Humidifier for Sinus Problems: What Works Best?

A humidifier can moisten the air in your indoor environment, easing the symptoms of sinusitis, like a stuffy nose, dry throat, and congestion.

According to experts, the key to getting the most benefits from a humidifier is to keep it clean and to use it properly.

In this article, we’ll look at what to keep in mind if you’re thinking of using a humidifier to help clear up your sinus issues.

Different humidifiers work in different ways, but the basic principle is the same: They release water vapor into the air.

When the air you breathe is too dry, it can irritate your nose, mouth, and sinuses. The inside of your nose may swell, crack, and even bleed a bit. And the mucus your body produces may become thick and hard to remove.

According to sinus experts, adding moisture to the air with a humidifier is generally good for your sinus health.

Moist air can help thin out and loosen mucus. And the water vapor in the air can moisturize and calm irritated airways and ease dry eyes caused by sinusitis.

Humidifiers range from pricey whole-house systems to inexpensive tabletop units. Their features and temperature capabilities can also vary a lot.

Most of the humidifiers sold are portable cool mist humidifiers. Some propel warm mists or steam. And some units can switch from warm to cool.

Here is a brief breakdown of humidifier types and features:

Whole-house humidifiers

About 4 percent of the humidifiers sold in the United States are systems that can humidify the whole house. Generally, these systems must be installed by HVAC professionals, so they can be quite expensive.

Whole-house humidifiers connect directly to your home’s water lines and have filters that must be replaced at least twice a year.

Impellers

This type of cool mist humidifier is driven by a small motor, which draws water up using a spinning disc. The disc propels water through a mesh screen, creating a light mist.

Evaporators

A type of cool mist humidifier, evaporators contain a fan and a wick. When you fill the unit with water, the wick becomes wet. The fan blows cool air through the wick, where it gathers moisture before being released into the room.

Ultrasonic units

Ultrasonic humidifiers can blow either warm or cool air. They propel tiny water droplets by vibrating a metal or ceramic diaphragm under the water level. Ultrasonic units are usually quieter than evaporators.

Steam

A simple steam humidifier boils water and releases the steam into the room. These portable units are often inexpensive. It’s important to note that studies haven’t confirmed whether steam humidifiers are effective at reducing sinus issues.

There are many factors to consider when buying a humidifier. Although price is an important consideration, here are some other factors to keep in mind when trying to choose the right humidifier for your sinusitis.

• Buy the right size. Make sure you buy a humidifier that’s the right size for the space where it’ll be used. A humidifier that’s too large for the space can create too much moisture which, in turn, could encourage the growth of mold and bacteria. A humidifier that’s too small won’t give you the level of humidity you need to help relieve your symptoms.
• Easy to clean. Choose a model that’s easy to take apart and put back together, so cleaning is quick and simple.
• Humidity feature. Look for a humidistat feature that shuts off the device when the air reaches an optimal humidity.
• Listen before you buy. Turn the humidifier on and listen to it before you buy it. Some models may be loud enough to disturb your sleep.
• Read reviews. Be sure to read the ratings and reviews on different humidifiers before you buy one. Make sure it has the features you need and that it will be easy to clean and maintain.
• Check out the warranty. Look for a product warranty that lasts at least a year.

Product recommendations

Healthline has given these portable humidifiers top ratings. You can buy each of these products online.

• Levoit LV600 Hybrid Ultrasonic Humidifier. This moderately priced, easy-to-clean humidifier has plenty of useful features and can produce both warm and cool mist.
• Homasy Cool Mist Humidifier. Ideal for smaller rooms, this humidifier is easy to clean and has an automatic shutoff feature.
• Pure Enrichment MistAire Cool Mist Ultrasonic Humidifier. This quiet, compact humidifier is super easy to use and works well in smaller spaces.
• Honeywell HCM 350B Germ Free Humidifier. Well suited to larger rooms, this quiet unit has the advantage of ultraviolet technology that can eliminate bacteria and fungi in the air.
• Vicks Warm Mist Humidifier. This warm mist humidifier can be used with Vicks VapoSteam, which may provide respiratory relief when you’re congested.
• TaoTronics Warm and Cool Mist Humidifier. Featuring a larger capacity tank, this humidifier can also switch between producing warm or cool mist.
• Hey Dewy Portable Facial Humidifier. Powered by a USB cable, this small, portable humidifier is well suited for use on airplanes and in other public spaces.

Was this helpful?

The right kind of humidifier may help reduce sinusitis and allergy symptoms when used correctly.

