What are the main components of the male reproductive system. How does the male reproductive system function. What are common conditions affecting male reproductive organs. How are male reproductive disorders diagnosed and treated.

Overview of Male Reproductive Anatomy

The male reproductive system consists of both external and internal organs that work together to produce sperm, secrete hormones, and enable sexual intercourse and reproduction. Understanding the key structures and their functions is crucial for male sexual and reproductive health.

External Male Reproductive Organs

The primary external male reproductive organs include:

• Penis: This cylindrical, muscular organ becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal, enabling penetration during intercourse. It also serves as a passageway for urine and semen.
• Scrotum: A pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind the penis, housing and protecting the testicles. It helps regulate testicular temperature for optimal sperm production.
• Testicles (Testes): Two oval-shaped glands responsible for producing sperm cells and the male hormone testosterone.

Internal Male Reproductive Organs

Key internal structures of the male reproductive system include:

• Epididymis: A coiled tube attached to each testicle where sperm mature and are stored.
• Vas deferens: Muscular tubes that transport mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
• Seminal vesicles: Glands that produce a fluid rich in fructose to nourish sperm.
• Prostate gland: Produces an alkaline fluid that helps neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina, protecting sperm.
• Urethra: The tube that carries both urine and semen out of the body through the penis.

Male Reproductive System Functions and Development

The male reproductive system serves several crucial functions in human reproduction and male health. How does it develop and what are its primary roles?

Puberty and Sexual Maturation

Male reproductive organs are present at birth but remain dormant until puberty, which typically begins around age 12. During this time, hormonal changes trigger the maturation of the reproductive system, leading to:

• Increased production of testosterone
• Growth and development of the testes and penis
• Onset of sperm production
• Development of secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., facial hair, deepening voice)
• Increased muscle mass and bone density

Sperm Production and Transport

A primary function of the male reproductive system is the production and delivery of sperm cells. This process, called spermatogenesis, occurs in the testes. How many sperm are typically produced in a single ejaculation? On average, a healthy male can release between 40 million to 1.2 billion sperm cells per ejaculation, with about 750 million being the typical number.

The journey of sperm cells involves several steps:

1. Production in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
2. Maturation in the epididymis
3. Transport through the vas deferens
4. Mixing with seminal fluids from the prostate and seminal vesicles
5. Ejaculation through the urethra

Hormone Production

The testes produce testosterone, the primary male sex hormone. Testosterone plays a crucial role in:

• Regulating sperm production
• Maintaining libido and sexual function
• Promoting muscle mass and bone density
• Influencing mood and cognitive function
• Supporting overall male health and well-being

Common Conditions Affecting the Male Reproductive System

Like any complex biological system, the male reproductive organs can be affected by various disorders and conditions. What are some of the most common issues men may encounter?

Prostate Disorders

The prostate gland is prone to several conditions that can impact male reproductive and urinary health:

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that commonly affects older men. How does BPH impact urination? The enlarged prostate can compress the urethra, leading to:

• Frequent urination, especially at night
• Weak urine stream
• Difficulty starting or stopping urination
• Incomplete bladder emptying

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men. Early-stage prostate cancer often has no symptoms, which is why regular screening is crucial. Advanced cases may cause:

• Difficulty urinating
• Blood in urine or semen
• Pelvic pain or discomfort
• Erectile dysfunction

Prostatitis

Prostatitis refers to inflammation of the prostate gland, which can be caused by bacterial infection or other factors. Symptoms may include:

• Pain or burning during urination
• Frequent urination
• Pelvic pain
• Flu-like symptoms (in acute bacterial prostatitis)

Testicular Disorders

Several conditions can affect the testicles, impacting fertility and overall male health:

Varicocele

A varicocele is an enlargement of the veins within the scrotum, similar to varicose veins in the legs. How common are varicoceles? They affect about 15% of adult males and are more common on the left side due to anatomical differences in blood flow. Varicoceles can cause:

• Testicular pain or discomfort
• Reduced fertility
• Testicular atrophy (shrinkage)

Hydrocele

A hydrocele is a buildup of fluid around the testicle, causing swelling of the scrotum. While often painless, large hydroceles can cause discomfort and may require treatment.

