’s airways. This condition, called recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, is very rare.

Prevention

Is there a vaccine for genital warts?

The HPV vaccine can protect against certain types of HPV, including the ones that cause genital warts and certain cancers. There are more than 100 different types of HPV . Even if you already have the type of HPV that causes genital warts, the vaccine could still protect you from other strains.

Recent CDC and FDA guidance recommends that men and women up to 45 years of age get vaccinated to protect against HPV. HPV is the most common STD and can cause certain cancers and genital warts. More than 14 million new HPV infections occur in the US each year. Vaccination starts as early as age 9 ( most people initiate between age 11-12 years)

How can I prevent genital warts?

If you’re sexually active, you can take these steps to protect yourself from getting or spreading HPV, genital warts and other STDs:

• Use condoms.
• Get the HPV vaccine.
• Get routine testing and any needed treatment for STDs.
• Tell your sexual partners if you have HPV or genital warts so they can get tested and treated.
• Be monogamous with one sexual partner or limit your number of partners.

Outlook / Prognosis

What is the prognosis (outlook) for people with genital warts?

Genital warts and HPV are common STDs. These types of warts, and the HPV types that cause them, don’t increase cancer risk. Some people have genital warts just once, while others have recurring outbreaks. Treatment can get rid of the warts, but it can’t cure them or HPV. You’ll always be infectious and need to practice safe sex with your partners.

Living With

When should I call the doctor?

You should call your healthcare provider if you experience:

• Genital irritation or itching.
• Painful intercourse.
• Painful urination (dysuria).
• Unusual or foul-smelling penile or vaginal discharge.
• Vaginal or penile redness, soreness or swelling.

What questions should I ask my doctor?

If you have genital warts, you may want to ask your healthcare provider:

• What is the best treatment for me?
• Will warts come back after treatment?
• What’s the best way to avoid getting another STD?
• How can I protect my partner from getting HPV or genital warts?
• Am I at risk for cervical cancer? If so, what steps can I take to protect my health?
• Should I look out for signs of complications?

A note from Cleveland Clinic

Thousands of people get genital warts every year, and thousands more have the virus that causes them. Genital warts may not appear until months — sometimes years — after infection. Once you know you have genital warts and HPV, you should share this information with your sexual partners. Your healthcare provider can offer suggestions for preventing the spread of this STD. You can also take steps to lower your risk of getting other STDs.

HPV, STD, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

Overview

What are genital warts?

Genital warts are a type of sexually transmitted disease (STD). The disease causes warts (small bumps or growth ) to form in and around the genitals and rectum. Certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) cause genital warts.

Some warts are very small. Still, you can usually feel or see them. Healthcare providers may call genital warts condyloma; STDs are also called sexually transmitted infections (STIs). You can give genital warts to other people.

Where do you get genital warts?

Genital warts can infect the:

• Groin (area between the stomach and thigh).
• Inside and outside of the anus.
• Lips, mouth, tongue or throat.
• Penis and scrotum (the sac that contains the testicles).
• Vagina (including inside the vagina), vulva, vaginal lips (labia minora and labia majora) and cervix (tissue that connects the vagina and uterus).

How common are genital warts?

An estimated 400,000 people — most of them in their late teens and twenties — get genital warts every year. The virus that causes these warts, HPV, is the most common STD. Approximately 79 million Americans have HPV. There are many different types of HPV. Not all cause genital warts.

Who might get genital warts?

Genital warts affect all genders. It’s most common in teenagers and young adults. Men are slightly more at risk. Your chances of getting genital warts increase if you:

• Don’t use condoms while having sex.
• Have multiple sexual partners.

Are genital warts contagious?

Yes, genital warts and the virus that causes them are both highly contagious. There isn’t a cure for HPV. Once you have the virus, you’re always infectious. Even if you don’t have symptoms like genital warts, or you have the warts treated and removed, you can still infect another person with HPV and genital warts.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes genital warts?

Certain types of HPV cause this STD. Genital warts spread through skin-to-skin contact during sex. A different virus causes warts on your hands and feet. You can’t get genital warts by touching yourself or someone else with a hand or foot that has warts.

Genital warts spread through:

• Intercourse, including anal, vaginal-penile and vaginal-vaginal.
• Genital touching (skin-to-skin contact without ejaculation).
• Giving oral sex to someone who has HPV or genital warts.
• Receiving oral sex from someone who has HPV or who has genital warts on the mouth, lips or tongue.

How soon do genital warts appear after infection?

Some people develop genital warts within weeks after infection. Often, though, it can take months or years for warts to appear. For this reason, it can be difficult to pinpoint when you got infected.

It’s also possible to have the virus and not get genital warts. You might not know if you have warts inside the anus or elsewhere in the body. If you don’t have symptoms, you may unknowingly infect others with the virus.

What are the symptoms of genital warts?

Warts look like rough, skin-colored growths. Genital warts often have a bumpy cauliflower look, but some are flat. Genital warts aren’t usually painful. Occasionally, they cause:

• Mild bleeding.
• Burning sensation.
• Discomfort.
• Genital itching or irritation.

Diagnosis and Tests

How are genital warts diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider can diagnose external genital warts by looking at them. Internal warts are more challenging to diagnose. You may get these tests:

• Pelvic exam: A woman may get a Pap test as part of a pelvic exam to check for cervical changes caused by genital warts. Your provider may also perform a colposcopy to examine and biopsy the vagina and cervix.
• Blood tests: Your provider may test for other STDs often associated with genital warts. These STDs include gonorrhea, syphilis and chlamydia.
• Anal exam: Your provider uses a device called an anoscope to look inside the anus for warts.
• Biopsy: Your provider may perform a biopsy (cutting out and removing a tiny piece, about the size of the tip of a pencil) when in doubt about diagnosis.

Management and Treatment

How are genital warts managed or treated?

Genital warts can go away on their own. Or they may get larger or multiply. There are different ways to remove genital warts. You may need several treatments to get rid of warts. For most of them, you’ll receive an anesthetic first to numb the treatment area. During treatment, you should abstain from sexual contact.

Your healthcare provider may use one of these methods to treat genital warts:

• Electrocautery: An electric current burns away warts.
• Freezing: During cryotherapy, your provider applies liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy warts.
• Laser treatment: A laser light destroys tiny blood vessels inside warts, cutting off their blood supply.
• Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP): With LEEP, your provider uses an electrically charged wire loop to remove warts. A provider may use this method to remove warts on a woman’s cervix.
• Topical (skin) medicine: Once a week for several weeks, you apply a prescription chemical solution to the warts. The chemical causes blisters to form under the warts, stopping blood flow. In some cases, your provider may apply the solution.
• Your provider applies the topical TCA solution in the office. Your provider may also provide a prescription for a topical medical when appropriate eg. Imiquimod ( Aldara) that patient self-administers at home for some weeks as directed.
• Surgery: Your provider may surgically cut out warts that are large or don’t respond to other treatments.

Can I get genital warts more than once?

Yes. There’s no cure for HPV, the virus that causes warts. As a result, you can get genital warts over and over again.

What are the complications of genital warts?

Genital warts on the cervix or inside the vagina can cause cervical changes (dysplasia) that can lead to cervical cancer. The warts cause these changes, not HPV.

There are other types of HPV that increase cancer risk. The HPV strains that cause cancer are not the same ones that cause genital warts.

How do genital warts affect pregnancy?

If you have an active outbreak of genital warts while pregnant, your increased hormone levels may cause the warts to bleed, get larger or multiply. Rarely, these complications happen:

• A large wart or mass of warts blocks the birth canal. You may need to deliver via cesarean section.
• HPV passes from mother to baby, causing warts to form inside a baby’s airways. This condition, called recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, is very rare.

Prevention

Is there a vaccine for genital warts?

The HPV vaccine can protect against certain types of HPV, including the ones that cause genital warts and certain cancers. There are more than 100 different types of HPV . Even if you already have the type of HPV that causes genital warts, the vaccine could still protect you from other strains.

Recent CDC and FDA guidance recommends that men and women up to 45 years of age get vaccinated to protect against HPV. HPV is the most common STD and can cause certain cancers and genital warts. More than 14 million new HPV infections occur in the US each year. Vaccination starts as early as age 9 ( most people initiate between age 11-12 years)

How can I prevent genital warts?

If you’re sexually active, you can take these steps to protect yourself from getting or spreading HPV, genital warts and other STDs:

• Use condoms.
• Get the HPV vaccine.
• Get routine testing and any needed treatment for STDs.
• Tell your sexual partners if you have HPV or genital warts so they can get tested and treated.
• Be monogamous with one sexual partner or limit your number of partners.

Outlook / Prognosis

What is the prognosis (outlook) for people with genital warts?

Genital warts and HPV are common STDs. These types of warts, and the HPV types that cause them, don’t increase cancer risk. Some people have genital warts just once, while others have recurring outbreaks. Treatment can get rid of the warts, but it can’t cure them or HPV. You’ll always be infectious and need to practice safe sex with your partners.

Living With

When should I call the doctor?

You should call your healthcare provider if you experience:

• Genital irritation or itching.
• Painful intercourse.
• Painful urination (dysuria).
• Unusual or foul-smelling penile or vaginal discharge.
• Vaginal or penile redness, soreness or swelling.

What questions should I ask my doctor?