Here are a few tips on how to use a humidifier:

• Fill with distilled water only. Tap water often has minerals that can be irritating if inhaled.
• To prevent your indoor space from becoming too humid, run a humidifier only when you need it. Don’t run it all the time. If possible, opt for a humidifier that will shut off when the humidity reaches a certain level in your indoor space.
• Take the humidifier apart and clean it daily, following the manufacturer’s instructions. If the humidifier uses filters, make sure you replace these regularly.
• Make sure to rinse away any disinfectant thoroughly. Breathing in disinfectant particles can harm your lungs.
• Test the air humidity. For the best indoor air quality, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends maintaining between 30-50 percent humidity. Humidity levels above 50 percent can induce the growth of bacteria and molds.

Some health experts are hesitant to recommend humidifiers in places where someone’s health is vulnerable. One of the main reasons is because humidifiers that aren’t properly cleaned can disperse bacteria or fungi through the air.

Steam humidifiers are less likely to breed and spread germs, but there is some concern over the possibility of burns from hot water with steam units.

It’s also important to use caution if you decide to use essential oils with your humidifier. Some people and pets are sensitive to oils.

To treat or reduce dry, irritated, or congested sinuses, you may also want to consider the following strategies:

• Irrigate your nasal passages. You can use a neti pot or bulb syringe to gently rinse your nose with slightly salty water. Healthcare professionals also often recommend over-the-counter (OTC) nasal rinse kits for patients with congested sinuses.
• Alternate compresses. To ease sinus pressure, place a warm, wet cloth over your nose and forehead for several minutes. Then replace the warm compress with a cool, damp compress. Rotate the two several times.
• Identify allergens. If your nose is stuffy or congested and your eyes are red or irritated, there may be something in your environment that’s causing an allergy. Pets, pollens, and chemicals are common culprits. Try to limit your exposure to known allergens.
• Limit drying medications. Some sinus medicines can cause a dry mouth, nose, and throat. Others can actually trigger rebound congestion if used too many days in a row. Talk with a pharmacist or healthcare professional about better alternatives.
• Stay away from irritating chemicals. Some people have a strong sensitivity to harsh cleaning chemicals and beauty products with artificial fragrances.
• Find out if another health condition is the culprit. Nasal polyps, irritable bowel syndrome, Sjogren’s syndrome, viral infections, and other health conditions can cause sinus symptoms. Sometimes menopause and pregnancy can also bring on allergy-like symptoms.
• Stay hydrated. Drink plenty of water to balance your internal fluid levels and to prevent dehydration.

If you’re able to manage your sinus symptoms on your own, and you start to feel better, you may not need to see a healthcare professional.

But if you develop any of the following symptoms, it’s important to get medical care as soon as you’re able:

• sinus symptoms that last longer than 10-14 days
• fever over 102 degrees
• facial pain, redness, and swelling
• vision changes
• symptoms that carry on after you’ve finished antibiotics
• persistent headaches
• severe headache that doesn’t get better when you take over-the-counter medication

A humidifier is a good tool to have on hand if you experience sinus issues from time to time. It may help break up mucus, relieve a stuffy nose, and ease discomfort in your nose and throat.

A word of caution, however: Humidifiers need to be frequently and thoroughly cleaned, or they can become breeding grounds for mold and bacteria, which may worsen your sinus problems.

There are also other steps you can take to relieve your sinus issues. This includes irrigating your nasal passages, using warm and cold compresses, and limiting the use of certain medications.

Is Your Humidifier Making Your Sinus Condition Worse?

The good news:  A humidifier dispenses water vapor or steam, adding moisture to the air you breathe. When you inhale the air through your nose, the moisture helps decrease irritation, and therefore inflammation, of your nasal passages.

The bad news: A humidifier that is not properly maintained can make your allergies and sinusitis worse.

So the question is: What must you do to keep your humidifier safe?

First, there are two types of humidifiers: cold and warm mist. While both are effective, it is recommended that homes with children avoid the warm mist units because if they are knocked over, there is a risk for getting burned. Cold mist units come in three types:

• Evaporative models (most common) use a fan to blow air over a wet wick.
• Ultrasonic humidifiers use a vibrating nebulizer to emit water.
• Impeller models produce mist using a rotating disk.

All three types of humidifiers are beneficial; however, in order to keep them properly maintained and free from mold, bacteria and other allergens, here are some important things to keep in mind:

Humidity Level

Doctors recommend that the humidity level in your home stay between 30 and 50 percent. Any number below that results in dry air, and any number higher creates an atmosphere that is actually conducive to mold and bacteria. It also provides just the right climate for dust mites. If your unit doesn’t come with a gauge, you can buy an inexpensive hygrometer to use for monitoring your humidity levels.

Water

Use demineralized or distilled water in your humidifier tank. Tap water contains minerals that will settle in your tank’s reservoir and cause bacterial growth. Empty the tank and fill it with clean water for every use.

Cleaning

Wipe down the tank every day if possible. The Mayo Clinic suggests cleaning the entire unit every 3 days, removing “any mineral deposits or film from the tank or other parts of the humidifier with a 3 percent hydrogen peroxide solution, which is available at pharmacies.” Make sure to rinse well before using the humidifier.

Filters

Replace filters regularly per the manufacturer’s recommendation, or sooner if necessary.

Make sure you use the appropriate filter – using the wrong size or shape may cause leakage and will therefore be ineffective.

There is no arguing that humidifiers are an effective way of opening up your nasal passages and helping you breathe more easily. They are a useful complement to the perpetual cycle of allergy and sinusitis treatments involving decongestants, antihistamines, corticosteroids and nasal irrigation.

However, if you are ready to break that cycle, CT Sinus Center has a permanent solution.

When it comes to sinus and allergy relief, we are the leaders in our field. Our state-of-the-art, patient-centered care may be just what you need to get you back to feeling like yourself, minus your considerable sinus treatment routine. Schedule an appointment today to come in and speak with one of our expert physicians. We will take the time to talk to you about your symptoms and treatment options. You may be eligible for balloon sinus dilation, an in-office procedure that reshapes your nasal passages to allow increased airflow and natural draining and healing. In other words, it will put an end to your cumbersome (and expensive) sinus-care cycle forever – in as little as one hour.

Call (860) BALLOON today and take the first step to breathing easy.

For more information on all things sinus and allergy, visit our website and blog.

symptoms, causes and treatments

Contents

• 1 Sinusitis in adults: causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention
  • 1.1 Sinusitis: symptoms, causes and treatment in adults
    • 1.1.1 Symptoms of sinusitis

    900 05 1.1.2 Reasons sinusitis

    • 1.1.3 Treatment of sinusitis
  • 1.2 What is sinusitis?
  • 1.3 Types of sinusitis
  • 1.4 Symptoms of sinusitis
  • 1.5 Causes of sinusitis
  • 1.6 Diagnosis of sinusitis in adults
  • 1.7 Treatment of sinusitis
  • 1.8 Surgery for sinusitis
  • 1.9 Prevention of sinusitis: how to protect yourself from the disease
    • 1.9.1 Maintain a healthy lifestyle
    • 1.9.2 Avoid contact with sick people people
    • 1.9.3 Increase the humidity in the room
    • 1.9.4 Practice good hygiene
  • 1.10 Impact of COVID-19 on sinusitis in adults
    • 1. 10.1 Symptoms of sinusitis in COVID-19
    • 1.10.2 Treatment of sinusitis in COVID-19
  • 1.11 Related videos:
  • 1.12 Q&A:
    • • 1.12.0.1 What is sinusitis?
      • 1.12.0.2 What causes sinusitis?
      • 1.12.0.3 What are the symptoms of sinusitis?
      • 1.12.0.4 What is the diagnosis of sinusitis?
      • 1.12.0.5 What are the treatments for sinusitis?
      • 1.12.0.6 How to prevent sinusitis?

Sinusitis is an inflammation of the lining of the nose that can lead to serious consequences such as hearing loss and insufficient oxygen supply to the body. In the article you will find detailed information about the symptoms and treatment of sinusitis in adults.

Sinusitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the sinuses that can lead to serious consequences in adults. From pressing pain in the face to impaired sense of smell, the symptoms can be tiresome and interfere with daily tasks.

There are several types of sinusitis, each with different causes. Common symptoms such as a runny nose, headache, and eye pain can be signs of both acute and chronic sinusitis. A sharp, sometimes acute pain syndrome, accompanied by a high temperature, requires immediate treatment. However, chronic sinusitis can take a long time and requires an individual approach to treatment.

An important aspect of successfully treating sinusitis is diagnosing it at the right time. If you experience chronic symptoms, see your doctor to determine the cause of your problems and get professional advice.

In this article, we look at the causes of sinusitis in adults, its diagnosis, various treatments, and how it can be prevented.

Sinusitis symptoms, causes and treatment in adults

Symptoms of sinusitis

Sinusitis is an inflammatory process that is accompanied by various symptoms. Among them are:

• pain in the forehead, nose and eyes;
• runny nose;
• nasal congestion;
• cough;
• headache.

In addition, the patient may have an increase in body temperature, weakness and fatigue.

Causes of sinusitis

Sinusitis can occur due to various factors. One of them is an infection that enters the respiratory tract and causes the formation of microbes in the mucous membranes of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Also, sinusitis can occur in people who have impaired normal functioning of the mucous membranes, for example, with allergic rhinitis.

Treatment of sinusitis

The main task in the treatment of sinusitis is to stop the inflammatory process and prevent its recurrence. For this, antibiotic therapy, local vasoconstrictor drugs, and physiotherapy can be prescribed. In some cases, surgery may be necessary, especially for chronic sinusitis.

At the first sign of sinusitis, you should consult a doctor, as only a qualified specialist will be able to prescribe the correct treatment and prevent the development of complications.

What is sinusitis?

Sinusitis is an inflammatory process in the mucous membrane of one or more paranasal sinuses. It can be acute or chronic and is easily recognized due to its characteristic features such as recurrent headache, nasal breathing problems, nasal discharge, fever, and some others.

Acute sinusitis can be caused by a viral, bacterial or fungal infection. Chronic sinusitis, on the other hand, lasts more than 12 weeks and can be caused by several factors, such as: poor cleaning of the nose, impaired immune system, allergic reaction, and some others

1. Smoking addiction.
2. Genetic predisposition to allergic reactions.
3. Frequent illnesses of the upper respiratory tract, including SARS, influenza, tonsillitis, etc.
4. POSTOPERATIVE CONDITION
5. As a rule, patients starting most of the vacancies of specialists

If you have symptoms of sinusitis, you should contact the doctor ENT, who will conduct an examination and prescribe the appropriate treatment. Conservative therapies such as antibiotics, topical anti-inflammatory drugs, vasoconstrictor drops, and others are usually used

Types of sinusitis

Acute sinusitis is a disease that occurs when there is an acute infection in the sinus area. It most often results from a bacterial infection. Acute sinusitis is characterized by sharp pains in the forehead, nose and cheekbones, the presence of a runny nose, swelling and weakness.

Chronic sinusitis is a process that lasts more than three months and can lead to breathing problems. Chronic sinusitis is of two types: with and without polyps. It is characterized by the presence of a runny nose, a violation of the smell, headache and physical weakness.

Recurrent sinusitis is the recurrence of symptoms of acute sinusitis three or more times a year.

Allergic sinusitis – occurs when tears and nasal discharge occur when exposed to certain allergens, such as dust mites, mold, and other allergens.

Cyst related sinusitis – This form of sinusitis is associated with cysts in the nose and sinuses. It can cause long-term symptoms such as runny nose and swelling.

Symptoms of sinusitis

Sinusitis is an inflammatory disease that can lead to various symptoms, depending on the form of the disease and its degree of development. First of all, with sinusitis, pain is usually observed in the forehead, nose, cheeks and teeth, which are aggravated by lying down and tilting the head down.

Other symptoms of sinusitis may include headache, body aches, fever, feeling weak and tired. If an infection joins with sinusitis, then symptoms of coughing, insomnia, and even depression may appear.

• Pain in the forehead, nose, cheeks and teeth
• Respiratory system dysfunction
• Mucosal edema
• sense of smell
• Headache
• Body aches
• Fever
• Feeling weak and tired

Causes of sinusitis

Sinusitis is a bacterial or viral inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose and paranasal sinuses that can be caused by various causes.

• Viruses and bacteria. Sinusitis often develops after colds, when viruses or bacteria enter the mucous membrane of the nose and paranasal sinuses.
• Allergens. Some people may develop sinusitis as a result of allergic reactions to dust, pollen, lint, or other substances.
• Nasal polyps. In the presence of nasal polyps, the drainage of the paranasal sinuses may be impaired, which can lead to the development of sinusitis.
• Hernia of the nasal septum. This can interfere with the passage of air through the nose and increase the risk of sinusitis.
• Swimming pools and smoking. Chlorinated pool water and cigarette smoke can irritate the lining of the nose and sinuses, causing sinusitis.

If you constantly have a runny nose, nasal congestion, pain in the forehead, cheeks or teeth, then you need to see a doctor to determine the diagnosis and start treatment. Seeing a doctor early will help avoid complications and get rid of the disease faster.

Diagnosis of sinusitis in an adult

Diagnosis of sinusitis in an adult requires a comprehensive examination and attention to the characteristic symptoms. When consulting an otorhinolaryngologist, an examination of the nose and head, an anamnesis of the study and additional diagnostic methods are carried out.