Testicular Cancer

Although relatively rare, testicular cancer is the most common cancer in young men aged 15-35. Regular self-examinations are crucial for early detection. Symptoms may include:

• A painless lump or swelling in the testicle
• Heaviness or aching in the scrotum or lower abdomen
• Sudden fluid buildup in the scrotum

Erectile Dysfunction and Sexual Health Issues

Sexual health is an integral part of male reproductive health. What are some common issues men may face in this area?

Erectile Dysfunction (ED)

ED is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. It can have physical or psychological causes, including:

• Cardiovascular disease
• Diabetes
• Hormonal imbalances
• Neurological disorders
• Stress, anxiety, or depression
• Certain medications

Premature Ejaculation

Premature ejaculation occurs when a man ejaculates sooner during sexual intercourse than he or his partner would like. It can be caused by psychological factors, heightened sensitivity, or hormonal issues.

Low Libido

A decrease in sex drive can be caused by various factors, including:

• Low testosterone levels
• Stress and fatigue
• Depression or anxiety
• Certain medications
• Relationship issues

Diagnosis and Treatment of Male Reproductive Disorders

Proper diagnosis and treatment of male reproductive disorders are crucial for maintaining reproductive health and overall well-being. How are these conditions typically diagnosed and managed?

Diagnostic Techniques

Healthcare providers use various methods to diagnose male reproductive disorders:

• Physical examination: Including a thorough examination of the genitals and prostate
• Blood tests: To check hormone levels, PSA (for prostate health), and other relevant markers
• Semen analysis: To evaluate sperm count, motility, and morphology
• Imaging studies: Such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI to visualize the reproductive organs
• Biopsy: In cases where cancer is suspected

Treatment Options

Treatment for male reproductive disorders varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Common approaches include:

Medications

• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Hormone replacement therapy for hormonal imbalances
• PDE5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, tadalafil) for erectile dysfunction
• Alpha-blockers or 5-alpha reductase inhibitors for BPH

Surgical Interventions

Surgery may be necessary for certain conditions, such as:

• Varicocelectomy for varicoceles
• Hydrocelectomy for hydroceles
• Orchiectomy for testicular cancer
• Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for severe BPH

Lifestyle Modifications

Many male reproductive issues can be improved through lifestyle changes:

• Regular exercise
• Healthy diet
• Stress management
• Quitting smoking
• Limiting alcohol consumption

Preventive Care and Maintaining Male Reproductive Health

Prevention and early detection are key to maintaining optimal male reproductive health. What steps can men take to protect their reproductive system?

Regular Health Check-ups

Routine medical examinations are crucial for detecting potential issues early. These may include:

• Annual physical exams
• Prostate cancer screenings (typically starting at age 50, or earlier for high-risk individuals)
• Testicular self-examinations
• STI screenings for sexually active individuals

Healthy Lifestyle Habits

Adopting a healthy lifestyle can significantly impact male reproductive health:

• Balanced diet rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals
• Regular physical activity
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Adequate sleep and stress management
• Avoiding harmful substances (tobacco, excessive alcohol, illicit drugs)

Protection Against Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

STIs can have serious consequences for male reproductive health. How can men protect themselves? Key strategies include:

• Consistent use of condoms during sexual activity
• Limiting sexual partners
• Regular STI testing
• Open communication with sexual partners about sexual health

Advances in Male Reproductive Medicine

The field of male reproductive medicine is continually evolving, with new treatments and technologies emerging. What are some recent advancements in this area?