If you have genital warts, you may want to ask your healthcare provider:

• What is the best treatment for me?
• Will warts come back after treatment?
• What’s the best way to avoid getting another STD?
• How can I protect my partner from getting HPV or genital warts?
• Am I at risk for cervical cancer? If so, what steps can I take to protect my health?
• Should I look out for signs of complications?

A note from Cleveland Clinic

Thousands of people get genital warts every year, and thousands more have the virus that causes them. Genital warts may not appear until months — sometimes years — after infection. Once you know you have genital warts and HPV, you should share this information with your sexual partners. Your healthcare provider can offer suggestions for preventing the spread of this STD. You can also take steps to lower your risk of getting other STDs.

What Are the Symptoms & Signs of Genital Warts?

Genital warts are skin-colored or whitish bumps that appear on your genitals or anus. You can also have the virus that causes genital warts but not have any symptoms.

Genital Warts Symptoms

Genital warts look like skin-colored or whitish bumps that show up on your vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, scrotum, or anus. They kind of look like little pieces of cauliflower. You can have just one wart or a bunch of them, and they can be big or small. They might be itchy, but most of the time they don’t hurt.

Not all bumps on the genitals are warts. There are other infections and normal skin conditions that might look like a wart but are something else. If you think you have genital warts, it’s important to get checked out by a nurse or doctor.   

When do genital warts usually develop?

It can take several weeks, months, or even years after you have sexual contact with someone who has genital warts for them to show up. That’s why it’s so hard to know when you got the HPV infection that caused them, or who passed it to you.

You can get the virus and never actually get warts, so you could be infected and not have any symptoms. Some people only get warts once, and then never get them again. Some people have warts develop more than once (recurring).

If you get genital warts, you might think that means your partner has been cheating on you. That’s not necessarily true. It can sometimes take a really long time for warts to show up, so it’s possible that you or your partner might have gotten them a long time ago. Sometimes the virus lives months or even years in the body before turning into genital warts.

Fun fact: You can have the HPV type that causes warts and never have any symptoms yourself, but STILL give it to someone else. And then genital warts can show up on them. So knowing exactly when you got genital warts (and who gave them to you) is complicated. Talking with your partner and a doctor or nurse can help.

More questions from patients:

What are the symptoms of HPV genital warts in women?

Most people with HPV warts don’t have any symptoms besides the warts themselves. HPV generally goes away on its own without causing any health problems. If it does cause warts, it can take months for them to show up.

The symptoms of HPV warts in women include small bumps or groups of bumps in the genital area. Warts can show up inside or outside the vagina, in or around the anus, or on the cervix. You can’t always see the bumps. They can be

HPV warts in women might go away, stay the same, or grow in size or number. They’re usually painless. You might also be itchy down there or have unusual vaginal discharge.

If you have warts or red bumps on or around your genitals, if your partner has been diagnosed with HPV or another STD, or if your partner has warts, check in with your doctor or nurse or contact your local Planned Parenthood health center. They can usually diagnose HPV warts by taking a look.

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Vulvar cancer | The Royal Women’s Hospital

The vulva is the name of the genitals on the outside of a woman’s body. It includes the clitoris, the labia majora (the larger, outer lips around the vagina) and labia minora (the smaller, inner lips around the vagina). Vulvar cancer grows in the clitoris or labia.

Each year, about 280 women in Australia find out they have vulvar cancer. Around one in 100 Australian women with cancer have vulvar cancer. It usually occurs between the ages of 55 and 75.

Cancer of the vulva is a skin cancer, so the cell types that occur are similar to those of skin cancers that appear elsewhere in the body. The most common is squamous cell cancer, followed by melanoma, adenocarcinomas and, less often, verrucous cancers and sarcomas.

Because the vulva has a lot of blood and lymphatic vessels cancer that starts here can easily move to other nearby parts of the body, like the vagina and bladder.

If the cancer is detected early most women will be cured. Even if the disease is not discovered until after it has advanced, treatment is still possible but the likelihood of a long-term cure is lower.

Causes

It is not usually possible to say what causes cancer in a particular woman but known risk factors include:

• being older, vulvar cancer is most common in women aged over 60
• having had the human papillomavirus (HPV) or genital warts
• being childless
• smoking
• if you have the skin conditions vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia or lichen sclerosus or if your vulva is often itchy
• previously having vaginal or cervical cancer
• radiotherapy to your pelvis in the past.

Symptoms

If you are concerned about symptoms it is important that you see a nurse, doctor or gynaecologist (specialist doctor in women’s health). It is more likely that your symptoms are not related to cancer but it is important to have any symptoms checked.

Sometimes there are no signs when the cancer first begins to grow. You should see a nurse, doctor or gynaecologist if your vulva is often itchy because it may be cancer and not a thrush infection that won’t go away.

Symptoms of vulvar cancer can include:

• an unusual lump or bump on your vulva or the area around it
• itching, burning, soreness or pain in your vulva
• unusual (and sometimes smelly) bleeding, pus or fluids coming from your vagina
• a mole on your vulva that changes shape or colour
• raised, red, white or dark brown patches of skin on your vulva.

See a doctor if you have any of these symptoms and they don’t go away and/or are unusual for you.

Diagnosis

If you think you might have vulvar cancer see a nurse, doctor or gynaecologist. Tell them about any changes to your body that you have noticed. Let them know if you have ever had a sexually transmitted infection or any other conditions that may mean you are more likely to have vulvar cancer.

They will most likely:

• ask you questions about the history of the health of you and your family
• examine you
• do a blood test
• look at your vulva using a magnifying machine called a colposcopy that sits close to your body
• give you an injection of medicine (local anaesthetic) to numb your vulva or put you to sleep (general anasethetic) so they can take a sample of any sores or lumps you have and send them away to be tested. 

Treatment

The kind of treatment you have will depend upon:

• the size of the cancer and where it is in your body (this is known as the stage of cancer)
• how quickly it is growing (the grade of cancer)
• where in the vulva it started (the type of cancer)
• your age, health and medical history.

Your doctors will discuss these things with you and help choose the best possible treatment for your particular cancer, lifestyle and wishes.

Treatment options

• Surgery to remove the cancer. Your surgeon will remove some of the healthy tissue that surrounds the cancer (known as a margin) to try to stop the cancer from coming back. This may mean removing parts or all of your vulva (known as a vulvectomy).  Lymph nodes may also be removed from your groin (lymphadenectomy). If the cancer has spread to other parts of your body, you may also have surgery to remove these other cancers.
• Radiotherapy to control or kill the cancer. If you have external radiation you will lie or sit near a machine that directs radiation beams at your cancer. Your doctor may recommend that you try radiotherapy first because it may mean that you do not have your clitoris or labia removed.
• Chemotherapy drugs to control or kill the cancer. Usually this involves being connected to an IV or drip for a few hours so the drugs can be released slowly into your body.

Questions to ask

• How big is my cancer and where exactly is it?
• Is my daughter more likely to have vulvar cancer if I have it?
• What if I want to become pregnant?
• Is there a risk that any children I have after being treated will get cancer?
• Will I still be able to have sex?
• What will my vulva look like after treatment?
• Will I have problems going to the toilet?
• What are the side effects of the treatment you are recommending?
• Why is the treatment you are recommending best for me?
• Will I have all my treatments at this hospital?
• How often will I need to have checkups?
• Will treatment stop my periods and start menopause?
• Can you write down what you have told me so that I can read it again later?

Disclaimer

The Women’s does not accept any liability to any person for the information or advice (or use of such information or advice) which is provided on the Website or incorporated into it by reference. The Women’s provide this information on the understanding that all persons accessing it take responsibility for assessing its relevance and accuracy. Women are encouraged to discuss their health needs with a health practitioner. If you have concerns about your health, you should seek advice from your health care provider or if you require urgent care you should go to the nearest Emergency Dept.

Vulval cancer – NHS

Cancer of the vulva is a rare type of cancer that affects women.

The vulva is a woman’s external genitals. It includes:

• the lips surrounding the vagina (labia minora and labia majora)
• the clitoris, the sexual organ that helps women reach sexual climax
• the Bartholin’s glands, 2 small glands each side of the vagina

Most of those affected by vulval cancer are older women over the age of 65.

The condition is rare in women under 50 who have not yet gone through the menopause.

Information:

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Symptoms of vulval cancer

Symptoms of vulval cancer can include:

• a persistent itch in the vulva
• pain, soreness or tenderness in the vulva
• raised and thickened patches of skin that can be red, white or dark
• a lump or wart-like growth on the vulva
• bleeding from the vulva or blood-stained vaginal discharge between periods
• an open sore in the vulva
• a burning pain when peeing
• a mole on the vulva that changes shape or colour

See a GP if you notice any changes in the usual appearance of your vulva.

While it’s highly unlikely to be the result of cancer, these changes should be investigated.

What causes vulval cancer?

The exact cause of vulval cancer is unclear, but your risk of developing the condition is increased by the following factors:

• increasing age
• vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) – where the cells in the vulva are abnormal and at risk of turning cancerous
• persistent infection with certain versions of the human papillomavirus (HPV)
• skin conditions affecting the vulva, such as lichen sclerosus
• smoking

You may be able to reduce your risk of vulval cancer by stopping smoking and taking steps to reduce the chances of picking up an HPV infection.