Additionally, an otorhinolaryngologist performs an examination using endoscopic equipment, and can also take swabs from the nasal mucosa to identify the causative agent of infection. Determining the type of pathogen allows for effective and targeted treatment of sinusitis, including the selection of antibiotics and other drugs.

• Key methods for diagnosing sinusitis:
  • examination by an otorhinolaryngologist
  • radiography
  • tomography
  • endoscopic examination
  • taking smears to determine the infectious agent

  9 0015

  Thorough diagnosis allows you to treat sinusitis correctly and in a timely manner and avoid complications . In case of detection of characteristic symptoms, it is necessary to consult a doctor for a diagnostic examination.

  Treatment of sinusitis

  Treatment of sinusitis depends on the cause of the disease and its severity.

  Emergency care is reduced to the elimination of causes of respiratory failure and pain relief. For this, nasal lavage, nasal catheterism and the introduction of special drugs into the sinuses are carried out.

  In the case of chronic sinusitis, complex treatment is carried out, in which local and systemic antibiotics, glucocorticosteroids, microcirculation regulators and immunomodulators are prescribed.

  An important part of the treatment of chronic sinusitis is physiotherapy, such as UV therapy, laser therapy, magnetotherapy.

  For severe and advanced cases, or when complicated by infection, surgical treatments such as sinus puncture or removal of the nasal mucosa may be prescribed.

  • Sinus puncture involves puncturing the walls of the sinus to remove purulent contents and inject medication into the sinus.
  • Removal of the nasal mucosa is performed in order to save the patient from the accumulation of pus in the sinuses and improve airway patency.

  Sinusitis surgery

  Sinusitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the lining of the sinuses in the nose. Usually, sinusitis is treated with conservative methods, such as antibiotics, nasal irrigation, and the use of vasoconstrictor drops.

  The operation can be performed by various methods, depending on the severity of the case. Some procedures include sinus puncture and lavage, and in more serious cases, sinuses can be removed using endoscopic equipment.

  Sinusitis surgery is usually performed under local anesthesia and most patients can go home the same day. However, for a better recovery, additional procedures and medications, including antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs, may be required.

  Prevention of sinusitis: how to protect yourself from disease

  Maintain a healthy lifestyle

  General health has a direct impact on the immune system, which protects the body from infections, including sinusitis. Regular exercise, a healthy diet, not smoking, and limiting alcohol consumption all help to keep you healthy and boost your immune system.

  Avoid contact with people who are sick

  No matter how careful one is, contact with carriers of viral or bacterial infections cannot always be avoided. The more people indoors, the higher the chance of infection. If you know that there are a lot of sick people around, avoid places where there is a high concentration of people.

  Increase the humidity in the room

  Dry air can irritate the nasopharynx and cause dehydration of the mucous membrane, which creates favorable conditions for the development of infections. Use humidifiers in the winter or while the air conditioner is running in the summer.

  Practice good hygiene

  Make sure that you and other family members can maintain their health by washing your hands regularly and using personal detergents. Viruses and bacteria can be transmitted by contact through hands and surfaces, so remember to keep your home and workplace clean and hygienic.

  • Spend time outdoors and indoors with windows open to refresh the air.
  • Limit time spent in tight spaces and prone to allergies or mucosal reactivity.
  • Install filters in your air conditioner or ventilation system to get rid of dust and germs that can cause infection.

  Impact of COVID-19 on sinusitis in adults

  Sinusitis symptoms with COVID-19

  Recently there has been an association between COVID-19 and sinusitis. Sinusitis symptoms may occur in some patients with COVID-19.

  Other characteristic signs of sinusitis are nasal congestion, impaired sense of smell, headaches and fever. In patients with COVID-19these same symptoms may be present in the presence of sinusitis.

  COVID-19 Sinusitis Treatment

  If you have symptoms of sinusitis while you are sick with COVID-19, you should see your doctor. He will prescribe treatment depending on the severity and cause of the symptoms.

  Treatment of sinusitis may include the use of painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs, vasoconstrictor drops or sprays, antibiotics. Additionally, procedures may be prescribed, such as washing the nose or hot compresses on the face.

  It is important to remember that the use of sinusitis treatment for COVID-19 should be discussed with your doctor, as the disease itself must be treated first.

  Related videos:

  Q&A:

  What is sinusitis?

  Sinusitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of one or more paranasal sinuses. It can be acute or chronic. Acute sinusitis is most often caused by an infection and is manifested by severe pain in the eyes and forehead, runny nose, and nasal congestion. Chronic sinusitis can go unnoticed for a long time, but it also causes discomfort and can lead to complications.