Assisted Reproductive Technologies

For men struggling with infertility, several advanced techniques are available:

• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): Allows fertilization with a single sperm cell
• Testicular sperm extraction (TESE): Retrieves sperm directly from the testicle for use in IVF
• Sperm cryopreservation: Freezing sperm for future use, particularly beneficial for cancer patients undergoing treatment

Genetic Testing and Counseling

Advances in genetic testing allow for better understanding and management of hereditary conditions affecting male fertility. Genetic counseling can help couples make informed decisions about family planning.

Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques

New surgical approaches offer less invasive options for treating various male reproductive disorders:

• Robotic-assisted prostatectomy for prostate cancer
• Microsurgical varicocelectomy for varicoceles
• Laparoscopic procedures for undescended testicles

Hormone Optimization Therapies

Advancements in understanding hormonal regulation have led to more personalized approaches to treating conditions like hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction.

In conclusion, the male reproductive system is a complex and vital part of human biology. Understanding its anatomy, functions, and potential issues is crucial for maintaining overall health and well-being. Regular check-ups, healthy lifestyle choices, and awareness of potential problems can help men protect their reproductive health throughout their lives. As medical science continues to advance, new treatments and technologies offer hope for addressing a wide range of male reproductive disorders, improving quality of life and reproductive outcomes for men worldwide.

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Last Updated: Feb 18, 2023

Male Reproductive System Image

Outside of the body is where you’ll find most of male reproductive organs. The scrotum, the penis, and the testicles are all external organs. The urethra, the prostate, and the vas deferens are all internal organs. It’s all in the male reproductive system, which regulates both urination and sexual activity.

Because humans are sexual, reproduction requires both a male and a female. Each is equipped with unique organs capable of making the cells required for reproduction.

Sexual intercourse, in conjunction with a woman’s reproductive organs, has the ability to result in the reproduction of human life.

Males’ external reproductive organs include:

• Penis: When stimulated, this tubular, muscular organ fills with blood, allowing for sexual contact.
• Scrotum: The scrotum is a pouch-like sac that hangs behind the penis and houses the testes, often known as testicles.
• Testicles: The testicles are two oval-shaped structures that create sperm and testosterone in the body.

Male Reproductive System Functions

Despite the fact that all males are born with all of their sexual organs, they do not begin to function normally until puberty. Around the age of 12, males begin puberty. During this era, hormonal changes affect a boy’s gonads, resulting in long-term changes that have historically been regarded as ‘when a boy becomes a man.’ This process has various consequences, including greater height, muscular development, and genital and facial hair growth. At puberty, the sperm and sperm sacs of male become fully developed, making him fertile.

Spermatozoa, or sperm, are expelled from the testes of a man at the sexual climax. When this happens, it’s termed ‘ejaculating.’ In order for fertilisation to take place, sperm must make their way to the female reproductive system, where they will get vital nutrients and be transferred to the egg. One ejaculate may contain as many as 750 million sperm cells, however, it takes only one viable sperm cell to fertilise an egg.

Natural hormone testosterone is delivered into the bloodstream immediately after being produced by the testes. Aside from controlling sperm production and keeping sexual function stable, testosterone also encourages secondary sex traits like facial hair, a deeper voice, increased muscle mass, and wider shoulders.