How vulval cancer is treated

The main treatment for vulval cancer is surgery to remove the cancerous tissue from the vulva and any lymph nodes containing cancerous cells.

Some people may also have radiotherapy, where radiation is used to destroy cancer cells, or chemotherapy, where medicine is used to kill cancer cells, or both.

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be used without surgery if you’re not well enough to have an operation, or if the cancer has spread and it’s not possible to remove it all.

Outlook

The outlook for vulval cancer depends on things such as how far the cancer has spread, your age, and your general health.

Generally, the earlier the cancer is detected and the younger you are, the better the chances of treatment being successful.

Overall, around 7 in every 10 women diagnosed with vulval cancer will survive at least 5 years.

But even after successful treatment, the cancer can come back.

You’ll need regular follow-up appointments so your doctor can check if this is happening.

Can vulval cancer be prevented?

It’s not thought to be possible to prevent vulval cancer completely, but you may be able to reduce your risk by:

• practising safer sex – using a condom during sex can offer some protection against HPV
• attending cervical screening appointments – cervical screening can detect HPV and precancerous conditions such as vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
• stopping smoking

The HPV vaccination may also reduce your chances of developing vulval cancer.

This is now offered to all girls and boys who are 12 to 13 years old as part of the routine childhood immunisation programme.

Page last reviewed: 30 April 2021
Next review due: 30 April 2024

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) | Center for Young Women’s Health

Key Facts

• HPV is spread through direct skin to skin contact.
• An abnormal Pap test is often the first sign of an HPV infection.
• Make sure to get the HPV vaccine to prevent this common infection.

HPV, short for Human Papillomavirus, is a group of over 200 different kinds of viruses, some of which cause warts on the hands and feet and others which cause genital warts and cervical cancer. If you’re sexually active, have had any sexual contact, or are thinking about having sexual contact, your best protection is to learn the facts about how HPV is spread and how to prevent getting it.

What is HPV?

HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. There are many different types of HPV and more than 40 are sexually transmitted. Researchers keep track of the different types of HPV by identifying them with numbers, such as 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58.

Some types of HPV cause genital warts; others types of the HPV virus cause pre-cancerous changes of the mouth and throat, cervix, vulvar, vagina and anus that can later lead to cancer. The HPV virus can also cause cancer of the anus, and cancer of the penis in males.

Who can be infected with HPV?

At least 1 in every 2 sexually active young women has had a genital HPV infection. Any sexually active person—no matter what color, race, gender, or sexual orientation—can get HPV. HPV is mainly spread by having sexual contact with someone who in infected. A mother who is infected with the HPV virus can infect her newborn baby during the delivery.

How do you get HPV or genital warts?

HPV and genital warts are usually spread by direct skin-to-skin contact during vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has been infected with HPV. Using condoms every time you have sex can help protect against HPV but they aren’t perfect because HPV can be found on skin that isn’t covered by a condom.

What can happen to me if I get the HPV virus?

If you get the HPV virus, it may cause the following:

• The infected area of your body can remain totally normal (called latent or inactive infection). You may never know about it, but you may give the infection to others. Your body then usually clears the infection. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) 90% of women infected with HPV will clear the virus within two years.
• Bumps, called genital warts, may be seen in your genital area. They almost never lead to cancer but can be painful.
• You could have changes in the cells of your cervix, resulting in an abnormal Pap test. Most of the time, if you are younger than 24 years old, your body will clear the HPV and the Pap test will become normal again over several years. However, sometimes the HPV infection stays in your cervix which can lead to cervical cancer. This is why your health care provider will want to see you for follow-up visits if you have had an abnormal Pap test.
• Recent studies have shown that certain vaginal and anal cancers and some cancers of the oropharynx (back of the throat, base of tongue, and tonsils), may be caused from HPV.

You are at greater risk of getting HPV if:

• You had sexual contact at an early age.
• Either you or your sexual partners have had many different sexual partners at any time.
• You or any of your sexual partners have had a history of sexually transmitted infections.
• Any of your sexual partners did not wear a condom.

How would I know if I had HPV or genital warts?

Sometimes it’s hard to know if you have HPV. Although genital warts are usually seen on, around, or inside your vagina or anus, they may be small and hard to see. And you may not have any symptoms such as pain or bleeding.

An abnormal Pap test is often the first sign of an HPV infection. This is why it’s important to begin having Pap tests when you are 21 years old. You should start earlier if you have special risks such as problems with your immune system such as HIV infection.

What do genital warts look like?

Genital warts are growths on your skin that look like tiny bumps. They are usually in or around the vagina, anus, on the cervix, or on the inside of the thigh. They may be raised or flat, small or large. There can be only one wart or more than one in the same area. Warts can be pink or flesh-colored, red or brown. Some bumps grow together and look like a cauliflower.

When should I see my health care provider (HCP)?

You should make an appointment with your HCP if you notice any unusual growths, bumps, or skin changes on or near your vagina, vulva (the outside area surrounding your vagina), or anus or if you have any unusual itching around or inside your vagina or anus. You should also talk to your HCP if any of your sexual contacts tell you that they have genital HPV or genital warts.

What is the treatment for genital warts?

Treatments for genital warts range from watching to see if the warts go away, acid medicines, creams, to laser therapy. The treatment will remove visible warts and unwanted symptoms such as itchiness. The type of treatment your health care provider recommends will depend on the number, location, and size of the warts and the cost and side effects of the different treatments. It’s important to talk with your health care provider about treatment choices and what type of follow-up you will need. Tell your health care provider if you think you are pregnant so that the right therapy is chosen.

NEVER use over-the-counter “wart medicine” on genital warts. (These medicines are not meant for the very sensitive skin around your genital area).

Will I always have HPV?

Researchers used to believe that if you had HPV you would always carry the virus, but because of new medical research, we now believe that in most cases a person who has a healthy immune system will actually fight off HPV without treatment. This means that the virus can no longer be detected. However, it remains possible that in some people the virus is hidden and can cause symptoms later. It is important to remember that if you have had an HPV infection, you can still become re-infected with HPV if you come in contact with the virus again.

How can I prevent or lower my chances of getting HPV or genital warts?

The safest way to prevent getting other types of HPV is to NOT have sexual contact.

If you are having sexual contact, it is important to know that you can lessen your risk of infection by having sexual contact with only one partner who only has sexual contact with you. Using condoms every time you have sex gives you some protection, but condoms aren’t perfect. Condoms don’t cover a man’s scrotum (the sack where the testicles are located) which can become infected with HPV. It just takes skin-to-skin contact to get the virus. Avoid having oral sex to prevent certain HPV infections that may cause oropharynx cancers (cancers in the back of throat, base of tongue and tonsils). Dental dams may offer some protection against HPV infections from oral sex with a partner who has HPV.

HPV vaccines are also a very important way to lessen your risk of getting HPV (see below).

Is there a vaccine that lessens my chance of getting HPV?

Yes.There are three HPV vaccines (Cervarix®, Gardasil®, and Gardasil 9®). HPV vaccines are an important step in preventing HPV. If the HPV vaccine is given before a teen’s 15th birthday, only 2 shots are needed. The second shot should be given about 6 months after the first one. However, if a young woman is 15 or older, she will need 3 shots. The 2nd dose should be given 1-2 months after the first dose and the 3rd dose is given 6 months after the first dose. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommends that vaccination begin at 11-12 years old for both girls and boys.

Gardasil® protects against two types of HPV: 16 and 18, which have been linked to cervical cancer — and two other types: 6 and 11, which cause genital warts.

Gardasil 9® protects against 9 types of HPV, including those that can cause cancers and genital warts: 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. The vaccine works best in girls and young women who have not yet come in contact with any of these viruses. For this reason, the vaccine is recommended for all 11 and 12 year old girls as a routine vaccination, although it can be given to girls as young as 9 years old or to young women as old as 26 years old if they have not yet had the vaccine.

Cervarix^® protects against HPV types 16 and 18 and is also three shots. These are the two types of HPV that are mostly associated with development of cervical cancer. It is for girls and women 10-25 years old.

Since some people feel faint after having shots, it is important to sit down or lie down for 5-15 minutes after the vaccine, especially if you feel dizzy or faint. Let your health care provider know if you have felt faint with other shots or blood tests.

Is it normal to feel upset about having HPV or genital warts?

Yes. Lots of people feel worried. Some women may also be upset with their partner. It is important to learn about HPV and share your feelings and concerns with your health care provider. Talk with your health care provider about whether you should get the HPV vaccine.

If you are worried about HPV or genital warts, remember:

• You’re not alone! Millions of Americans have been infected with the HPV virus.
• There are lots of effective treatments for genital warts.
• The most serious problem related to some types of HPV is cervical cancer, and it can be prevented if you have Pap tests, treatment, and follow-up.
• Don’t smoke since it can make the HPV infection stay in your body and increase the risk of cervical cancer.
• Learning about HPV will help you understand your infection and the importance of regular checkups.
• If you think you might have HPV, contact your health care provider.

