Overview Of Endocrine System | Animal Endocrine Clinic

Overview Of The Endocrine System

The endocrine system is the system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone into the bloodstream to regulate the body. While powerful, the endocrine organs are relatively small.

Hormones are chemical messengers that have many different functions. In the bloodstream, the hormones travel throughout the body. Their effects vary widely, and all are important for life. Some familiar examples of hormones include insulin, thyroid hormone, and cortisol. These hormones are important in the development of diabetes, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, and Cushing’s disease, respectively.

Human endocrine glands are essentially identical to dog and cat endocrine glands, both in structure and function. The endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes.

The pituitary gland is located near the center and bottom of the brain. It produces a number of critical hormones that control many parts of the body, including several other endocrine glands. Because of its central role, the pituitary gland is often referred to as the “master gland.”

Clinically, the most important of these hormones include growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Because the pituitary gland produces so many hormones, pituitary disease, most commonly pituitary tumors, may result in a variety of different conditions. The signs and symptoms of the disease depend on which pituitary hormones are affected.

The thyroid gland is a two-lobed gland in the neck, located in front of the breathing airway (trachea) and below the Adam’s apple. It produces two iodine-containing hormones, thyroxine (also called T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). In general, the thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate, or the speed at which body processes “run.”

Thyroid disorders result from too little or too much T3 or T4. Symptoms of hypothyroidism (too little hormone) include decreased energy, lethargy, weight gain, dry skin, and hair loss. In young animals, hypothyroidism most commonly leads to stunted growth and dwarfism.
Hyperthyroidism (too much hormone) is common in cats. Common clinical signs include weight loss despite an increased appetite, nervousness, excitability, vomiting after eating, and increased thirst and urination.

The parathyroid glands are four small glands located adjacent or within the thyroid gland. These glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH helps maintain normal calcium and phosphorous levels in the body and is necessary for proper bone development.

If the parathyroids are removed during a thyroid operation, the blood PTH will fall (hypoparathyroidism). The blood calcium will then become dangerously low (hypocalcemia), causing neuromuscular signs of muscle spasms or twitches, tetany, or seizures.

A tumor of one of the parathyroid glands may cause the secretion or release too much PTH (hyperparathyroidism). The blood calcium will then become too high (hypercalcemia), causing increased thirst and urination, muscle weakness, and fatigue.

The pancreas is an oblong, flattened gland located in the abdomen, adjacent to the stomach and small intestine. While it secretes digestive juices to aid in digestion, its endocrine function is to maintain healthy glucose (blood sugar) levels. If blood sugar is too high, such as after a meal, the pancreas secretes insulin. Insulin moves the sugar from the blood into the cells of the body, where it is used for energy. If blood sugar is too low, the pancreas releases glucagon. Glucagon releases sugar, stored in the liver as glycogen, back into the bloodstream.

Diabetes, an imbalance of blood sugar levels, is the major disorder of the pancreas. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body is resistant to the insulin in the blood. Without enough insulin to keep glucose moving through the metabolic process, the blood glucose level rises too high. Most dogs and cats with diabetes require insulin shots to do well, although some can be managed by a combination of diet or oral drugs.

A condition called hyperinsulinism is caused by too much insulin and leads to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). This is most commonly seen when owners inadvertently overdose their diabetic dogs or cats with insulin. Less commonly, an insulinoma (insulin-secreting pancreatic tumor) will cause hypoglycemia. Symptoms of low blood sugar include anxiety, weakness, and seizures.

The two adrenal glands are located on the top of each kidney. The adrenal glands essentially contain two separate endocrine organs. The outer portion or core of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex. The inner portion of the gland is called the adrenal medulla. The hormones of the adrenal cortex are essential for life and the hormones of the adrenal medulla are not.

The adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) that help the body control blood sugar, increase the burning of protein and fat, and respond to stressful stimuli, such as fever, major illness, and injury. The mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) control blood volume and help to regulate blood pressure by helping the kidneys hold on to sodium and water. Cushing’s syndrome (too much cortisol) and Addison’s disease (too little cortisol) are the two most common adrenal cortex disorders. Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome generally include an increase in thirst and urination, enlarged abdomen, and hair loss on the trunk. Symptoms of Addison’s disease include poor appetite, weight loss, weakness, and vomiting.