Male Reproductive System Conditions

• Obstruction of prostatic urethra: BPH often affects the median lobe, compressing the prostatic urethra and restricting urine flow. When the uvula vesicae become enlarged due to an expanded median lobe, a post-prostatic pouch of stagnant urine occurs behind the internal urethral opening. B.P.H. causes trouble urinating.
• Prostatic Carcinoma: Prostatic carcinoma symptoms include pain in the perineum, difficulty peeing, and blockage of the urinary system in the back. The levels of PSA and acid phosphatase in a patient’s blood are two of the most important parameters to consider while detecting and treating prostate cancer.
• Hematuria: General Hematuria is caused by prostate damage, but it can also be caused by prostate infection.
• Urinary Incontinence: Urinary incontinence can result from an enlarged prostate or an infected prostate that blocks the urethral canal.
• Bacterial Prostatitis: Prostatitis caused by bacteria is called acute prostatitis and often affects younger men. Infections caused by E. coli, gonorrhoea, and chlamydia are the most prevalent causes of this condition.
• Prostatic Abscess: Abscesses in the prostate are caused by bacteria. Frequent urination, urinary pain, urinary retention, and urinary retention are all common symptoms.
• Prostatic Calculus: Microscopic stones that form in the prostate and have a brownish grey colour are called calculi. You may have heard of these stones in the prostate under that name. Prostate calculi can be either endogenous (originating in the prostate) or exogenous (originating outside of the prostate).
• Hydrocele: Fluid accumulation in the vaginal tunica (hydrocele) is the defining feature of this condition. While inflammation of the testicles may produce a hydrocele due to the tunica vaginalis’ close proximity to the organ, idiopathic factors account for the great majority of hydroceles. Fluid from the tunica vaginalis can be drained by initially inserting a tiny trocar and then a cannula through the skin of the scrotal area.
• Varicocele: Simply described, varicocele is a medical condition in which the veins of the pampiniform plexus expand, get more tangled, and lengthen. The technical word for this condition is a varicocele. The vast majority of persons in this demographic (teens and young adults) experience this condition. The left side’s higher incidence rate may be explained if we take into account the following.
• Tumours of the testis: The most frequent kind of testicular tumour is seminoma, sometimes called cancer of the seminiferous tubules; teratoma is the second most prevalent form of testicular tumour.
• Torsion of the testis: When the spermatic cord becomes twisted inside the scrotum, this is known as a torsion of the testis. This causes the testis to become deformed. Young people and physically active children are particularly vulnerable to this illness, which is characterised by excruciating pain.
• Cryptorchidism (incomplete descent of testis): During normal development, the testis should descend to the base of the scrotum. If it does not, a condition known as cryptorchidism will occur.
• Ectopic testis (maldescent of the testis): When one or both of a man’s testicles are located at an abnormal location outside of the scrotum, a condition known as maldescent of the testis or ectopic testis has occurred.
• Scrotal edema: The skin is thin and the scrotum is in a dependent posture, therefore edoema is typical in that area.
• Sebaceous cysts: The scrotum has a lot of hair and sebaceous glands, thus this region of skin often gets clogged up with sebaceous cysts. This explains why scrotal skin is so prone to developing sebaceous cysts.
• Scrotal elephantiasis: Scrotal elephantiasis is a medical condition characterised by abnormal and extreme enlargement of the scrotum. Filariasis is characterised by a significant expansion and swelling of the scrotum because interstitial fluid that typically circulates in the scrotal wall collects there due to the obstruction of lymph arteries by the thin worms that cause filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti).
• Orchitis: Swollen or inflamed testicles might be a sign of orchitis, a medical illness. Orchitis, like its close relative epididymitis, is typically brought on by a sexually transmitted infection (STD). Reduced sperm count, discomfort, swelling, fever, nausea, and vomiting are all symptoms of orchitis.
• Hypogonadism: Hypogonadism occurs when the body does not produce enough testosterone. It’s possible that your brain isn’t sending the right signals to your testicles to start producing hormones, or that your testicles themselves are malfunctioning.
• Testicular cancer: Testicular cancer affects thousands of American males over 18 each year. The low survival rate, and high cure rate for testicular cancer. This rare tumour affects young guys. Testicular cancer symptoms include a non-painful testicular tumour. Back pain, scrotum heaviness, groin soreness, and fatigue are frequent complaints.
• Spermatocele: A spermatocele can occur in the epididymis, a tiny, coiled tube that collects and transports sperm. In the epididymis, a spermatocele arises. Spermatoceles are harmless, non-spreading malignant growths. Milky or translucent fluid may include sperm.
• Contralateral testicular cancer: Metachronous contralateral testicular tumours are more common in patients with TGCT (CLTT). TGCT patients had a 15-fold greater risk of CLTT than the general population. The risk is double after a seminoma than after NSGCT, but it reduces with each treatment round. High-risk people should monitor their health.
• Fournier’s gangrene: Fournier’s gangrene is a lethal bacterial infection of the perineum, scrotum, or penis. This illness spreads quickly and requires immediate treatment.
• Testicular feminization syndrome: Testicular feminization syndrome. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a hereditary guy’s resistance to male hormones like testosterone. This person has feminine physical characteristics yet male genes.