Getting the HPV vaccine is the best way to protect yourself against the most common types of HPV; however, there are many more types of HPV (200+ in all) that are not covered by the vaccine. The safest way to prevent getting other types of HPV is to NOT have sexual contact. However, if you decide to have sexual contact, it’s important to know that you can lessen your risk of infection by always using a condom and having sexual contact with only one partner who only has sexual contact with you. Don’t forget to see your health care provider for regular check-ups and Pap test when you turn 21 years old or before if you have certain medical conditions such as an immune disorder.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

90,000 Papillomas of the external genital organs in women

How to know if a gynecologist is competent? What should NOT be treated? What complaints and diseases do you come with most often? Should I tell my gynecologist about orgasms? Painful periods is the norm?

We talked about all this with a sensitive doctor, a charming woman and an amazing specialist with deep views on medicine – Zarema Kylychevna Khasbulatova.

Zarema Kylychevna, tell us how your path in medicine began?

The question is interesting.I often think about it myself and cannot answer. I suppose I got this setup from my childhood mom. From the elementary school years I understood that I would become a doctor and there was no doubt. It seems to me that everything just went as it should. But honestly, I didn’t go to medical school the first time. Because I didn’t take the preparation seriously. A year later, I became a student at the “First Moscow State Medical University. THEM. Sechenov, ”but she graduated with honors.

I didn’t think to become a gynecologist, of course, I dreamed of being a surgeon.Like all medical students, we probably all go there to become great surgeons (laughs). And after passing a thorny path, specialization itself determines us. Gynecology came thanks to the teachers. I had a wonderful teacher Maya Abdulaevna, an age and strong woman, who with such beauty and fantastic love told about obstetrics, so charged us with this adrenaline of obstetrics that ambitious students had no doubts.

Originally I was an obstetrician, focusing on obstetrics and surgery.I am still a fan of childbirth, of my pregnant girls, whom I lead. It is a real drive to walk this path with my patient.

What do you value in your calling?

What I appreciate, what I appreciate … I found myself in this vocation, it’s 100% mine, it’s hard for me to say that. I love my job and I love my patients madly sincerely. I am with them and worry, and, unfortunately, I bring home all the emotions. It’s wrong that I don’t know how to restrict myself from work. This is my life and that’s it.

How did you go your way of becoming a mother? Have your views changed?

My beloved daughter is already 9 years old. When my residency began, my daughter was 10 months old. I went through this even before the start of medical practice and was in the same condition as pregnant girls now come to me. It was complete ignorance of what was happening to me, in great confusion. I already began to know after.

Is the upbringing of a gynecologist mom different from a mom from another field of activity? Would you put your child in a puddle or on the beach in panties?

I don’t think it’s different.But any, perhaps, a child from a medical family is different in that he is like a child of the regiment. These children are often deprived of the attention of their parents; they often spend time in hospitals and hospitals with their parents. I have no points. I would have put her in a puddle and on the beach, it has always been. And the issue of hygiene, due to ethnicity and religious views, does not differ in any way from the principles of hygiene that I was taught professionally. If my daughter sits in a puddle, I will support her, let her investigate.

Do you have any principles in your work?

I think two can be attributed to the main ones: the principle of evidence-based medicine and the principle of working according to conscience.

In private medicine, there may be a certain threat: it is important not to cross the line when you really help a person, but when you are trying to make money at the reception. This line, due to my upbringing and foundations, I do not cross. It helps me.

Do you ask about orgasms at your receptions? How do they react?

Many are embarrassed. Some are happy that it turns out that it is possible to talk about this and share problems. Many women do not even think about the true source of the problem, it did not even occur to them that it was not about them, but about their husbands / partners.Many in 10-20 years of marriage do not think about just talking to their husband about these topics. There are savvy patients who understand the importance of the female orgasm, but do not know how to achieve this or why it does not work. Most intimate problems are actually solved simply by talking to the patient.

“If the patient does not feel better after talking with the doctor, then this is not a doctor.”

Vladimir Bekhterev.

To live a full-fledged intimate life and feel it in all its colors, one woman needs to send her husband to the urologist, another just to talk to her partner.There are reasons in physiology as well. Many people just need a conversation between the doctor and the patient, which solves part of the problem.

Do you have a different conversation with different women?

Yes, absolutely. Representatives of completely different psychotypes come to me, and already on the first word “Hello!” and the manner of opening the door of my office, I understand the tactics of the forthcoming conversation. Powerful women, for example, cannot be given weakness. They often come with a complaint, especially if it has already gone through a long thorny path of treatment.But I realize that a person comes for help, even if he is afraid to accept it, denies help, or does not even realize that he needs it. But for some reason he came, and I have to help.

What problems do you most often face?

Probably the most common scenario is the presence of infectious inflammatory processes. Girls often come with a desire to become pregnant, but they cannot do it due to untreated infections, or the woman does not even know about their presence.Unfortunately, for example, chlamydia, even if it was treated, can lead to difficulties with conception, so it must be treated immediately, without delay.

But on the other hand, there are poor girls who were treated for something that did not need to be treated and their health was ruined.

Can you give examples of which diagnoses should not be treated and how to determine the competence of a doctor?

First, girls often come to me with healed ureaplasma. Typical scenario: Prof.examination in women revealed ureaplasma, which did not bother her anywhere. She turned to one gynecologist – she was prescribed a full list of prescriptions with 2 antibiotics at the same time, immunomodulators and other endless list of drugs. That will simply rip off her body and give a lot more problems. I think it’s a disaster.

No need to treat analyzes! Complaints must be treated.

But be careful here. There are pathogenic infections that need to be treated even if there are no complaints.These are chlamydia, gonorrhea, Trichomonas and genital mycoplasma.

But more often it happens that a woman passes routine tests, nothing bothers her, a wonderful ph of the vagina. And here they find gardonarella with ureaplasma. And it begins. And the woman becomes really sick. Recently, a girl came to me, tired to madness from the endless treatment of the discovered gardanarella. So this girl eventually lost her menstruation and, against the background of aggressive treatment of an infection that did not need to be treated, began to suffer from numerous inflammatory processes.In her words, she underwent the most powerful courses of antibiotic therapy 5 times, because the gardanarella did not go away. And they ripped off the whole body. It took a long and difficult time to restore. Let this gardanarella live happily, this is her “home”, she would not affect anything, requiring only control. She still never went anywhere.

Another example is when functional cysts are treated with hormonal contraceptives. When the first ultrasound revealed a functional cyst and already with the next menstruation, it can dissolve on its own.Instead, hormones are prescribed.

If, during the delivery of the analysis, another random find is discovered – Candida, then we also leave the woman alone in 90% of cases, if nothing bothers her, does not hurt or itch. But! If it causes discomfort – a separate conversation. This is individual in each case.

Another important point.

Contraceptives are prescribed for contraception.

I understand that this is obvious, but often contraceptives are prescribed for everything.We must understand that OK is an extended-release pill. The same thing, if the therapist prescribes a medicine for pressure, he will do an ultrasound scan, tests. Before choosing OK, we look at the condition of the veins of the woman’s legs, the health of her breasts, the condition of the kidneys, the density of her blood. Girls, contraceptives do not treat painful periods. They just shut off the ovaries.

Is painful menstruation the norm?

First, you need to understand the level of pain. It is very rare for a woman to not experience PMS.Our hormones are on fire. Of course, the woman feels a certain soreness. But there are red flags. What to look for:

1. Soreness level. Can a woman not drink a pill and experience discomfort, or is she incapacitated without a pill? Is this a peak condition when she is nauseous or completely unconscious, or is it a little discomfort and nervousness.
2. Blood volume, presence of clots. There is a misconception that the more the better, it seems like the ovaries work well.But this is not the case.

Painful periods may signal hyperplastic processes, dysplasia, endometriosis, or polyps.

It is better to resolve this issue together with the attending physician.

Let’s summarize: a happy woman – what is she like?

Mmmm … A happy woman? A picture pops up: a mother of 3 children (no less) and a strong support nearby, a strong man’s shoulder. This is a natural physiological purpose of a woman and a guarantee of her health.Certainly, to have support. Why is a mother of 3 children? From a medical point of view, this is a woman who has a regular sex life, a permanent partner, who has lactated three times (lactation is the prevention of breast cancer). She minimized her periods during pregnancy and lactation. I always say that our body is primitive, the female body was created to give birth and feed. Forgive me feminists. Our grandmothers gave birth to 10-15 children, and the question of uterine fibroids did not exist, they menstruated 40 times in all their lives.Old obstetricians say:

“ The uterus is crying with bloody tears over a failed pregnancy.”

Imagine. The uterus has worked, created ovulation, removed the egg, increased the endometrium, is waiting for its sperm – but there is no pregnancy. This is how we worked, worked, worked – but the salary was not given. What a disappointment! Do we want to work? Yes, we will start to get sick! And the uterus is the same.

So here’s my ideal happy woman. Girls, I wish you all to achieve YOUR ideal image of a happy woman.Each one can have his own.

Anogenital (venereal) warts (genital warts)

Anogenital (viral) warts are a viral disease caused by the human papillomavirus and is characterized by the appearance of growths on the skin and mucous membranes of the external genital organs, urethra, vagina, cervix, perianal region.

The causative agent of the disease, the human papillomavirus (HPV), belongs to the papillomavirus genus, which, in turn, belongs to the papavavirus family.Currently, there are more than 190 types of HPV, of which certain types are associated with diseases of the urogenital region, of which varieties of low – HPV 6 and 11, medium – HPV 31, 33, 35 and high oncogenic risk – HPV 16 and 18 are distinguished. , leading a promiscuous sex life, often there is a carriage of several types of viruses at once. A characteristic feature of this pathology is the defeat of patients at a young age. HPV is considered as a possible etiologic factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, vulvar and vaginal cancer.