  What causes sinusitis?

  Sinusitis can be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection, an allergic reaction, damage to the nasal mucosa, or a problem with drainage in the nose.

  What are the symptoms of sinusitis?

  Acute sinusitis can be manifested by severe pain in the back of the head, eyes and forehead, runny nose, swelling of the nose, fever, general weakness. Chronic sinusitis may have less pronounced symptoms: persistent runny nose, nasal congestion, weakness, fatigue, headaches, impaired sense of smell.

  What is the diagnosis of sinusitis?

  Diagnosis of sinusitis includes examination by a doctor, anamnesis, x-ray examination, over the past years, computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses has become increasingly common. In some cases, a sample of material from the sinuses may be required.

  What are the treatments for sinusitis?

  The treatment of sinusitis depends on the form and stage of the disease. In most cases, antibiotics, locally and systemically acting anti-inflammatory drugs, vasoconstrictors and decongestants, and physiotherapy are used. In cases of complications, surgery may be required.

  How to prevent sinusitis?

  Regular airing of the premises, maintaining optimal air humidity, a healthy lifestyle, strengthening immunity, preventing colds, avoiding allergens and irritants will help prevent the development of sinusitis.

  Sinusitis in children – causes, symptoms, methods of diagnosis and treatment

  Acute rhinosinusitis (when the nasal and sinus mucosa becomes inflamed – usually a manifestation of SARS) is one of the most common reasons for visiting pediatricians and outpatient therapists.

  It is difficult to say exactly how common this disease is, because many patients feel satisfactory, are treated at home and do not go to doctors.

  Until now, many, including doctors, mistakenly believe that children do not suffer from sinusitis, because their paranasal sinuses are not yet developed and are practically absent. In fact, this is not true:

  • maxillary (maxillary) and ethmoid sinuses already present at birth
  • Sphenoid sinuses develop during the first two years of life
  • frontal sinuses can be seen on radiographs by 6–8 years of age

  Children’s sinuses are much smaller than those of adults, and their size is comparable to the diameter of the fistula – messages with the nasal cavity. Therefore, sinusitis in children is less common – but still occurs.

  Causes and pathogenesis

  Most often, acute sinusitis is of a viral nature, that is, in fact, they are a manifestation of SARS. In this case, as a rule, they are combined with viral rhinitis (infection of the nasal cavity), and in this case the disease is called rhinosinusitis – THIS Suggestion is better removed.

  The most common causative agents are rhinoviruses, influenza A and B viruses, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, parainfluenza viruses, enteroviruses. All of these are typical causative agents of upper respiratory tract infections.

  Acute bacterial sinusitis is most often a complication of a viral infection – when pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria join the pathogen that caused the disease initially.

  If sinusitis lasts no more than 10 days, and during this time the symptoms gradually disappear, most likely the disease was of a viral nature. If the child is sick for more than 10 days, and during this time he does not get better, or the symptoms worsen, then a bacterial infection has probably joined. But do not rely on this criterion – only a doctor can establish an accurate diagnosis.

  Several factors contribute to the development of the disease:

  • allergy
  • facial injuries
  • benign and malignant neoplasms of the upper respiratory tract
  • various granulomatous and inflammatory diseases
  • dental diseases – in this case, the so-called odontogenic sinusitis develops
  • adverse environmental situation
  • anatomical features of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses that disrupt the ventilation of the paranasal sinuses and impede the outflow of the contents of the sinuses

  There are isolated forms of sinusitis – when inflammation occurs in only one paranasal sinus. In such cases, nasal congestion and discharge are often absent. Many patients are asymptomatic. In half of the cases, headaches are the only symptom.

  A specific type of isolated sinusitis in children is chronic maxillary atelectasis (silent sinus syndrome). With this disease, one of the maxillary sinuses is underdeveloped. It is not ventilated normally, because of this, negative pressure arises in it, the bone tissue is gradually destroyed, and the sinus collapses. As a result, the eye socket drops, the face becomes asymmetrical.

  Separately allocate odontogenic sinusitis. They develop in the maxillary sinus and can be caused by:

  • infectious and inflammatory processes in the teeth and jaws
  • filling material, tooth roots after complicated extraction and other foreign bodies in the sinus

  Classification

  Depending on the duration and nature of the course, four forms of the disease are distinguished:

  • Acute sinusitis – symptoms persist for less than 4 weeks
  • Subacute – 4 to 12 weeks
  • Chronic sinusitis in a child – more than 12 weeks
  • Recurrent acute – 4 or more episodes of the disease during the year

  Depending on the cause, there are viral and bacterial sinusitis. Acute viral infections are more common, up to 2% of them turn into acute bacterial ones. Currently in Russia there is a trend towards an increase in the incidence of acute bacterial sinusitis. At the same time, the number of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis is growing. Perhaps this is due to not quite correct treatment of acute forms of the disease.

  Both one, several sinuses, and all paranasal sinuses can be involved in the inflammatory process.

  Symptoms

  In acute sinusitis, symptoms come on suddenly. There are usually at least two manifestations, one of which is nasal congestion and/or nasal discharge. Other possible symptoms of sinusitis in a child include:

  • decrease or loss of smell
  • facial pain
  • headache – children under 5 years of age usually do not bother
  • cough
  • fever

  These signs correspond to the clinical picture of SARS. Only an assessment of the course and severity of the disease helps to distinguish acute sinusitis in a child of viral origin from bacterial.

  In chronic sinusitis, symptoms such as green or yellow discharge from the nose, pain and pressure in the face, and nasal congestion usually persist for more than 12 days. In addition, children often have enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, there is a persistent cough, especially at night.

  Chronic sinusitis in children, unlike adults, is often combined with adenoids. Inflamed adenoid tissue becomes a chronic focus of infection, which then penetrates into the sinuses. However, scientific studies have not found a significant relationship between the size of the tonsils and the course of chronic sinusitis. The symptoms of chronic adenoiditis and chronic sinusitis are very similar, so it is very difficult to establish the correct diagnosis after examination, you need to take pictures.

  When to see a doctor?

  For any symptoms of a cold in a child, it is better to immediately consult a doctor. Most often nothing serious – the disease goes away on its own. But control won’t hurt. If the disease proceeds for a long time, the child’s condition does not improve – a visit to the doctor is required.

  Possible complications

  Serious complications of sinusitis in children are rare – less than 3% of cases. They are associated with the spread of infection and are divided into two large groups:

  • Orbital – when pathogens enter the eye socket. This may be inflammation of the fiber inside the orbit, an abscess (a cavity with pus), subperiosteal phlegmon and abscesses, compression of the eyeball and its muscles.
  • Intracranial – less common and more serious. Sinusitis can lead to meningitis, suppuration and abscesses in the cranial cavity, osteomyelitis of the frontal bone (Pott’s tumor), thrombosis of the cavernous sinus.

  Diagnostic methods

  According to the data of evidence-based medicine, in 90% of cases, the doctor can and should diagnose the disease after examination, without x-rays and computed tomography. Conduct anterior rhinoscopy (examination of the nasal cavity with a special tool), otoscopy (examination of the external auditory canal), endoscopy of the nasal cavity.

  Radiography will not help to figure out what caused the acute form of the disease – bacteria or viruses. There are no changes in the pictures specific for the cause of sinusitis. Indications for the use of radiography and CT in children with sinusitis occur only in some cases:

  • if there are symptoms indicating that the infection has spread beyond the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
  • if there are no changes in the nasal cavity during examination, but there are signs of local (affecting only one sinus) sinusitis

  In practice, it is not always possible to follow these recommendations. If the doctor cannot finally understand the situation after the examination and understand whether it is necessary to prescribe antibacterial drugs, then it is better to conduct an x-ray, CT or CBCT (cone beam computed tomography). Recently, CT and CBCT are considered more preferable, as they are more informative. CBCT is considered the main method of screening diagnostics. It gives maximum information about the state of the paranasal sinuses, is easy to perform, is carried out quickly, and during it the child’s body receives less radiation exposure.

  Methods of treatment

  According to the EPOS 2020 guidelines (European consensus document on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps), antibiotic therapy is virtually the only treatment for acute bacterial sinusitis.

  Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation offer a much more impressive list of methods for treating sinusitis in children. It also includes drainage methods so beloved by domestic ENT doctors (especially representatives of the “old school”):

  • The method of non-invasive aspiration (removal) of mucus and pus from the sinuses has been proposed for over a hundred years. Many patients know this procedure under the name “cuckoo flush”. Modern research shows that this procedure has no effect, but it is still carried out, and often incorrectly.
  • Yamik catheter was developed in 1980 by domestic specialists V.S. Kozlov and G.I. Markov. The essence of the procedure is that the doctor creates controlled pressure in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Due to this, mucus and pus can be removed, diagnostic drugs can be introduced into the sinuses. No studies have been published that could reliably confirm the effectiveness of the yamik catheter.
  • Puncture of the maxillary (maxillary) sinus was proposed even earlier, in 1887. A puncture is made in the wall of the sinus through the lower nasal passage, the purulent contents are removed and the medicine is injected. The obvious disadvantages of this method are invasiveness, pain and stress for the patient. In the West, this method of treatment is not used, it is used only to detect pathogenic bacteria in the sinuses, usually in patients in intensive care units. The puncture helps to quickly get rid of facial pain and other symptoms, but does not affect the outcome of acute sinusitis.

  Surgical treatment for acute sinusitis is carried out according to the indications: with the ineffectiveness of conservative methods of treatment and the penetration of infection into the orbit, the cranial cavity.

  
  In general terms, recommendations for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis are as follows:

  • Just wait for 7 days. In 80% of patients, the disease resolves within two weeks without antibiotics.
  • If antibiotic therapy is indicated, amoxicillin is most often used in combination with clavulanic acid.
  • If breathing through the nose is very difficult, then vasoconstrictor drops and sprays can be used, but not longer than 3-5 days. In other cases, they do not provide any benefits and are not needed.
  • Antihistamines (“antiallergic”) drugs are not needed unless the child has allergic rhinitis.

  Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is effective in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Such operations are carried out with the help of special equipment, they are minimally invasive and gentle. The goal of surgical treatment is to provide free access for drugs to the paranasal sinuses and improve the outflow of their contents. Thereby:

  • The disease is milder, exacerbations occur less frequently
  • Quickly restores normal air flow in the child’s nasal cavity
  • Restores nasal breathing, sense of smell and other important functions of the nose

  The operation, in accordance with the recommendations of EPOS 2020, should be performed only after conservative therapy has been performed for some time, and it turned out to be ineffective. If the child has adenoids, then the sanitation of the nasopharynx is mandatory (the adenoids are removed).

  Endoscopic sinusotomy is the only effective treatment for isolated chronic sinusitis, chronic maxillary atelectasis, and chronic odontogenic maxillary sinusitis.

  With silent sinus syndrome, the operation helps to restore the ventilation of the sinus, as a result of which it independently increases in volume, and the bones of the facial skull continue to grow and develop normally.

  Forecast

  The prognosis is most often favorable. AT 98% of cases of viral sinusitis go away on their own. In 40% of cases with acute bacterial sinusitis, recovery also occurs without antibiotic therapy. If antibiotics are required, then after the start of their intake (if the drugs are correctly selected), improvement usually occurs quickly. Symptoms of chronic sinusitis disappear or are significantly reduced after surgical treatment.

  If treatment, when it is required, is not started in a timely manner or is carried out inadequately, then this contributes to the transition of an acute disease into a chronic form, recurrence, and the development of complications.

  Prevention

  The main prevention of sinusitis is to prevent infection with respiratory infections. This is the avoidance of public places during seasonal epidemics, thorough hand washing, limiting contact with people who have symptoms of SARS. Of course, it is impossible to fully protect yourself; several colds in a child during the year are normal. It is important not to start the disease, contact a good pediatrician in a timely manner, follow his recommendations.

  In winter, when radiators dry the air, it is recommended to use a humidifier. This will prevent irritation of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses with dry air.

  If a child has factors that contribute to the development of sinusitis, they need to be eliminated – for example, remove adenoids, treat bad teeth in a timely manner, etc.

  
  Summarizing the above, it can be noted:

  • Children have paranasal sinuses and inflammation in them is possible
  • Most often the disease is caused by viruses, less often by bacteria, even more rarely by other causes
  • The symptoms of sinusitis strongly resemble those of SARS. In the acute form of the disease, they last up to 4 weeks, in the chronic form – more than 12 weeks
  • In most cases, a doctor can diagnose sinusitis after an examination. If you suspect a disease, you need to visit an ENT doctor
  • Viral sinusitis is treated like the common cold. In bacterial cases, antibiotics are used, but in some cases the disease goes away without them
  • Drainage methods not proven effective
  • For chronic sinusitis and some specific forms, surgical treatment is indicated – endoscopic sinusotomy
  • The prognosis is usually favorable. Serious complications of sinusitis in children occur in less than 3% of cases

  Sources:

  1. Karpova E.P., Usenya L.I. Local antibiotic therapy of acute sinusitis in children // Questions of modern pediatrics, 2010
  2. Gammel I.V., Anoshkina E.V., Kononova S.V. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of antibiotic therapy of sinusitis in children in stationary conditions // Medical Almanac, 2015
  3. Palchuna V.