Male Reproductive System Test

• Physical Exam: Physically assess the patient A physical exam may help find lumps, swelling, or other testicular abnormalities. This may need palpation (the light touching of tissues). Your doctor may also move your leg, pelvis, or torso to check for testicular discomfort or abnormal movement. This method may diagnose testicular torsion.
• Ultrasound: Ultrasounds are commonly used to test parts of the male reproductive system. Noninvasive ultrasound scans the penis, scrotum, and other organs of the body for abnormalities. Abnormal blood flow can also identify testicular torsion, malignancy, and varicocele.
• Magnetic resonance imaging: MRI provides clear images of organs and tissues using powerful magnetic fields and radio waves. MRI is used to diagnose several reproductive problems (MRI). It helps doctors distinguish malignant from benign tumours.
• C.T. (Computed Tomography): A computed tomography (CT) scan combines x-ray and computer technologies to help in diagnosis. It can shoot from several angles. The computer combines them into a 3D picture.
• Blood test: various certain blood tests to search for specific proteins. These proteins, known as tumour markers, can help diagnose testicular cancer and also various markers for carcinoma in the reproductive system.
• X-ray: They will be able to detect irregularities that might suggest cancer using the examination images. These techniques can detect cysts, tumors, and torsions.
• Testicular Biopsy: A testicular biopsy has numerous possible applications, including obtaining sperm for in vitro fertilisation and diagnosing the reason of male infertility. A biopsy can identify the exact location and health of a testicular tumour (IVF).
• P.C.R: Polymerase Chain Reaction (or P.C.R. for short) is a method for determining which bacteria are responsible for male copulatory organ damage.
• Microscopic examination: Microscopical examination is one method for identifying infectious conditions such as bacterial infection.

Male Reproductive System Treatment

• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy, sometimes known as chemotherapy, is a cancer treatment approach that involves the regular administration of one or more anti-cancer medications. Chemotherapy can be used for a variety of purposes, including illness cure, life extension, and symptom relief.
• Hormone treatment: Human chorionic gonadotropin, or hCG, is a peptide hormone that can be injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly as part of hormonal treatment (HCG). Because the success rate of hormone treatment is so low in comparison to surgical techniques, it should only be used as a last option.
• Orchiopexy: Orchiopexy, the most frequent procedure for a single descending testicle, has a nearly 100% success rate. Fertility rates are average for males with one undescended testicle but drop to 65% with two. Surgery can lessen testicular cancer risk, but it won’t cure it.

Male Reproductive System Medicines

• Steroids for reducing inflammation of Male Reproductive System: For children, conservative therapy, which comprises applying steroidal cream for four to six weeks, is suggested.
• Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: The most commonly recommended drugs for people suffering from erectile dysfunction include sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil, and avanafil (ED).
• Analgesics for pain in Male Reproductive System: treatment for Penile Fracture, Ibuprofen may help reduce swelling and pain associated with this condition. In contrast, surgery and home care are the most helpful approaches to treating this condition.
• Antibiotics for infection in Male Reproductive System: Antibiotics and painkillers are commonly given together to patients who have been diagnosed with urethritis. Azithromycin (Zithromax), doxycycline coupled with ceftriaxone (Rocephin), and cefixime are common antibiotics used to treat this condition (Suprax).
• Antifungals for treating infection of Male Reproductive System: Treatment for balanoposthitis often entails the use of antifungal medications such as clotrimazole, metronidazole, or miconazole. There are additional cases where miconazole is utilised.
• Chemotherapeutic medicines for Male Reproductive System: Cancer patients may benefit from chemotherapy, which includes As part of the treatment for sarcoma or other malignancies of the calf muscle, chemotherapy or other anti-cancer medications may be provided to the patient. This contributes to the maximum efficiency in curing the ailment.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the most common male reproductive infection?