The disease is primarily sexually transmitted.

Factors contributing to the appearance or recurrence of HPV are: decreased immunological reactivity, hypothermia, intercurrent diseases (mainly of viral etiology), hormonal disorders. There is the appearance or recurrence of anogenital warts during pregnancy (due to its characteristic immunosuppression) and spontaneous regression after childbirth.

The pathological process in men is localized on the inner and outer sheets of the foreskin, the head of the penis, at the external opening of the urethra, the skin of the inguinal folds, scrotum, perianal region.In women, anogenital warts often affect the labia majora and minora, the clitoris, the skin of the external opening of the urethra, the inguinal folds, and the perianal region.

At first, single nodules the size of a pinhead, pink or grayish-red in color, appear, but their number increases over time. They grow in the form of papillae, often merge with each other, forming tumor-like growths that resemble cauliflower or raspberries. Anogenital warts are soft in texture.The skin surrounding anogenital warts is usually intact. However, with constant mechanical irritation, the skin becomes bright red, itching and burning sensations appear.

Clinical diagnosis of anogenital warts is usually straightforward. Problems arise when diagnosed in the early stages of the disease, when the anogenital warts are very small and similar to the surface roughness. In this case, the main diagnostic method is the cytological examination of biopsy specimens. The polymerase chain reaction method can be used for asymptomatic or asymptomatic forms of the disease, as well as for determining the type of virus. In connection with the use of destructive methods in the treatment of anogenital warts, an additional serological test is carried out for syphilis, HIV, hepatitis B and C.

Consultations of other specialists are recommended according to indications in the following cases: – obstetrician-gynecologist in order to diagnose background and dysplastic processes of the cervix, vulva and vagina; – urologist for intraurethral localization of anogenital warts; – a proctologist in the presence of a process in the anal area; – an immunologist in the presence of immunodeficiency states and recurrence of the disease.

The incubation period ranges from 3 weeks to 8 months, more often 2-3 months. The virus can remain in a latent state throughout a person’s life. Even with proper treatment and normal immunity, anogenital warts often recur. This is due to the persistence of the virus in the seemingly healthy skin around the rash. Relapse is not associated with re-infection from a sexual partner, but with reactivation of the virus. In the absence of therapy, anogenital warts may resolve on their own, remain unchanged, or progress.

The indication for the treatment of anogenital warts is the presence of clinical manifestations of the disease. Since a complete cure for HPV infections cannot be achieved, the goal of therapy is to remove anogenital warts, and not to eliminate the pathogen. Treatment methods for anogenital warts are divided into the following main groups:

1. Cytotoxic method
2. Chemical method
3. Immunomodulators for local use.
4. Physical methods – electrocautery
5. Surgical excision

Using condoms reduces the risk of infection in sexual partners.

Brovkina I.V.

90,000 Is it dangerous not to treat papillomas?

A skin growth on the pedicle of a cylindrical shape, sometimes almost imperceptible, is called papilloma. It often appears out of nowhere, does not appear for a long time. But with any “jump” of immunity or in the heat, he unexpectedly appears to your gaze first as a loner: one papilloma – “mother” can “jump out” under the armpit or on the eyelid (her favorite places, for example, on the bends of the elbows and in the popliteal fossa), and then “let in” and “children”, i.e.That is, literally “sprinkle” all sorts of places on our body. For some, this phenomenon will become only a temporary disorder – well, they say, it interferes, clings to clothes, and if it “wobbles” on the face, it’s ugly, a cosmetic defect, but you may not even notice! But is this small outgrowth so harmless, especially when it forms a whole colony around itself? Should I delete it, or leave it and forget it?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) – a sexually transmitted disease?

HPV

in more detail stands for “a virus that causes a benign tumor of epithelial origin in the form of a papilla” – papilloma (papilloma: lat.papilla – nipple and Greek. -oma – tumor). It belongs to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The concept today has become, unfortunately, much broader, and if earlier we heard about several “terrible”, as it seemed to us, classical diseases of Venus, which are actually treated simply and quickly detected (syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, chancre), then the list of “new” STDs – insidious, difficult to diagnose, and, at times, difficult to treat and completely incurable (HIV) – is constantly growing.

So, we refer to the “new” STDs: chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis, gardnerellosis, genital herpes, candidiasis, as well as human papillomavirus. If the growths from the papillomavirus formed in the genital or perianal organs, then they are called “pointed candidiasis”, but in fact they are one and the same virus, only its different strains (types).

Are papillomas and warts the same thing?

Genital warts in the perineal region are sometimes single, and sometimes look like growths that resemble cauliflower.Sometimes these formations cause itching, irritation when touched, and sometimes bleed. Patients often turn to the doctors of “CM-Clinic”, who, after watching advertisements, have been treated for years with “one pill” for alleged “exacerbations” of candidiasis (thrush). During the examination, it turns out that the smear in such patients is in order, and the often recurring itching is actually given by warts.

Papillomatosis in the throat

There is also papillomatosis of the respiratory tract, when the tissue lining the nasopharynx begins to grow from the nose to the lungs, also often affecting the larynx.This is also one of the types of disease caused by the papilloma virus, the formations in this case are considered benign. Doctors of the “CM-Clinic” well diagnose this type of HPV and successfully treat it, while the disease is not always recognized by local or ENT doctors, who, at best, throw up their hands and prescribe rinsing.

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Who is at risk of getting papilloma virus?

Papillomas and condylomas can appear, disappear and reappear, because they are manifestations of a viral infection, and their presence depends on the state of the body’s defenses at the moment, that is, immunity. The infection is most likely among adherents of smoking and alcohol, among those who are not discriminating in sexual intercourse.

Women who use oral contraceptives for a long time

also in the factor of viral contagion.The carrier of the virus can be both old and young. It is enough for your body to experience internal stress of various origins: you have had flu or ARVI, your gastrointestinal problems have worsened, your body has not been able to cope with long-term medication – and here you have a weakened immune system, and with it the papillomavirus.

It is enough to be in close contact or live next to a person carrying the virus, swim in a “dirty” pool or shower in a public bath, and just walk along the beach – like a virus, if your immunity fails, it will invade your life.The papillomavirus “loves” heat and high humidity when your skin is not protected by clothing. He immediately finds refuge on your hot skin.

Pregnancy with papillomavirus

Infection from mother to fetus during childbirth occurs in almost 98% of cases. A child who passes through the birth canal, literally dotted with warts, the virus enters the mouth and eyes, so all women planning a pregnancy should be checked in advance and, if necessary, treated for HPV and all types of STDs.Only at the end of treatment can conception be planned.

If the disease was in a latent form and was first discovered during pregnancy, and this happens often (immunity weakens during pregnancy), then an urgent need to consult a doctor: treatment of papilloma during pregnancy is possible.

We treat papilloma

Scientists have discovered more than 100 varieties of the HPV virus, but some types of genital candidiasis can lead to cervical cancer, especially HPV subtypes (HPV) 16, 18, 31.And the reason for this is that often, due to an asymptomatic course, a person does not go anywhere for a long time! Dispensary examinations have disappeared from our lives, and therefore the diagnosis is quite late.

To avoid this, it is necessary to visit an obstetrician-gynecologist twice a year, once a year take a smear for cytology (it is also called a Papanicolaou test or “smear for atypia”) to detect precancerous changes in the cervix. It is also necessary to undergo a blood test to determine the DNA of the virus by PCR.Own laboratories “CM-Clinic” uses high-quality reagents for more accurate determination of test results. After going through them, it will become clear what types of HPV are present or absent in your body, whether it is worth treating.

• Non-oncogenic papillomaviruses – HPV 1, 2, 3, 5.
• Oncogenic papillomaviruses of low oncogenic risk – HPV 6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81.
• Oncogenic papillomaviruses of medium oncogenic risk – HPV 26, 53, 66.
• Oncogenic papillomaviruses of high oncogenic risk – HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68.

Do not forget that the appearance of papillomas indicates trouble in your body: these small unpleasant skin protrusions, which you can easily get rid of, signal that you have not seen a doctor for a long time, and may have started gynecological diseases, kidney diseases, gastritis or colitis.

In no case should you tear off, tie with threads, comb papillomas – this provokes the virus to aggressively “capture” new territories – it will simply move to an unaffected organ.

Removal without traces and complications is carried out in the “CM-Clinic” by painless methods that do not leave marks and scars. Also, in parallel, immunity-boosting treatment is carried out.

90,000 HPV screening -12 types (16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59)

Types 31, 33, 35 belong to the group with a high degree of oncogenic risk and most often lead to diseases such as bowenoid papulosis and intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix.

Bowenoid papulosis is diagnosed in men, and the risk of developing this disease is increased with an excessive number of sexual partners.

Cervical neoplasia can be mild, moderate and severe. In the first case, all changes are detected only with a cytological examination of a smear. Severe neoplasia is already considered intraepithelial cancer. Neoplasia in women is often combined with the formation of genital warts, arising under the influence of the virus of 6 and 11 types.

In cases of development of cervical cancer, erosion first appears, then dysplasia (grade 3, the last is the oncology).These processes are caused by oncogenic HPV types 18, 33, 35. Men are often carriers of HPV 33, 51 and other types. Sometimes you can observe the appearance of non-condylomatous formations on the body, which can grow quickly and disappear just as quickly.

Indications for the delivery of analysis

1. Pain in the lower abdomen, during and after intercourse.

2. The presence of secretions, including those mixed with blood.

3. Diagnosis of cervical erosion.

4. Genital warts were found in the vagina.

Diagnostics

To identify HPV in women, the gynecologist examines in a chair using a mirror. If flat growths are found on the mucous membrane of the vagina, the walls of the uterus, or genital warts are found on the labia minora, vulva, it is necessary to take a smear for cytological studies.

When growths caused by HPV are not detected, colposcopy is performed.This diagnostic method involves examining the walls of the vagina and cervix under a microscope. If no external manifestations are observed, the walls are lubricated with a 3% solution of acetic acid – pathological formations turn white, and the color of a healthy mucous membrane does not change.Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, the presence of a virus in the body is determined

HPV 51, like HPV 31, belongs to the group of medium oncogenic risk, the route of transmission is mainly sexual, contributes to the appearance of malignant tumors of the genital organs.HPV type 51, in addition to the formation of genital warts, leads to the appearance of a giant condyloma Buschke-Levenshtenn. The risk of malignant processes increases with frequent changes in sexual partners and with homosexual contacts.

HPV type 52, like HPV 51, belongs to the group of viruses that provoke oncology. The main causes of damage to the body are a decrease in the work of defense mechanisms, endocrine problems, smoking, general diseases with suppression of immunity.

HPV 56 type.It enters the body through microtrauma on the skin and through the mucous membrane. The process is more often localized in the uterus, in the vagina, urethra, on the head of the penis. The risk group includes patients with a lowered immune system, burdened by heredity, with exacerbations of chronic pathology. HPV 56 belongs to a group of high oncological risk and, upon confirmation of diagnostic examinations, requires immediate intervention.

Diagnostics

To identify HPV in women, the gynecologist examines in a chair using a mirror.If flat growths are found on the mucous membrane of the vagina, the walls of the uterus, or genital warts are found on the labia minora, vulva, it is necessary to take a smear for cytological studies.

When growths caused by HPV are not detected, colposcopy is performed. This diagnostic method involves examining the walls of the vagina and cervix under a microscope. If no external manifestations are observed, the walls are lubricated with a 3% solution of acetic acid – pathological formations turn white, and the color of a healthy mucous membrane does not change.Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, the presence of a virus in the body is determined

You can pass the analysis for HPV screening -12 types (16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59) in Yekaterinburg at the address. Bolshakova d. 68 or Vikulova st. 33/2

90,000 HPV-associated diseases of anogenital localization | Belousova T.A., Goryachkina M.V.

In modern clinical practice, papillomavirus infection affecting the skin and mucous membranes of the anogenital area is a common pathology.Human papillomavirus (HPV) is ubiquitous. According to the WHO, the incidence of HPV infection has increased more than 10 times over the past 10 years. In developed countries, it is the most common sexually transmitted disease.

HPV was discovered in 1983 by the German virologist Harald Hausen, who established its role in the occurrence of a number of pathologies of the skin and mucous membranes, including cervical cancer. In 2008, the scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this research.In the structure of the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), in 2012 in the Russian Federation, anogenital warts accounted for 9.7%: in the Central Federal District – 13.8%, in Moscow – 26.5%. Various forms of papillomavirus infection of the genitals are found in 44.3% of patients who visit gynecological institutions of the Russian Federation for various reasons [1, 2].
Sexual contact is a major risk factor for contracting HPV. The use of condoms that effectively protect against other STIs cannot prevent infection with the virus.However, this method of protection is an effective barrier for the penetration of the virus into the epithelium of the cervical mucosa, preventing the development of adenocarcinoma. The defeat of HPV mucous membranes and the surrounding skin prevails in the group of young people 15-25 years old, who are sexually active with different sexual partners. Lesions occur, as a rule, on the skin and mucous membranes of the genital organs or in the anal region in places of friction, trauma and maceration of the skin (Fig. 1, 2). It is important to remember that HPV can be transmitted not only sexually, but also vertically, infecting a child during childbirth during the passage of the genital tract, and cause the development of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis [3].

HPV belongs to small, non-enveloped viruses containing double-stranded DNA, has an icosahedral shape and a size of 45–55 nm. It is strictly epithelial, since it affects the basal layer of the epithelium of the skin and mucous membranes of the genitals and other organs (larynx, oral cavity, eyes, etc.), and its life cycle is associated with the differentiation of epithelial cells. Replication of HPV DNA occurs only in the cells of the basal layer, and in the cells of other layers of the epidermis, viral particles only persist.When HPV is infected in the cells of the epidermis, the normal differentiation process is disrupted. There is a clonal expansion of HPV-infected cells of the basal layer with their transformation and possible subsequent malignancy. This process is controlled by the HPV genes encoding the early proteins E6 and E7. In this case, morphological disturbances and deformation of the layers of the epidermis occur, leading to thickening of the skin and mucous membranes. In the stage of advanced infection, the cells of the prickly layer, when passing into the granular layer, turn out to be the most active in the synthesis of viral DNA.This phase of the HPV life cycle characterizes the second stage of the expansion of the viral infection within the epidermis. Expression of the late L1 and L2 genes occurs at the final stage of differentiation in the stratum corneum, where there is an active “assembly” of mature viral particles and their release from cells on the skin surface. Areas of the skin and mucous membranes, on the surface of which there is an active release and budding of the virus, represent the greatest danger for contact infection [4].

Currently, more than 200 types of HPV have been identified, which lead to various clinical manifestations depending on the location of the lesion and the patient’s immune response.It is the individual variations in cellular immunity that explains the difference in the prevalence, severity and duration of HPV manifestations. In patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and lymphomas receiving immunosuppressive therapy, the clinical symptoms of HPV appear on a large scale and persist for a long time.

There are papillomaviruses of the skin and mucous membranes. For example, skin types include HPV-1, -2, -3, -4; to mucocutaneous – HPV-6, -11, -16, -18; to types isolated from foci of veruciform epidermodysplasia – HPV-5-8.Most cervical carcinomas contain HPV-16, -18. In addition, HPV is divided according to the degree of carcinogenic potential: low, medium and high risk (Table 1).
The clinical manifestations of HPV in the anogenital area include:
1. Anogenital warts (genital warts).
2. Symptomatic intraepidermal neoplasia in the early stages in the absence of dysplasia (flat warts).
3. Subclinical forms – asymptomatic intraepithelial neoplasia in the absence of dysplasia.
4. Latent forms (absence of morphological and histological changes in the detection of HPV DNA).
Most of those infected with HPV do not develop any clinical symptoms of the disease, since the person’s own immune system eliminates the pathogen. It has been shown that only 24.8% of women infected with HPV type 6 or 11 develop genital warts. The exact mechanism by which the immune system removes the virus from the body is still unknown.
Cofactors that increase the risk of developing clinical manifestations of HPV infection include alcohol abuse, smoking, immunodeficiencies, infection with herpes simplex virus and other STIs [5, 6].
The most common clinical manifestation of HPV infection in the anogenital region is genital warts that occur when HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 42–44 and 54 are in contact with the skin and mucous membranes. The pathological process in men is localized on the inner and outer sheets of the foreskin, the head of the penis, at the external opening of the urethra, on the skin of the inguinal folds, scrotum, perianal region. In women, condylomas often affect the labia majora and minora, the clitoris, the external opening of the urethra, the skin of the inguinal folds, and the perianal region.At first, single pinhead-sized nodules appear, pink or grayish-red in color, their number increases over time. More often, rashes are represented by grouped from 5 to 15 nodular formations, sometimes merging into plaques. The nodules can have an elongated shape in the form of papillae, they can merge with each other, forming tumor-like growths that resemble cauliflower, cockscomb, and raspberries. The color of the formations at later stages varies from whitish-flesh to pinkish-cyanotic, less often reddish-brown.Clinically, there are four types of genital warts:
• Typical. Usually, moist areas of mucous membranes and skin are affected, such as the vestibule of the vagina, anus, and the inner layer of the foreskin. The rash often resembles cauliflower.
• Hyperkeratotic. With this type, the surface of the warts is covered with horny layers. Most often, they are located on areas of the skin with keratinized epithelium (outer leaf of the foreskin, body of the penis, scrotum, labia majora).
• Papular. Their difference from hyperkeratotic is that they are devoid of horny layers and have a smooth surface.
• Flat. They appear in the form of spots that almost do not rise above the surface of the skin. They are difficult to see with the naked eye. In 25% of women, this type of genital warts is localized on the cervix and in the vagina. In the overwhelming majority of cases, they are a manifestation of cervical or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, which subsequently transforms into cervical cancer [7, 8].
Genital warts must be differentiated from other dermatoses that are common in the anogenital region (Table 2).

In some patients with severe disorders of cellular immunity (HIV infection, against the background of immunosuppressive therapy) during pregnancy, rather large genital warts develop – a giant condyloma Buschke-Levenshtein (Fig. 3). This precancerous invasive and destructive tumor is associated with HPV-6 and HPV-11. As a result of the rapid growth and fusion of individual warts, a giant warts are formed on a broad base.On its surface, vegetations are formed, covered with horny scales, villous formations, separated by grooves, in which exudate with an unpleasant odor accumulates. The course is steadily progressing with germination into the underlying tissues. Without treatment, giant condyloma transforms into squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Unlike many other STIs, HPV manifestations are not associated with the immediate development of symptoms such as itching, burning, and discharge from the genitals. Genital warts are usually asymptomatic and are often accidentally detected by the patient or a doctor during examination.However, long-term, large or injured, ulcerated or secondary infection warts are accompanied by itching, pain, unpleasant odor and purulent discharge [9].
Currently, there are many treatments for genital warts. However, none of them guarantees a permanent high therapeutic effect, since none of them ensures the eradication of HPV. The average recurrence rate reaches 25-30% within 3 months. after treatment.The choice of treatment method depends on the location, size and type of warts, as well as on the age and compliance of the patient. In the absence of therapy, new lesions may appear, the spread of the virus to previously unaffected skin areas, as well as the transmission of the virus to other people. It is imperative to examine the sexual partners of patients with anogenital warts, including examination of the cervix and taking a Pap smear. It is also necessary to screen for HPV in men who are sexual partners of women with diseases of the cervix.Both sexual partners must be treated at the same time [10].

In most cases, topical preparations and physical therapies are used to destroy epidermal growths or induce cytotoxicity against infected cells. With widespread rashes, prolonged recurrent course of the process, the lack of effect from the applied local methods of therapy, immunomodulators are added that stimulate cellular immunity in HPV (inosine pranobex, cimetidine, meglumine acridone acetate, oxodihydroacridinyl acetate sodium, recombinant IFN-α).For the treatment of refractory genital warts, recombinant interferons are used in the form of intralesional injections or in the form of suppositories: viferon, genferon. Abroad, for the treatment of persistent genital warts, an immune response modulator with limited use is used – 5% imiquimod cream. Due to the poor penetration of the drug into the skin, treatment with liquid nitrogen is first carried out, then the preparation of 17% salicylic acid is applied at night, and in the morning imichimod is under occlusion. The course of treatment is 6-9 weeks, the effectiveness of the method is 50-100% [11, 12].

Methods aimed at destruction of formations are used as a permanent mandatory therapeutic component. These methods are primarily performed on patients with large warts that cause discomfort, painful walking, or cosmetic appearance problems. Methods can be conditionally divided into two groups: those that patients can use independently after consulting a doctor, and methods carried out by a doctor. One of the most commonly used medical methods is cryodestruction (applying liquid nitrogen to the wart for 30–40 s).The procedure is repeated several times at intervals of several weeks until complete recovery. Often they resort to electrocautery, which is more effective, but requires preliminary anesthesia, since it is accompanied by severe pain and can lead to scarring. Laser therapy (using a carbon dioxide laser) is used when other methods are ineffective. The significant disadvantages of the last two methods are high cost, soreness and scar tissue changes. To apply the methods of physical destruction, a specialized room, trained medical personnel with a certificate for this type of activity are required, which significantly limits the use of these techniques in wide practice [13, 14].

In modern therapy of anogenital warts, methods of chemical destruction are most actively used, which patients use independently under the guidance of a doctor, since they are painless and low-cost. Analysis of literature data showed the advantage of podophyllotoxin and preparations based on strong acids in terms of cost – effectiveness. On this basis, these drugs are recommended as first-line drugs for the treatment of genital warts. With genital warts, cytotoxic drugs are successfully used: podophyllin, podophyllotoxin (purified active component of podophyllin).The latter in the form of a solution or gel is applied 2 r. / Day with an interval of 12 hours for 3 days. Then take a break for 4-7 days. If necessary, the treatment cycle is repeated up to 4 times until the genital warts disappear completely.

The drugs of choice containing strong acids are Duofilm, Kollomak, Solcoderm. One of the most popular and well-proven OTC keratolytic preparations containing salicylic acid in the treatment of genital warts is the drug collomac in the form of a solution.Kollomak is a multicomponent preparation, which, in addition to 2.0 g of salicylic acid, contains 0.5 g of lactic acid and 0.2 g of polidocanol, which is an emulsifier. In addition, special fillers are included in its composition: a film-forming substance (ethyl cellulose 5.5%), a plasticizer (dibutyl phthalate 1%), solvents (acetone 6.65%). Salicylic acid has a keratolytic effect, has a weak antimicrobial activity. Lactic acid contributes to the chemical destruction of genital warts, polidocanol causes sclerosis and obliteration of small veins and arteries at the site of application.The drug is applied with an applicator to genital warts 1–2 rubles / day. The duration of treatment is established by the doctor depending on the size, number of formations, and response to therapy. For adults, the maximum dose of collomac is 10 ml / day, which corresponds to 2 g of salicylic acid, for children – 1 ml, which corresponds to 0.2 g of salicylic acid. It is not recommended to exceed this dose and treat several skin areas at the same time. When using the drug in the maximum daily dose in adults and children (from 2 years of age), the duration of treatment should not exceed 1 week.During pregnancy, the use of collomak is permissible only when applied to a limited surface – no more than 5 cm [15–17].

Recently, vaccines containing HPV virus-like particles have been developed to prevent genital HPV infection. Vaccinations should be given to girls and women between the ages of 9 and 26. A quadrivalent vaccine (Gardasil) is recommended for types 6, 11, 16, 18 or a bivalent vaccine (Cervarix) for types 16 and 18. It is known that about 90% of cases of genital warts are caused by HPV-6 and –11, and HPV-16 and – 18 cause about 70% of cervical cancer cases.Clinical studies have shown that vaccines are effective in 90% of cases for at least 5 years. Despite its high activity in terms of preventing HPV infection, the vaccine does not have a therapeutic effect in the case of an existing infection. However, it is quite obvious that timely vaccination will help to reduce the incidence of skin and mucous membranes of the anogenital area caused by HPV infection, and reduce the incidence of cervical cancer caused by oncogenic HPV types [18].

Literature
1. Kubanova A.A., Kubanov A.A., Melekhina L.E. and others. The results of the activities of medical organizations of dermatovenerological profile in the Russian Federation in 2012 // Vestik derm. and venus. 2013. No. 5. P. 21–39.
2. Podzolkova N.M., Sozaeva L.L., Osadchev V.B. Human papillomavirus and herpes infections in obstetrics and gynecology. Study guide. M., 2009.46 p.
3. Michenko A.V., Lvov A.N ..Anogenital warts: modern concepts of pathogenesis and approaches to therapy // Consilium Medicum (adj / Dermatology). 2010. No. 2. P. 37–42.
4. Doorbar J. The papillomaviruses life cycle // J. Clin. Virol. 2005. Vol. 32 (Suppl. 1). P. 57.
5. Molochkov I.A., Kiselev V.I., Rudykh I.V. and others. Human papillomavirus infection – clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment. A guide for doctors. M., 2005.31s.
6. Goncalves M.A., Donadi E.A. Immune cellular response to HPV: current concepts // Braz.J. Infect. Dis. 2004. Vol. 8. P. 1-9.
7. Khebif T.P. Skin diseases. Diagnostics and treatment. Per. from English; 2nd ed., 2006. pp. 194–120.
8. Handsfield H.S. Sexually transmitted diseases. M .: Binom, 2004. S. 126-142.
9. Androfi E.D., Lovie D.L. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in Clinical Practice. Per. from English 2013.Vol. No. 3. P. 2085–2096.
10. Ignatiev D.V. Fight against human papillomavirus // Consilium Medicum (app. Dermatology). 2009. No. 3. P. 29–34.
11. European guidelines for the treatment of dermatological diseases / Ed. HELL. Katsambasa, T.M. Lottie; per. from English; 2nd ed. 2009.S. 84–88.
12. Poochareon V., Berman B., Villa A. Successful treatment of butcher’s warts with imiquimod 5% cream // Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2003. Vol. 28 (Suppl. 1). P. 42–44.
13. Raznatovsky K.I., Kotrekhova L.P. Modern methods of treatment of genital warts // Attending physician. 2007. No. 9. P. 24–26.
14. Kimberlin D.W.Current status of antiviral therapy for juvelini-onset recurrent papillomatosis // Antiviral. Res. 2004. Vol. 63. P. 141-151.
15. Fox P.A., Tung M.Y. Human papillovirus: burden of illness and treatment cost considerations // Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2005. Vol. 6 (6). P. 365-381.
16. Rivera A.R., Tyring S.K. Therapy of cutaneous human papillomavirus infections // Dermatol. Ther. 2004. Vol. 17.P. 441-448.
17. Gibbs S., Harvey I., Sterling J.C. et al. Local treatments for cutaneous warts // Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. 2003. Vol. 3: CD001781.
18. Garland S. M., Hernandez-Avila M., Wheeler C. M. et al. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases // N. Engl. Med. 2007. Vol. 356 (19). P. 1928-1943.

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Radio wave removal of genital warts (solcoderm). Clinic Family Doctor

Radio wave removal of genital warts is an advanced method of removing these formations from the skin and mucous membranes. The procedure is the impact of a radio surgical instrument on the affected surface and has proven to be effective and relatively safe.The specialists of the Family Doctor clinic were one of the first in the region to successfully apply radio wave surgery, so our rich practice allows us to achieve high efficiency of such manipulations.