The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine (adrenaline), which increases heart rate, opens airways to improve oxygen intake, and increases blood flow to muscles. The adrenal medulla usually secretes epinephrine when one is scared, excited, or under stress. The adrenal medulla also secretes norepinephrine, but this hormone is more related to maintaining normal activities as opposed to emergency reactions. Tumors of the adrenal medulla (called pheochromocytoma) may produce increased thirst and urination, increased heart rate, and restlessness.

As in humans, unneutered male dogs and cats have twin reproductive glands, called testes, which produce the hormone testosterone. Testosterone helps the young male develop and then maintain his sexual traits.

The female reproductive glands, the ovaries, produce estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are responsible for developing and maintaining female sexual traits, as well as maintaining a pregnancy. Along with certain pituitary hormones (i.e., luteinizing hormone [LH] and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]), they control the estrus cycle (a sort of “menstrual cycle” for animals, although animals do not menstruate).

5.3 Hormones and the Endocrine System – Human Biology

Theme 5: How Do We Control Our Fertility?

The endocrine system produces hormones that function to control and regulate many different body processes. The endocrine system coordinates with the nervous system to control the functions of the other organ systems. Cells of the endocrine system produce molecular signals called hormones. These cells may compose endocrine glands, may be tissues or may be located in organs or tissues that have functions in addition to hormone production. Hormones circulate throughout the body and stimulate a response in cells that have receptors able to bind with them. The changes brought about in the receiving cells affect the functioning of the organ system to which they belong. Many of the hormones are secreted in response to signals from the nervous system, thus the two systems act in concert to effect changes in the body.

Hormones

Maintaining balance within the body requires the coordination of many different systems and organs. One mechanism of communication between neighboring cells, and between cells and tissues in distant parts of the body, occurs through the release of chemicals called hormones. Hormones are released into body fluids, usually blood, which carries them to their target cells where they elicit a response. The cells that secrete hormones are often located in specific organs, called endocrine glands, and the cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones make up the endocrine system. Examples of endocrine organs include the pancreas, which produces the hormones insulin and glucagon to regulate blood-glucose levels, the adrenal glands, which produce hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine that regulate responses to stress, and the thyroid gland, which produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolic rates. In addition, many organs in other body systems such as the reproductive system also secrete hormones and are therefore also part of endocrine system.

The level of hormones present in the blood is directly related to the magnitude of the responses, or actions, performed by the target cells.  For this reason, the body has evolved mechanisms to tightly regulate the level of hormone production for many hormones.  The release of hormones by endocrine cells is usually related to the amount of stimulus the receive.  A stimulus is any variable that can change the level of hormone secreted by an endocrine cell; common stimuli include nutrients, neurotransmitters, and even other hormones.  Most stimuli have a positive effect on endocrine cells, that is, with increasing amounts of stimuli increasing amounts of hormone are secreted. Some stimuli are negative regulators of endocrine cells, however.  When increased negative stimuli are present, hormone secretion decreases.  Many endocrine cells integrate inputs from multiple stimuli to regulate their level of hormone secretion.

How Hormones Work

Hormones cause changes in target cells by binding to specific cell-surface or intracellular hormone receptors, molecules embedded in the cell membrane or floating in the cytoplasm with a binding site that matches a binding site on the hormone molecule. In this way, even though hormones circulate throughout the body and come into contact with many different cell types, they only affect cells that possess the necessary receptors. Receptors for a specific hormone may be found on or in many different cells or may be limited to a small number of specialized cells. For example, thyroid hormones act on many different tissue types, stimulating metabolic activity throughout the body. Different types of cells can also respond to hormones in different ways.  For example, immune cell function is decreased when the hormone cortisol acts upon them, but cortisol causes liver cells to do something completely different, release glucose into the blood. Cells can have many receptors for the same hormone but often also possess receptors for different types of hormones.

Glossary

endocrine gland

an organ containing endocrine cells, cells that secrete hormones

hormone

a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland into body fluids (usually blood) that affects the function of target cells

hormone receptor

a molecule located on the surface of a cell, or inside it, that binds to a hormone; binding of a hormone to its receptor causes changes in the cell with the receptor

stimulus

a signal that increases or decreases the level of hormone secreted by an endocrine cell

target

a cell that expresses a hormone receptor, and changes its functions after the hormone binds to the receptor

“Endocrine system”

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spa treatment for 10 days or more.

The human endocrine system plays a vital role in the control and regulation of many bodily functions. Therefore, any disease leads to a violation of the integral work of the body. The program “Proper functioning of the endocrine system” for the restoration of the functions of the endocrine system lasting from 10 days or more allows you to quickly alleviate the course of chronic diseases of mild or moderate degree, in the stage of compensation.

Features

In the absence of contraindications to spa treatment, this program is suitable for adults from 18 years of age for the rehabilitation and prevention of complications in chronic diseases of the endocrine system of mild or moderate degree, in the stage of compensation, with metabolic disorders, malnutrition. The program is suitable for everyone who cares about health and wants to avoid the development of diseases and take preventive measures to maintain health.

To enhance the effect:

The treatment method is determined by the attending physician, who leads the patient all the days of treatment, and you will also receive recommendations from a narrow specialist in the disease profile on drug treatment and prevention. In the treatment, new methods and devices are actively used, which have no analogues in the city.

If desired, during treatment, you can connect additional paid medical services to enhance the effect and accelerate the healing processes, as well as modern diagnostic methods offered in the sanatorium above the standard of treatment. These are studies on the Stratos apparatus, laboratory diagnostics, ultrasound of the abdominal cavity, acupuncture, barotherapy, contrast baths, post-isometric relaxation, gas-discharge visualization.

List of documents for arrival.

from 10 days

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Gallery

• Analyzes

• Inhalation

• Daily monitoring

• At the dietitian’s appointment

• HIL therapy

• Dry carbonic baths

• Ozokerite-paraffin treatment

• Adjustable bathtubs

• Psychotherapy

• Physiotherapy

Program 9 procedure0022

The name of the medical service and the number of procedures in the program, regardless of the number of days	10 or more days	Duration of the procedure
Initial appointment with the attending physician	1 (on the second day of the program)	30 min. 15 min.
Final appointment with the attending physician	1 (on the last day)	15 min.
Consultation of a narrow specialist on the underlying disease	1 consultation	20 min.
Meals 3 times a day	Daily (on the day of arrival – lunch, dinner; on the day of departure – breakfast)

Duration and composition of the program “Endocrine System”

90 012

Name of medical services and number of procedures in the program depending on the duration	from 10 days	from 12 days	from 15 days	Duration
Hydrotherapy: Mineral SPA or Thermorelax. Children are allowed in the pool from 3 years old!	8	10	13	60 min.
Hydrotherapy: baths or showers (or alternation)
Therapeutic massage (one type or alternation): manual (3 units) or mechanical or underwater shower-massage	5	8	10	27/15/15 min. 10 min.
Lesson in the gym without instructor	8	10	13	60 min.
Dose walking or Nordic walking	5	10	13	45 min.
Exercise therapy by disease profile	no	7	10	30 min.
Group psychotherapy	3	5	7	35 min.

ATTENTION! Missed procedures are not compensated by other procedures, replacement of procedures is not made, refunds for missed procedures are not made. Check-out time: check-in at 14:00, check-out at 10:00.

ADDITIONAL PAID MEDICAL SERVICES (SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY IN THE SCHEDULE) AT GUEST’S DESIRE:

Cosmetological procedures, any other procedures according to indications (not included in this list of services), consultation of medical specialists, ultrasound diagnostics and other procedures.

Accommodation for vacationers under the program “Endocrine System”

• Studio improved

• Standard improved

• Standard 2 room

• Standard 1 local

• Grand Suite

• Suite

Reviews

Excellent sanatorium.

Excellent sanatorium. We were here for the first time and for the first time at the spa. Very polite and attentive staff and medical staff, great food, great location and nature.
We fed squirrels and birds, walked around the lake, rode a horse, rested, healed. Skiing and skating are also available in winter, free of charge with a guest card.

In general, everything is great.

Rested with my husband from March 1-15, 2021. Treatment tour. It’s not the first time we’ve been to the resort, we like everything.
I would like to mention young excellent doctors: Nokhrina Yulia Andreevna, Bezik Elena Nikolaevna. Hear every word, delve into every problem. Great specialists.
Many thanks to the medical massage brother Oleg Vladimirovich Kirilov. The feeling that during his work the back is stretched and becomes weightless))).
Now about the security service… The phone, forgotten by the husband during the procedure, and subsequently turned off (obviously they tried to break in), was returned to us within 15 minutes after talking with the receptionist.
They returned with a smile, They said who brought it, they don’t know … the conflict was smoothed out.
Everything is professional and easy! Although it happens at the checkpoint, the uncles can bark rudely.
In general, everything is great.

To be honest, I like it here!

Good health to all! I am resting in Siberia for the 5th time. This race is March 2021. To be honest, I like it here! Location, abundance of therapeutic and relaxing procedures, a full range of everything you can think of for recovery and relaxation, excellent food for every taste, “Activity” for children, various master classes, swimming pools, gyms, cosmetology . .. Everything and not list. I feel at home here. And the complex of procedures that my family undergoes here really invigorates our immunity!!! Prices bite, yes, but where do they not bite now? Special thanks to the massage therapist Elvira Ivanovna Melnikova – I highly recommend it!!!!

Thanks to all the staff, you are great!

We rested in March 2021, we were very satisfied with the company, the staff was friendly and helpful, the cleaning was of high quality, the towels were changed every day, they brought water, there was a safe and a refrigerator in the room (small and poorly cooling), a kettle, dishes, a hairdryer, a clothes dryer, comfortable mattresses and pillows. The treatment is very intensive, they also took paid procedures, it turned out 8-13 procedures a day, it is convenient to change the time and pay through the medical registry, the doctors are all super, ultrasounds are doing well, some tests are included in the ticket, some were done for a fee, the food is varied, a lot of fruits, they cook deliciously, we went for the 4th time and will come again, we really miss the pools with mineral water, thanks to all the staff, you are great!

Very cool resort!

Very cool sanatorium, thermal pool and simple mineral water pool

Just wonderful! Wife and children delighted

Very good for people of pre-retirement and retirement age. Rest, heal. There is not much entertainment for young people, but with a small child it is quite possible to come here, to be like procedures. And I liked the hot spring, the hammam and the pool. There were many people, although the holidays had already ended (they were in mid-January). A good level of service, delicious food, renovated rooms – I highly recommend to take a break from the bustle of the city and enjoy outdoor recreation!

In general, everything is very good!

Gradually update the number of rooms. We were in an already updated room, everything was done as in a good modern hotel. Very good for people of pre-retirement and retirement age. Rest, heal. There is not much entertainment for young people, but with a small child it is quite possible to come here, to be like procedures. And I liked the hot spring, the hammam and the pool. There were many people, although the holidays had already ended (they were in mid-January). A good level of service, delicious food, renovated rooms – I highly recommend to take a break from the bustle of the city and enjoy outdoor recreation!

Pluses:

• – fresh air;
• – excellent medicine;
• – polite staff.

Cons:

• – there is not much entertainment for young people;
• – not allowed with animals;
• – the staff was rude.

Wonderful sanatorium!

Wonderful sanatorium! Huge area, with cleared paths for walking, skiing, skating rink! The food is varied and generous)) Classical treatment. The rooms are good, layout, furniture, everything is convenient and comfortable. Before breakfast, the restaurant has live music – piano, violin, saxophone. Pleased with the composition of vacationers – a lot of young people 25-35 years old with small children. The restaurant for families with children has a separate room
Special thanks to yoga instructor Marina! Super! beautiful, kind and very literate!

Family vacation in January 2021

We had a family vacation in January 2021, we really liked the hotel and medicine, food, and what a beautiful nature there, free equipment for walking and sports. This rarely happens, but the photos from the site match reality, the staff is polite and friendly. In short, I will definitely come there again, I recommend

An excellent sanatorium, all conditions for rest and treatment are created.

Rested (with treatment) on January 4-14, 2021. In general, the third time, in the winter for the first time. An excellent sanatorium, all conditions for rest and treatment are created. friendly staff, excellent food – a buffet, taking into account the food preferences of all, even the most capricious guests. Daily cleaning of the room, tactful maid, change of linen, fresh water every day. Swimming pools, sauna, treatments. A very beautiful area. Hand squirrels and tits. You will receive a skating rink, skis, tubing, Scandinavian poles with a guest card. Live music near the restaurant – violin, piano. In the evening entertainment programs. Impeccable observance of sanitary standards, taking into account the pandemic. You should not listen to grumblers – you will never please them. If you want to relax in nature and improve your health, this is your resort. And the prices .. . Where is that cheap now? If possible, you need to allocate money for health and its strengthening, your body will be grateful to you. Special thanks to our doctor Natalya Alexandrovna. We wish the whole staff of the sanatorium good

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Endocrine Health | Clinical Diagnostic Center

Posted on Fri, 04/03/2020 – 13:10 by nproekt

Despite the successes of modern medicine, today the problem of endocrine diseases is relevant both for most countries of the world and for the Russian Federation. “The proportion of patients with pathology of the endocrine system is constantly increasing, and in recent years the growth has been very intensive,” says endocrinologist Miroslava Petunina. “The top three most common diseases are diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease (enlarged thyroid, nodular and multinodular goiters) and obesity.”

Diabetes mellitus, together with being overweight, is rightfully considered an “epidemic of the 21st century”, this is one of the dangerous challenges to the world community. If you look at the statistics, in 2013 the number of patients with diabetes was 387 million people, and already in 2015 the number of cases exceeded 415 million people. Today this figure is even higher.

Obesity is often associated with various diseases and is one of the main risk factors for their development. Thus, cardiovascular diseases, bronchial asthma, certain cancers, sleep disturbances, arthritis, reproductive complications and psychological disorders, the development of which is based on obesity, not only lead to an increase in overall morbidity, but also cause at least 300,000 deaths per year.

According to the World Health Organization, about 30% of the world’s population is at risk of developing iodine deficiency diseases, and more than 600 million people have an enlarged thyroid gland in the form of endemic goiter. Approximately every second inhabitant of the Omsk region has a violation of the structure or function of the thyroid gland. Among the reasons for the development of thyroid pathology, first of all, one can single out a lack of iodine in the diet.

The Diagnostic Center has all the possibilities for diagnosing patients with endocrine pathology: ultrasound, functional, laboratory research methods. One of the most common studies, of which more than 4,000 are conducted in our Center annually, is a puncture biopsy of the thyroid gland. “Most often, patients with nodules larger than 1 cm are referred for a thyroid biopsy, but if an endocrinologist sees changes in the clinical picture or an ultrasound doctor sees suspicious nodes in the study, then we puncture nodes larger than 4 mm in size,” says the ultrasound doctor Xenia Medvedeva. – Often people are afraid of this study, but in fact, the manipulation is a little painful, similar to a regular injection. Ultrasound-guided biopsy gives almost 100% diagnostic accuracy. ”

According to endocrinologists, the problem of the spread of diabetes mellitus and other diseases of the endocrine system is multifactorial, the causes include malnutrition, physical inactivity, and stress.

The endocrine system plays one of the most important roles in the human body; its proper functioning determines the state of human health, as well as its appearance and even mood. There are a number of recommendations that you should listen to:

• Eat foods containing iodine, since this trace element is necessary for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland.
• Avoid overwork and stressful situations. Our thyroid gland reacts quite sharply to any stressful situation, with frequent overwork and constant stress, thyroid gland malfunctions can occur, and the level of hormones in the blood can change.
• Reduce the amount of sugar and simple carbohydrates in the diet. Carbohydrates saturate the body with energy, so you can’t refuse them, but a large amount of carbohydrates contributes to increased production of insulin, which leads to a sharp decrease in blood glucose.