The most common male reproductive infection is epididymitis.

Can most male infertility be treated?

Yes, in most the cases male infertility can be treated.

How can I treat male infertility at home?

Male infertility can be treated by exercising, eating a healthy diet and preventing STIs.

How can male fertility be improved?

Male fertility can be improved by maintaining the body mass index.

What is the problem of the male reproductive system?

Problems of the male reproductive system are prostate problems, gonorrhoea, erectile dysfunction, testicular cancer and premature ejaculation.

What causes infection in the male reproductive system?

The primary infections that affect the male reproductive system are caused by chlamydia and gonorrhoea.

What are the causes of reproductive diseases?

The causes of reproductive diseases are STIs, genetic disorders and tumours.

Can male fertility be cured?

Yes, male fertility can be cured in maximum cases.

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Content Details

Written ByDrx Hina FirdousPhD (Pharmacology) Pursuing, M.Pharma (Pharmacology), B.Pharma – Certificate in Nutrition and Child Care

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• Terminologia Anatomica: International Anatomical Terminology – FCAT Federative Committee On Anatomical Terminology, Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology – Thieme, 1998 – ISBN 3131152516, 9783131152510
• 9 0011 Lexique illustré d’anatomie Feneis – Feneis – Editeur : Flammarion Médecine – Sciences (23 août 2007) – Collection : ATLAS DE POCHE – ISBN-10: 225712250X – ISBN-13: 978-2257122506
• Atlas d’anatomie humaine – 4e edition – Frank-H Netter – Pierre Kamina (Traducteur) – Paru le : 25/07/2007 – Editeur : Masson – ISBN : 978-2-294-08042-5 – EAN : 9782294080425 (lien : http://www. netterimages .com/)
• Anatomie topographique, descriptive et fonctionnelle – Alain Bouchet, Jacques Cuilleret – Editions Masson (1991) – Langue : Français – ISBN-10: 2225824673 – ISBN-13: 978-2225824 678
• Anatomie , tome 1 (Tronc), 2 (Appareil locomoteur), 3 (ORL), 4 (Neuro-anatomie) – Dirigé par Jean-Marc Chevalier – Editeur : Flammarion Médecine (1 novembre 1998) – Collection : Monographies – Langue : Français – ISBN-10: 2257101286 – ISBN-13: 978-2257101280

anatomical structures

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Department of Human Anatomy

• Main
• University
• Structure
• Institutes N. V. Sklifosovsky
• Scientific activity of the institute
• Scientific directions of departments
• Theoretical Medicine
• Department of Human Anatomy

Research topic: “Morphofunctional properties of the organism at different levels of systemic organization in the norm, experiment and under multidirectional influence of external and internal environmental factors and the development of innovative educational technologies.”

Scientific directions:

Neuromorphology; Immunomorphology; Constitutional anatomy in clinical practice; human biomechanics; Experimental morphology; Medical craniology; Molecular markers of oncological and other diseases; Morphological and molecular genetic markers of connective tissue dysplasia, hypertension and its manifestations in various organs; Innovative issues in the teaching of anatomy.

29 scientific and pedagogical employees take part in the scientific activity of the department, including 5 professors, 10 associate professors, 6 senior teachers. The staff of the department includes a foreign scientist – G. Aliyev (“GALLY” International Biomedical Research Consulting LLC, San Antonio, USA; h-index (2020) = 23).

Within the framework of the scientific theme of the department, dissertation research is carried out under the guidance of professors of the department V.N. Nikolenko, V.E. Milyukova, A.A. Bakhmet and Associate Professor A.E. Strizhkov.

Dissertation research.