What is warts

Genital warts are single or multiple formations that can appear on any part of the skin and mucous membranes, including the genitals. In women, they can appear in the area of ​​the external genital orans, the labia minora, the walls of the vagina, and on the cervix.

Causes of genital warts and indications for removal

The reason for the formation of genital warts lies in the infection with the human papillomavirus. Formations that are located on areas of the skin subject to constant trauma must be removed first of all – constant mechanical stress can lead to their infection (inflammation) and even malignancy. However, removal of genital warts with Solkoderm or radio waves is also preferred if they have formed on a “safe” area of ​​the skin, which is dictated by aesthetic considerations.

Radio wave removal procedure

Radio wave removal of genital warts begins with preparatory measures. These include the following:

• Consultation and examination by a gynecologist;
• Determination of the type of HPV and associated infectious diseases;
• Blood test for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis;
• If necessary, colposcopy (examination of the affected area with a colposcope) and biopsy (histological examination of removed tissues is carried out after the procedure in order to clarify the diagnosis and exclude a malignant disease).

The removal operation itself is performed under local anesthesia: for these purposes, anesthetic injections, a gel or a spray with an analgesic effect can be used. After performing anesthesia, the doctor proceeds directly to the removal – it is carried out with a radio knife, without contact with the patient’s skin. The method is based on the fact that high-frequency radio waves generate a large amount of thermal energy. The cellular fluid heats up, the structure is destroyed – the cells that are exposed to the action evaporate.Heat allows not only to “evaporate” the cells, but also to “seal” small vessels, which reduces the risk of bleeding and infection to zero and ensures quick healing.

Skin lesions must be completely removed to prevent their reappearance. The area where the manipulation took place is treated with an antiseptic solution, if necessary, an ointment application is carried out.

Advantages of the

method

Removal of genital warts by radio wave method has a lot of advantages:

• Low trauma – ease of tissue dissection without the usual scalpel, there is no effect on the upper layers of the skin, mechanical damage to capillaries and tissues;
• The ability to control the depth of exposure to the radio knife, as well as the area of ​​exposure to tissues – allows not to affect the surrounding healthy tissues;
• The absence of rough scars after the procedure, which is especially important for patients planning a pregnancy;
• Timely coagulation of blood vessels, which reduces the risk of bleeding and swelling;
• Speed ​​(no more than 30 minutes) and high efficiency of the procedure, quick rehabilitation period;
• Antiseptic effect of radio waves – reduced risk of infection, inflammation;
• Painlessness due to lack of action on sensitive receptors;
• Complete removal of the affected tissue; minimal possibility of their recurrence 90 112

• The ability to remove condyloma of any localization;
• Maintaining high quality material for further laboratory research.

However, despite the benefits of radio waves may be contraindicated in some cases.

For whom radio wave removal is not recommended

The radio knife cannot be used for:

• Chronic inflammatory diseases of the skin, mucous membranes;
• Malignant neoplasms;
• Severe diseases of the cardiovascular system, endocrine disorders.

Relative or temporary contraindications are chronic diseases in the acute stage, pregnancy and lactation, menstruation.

Recovery after deletion

After the doctor removes warts, he will definitely explain the features of the recovery period. In the vast majority of cases, complications are not observed if you follow the recommendations of a specialist for 4-6 weeks:

• Avoid baths, saunas, swimming pools, beaches, solarium;
• Prefer a warm shower over a hot bath;
• Limit physical activity, exclude heavy lifting;
• Observe sexual rest
• Use pads and refuse tampons;
• Don’t drink alcohol.

Features of the procedure in the clinic “Family Doctor”

We use only modern high-quality equipment from a reliable manufacturer “Surgitron”. This allows us to fine-tune the parameters of exposure to radio waves for each patient, to control the depth and area of ​​the incision, which means to increase the efficiency and safety of the procedure. The accuracy of excision of the formation practically eliminates the risk of recurrence of genital warts in this area, and the absence of scars makes it possible to carry out the removal even to patients who have not given birth.

You can sign up for radio wave removal of genital warts in Moscow by calling the contact center +7 (495) 775 75 66, through the on-line registration form and at the clinic’s registry.

Cost

obstetrician-gynecologist, doctor of ultrasound diagnostics, leading specialist of the clinic

obstetrician-gynecologist, doctor of ultrasound diagnostics

obstetrician-gynecologist, doctor of ultrasound diagnostics, leading specialist of the clinic

obstetrician-gynecologist, doctor of ultrasound diagnostics

obstetrician-gynecologist, gynecologist-endocrinologist, ultrasound diagnostics doctor, Ph.MD, leading specialist of the clinic

obstetrician-gynecologist, doctor of ultrasound diagnostics

obstetrician-gynecologist, doctor of ultrasound diagnostics

obstetrician-gynecologist, doctor of ultrasound diagnostics

obstetrician-gynecologist, doctor of ultrasound diagnostics

90,000 Treatment of viral infections in EMC

A dermatovenerologist, doctor of the highest category Arthur Ivanov tells

The main route of infection with urogenital forms of human papillomavirus (HPV) and herpes virus is sexual contact, including oral-genital and anal forms.Infection of newborns during childbirth is possible, which is the cause of laryngeal papillomatosis (the formation of papillomas in the larynx) in children and anogenital warts in babies; herpetic stomatitis and dermatitis when infected with the herpes simplex virus.

The main risk factors for infection include: early onset of sexual activity, frequent change of sexual partners, ignorance of the use of barrier contraception (condom), the presence of other sexually transmitted infections (chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, candidiasis, etc.), internal factors (vitamin deficiency, decreased immunity, including during pregnancy, stress).

The main clinical manifestations of papillomavirus infection (HPV) genitalia are genital warts and condillomatosis (single or multiple formations, their extensive spread and fusion). These are benign rashes, which are localized mainly in the places of transition of the labia minora, vagina, cervix, urethral orifice, anus, skin and mucous membranes.

In the case of long-term HPV activity in the thickness of the skin or mucous membranes, as well as in the presence of certain types of viruses with a high oncological risk, the formation of precancerous and cancerous changes, the so-called dysplasias of varying severity or carcinomas, is possible. Most often, HPV provokes the development of cervical cancer, cancer of the bladder neck, rectum, penis, oropharyngeal cancer.

At the first stage, it is necessary to carry out an accurate diagnosis of human papillomavirus infection (HPV) , which should include determination of the type of virus and the group of oncological risk, cytological and histological examinations, colposcopy.

The second step is complete HPV treatment. These are various methods of removing rashes (cryodestruction, electro-, laser-, radio-wave destruction, in some cases, and surgical excision).

The third step is the timely prevention of malignant neoplasms caused by HPV – vaccination and immunotherapy.

According to the recommendations of the CDC (Center for Disease Control, USA), the use of the vaccine is recommended even in the absence of a virus carrier.

The EMC Clinic of Dermatovenerology and Allergology-Immunology successfully uses vaccine prophylaxis in order to prevent infection with high risk of human papillomavirus types (6,11,16,18) using the Gardasil vaccine manufactured by Merck & Co., Germany.

In addition, EMC venereologists vaccinate patients who are already carriers of HPV.

Studies carried out by our foreign colleagues confirm the high efficiency of vaccination, which contributes to a faster elimination of the virus from the body and provides a significant reduction in the risk of recurrence of clinical manifestations of human papillomavirus infection.This makes it possible to multiply the effect of antiviral therapy.

The second most frequent occurrence among viral infections is herpes simplex virus . The causative agent is the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Moreover, it can be both HSV-2 (type 2) and HSV-1 (type 1), which affect the skin and mucous membrane of the lips, eyes, nose, etc. The main clinical manifestations of herpetic infection of the genitals are limited “bubble” rashes … Moreover, the first contact with the herpes simplex virus can be manifested by the appearance of a profuse blistering rash, a violation of the general condition, an increase in body temperature, an increase in lymph nodes.In cases of recurrence of herpes infection, the rash is characterized by grouped blisters against a background of extensive edema. The main symptoms of concern for patients are burning or severe itching, which significantly reduces the quality of life.

Infection with the herpes simplex virus occurs from a sick person with clinical manifestations of infection activity.

To diagnose herpes infection, molecular genetic methods (PCR), serological methods (determination of antibodies in the patient’s blood to type 1 or 2 herpes simplex virus) are used.

EMC has the ability to quickly and fully examine patients with herpes infection, to determine the titers of antibodies to a specific type of virus and antiviral immunity in each specific patient. This allows you to choose the right treatment that will significantly reduce the number of relapses.

Treatment of frequently recurrent genital herpes is challenging. According to European treatment protocols, the patient is recommended to take long-term antiviral drugs.The duration of therapy is selected individually and can take a long period of time.

EMC practices an individual approach to each patient, which allows choosing a complete treatment and minimizing the side effects of therapy. In the case of a proven fact of a decrease in immunity, immunomodulators (drugs that adjust the level of the immune system) are used. The most effective in this case are interferons and their derivatives.

In some cases, in the presence of contraindications to long-term use of antiviral drugs, therapy with herpes vaccine is used, which usually does not lead to the elimination of the herpes simplex virus, but can significantly reduce the number of relapses of the disease, up to their complete disappearance.

Long-term active herpes infection of the genitals, especially in men, can lead to infertility and the formation of chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Take good care of your health.

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