Currently, the department is carrying out and preparing for the defense of doctoral and candidate dissertations:

• Strizhkov A.E. Morphogenesis of the ligamentous apparatus of large joints of the lower extremities in fetuses and newborns

• Zharikov Yu.O. The relationship of constitutional features of patients with various liver diseases and the results of their treatment (surgical and therapeutic profile)

• Kuznetsova M.A. Individual and typological variability in the structure of the tracheobronchial tree with different somatotypes and its influence on the technique of thoracic operations.

• Bulygin K.V. Molecular mechanisms of the functioning of the male reproductive system under the influence of damaging factors of various nature and evaluation of the pharmacological correction of the identified disorders (experimental study).

• Polyakova O.L. Morphological patterns and ethno-territorial features of the formation of tissue structures and neuro-trophic provision during teething.

• Vasyanina K.A. Influence of space flight factors on some organs of the immune system.

• Suslov A.V. Study of the modeling effect of intestinal microbiota on systemic manifestations of antibiotic-associated dysbacteriosis.

• Odinokova S.N. “Aortic root anatomy in terms of aortic valve reconstructive surgery”

• Zotkin D.A. “Forensic Evaluation of Bone Fractures in Explosive Trauma”.

• Bosykh Yu.Yu. “Individual-typological variability of occlusal relationships of the upper and lower jaws with different cephalotypes in the aspect of personalization of orthopedic treatment”:

• Verdiyan G. G. Morphofunctional patterns of lymphoid formations in the spleen of rats under conditions of immobilization

• Timofeeva M.O. Structural and functional features of the structure of lymphoid formations in the stomach of rats under conditions of emotional stress.

• Nurimanov R.Z. The structure of the capsular-ligamentous apparatus of the hip joint in pre- and neonatal ontogenesis.

Under the scientific guidance of the head of the department, doctor of medical sciences, professor Nikolenko V.N. research is being carried out using modern morphological and morphometric, clinical diagnostic research methods, digital and network innovative technologies. Research work has been carried out to study the influence of various factors of the external and internal environment on various levels of the morphofunctional systemic organization of the body in comparison with the norm and with some concomitant nosologies, taking into account the morphological constitution, incl. under experimental conditions.

Employees of the department conduct joint research:

– with the staff of the Department of Orthopedic Dentistry FGAOU HE First Moscow State Medical University. I.M. Sechenov of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), a block of studies on morphological markers in oncostomatology is being conducted, in which graduate students and applicants take part, there are patents, Presidential awards have been received and there are a large number of publications;

– Research Institute of Neurosurgery. N.N. Burdenko in the course of which, for the first time in the world, transnasal access to the medulla oblongata was developed. Based on the results of the work, articles were published, including in the journal of the first quartile (Q 1).

– together with the staff of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.N. A.V. Vishnevsky” of the Ministry of Health of Russia, studies are being carried out on the variant anatomy of the hepatopancreatobiliary zone in the aspect of surgical interventions, new methodological approaches are being developed to individual prediction of the course of diseases of the hilum of the liver. The results of the work are published in leading foreign and domestic journals included in the Scopus database.

– scientific research is being carried out on the issues of modern radiation diagnostics in assessing the nutritional status and component composition of the body (scientists of the Moscow Research Institute of Oncology named after P.A. A.I. Evdokimov University of the Ministry of Health of Russia).

– Institute of Normal Physiology. PC. Anokhin, experimental studies are being carried out to study the effect of stress on a living organism

– The Institute of Biomedical Problems studies are devoted to the influence of space flight factors on a living organism.

Employees of the department also cooperate with specialists of the Belarusian State. honey. University, Osh State Medical University and Charité Clinic (Berlin, Germany).

Active work is carried out with students and young scientists. In most cases, as the first scientific papers, review publications and reports are prepared within the framework of the SNK of the department and scientific and practical conferences. Literature sources in MB are studied (Elsevier, NCBI MedLine, Scopus, Scholar.Google and Embase). During the research, an extensive search and careful analysis of each article from the list of current published literature is carried out.

Participation of professors of the department in the work of dissertation councils of universities: