Antacids, Acid Blockers, and More

There are a variety of heartburn medicines available over the counter to ease symptoms. If these don’t help enough, talk to your doctor about what else might help — in addition to lifestyle changes. Your doctor may want to see if gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is the cause of your symptoms.

Non-prescription medications used to treat heartburn include:

Antacids for Heartburn

Antacids neutralize stomach acid to cut down on heartburn, sour stomach, acid indigestion, and stomach upset. Some antacids also contain simethicone, an ingredient that helps your body get rid of gas. Some antacids contain ingredients that can cause diarrhea, such as magnesium, or constipation, such as aluminum.

Examples of antacids include:

You should take antacids exactly as directed by your doctor or according to the package label. If you use the tablets, chew them well before swallowing for faster relief.

Be sure to follow the directions on the label so you don’t overdose or overuse antacids. Side effects include constipation, diarrhea, changes in the color of bowel movements, and stomach cramps.

Acid Reducers for Heartburn

There are two types of drugs that cut down on the production of acid in the stomach: histamine antagonists (h3 antagonists or h3 blockers) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

Examples of h3 blockers available over the counter include:

Note: The h3 blocker ranitidine (Zantac) was removed from the market in 2020 after it was found to contain a cancer-causing agent.

The proton-pump inhibitors esomeprazole (Nexium 24HR), lansoprazole (Prevacid 24HR), and omeprazole (Prilosec OTC)  are sold over-the-counter to treat frequent heartburn (two or more times per week) for 14 days. These types of medicines are also available as higher-strength prescriptions. Take them according to the directions on the package or as advised by your doctor.

If these medications don’t relieve your symptoms, or if your heartburn symptoms get worse or last for longer than 2 weeks, you should see your doctor.

Combination Antacid/Acid Reducer for Heartburn

Pepcid Complete combines the acid-neutralizing capability of an antacid and the acid-reducing actions of an h3 blocker. Zegerid OTC combines a proton-pump inhibitor with sodium bicarbonate.

So Which Works Best for Heartburn?

All of these over-the-counter medicines, to a varying degree, can relieve the symptoms of heartburn. If you have more severe heartburn symptoms that these medications don’t relieve, or if you’ve been using these medicines for more than 2 weeks, call your doctor. You may need a stronger prescription medicine and tests to see what’s causing your symptoms.

Prilosec OTC oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing

See also Precautions section.

Headache or abdominal pain may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.

If your doctor has directed you to use this product, remember that he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.

Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: symptoms of a low magnesium blood level (such as unusually fast/slow/irregular heartbeat, persistent muscle spasms, seizures), signs of lupus (such as rash on nose and cheeks, new or worsening joint pain).

This medication may rarely cause a severe intestinal condition due to a bacteria called C. difficile. This condition may occur during treatment or weeks to months after treatment has stopped. Tell your doctor right away if you develop: diarrhea that doesn’t stop, abdominal or stomach pain/cramping, fever, blood/mucus in your stool.

If you have these symptoms, do not use anti-diarrhea or opioid products because they may make symptoms worse.

Rarely, proton pump inhibitors (such as omeprazole) have caused vitamin B-12 deficiency. The risk is increased if they are taken every day for a long time (3 years or longer). Tell your doctor right away if you develop symptoms of vitamin B-12 deficiency (such as unusual weakness, sore tongue, or numbness/tingling of the hands/feet).

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing, signs of kidney problems (such as change in the amount of urine).

This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

In the US –

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.

In Canada – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.

Prescription Drugs for Heartburn and GERD: Types and Brands

Frequent heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that occurs more than twice a week usually responds best to heartburn medicine that you take daily rather than just when you feel the heartburn. Most of the over-the-counter treatments are not meant to be taken daily for a long time. Check in with your doctor to see if you need a prescription medicine for your heartburn.

Histamine-2 (h3) Blockers for Heartburn and Reflux

In prescription form (usually higher doses than the over-the-counter versions), h3 blockers can generally relieve heartburn and treat reflux, especially if you’ve never had treatment before. These drugs are particularly useful at alleviating heartburn, but may not be as good for treating esophagitis (inflammation that occurs in the esophagus) that is the result of GERD.

Histamine stimulates acid production, especially after meals, so h3 blockers are best taken 30 minutes before meals. They can also be taken at bedtime to suppress nighttime production of acid. Examples of prescription h3 blockers:

Side effects can include headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, gas, sore throat, runny nose, and dizziness. 

Note that the h3 blocker ranitidine (Zantac) was removed from the market in 2020 because it was found to contain cancer causing agents.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) for Heartburn and Reflux

Depending on the source of your heartburn or reflux, your doctor can prescribe drugs that block acid production more effectively and for a longer period of time than the h3 blockers, namely the family of medications doctors call proton pump inhibitors. PPIs are best taken an hour before meals. They include:

Most doctors do not believe that one drug is significantly more effective than the others in managing GERD. These medications are also good for protecting the esophagus from acid so that esophageal inflammation can heal.

Side effects can include headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, nausea, and gas.

Promotility Agents for Heartburn and Reflux

Promotility agents work by stimulating the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, which may help prevent acids from staying in the stomach too long, and strengthening the lower esophageal sphincter, reducing reflux into the esophagus. Metoclopramide (Reglan) is a promotility agent occasionally used to treat heartburn associated with GERD. The side effects of Reglan can be serious and may include drowsiness, fatigue, diarrhea, restlessness, and movement problems.

Advance Directives and Do Not Resuscitate Orders

Path to improved health

To find out which medicine is right for you, talk to your family doctor. He or she can tell you about the benefits and risks. Antacids and acid reducers rarely cause side effects. If they do, the side effects usually are minor and go away on their own. These may include headaches, nausea, constipation, or diarrhea.

Talk to your doctor before taking antacids if you have kidney disease. You should avoid any antacid that contains calcium carbonate or aluminum hydroxide and magnesium carbonate unless your doctor recommends it.

Talk to your doctor before taking a proton pump inhibitor if:

• You are elderly or have immune system problems. PPIs can increase your risk for pneumonia.
• You are a postmenopausal woman. PPIs reduce calcium absorption and increase your risk for osteoporosis.
• You have been treated for a Clostridium difficile (C. diff.) infection in the past. PPIs may increase the risk that your infection returns.

If you are over the age of 55 and require long-term PPI treatment, your doctor may refer you for an EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy). This procedure examines the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine. If you have significant reflux, your doctor also may test you for the bacteria H. pylori prior to trying you on PPIs.

Things to consider

Do not use more than 1 antacid or acid reducer at a time, unless your doctor says it’s okay. Store all medicines up and away, out of reach and sight of young children. Keep medicines in a cool, dry place. This helps prevent them from becoming less effective before they expire. Do not store medicines in bathrooms, which often are hot and humid.

When to see the doctor

Let your doctor know how the OTC medicines work for you. If your symptoms do not improve or get worse, the doctor may suggest a prescription medicine. If possible, try not to take PPIs long-term. These can increase your risk of certain health conditions, such as osteoporosis, kidney disease, and dementia.

Tell your doctor if you have any of the following symptoms. They may be signs of a more serious problem.

• Bloody or black stools.
• Bloody vomit.
• Heartburn that has not improved after 2 weeks of treatment with OTC medicines.
• Trouble swallowing or pain when you swallow.
• Unplanned weight loss.

If you have chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, and pain in your arms, you may be having a heart attack. Call 911 or go to the emergency room right away.

Questions to ask your doctor

• What type of OTC medicine is best for me to relieve heartburn and acid reflux?
• How much medicine can I take and how often?
• What are the side effects and risks of these OTC medicines?
• Are there any health conditions that prevent me from taking OTC medicines?

Best Over-the-Counter Solutions to Your Digestive Problems

You know the signs all too well. Your stomach starts gurgling, your chest starts burning, you start cramping—and you begin your frantic search for the bathroom. Digestive problems can be embarrassing, and not something people want to talk about openly—even with their doctor. But as I tell my patients, these problems are strikingly common, and affect many people on a daily basis.

While digestive problems often go away on their own, over-the-counter medications can help to relieve many of the symptoms that are interfering with your every day life. Here’s a guide to the OTC medicines you can use to soothe tummy or digestive troubles.

Remember: These medicines are only meant for occasional, short-term use; if your problems persist or worsen, talk to your doctor. He or she can help you come up with a treatment plan (including lifestyle changes) that can bring you long-lasting relief.

For Heartburn

If you suffer from heartburn, you’re probably all too familiar with that burning sensation in your stomach, chest or throat that can cause discomfort. This irritation is caused by an imbalance of acid in your stomach.

Heartburn is often triggered by eating a big meal or certain foods, and occurs when your stomach contents rise into your esophagus, causing a burning sensation in the chest, behind the breastbone and in the mid-abdomen.

Several types of over-the-counter medicines can help to relieve your symptoms and reduce your stomach’s acidity:

• Antacids provide quick, short-term relief by neutralizing stomach acid. Antacids may include ingredients like baking soda, calcium carbonate or magnesium compounds.
• Alginic acids are often combined with antacids to provide quick relief. While antacids help to neutralize stomach acid, alginic acids form a protective barrier within your GI tract, coating and protecting inflamed areas.
• h3 blockers, like famotidine and cimetidine, lower the amount of acid your stomach makes. While it takes up to an hour for h3 blockers to work, the effects last longer than antacids, up to 12 hours. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) provide long-lasting reduction, up to 24 hours,  in stomach acid production. Lansoprazole and omeprazole are both types of proton pump inhibitors.

Side effects of these three drug classes are usually minor and often resolve on their own. They include nausea, constipation, diarrhea, and headaches. Your doctor can let you know which type of OTC medicine will work best for you. Talk to your doctor before using antacids if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, taking prescription medications, or if you have problems with ulcers, the liver or your kidneys.

For Nausea and Vomiting

Last night’s Chinese take-out leftovers seem like a great meal idea—until your stomach clearly begins to disagree with you. Nausea and vomiting are one of your body’s major defenses against food poisoning, and can also arise from problems like motion sickness and overeating. While the best way to cure an upset stomach from most cases of food poisoning is to let your body rid itself of the bacteria causing your discomfort, over-the-counter antiemetics can come in handy when dealing with nausea and vomiting symptoms caused by motion sickness and certain other conditions. There are two main types of OTC medications used to treat nausea and vomiting:

• Bismuth subsalicylate, the active ingredient in OTC medications like Kaopectate® and Pepto-Bismol™, protects your stomach lining. Bismuth subsalicylate is also used to treat ulcers, upset stomach and diarrhea.
• Other medicines include cyclizine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, and meclizine. These can be found in medicines such as Dramamine, Bonine, or others, and they dull motion sickness by acting on your brain. They block messages from reaching the part of the brain that controls nausea and vomiting

Side effects of bismuth subsalicylate are usually very minor and short-lived; the most common side effects are a darkened tongue or stools, however, it’s important not to give medicines with bismuth subsalicylate to children or teenagers with chicken pox or flu-like symptoms, since symptoms such as changes in behavior with nausea or vomiting could be an early sign of Reye’s syndrome, a rare but serious illness. Talk to a doctor right away. Since some antiemtics can make you sleepy,  read the label carefully and heed any warnings about mixing with alcohol, driving or operating machinery. Don’t take antiemetics without reading the label first, and talk to your doctor if there are any warnings on your medication of choice: there are several drugs and health conditions that don’t mix well with antiemetics, including certain common pain relievers.

For Constipation

What’s causing your constipation? Most likely, something on your dinner table. A diet high in dairy products and low in fiber and water can make it difficult for you to pass a stool. If you’ve gone more than three days without a bowel movement, or are having trouble passing a stool, you might consider temporarily taking a laxative to help you through the problem.

There are several types of laxatives available over-the counter; your doctor can help you decide which one is best for you:

• Bulk-forming laxatives, which often contain ingredients like psyllium, methylcellulose and polycarbophil, draw water into the stool to make them larger and easier to pass. Drink plenty of water while taking.
• Osmotic laxatives draw fluid into the bowel from the nearby tissue. Osmotic laxatives often have ingredients like polyethylene glycol or magnesium. Lubricant laxatives, such as glycerin suppositories, coat the surface of stools or the anus to make it easier for stools to pass. Mineral oil is a common lubricant laxative.
• Stimulant laxatives should only be used for a few days, as they are harsh on the body. They cause the bowels to squeeze the stool out.

Laxatives don’t usually have side effects, but, in some cases, they can cause cramping, gas, bloating, nausea or diarrhea. Don’t use laxatives for more than a week without checking in with your doctor: long-term laxative use can be unhealthy, and may mask a problem your doctor should know about. Your doctor can help you make lifestyle and dietary changes to treat constipation long-term.

Talk to your doctor before using laxatives if you have stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, a fever of over 101. 5 degrees or a sudden change in your bowel habits that continues for two or more weeks. You should also consult your doctor if you are currently taking prescription medication: laxatives make it more difficult for your body to absorb certain medicines and nutrients.

For Diarrhea

Everyone experiences it now and again—the dreaded diarrhea. Diarrhea (large amounts of loose or watery stools) occurs when your colon is unable to adequately absorb the liquid from the food and fluids you ingest, and is most often caused by a stomach bug. Diarrhea doesn’t usually require medication, and resolves itself after a couple of days; most times, lifestyle changes can help prevent future cases of diarrhea. However, antidiarrheal medications can help with symptoms, especially if you have cramping. Your doctor may suggest one of two common over-the-counter antidiarrheals:

• Loperamide slows down fluid moving through your bowels.
• Bismuth subsalicylate decreases the flow of fluids in your bowel, and also reduces inflammation and may kill the bacteria that cause the diarrhea in the first place.

Loperamide can make you drowsy, so be sure to read the label carefully; the label will tell you what behaviors, if any, you should avoid while on the medication.  Bismuth subsalicylate can make your tongue and/or stool look black; this side effect is harmless. If you think your diarrhea might be caused by an infection, talk to your doctor, as another medicine might be better at treating the bug. You should also talk to your doctor if you have a fever or find mucus or blood in your stools, as your diarrhea may signal a more serious problem.

Finding Relief

The right over-the-counter medicine can bring quick relief for many short-term gastrointestinal problems. Remember to read the labels of any medicines you are planning to take, and talk to your doctor if you have questions or concerns.

The Most Effective Treatments for Acid Reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition where acid in the stomach flows back into the esophagus causing irritation of its lining. Symptoms can include burning in the chest, chest pain, regurgitation of food into the mouth, and difficulty swallowing. Even though this disorder can be painful and irritating, it can be effectively controlled. This is by over-the-counter medications or by prescription medications prescribed by your Gastroenterologist. This is in addition to making lifestyle changes. The following are some of the most effective treatments available to manage the symptoms and discomfort.

Over-the-counter medications:

1. Antacids-These medications help to neutralize the stomach acid and include Mylanta, Tums, and Rolaids. They are one of the first recommended treatments. They can provide quick relief, but they don’t heal the esophagus if the lining is damaged. Overuse can cause problems such as diarrhea or chronic kidney disease, especially those containing aluminum and magnesium.
2. H-2 Receptor Blockers-These medications work to decrease the amount of acid that is made in the stomach. While they do not work as quickly as the antacids, they provide longer relief for up to 12 hours. Examples of these include Pepcid AC, Tagamet HB, Zantac, and Axid AR.
3. Proton Pump Inhibitors- This class of medications blocks acid production. It also helps to heal any damage caused to the lining of the esophagus. They are much stronger than the H-2 receptor blockers and include Prevacid, Prilosec, and Zegerid.

Prescription-strength medications:

1. H-2 Receptor Blocker s- These are prescription-strength versions of the over-the-counter medications Pepcid, Axid, and Zantac. Although most people have no problems taking them, long-term use can cause vitamin B12 deficiency. As well as an increased risk of bone fractures.
2. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI) – As with the H-2 receptor blockers, this is the prescription-strength form. It includes Prevacid, Prilosec, Zegerid, and Protonix. Chronic use of these medications can cause diarrhea and nausea. This is in addition to vitamin B12 deficiency and increased risk of bone fractures.
3. Baclofen – This medication works to strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter muscle; however, it can cause nausea and fatigue in some people.

Lifestyle Changes:

While diet doesn’t cause GERD, certain foods can aggravate the symptoms. Specific foods vary from person-to-person. Many people find that chocolate and foods that are high in fat are particularly troublesome. Alcohol and other drinks such as coffee, soda, citrus can cause excess acid production increasing GERD symptoms. In order to find out if certain foods aggravate your symptoms, eliminate one at a time to see if symptoms improve.

Another factor that may play an important part in GERD is the positioning of the body after eating, especially a large meal. Lying down after eating may cause food to back up into the esophagus causing heartburn and indigestion. If you find this is the case for you, try to eat at least three hours before going to bed or lying down and don’t have an after-dinner snack. It may also help to make the major meal of the day at lunchtime and have a smaller, more easily digestible meal for dinner.

Obesity also promotes GERD due to excess weight in the abdominal area. Losing even a small amount of weight can make a difference in the symptoms experienced. GERD during pregnancy can occur, especially in the first three months, due to hormones and the pressure of the growing baby on the stomach. If you are a smoker, then quitting may reduce your GERD symptoms since smoking decreases the function of the esophageal muscles. Finally, emotional stress and strong emotions can bring on symptoms of GERD so participating in a stress-relief program such as mindfulness or meditation may ease the symptoms. 

Endoscopic Anti-reflux procedures:

TIF Procedure

• The transoral incisionless fundoplication, (TIF), is a minimally invasive treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that is performed in the outpatient setting.
• The TIF procedure is from inside the patient’s stomach without incisions. This procedure delivers patient outcomes like those by conventional anti-reflux surgery (ARS) procedures, but is less invasive, has fewer adverse effects, and does not limit future treatment options.
• Following the principles of ARS, the TIF procedure repairs the anti-reflux barrier by reducing a hiatal hernia and creating a valve 2 to 4 cm in length and greater than 270-degree circumferential wrap, restoring one-way valve operation.
• A less invasive approach to Fundoplication.

Stretta Procedure

• Stretta therapy is a minimally invasive procedure that significantly reduces GERD symptoms, allowing most patients to eliminate or largely decrease use of PPIs.
• An outpatient procedure performed in less than 60 minutes, allowing patients to return to normal activities the following day.
• Doesn’t require any incisions, stitches or implants.

Surgical Procedures:

For most people, a combination of medication and lifestyle changes are enough to control or eliminate GERD symptoms, but if they are not successful, there are surgical procedures that can be performed. These include:

1. Fundoplication – In this minimally invasive surgery, the top part of the stomach is wrapped around the bottom part of the esophagus to tighten the sphincter muscle preventing reflux.
2. LINX Device – A small ring of magnetic beads is around the area where the stomach and esophagus meet. The beads are strong enough to keep acid from backing up. They are not strong enough to prevent food from flowing through.

GERD causes uncomfortable and at times, painful symptoms for those who suffer from it, however, there are quite a few effective treatment options available. If you prefer to try making changes in your lifestyle before taking medication or having surgery, the tips above can be helpful. If these don’t work, make an appointment with your Gastroenterologist to discuss the best options available to you.

5 Acid Reflux Medications: Which One is Best for You?

For most of us, a big holiday dinner or a night out on the town with friends sounds like a great idea.

But for the millions of Americans living with gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, it sounds more like a recipe for disaster.

Characterized by symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation, GERD is a chronic condition where the acidic contents of the stomach flow back up into the esophagus. This constant backwash of stomach acid irritates the lining of the esophagus, and sufferers are left “feeling the burn.”

There are simple changes that patients can make to their diet and lifestyle to help them manage the discomfort of their acid indigestion, according to Dr. Anish Sheth, a gastroenterologist and assistant professor of medicine at Yale University.

“It basically comes down to how frequently they’re having symptoms and how much the symptoms are affecting their life,” Sheth told FOXNews.com. “Avoiding caffeine, eliminating fatty or acidic foods, losing excess weight and quitting smoking are all things patients can do to control their acid reflux.”

But while avoiding certain foods and changing habits may help people who deal with an occasional case of heartburn, these lifestyle modifications offer only temporary relief for patients suffering from more severe symptoms associated with GERD.

“If people are having symptoms on a daily basis or more than three times a week, we usually recommend they start medication,” said Sheth.

But with so many medications available, how do you know which one is right for you?

Antacids. Popular over-the-counter medications like Tums, Maalox, Rolaids and Mylanta neutralize stomach acid and provide fast-acting relief in mild or isolated cases of acid reflux. Some antacids come in liquid form to coat the lining of the esophagus and help reduce the amount of acid in the stomach. But they won’t aid in reducing inflammation of the esophagus associated with GERD.

“Most patients suffering from mild acid reflux will treat themselves with over-the-counter medications,” Sheth said. “Antacids are better for immediate relief – like after a big meal – because their effectiveness is short-lived in nature and only lasts for as long as it’s in the system.”

Patients need to be conscious of the amount of antacids they are taking, because overuse can cause diarrhea, constipation and, in rare cases, an imbalance in electrolytes if the antacid contains calcium.

“You should see a doctor if your symptoms are not controlled by over-the-counter medicines because it could be a sign of a more serious condition,” Sheth said.

Oral suspension medicines. These medications, like Pepto Bismol and Carafate, are sometimes used to treat heartburn and indigestion as well as nausea, diarrhea and ulcers in the throat, stomach and intestines.

“Carafate is a liquid suspension that essentially coats the inside of the esophagus. It’s short-lived in its effectiveness because once the coating wears off it’s not going to do much,” Sheth said. “We really only prescribe it for people who have symptoms less than a couple times a week or month.”

Anti-gas, anti-flatulence. Some patients experience pressure and bloating when they get heartburn.

For these symptoms, over-the-counter products like Phazyme, Gas-X and Beano can aid in relieving pressure, bloating, and gas in the digestive tract. These medications usually come in tablet form and work by breaking up gas bubbles, making it easier to eliminate.

H-2-receptor blockers. Previously available only with a prescription, H-2-receptor blockers such as Pepcid AC and Zantac are now sold over-the-counter.

“H-2-receptor blockers work by shutting off the production of acid in the stomach,” Sheth said. “They are effective for mild reflux, they’re relatively inexpensive and can be used casually by people who only have symptoms a couple times a month. ”

H-2-receptor blockers provide longer-lasting relief than antacids, but they do not take effect as quickly, so it is suggested that people take them 30 minutes before meals or before bed.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs). These medications, which include Prilosec, Prevacid and Nexium, block acid production and aid in healing damaged esophageal tissue, so they should be taken by people who are having more frequent, severe symptoms.

PPIs are usually taken under the care of a doctor to prevent acid reflux from recurring, but certain ones, like Prilosec, are now available over-the-counter.

“The standard of care for treating GERD and related digestive diseases has become proton pump inhibitors. And because they are so safe, these are the most common medicines,” Sheth said.

The majority of people who go on a PPI will get better, Sheth said. But there are other medications that can be prescribed by a doctor in the event that they don’t.

The bottom line

It’s important for patients to pay attention to the frequency and severity of their symptoms, and to see a doctor if they suspect they may have GERD, because GERD can cause severe complications if left untreated.

Sheth said there are a number of red flags that may indicate complications, including trouble swallowing, unexplained weight loss, anemia, and drastic changes in symptoms.

“GERD can cause a narrowing of the esophagus that leads to trouble swallowing,” Sheth said. “And in some patients, it causes a change in the lining of the esophagus called Barrett’s esophagus – a condition that can lead to cancer.”

BAA Pharmstandard / OTC pharm Lactazar for children – “Improves the digestion of newborns. Whether it helps with colic is not clear! »

Hello everyone!

The terrible word is colic. We do not think about this word until we become parents. When a child feels bad, he wants to turn the world upside down, but to alleviate the child’s suffering. Colic is said to be less common in girls than in boys. I don’t know if this is true. I have a girl, and indeed, colic rarely happens.But if it happens, then my daughter gives heat to everyone, including the neighbors. If a child cries non-stop despite the fact that he is fed, clean, in a dry diaper and in his mother’s arms, then most likely he is worried about his tummy. Various preparations can help here: Semiticone preparations, dill water, special bacteria.

When I was discharged from the hospital, my acquaintances gave me all the necessary things for newborns.

One of the gifts was the drug Lactazar.

BAA Pharmstandard / OTC pharm Lactazar for children

BAA Pharmstandard / OTC pharm Lactazar for children

Information about BAA Pharmstandard / OTC pharm Lactazar for children:

I will clarify right away – Lactazar is sold with the mark “0+” apply from birth.

Manufacturer: OTCPharm JSC, Kursk;

Where to buy: in pharmacies in your city;

I have a pack of 20 capsules. I saw packs of 50 and 100 capsules in pharmacies;

Shelf life: 2 years.

Packing:

The drug is sold in a white cardboard box with a picture of a sleeping baby with a magic wand in his hand.

BAA Pharmstandard / OTC pharm Lactazar for children

BAA Pharmstandard / OTC pharm Lactazar for children

All inscriptions on the box are in blue and blue colors.

The box contains all the necessary information about the product, so I don’t see the point in the instructions, but it is. I will leave a photo of the box, it may be interesting for you to read the information on it:

BAA Pharmstandard / OTC pharm Lactazar for children

The box contains 2 blisters with capsules.

BAA Pharmstandard / OTC pharm Lactazar for children

Each blister contains 10 capsules.

BAA Pharmstandard / OTC pharm Lactazar for children

BAA Pharmstandard / OTC pharm Lactazar for children

Indications for use:

The drug should be taken in case of lactose deficiency, which can manifest itself in the form of increased gas production, colic and irregular stools.

I will leave the instruction in the quote, it is better to read it before use.

BAA Pharmstandard / OTC pharm Lactazar for children

BAA Pharmstandard / OTC pharm Lactazar for children

As I said, colic rarely bothers us, so I did not buy any additional drugs. I decided that suddenly, we will try to cope with the help of Lactazar, and if it does not help, then we will already buy Semiticone preparations.

Application:

I will not say that the drug is inconvenient to use.It is just the most convenient for me to use the drug exactly as the manufacturer recommends. The capsule must be opened, the contents must be poured into previously expressed breast milk or formula. My daughter is mixed-fed, so I don’t see the need to pump, but stir Lactazar in the formula. Moreover, I don’t really want to practice expressing at night, and there are no problems adding the drug to the mixture.

Composition:

Maltodextrin filler – 0.1355 g., lactase enzyme – 0.013 g, medium-chain triglycerides sliding substance – 0.0015; gelatin, colorants: titanium dioxide, quinoline yellow.

The active ingredient is the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose.

Organoleptic:

The drug is presented in the form of oblong yellow capsules.

BAA Pharmstandard / OTC pharm Lactazar for children

The capsules contain a white powder.

BAA Pharmstandard / OTC pharm Lactazar for children

Our experience of use:

Any drugs should be used only after consulting a doctor. And even more so for children.

By the way, sometimes newborns have a temporary enzyme deficiency, which leads to a lack of lactose. But this enzyme deficiency goes away on its own, with the growth of the baby.

Result from application:

I will say right away that we did not have huge problems with the tummy, so we did not use Lactazar often, but only when the child needed help in digesting food.I’m not sure that Lactazar helped exactly with colic, but it is easier for a child to digest food for sure. However, if there is no lactose deficiency, which is confirmed by analyzes, then Lactazar will be superfluous.

I give 4 stars, because it is not clear whether the drug helps or not. Hope that helps.

Thank you for your attention.

20 Natural Approaches to Better Digestion – Blog

We all have ever experienced symptoms of indigestion or stomach discomfort.These symptoms can be associated with indigestion, high acidity in the stomach, acid reflux, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also called gastroesophageal reflux. They all cause a burning sensation in the stomach and possibly in the throat, similar to an acid burn. Dyspepsia can also be caused by gastritis, an inflammation of the stomach. It is believed that the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the main risk factor for developing ulcers and even stomach cancer, which is common in many people with gastritis.

Dyspepsia symptoms:

• stomach pain or a feeling of fullness in the stomach;
• bloating;
• Sour sensation in the throat;
• sore throat;
• chest pain;
• acute or chronic cough;
• Asthma symptoms due to acid splashes into the lungs.

Why do these diseases occur?

Believe it or not, conflicting theories have been put forward regarding the causes of these diseases.Some scientists argue that the stomach produces too much acid, while others believe the opposite is true, that is, there is not enough acid produced. Excess acid is the most common explanation for these diseases. Therefore, the most popular remedy used by most doctors in treating patients with stomach problems is anti-acid medicines.

On the other hand, some scientists believe that a lack of stomach acid is the culprit for the above problems, as it relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the muscle that separates the esophagus from the stomach.When the LPS muscle relaxes, pumping even a small amount of acid into the esophagus creates a sensation of excess acidity. Some experts are of the opinion that the LPS muscle does not contract and does not protect the esophagus from acid reflux when there is a lack of acid.

Tobacco, fat, chocolate, sugar, and certain medications can weaken the NPS muscle. Overeating can also cause food to rise from the stomach back into the esophagus all the way to the throat.

Foods that aggravate the symptoms of indigestion:

• processed food products;
• sweet foods;
• simple carbohydrates;
• chocolate;
• alcohol;
• tomato-based products;
• coffee;
• foods to which a particular person is sensitive, i.e.That is, they are usually dairy and grain products.

General drugs that increase acid reflux

These drugs increase acid reflux symptoms by weakening the LPS muscle:

• Albuterol: Used to treat asthma.
• NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs): ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), Naproxen (Alev, Naprosyn), Diclofenac, Indomethacin and Celecoxib (Selebrex). These medications are useful for short-term pain relief, but can increase the risk of stomach ulcers and stimulate acid reflux.
• Nitroglycerin: Used to treat patients with heart disease and angina symptoms.
• Blood pressure medications such as beta blockers (atenolol, metoprolol, carvedilol) and calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, amlodipine, nifedipine).

* Do not stop taking your medications unless instructed otherwise by your doctor.

Lifestyle changes that may relieve acid reflux symptoms

• Avoid foods that increase acid reflux (different foods may cause this effect).
• If you smoke, QUIT!
• Sleep on your left side. Sleeping on your right side can make your symptoms worse.
• Raise the head of the bed 15–20 centimeters.
• Avoid excessive alcohol consumption. Men should drink no more than two servings of alcohol a day, and women should not have more than one.
• Avoid and / or limit the use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or naproxen (Alev), unless absolutely necessary.If you do take this drug, take it with food. If you need to relieve pain, consider using acetaminophen (Tylenol) as its active ingredient, acetaminophen, will not upset your stomach and increase your risk of stomach ulcers. Many people also benefit from natural anti-inflammatories such as omega-3 fish oil and turmeric, so you should consider using them.

Medicines commonly used to treat acid reflux

These drugs are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), namely: omeprazole (prilosec or prilosec OTC), esomeprazole (nexium), rabeprazole (AsipHex), lansoprazole (prevacid), dexlansoprazole (dexilant ) .

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are often used to combat acid reflux discomfort. Most people should take them for a short time.

Cases in which the use of drugs to reduce acidity is recommended

• When symptomatic acid reflux cannot be relieved by dietary changes, these drugs should be used within four to eight weeks (unless otherwise directed).
• These drugs should be taken for six to twelve weeks to heal stomach ulcers. A bleeding stomach ulcer can be life-threatening, so the benefits of taking these drugs outweigh the risks.
• Patients with a precancerous condition in the esophagus called Barrett’s esophagus should also take PPIs regularly. This condition is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer in one to four percent of patients. PPI medications can help prevent cancer progression.
• These drugs should also be taken if your doctor has diagnosed a rare condition, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, in which excess acid is released. People suffering from this disease usually need to take medications throughout their lives.

Side effects of acid-reducing drugs

When taken regularly, proton pump inhibitors reduce the body’s ability to break down dietary protein.Proteins in the presence of stomach acid are broken down into amino acids, which are processed by our body and form other proteins and brain chemicals such as dopamine and serotonin.

This class of medications reduces the absorption of vitamins such as vitamin B12, vitamin C and folic acid. PPIs also reduce the absorption of minerals such as iron, calcium, and magnesium.

In 2011, the FDA warned that magnesium levels in the body could drop to dangerous levels in people who regularly use these drugs.Low magnesium levels can cause muscle cramps and heart palpitations. Magnesium is essential for our body and helps enzymes carry out over 350 chemical reactions. Decreased absorption of calcium and magnesium increases the risk of osteoporosis. In addition, a 2016 study found an increased risk of acute renal failure in people taking these drugs, while other studies suggest that these drugs also increase the risk of dementia.

People taking acid-lowering medications, especially PPIs, may need to gradually reduce their dose, as abrupt discontinuation may worsen acid reflux. Most people reduce their dose by taking the medication every other day for two to four weeks until symptoms resolve. Do not stop taking this medicine without talking to your doctor.

Essential Supplements to Help Improve Digestion

Betaine HCL

Assuming a person is having digestive problems due to insufficient acid production, it may be beneficial to consume betaine HCL (hydrochloric acid) up to three times a day.Betaine HCL is also beneficial for patients with low acidity levels and therefore a reduced ability to digest proteins. This conclusion is reached in a study, the results of which are published in Molecular Pharmaceutics . A 2014 study yielded similar results. This drug should NOT be taken by people with stomach ulcers or Barrett’s esophagus. Stop taking the supplement if you feel uncomfortable.

In a 2017 study, patients with acid reflux received a supplement with betaine HCL and pepsin.The results showed that the patients had improved reflux symptoms. In turn, a 2017 study of diseases of the digestive tract confirmed that taking these drugs may be useful in the treatment of such diseases.

Digestive enzymes

Digestive Enzymes: Pancreatin, bromelain and papain can also aid the digestive process and can be taken as a supplement before meals. Recommended Dose: Take as directed on the label.

Minor additives to help improve digestion

DHS (deglycyrrhizated licorice)

The benefits of DHS have been confirmed by various studies over the past several decades. A 1968 study showed that this natural drug cured stomach ulcers and intestinal ulcers. In turn, a 1978 study published in British Medical Journal showed that DHS may also be helpful in preventing stomach ulcers.

Vitamin C

Studies show low levels of antioxidants such as vitamin C in the stomachs of patients with stomach ulcers. Low vitamin C levels in the stomach are also a risk factor for stomach cancer. Taking supplements can be helpful to provide additional digestive support. The recommended dose is 500-2000 mg per day.

Turmeric

Turmeric, also known as Curcuma longa and Indian Saffron, is a root vegetable from the ginger family that is often consumed for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as its ability to improve the health of the digestive tract.Curcumin, a chemical in turmeric, is believed to have many health benefits. Although many people have used turmeric as a food condiment in the past 4,000 years, it has played an important role in naturopathy as well.

A 2001 study found that turmeric can help heal stomach and intestinal ulcers after four weeks. In turn, a 2005 study showed that turmeric can reduce excessive gastric acid secretion by blocking H2 receptors.Prescription drugs to lower acidity, such as famotidine and ranitidine, work in a similar way. Finally, according to a 2016 study, turmeric may also help reduce acid reflux symptoms. The recommended dose of turmeric is 500 mg two to three times a day.

Cayenne pepper

Red pepper contains the active ingredient capsaicin. Ironically, research has shown the therapeutic benefits of cayenne pepper for digestion. For example, according to a 2002 study, red pepper may be better at relieving symptoms of indigestion than a placebo pill.The recommended dose is indicated on the label.

Probiotics

Probiotics is a category of supplements with healthy bacteria. The most commonly used strains are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium . It is very important to restore the balance of bacteria and ensure their harmonious interaction with the digestive system. A 2016 study confirmed that there is an imbalance in gut bacteria in patients with dyspepsia. In turn, a 2017 study published in British Medical Journal showed that restoring the population of beneficial bacteria in the stomach and intestines using probiotics may be beneficial for patients with symptoms caused by dyspepsia. …You might also consider taking prebiotic supplements that stimulate the growth of healthy bacteria. The recommended dosage is 5 to 100 billion units per day.

Other additives and foods that have proven beneficial effects on the digestive process include essential fatty acids, chamomile tea, apple cider vinegar, and lemon juice.

Herbs to help improve digestion

In his book Why Stomach Acid Is Good for You Dr. Jonathan Wright lists bitter herbs that have been shown to be beneficial for digestion and stimulate the secretion of digestive juices necessary for healthy digestion.If dietary changes and the use of various supplements listed above have not helped improve your health, you can try the following herbs:

A healthy digestive system is very important for overall health

The breakdown of food begins in the mouth and continues in the stomach. Once digested in the stomach, nutrients can be absorbed by our small intestine. Our diet and the microbiomes of gut bacteria strongly influence the efficiency of our digestion.When dietary and lifestyle changes are not enough to improve digestion, medications are often used and can prove to be quite beneficial. In addition, supplements and herbs can help restore balance to the digestive system and ensure optimal health. Eat healthy food, think healthy and be healthy!

References:

1. Yago MAR, Frymoyer AR, Smelick GS, et al. Gastric Re-acidification with Betaine HCl in Healthy Volunteers with Rabeprazole-Induced Hypochlorhydria.Molecular pharmaceutics. 2013; 10 (11): 4032-4037. doi: 10.1021 / mp4003738.
2. Yago MR, Frymoyer A, Benet LZ, et al. The Use of Betaine HCl to Enhance Dasatinib Absorption in Healthy Volunteers with Rabeprazole-Induced Hypochlorhydria. The AAPS Journal. 2014; 16 (6): 1358-1365. doi: 10.1208 / s12248-014-9673-9.
3. Forssmann K, Meier L, Uehleke B, Breuer C, Stange R. A non-interventional, observational study of a fixed combination of pepsin and amino acid hydrochloride in patients with functional dyspepsia.BMC Gastroenterology. 2017; 17: 123. doi: 10.1186 / s12876-017-0675-9.
4. Digestive Disease. 2017 Oct 5.doi: 10.1159 / 000481399. [Epub ahead of print]
5. Tewari SN, Trembalowicz FC. Some experience with deglycyrrhizinated liquorice in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers with special reference to its spasmolytic effect. Gut. 1968; 9 (1): 48-51.
6. Hollanders D, Green G, Woolf IL, et al. Prophylaxis with deglycyrrhizinised liquorice in patients with healed gastric ulcer.British Medical Journal. 1978; 1 (6106): 148.
7. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2000 Jun; 30 (4): 381-5.
8. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001 Mar; 32 (1): 208-15.
9. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Dec; 28 (12): 2220-4.
10. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2016 Aug; 66 (8): 444-8. doi: 10.1055 / s-0042-109394. Epub 2016 Jun 28.
11. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Jun; 16 (6): 1075-82.
12. Nakae H, Tsuda A, Matsuoka T, Mine T, Koga Y. Gastric microbiota in the functional dyspepsia patients treated with probiotic yogurt.BMJ Open Gastroenterology. 2016; 3 (1): e000109. doi: 10.1136 / bmjgast-2016-000109.
13. Igarashi M, Nakae H, Matsuoka T, et al. Alteration in the gastric microbiota and its restoration by probiotics in patients with functional dyspepsia. BMJ Open Gastroenterology. 2017; 4 (1): e000144. doi: 10.1136 / bmjgast-2017-000144.

Edema of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract. How to deal with it? | A.V. Gurov

For citation: Gurov A.B. Edema of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract. How to deal with it? Breast cancer. 2009; 19: 1254.

In normal practice, in everyday life, rhinitis – an inflammation of the nasal mucosa is often called a runny nose. Despite the obvious similarity or even synonymy of these terms, they still have a difference: if the term “rhinitis” defines inflammation of the nasal mucosa (that is, the mechanism of development of the disease), then the term “runny nose” more defines the symptoms of inflammation (in this case, we are talking about phase of exudation, accompanied by the appearance of serous discharge).

Rhinitis is rarely an independent disease. Most often, a runny nose is a symptom of some other nosological form. A runny nose is observed with various acute respiratory viral infections or acute respiratory infections (influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus infection, measles, etc.). Acute respiratory diseases are the most common in the structure of infectious diseases. In Russia, about 50 million cases of infectious diseases are annually registered, of which up to 90% of cases are acute respiratory viral infections.With the pathology of the ENT organs, the mucous membrane with its glandular cells suffers first of all. The main etiological factors in the development of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract are viral and bacterial infection. The mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is a very favorable environment for the development of a wide variety of microorganisms: bacteria, viruses and fungi. Therefore, infectious diseases are the most common diseases in the field of ENT organs pathology. At the moment when the body’s defenses weaken, due to hypothermia, exposure to cold and moisture, drafts, and also due to the presence of pathogenic factors, virulent microorganisms, penetrating into the mucous membrane, cause edema, as well as an increase in the production of secretion of the mucous glands and desquamation of the epithelium.Most often, rhinitis is observed during periods of sharp temperature fluctuations, which is associated with a change in the virulence (degree of pathogenicity) of microorganisms, as well as with the hypothermia factor. A particularly pronounced reaction of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity is observed when the feet are cooled. This is due to the presence of reflexogenic connections between the feet and the nasal mucosa.
As a result, the natural anastomoses of the paranasal sinuses are blocked by the edematous mucous membrane and pathological secretions.In this case, the emerging block of fistulas complicates the transport of secretion from the sinuses. A similar situation develops when the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx is damaged, leading to blockage of the pharyngeal openings of the auditory tube. Stagnation of secretions, impaired ventilation and the associated phenomena of hypoxia are the starting point for the activation of the saprophytic flora. Thus, the initial viral infection is replaced by a bacterial one, and the primary bacterial pathology can be complicated by the addition of the associative flora, which will lead to an aggravation of the course of the disease.
Such frequent diseases of the respiratory tract are explained by a variety of etiological factors (influenza viruses, parainfluenza, adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, reoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus), as well as the ease of transmission of the pathogen from one person to another. In addition to viruses, damage to the upper respiratory tract can be caused by bacterial agents, as well as intracellular pathogens – mycoplasma, chlamydia and legionella. Despite progress in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases, etiotropic therapy for viral pathology remains insufficiently developed.In this regard, the decisive importance in the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections still belongs to the timely use of symptomatic and pathogenetic agents aimed at suppressing the mechanisms of the development of clinical manifestations and alleviating the symptoms of the disease. The causative agents of ARVI have a tropism for the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract. When they penetrate into the epithelial cells, a local inflammatory reaction develops. Absorption into the systemic circulation of cellular decay products leads to systemic toxic manifestations.The result is a symptom complex typical for ARVI: a combination of local (runny nose, cough, nasal congestion, pain or sore throat, change in voice tone) and general toxic (headache, weakness, lethargy, fever, muscle pain) reactions.
Infectious rhinitis is the most common symptom of various infections (infectious diseases) that involve the upper respiratory tract. At the same time, in addition to the runny nose itself, the patient also complains of other symptoms characteristic of a particular disease.Often, simultaneously with a runny nose, a headache appears, body temperature rises, a feeling of fatigue and weakness appears. The development of infectious rhinitis is determined by the direct aggressive action of pathogenic microbes (bacteria or viruses) on the nasal mucosa. As mentioned above, the nasal mucosa is the first barrier to protect the respiratory tract, therefore hundreds or even thousands of microbes are deposited on the nasal mucosa every second. Most of these microorganisms are representatives of saprophytic microflora and do not cause any harm to humans, while others are capable of provoking the development of an infectious disease (pathogenic, pathogenic microbes).With infectious rhinitis, the multiplication of microbes on the nasal mucosa leads to its damage and exfoliation of the upper part of the epithelium. This process explains all the manifestations of the common cold: a burning sensation in the nose, the outflow of mucus (exudate), nasal congestion, voice changes (nasalness), etc. inflammation. Sputum flow from the nose is the main defense mechanism for a cold: pathogenic microbes are excreted from the body with sputum.
At the same time, the main phases of the inflammatory process are clearly replaced. So, getting with the inhaled air on the nasal mucosa, viruses penetrate the surface cells that have cilia, and develop there within 1-3 days. Normally, the cilia perform oscillatory movements, due to which there is a mechanical cleansing of the nose from foreign agents, which protects the body from possible adhesion and invasion of microorganisms. Viruses, getting on the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and reproducing in its cells, causing alteration, sharply violate its integrity.The reproduction of viruses is accompanied by a cytopathic effect, the severity of which is due to the characteristics of the pathogen. In this case, inflammation develops in the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, accompanied by a sharp vasodilation with an increase in the permeability of the vascular wall and increased exudation. The phenomena of acidosis are increasing, conditions are created for the attachment of a secondary bacterial infection, which is the cause of complications of acute rhinitis. In this case, in addition to the nasal mucosa, the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses, as well as the middle ear, can be affected.
The first stage (dry irritation) develops quickly, lasting from several hours to 2 days. The mucous membrane turns pale due to vasoconstriction, dryness, burning sensation in the nasal cavity, repeated sneezing are noted. This is followed by the second stage – serous discharge, which is characterized by the release of transudative fluid rich in inflammatory mediators, which lasts on average from 2 to 3 days. In acute inflammation, exudative processes predominate. Initially, in the early stages of inflammation, the exudate is serous, then muco-serous.This increases the permeability of the capillaries and develops edema of the mucous membrane; there is a sharp expansion of blood vessels, redness of the mucous membrane and swelling of the nasal concha. Difficulty nasal breathing is noted, with a viral infection, abundant transparent watery discharge from the nose, decreased sense of smell, watery eyes, congestion of the ears and a nasal tone of voice. The mucous membrane of the nose is bright red. The beginning of the third stage is due to the release of blood cells into the inflammation focus and corresponds to the stage of proliferation of the inflammatory reaction.Most often, the third stage is characterized by the attachment of bacterial pathogens, which normally vegetate on the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, making up the so-called transient microflora. With the addition of a bacterial infection, the discharge from the nose becomes purulent, containing a large number of leukocytes and detritus. The general condition of patients, as a rule, improves, nasal breathing and smell are gradually restored, but nasal discharge becomes yellow or green and thicker.The color of the nasal mucosa gradually approaches normal, and the lumen of the nasal passages gradually expands.
The entire cycle of the disease is completed in 7-10 days. Individual stages can be more or less pronounced or completely absent, if no viral or bacterial infection occurs. In some cases, with good immunity and promptly started treatment, recovery is possible within 2-3 days; with a weakened state of the body’s defenses and insufficient treatment, rhinitis can take up to 3-4 weeks, become chronic, or lead to the development of complications.
In addition to infectious diseases, in industrialized countries, at present, from 10 to 20% of the population suffer from acute allergic diseases. Since the entire body is a single whole, in the event of damage to the mucous membrane of one organ, the process can easily spread to other organs and tissues. Observing the manifestation of pathology in a separate organ or system, it is necessary to constantly remember about the possibility of the spread of the process and the development of various local and general complications.In addition, in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, along with local and general effects of the pathogen, sensitization of the body and immunological changes directly in the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses play a role.
The nasal mucosa is the area that is exposed to a wide variety of foreign particles. Molecules of allergens extremely quickly cause an allergic reaction, as a result of which sneezing, itching in the nasal cavity, rhinorrhea occur within a minute after the penetration of allergens.In allergic rhinitis, the developing reactions are of the immediate type. Their mechanism consists in a sequence of stages replacing each other. The reaction is triggered by the interaction of the allergen with allergic antibodies related to IgE. The interaction of the allergen with IgE occurs on the mast cells of the connective tissue and basophils. This is followed by the release of biochemical mediators from mast cells and basophils. Histamine is the most important substance released from neurotransmitter cells in allergic nasal pathologies.It has a variety of effects. First, a direct effect on cellular histamine receptors, which is the main cause of swelling and nasal congestion. Secondly, histamine has an indirect reflex effect, which leads to sneezing. Thirdly, histamine causes increased epithelial permeability and hypersecretion. All these factors together lead to pronounced swelling of the mucous membrane and blockage of the sinuses and the auditory tube. There are necessary prerequisites for the development of an already infectious pathological process in the ENT organs.
Exhaust gases, chemical and dust irritants, tobacco smoking, unfavorable meteorological conditions can also act as other etiological factors of damage to the mucous membrane. Delicate epithelial tissue is most susceptible to adverse environmental influences. In the city, directly at the surface of the earth, the highest concentration of all types of xenobiotics is found – free radical compounds, carcinogens, salts of heavy metals, all types of allergens, and, of course, pathogenic microorganisms.The mucous membrane of the nose, mouth and pharynx is in constant contact with the inhaled air and thus is exposed to harmful environmental factors, which leads to its edema. In any case, conditions arise in which the nasal mucosa becomes easily infected, reacting with the appearance of significant edema.
In the treatment of acute rhinitis, the main role is played by nasal decongestants. Nasal decongestants (from congestion – stagnation) is a group of drugs that cause vasoconstriction of the vessels of the nasal mucosa.As a-adrenomimetics, nasal decongestants cause stimulation of adrenergic receptors of smooth muscles of the vascular wall with the development of reversible spasm. Regulation of nasal resistance is provided by its own autonomic innervation of the anatomical structures of the nasal cavity. Depending on the parameters of the inhaled air (temperature, humidity), autonomic mechanisms regulate the blood filling of the vessels of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and cavernous bodies of the nasal concha, as well as the amount and physicochemical properties of secreted mucus.So, it is known that parasympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation and an increase in blood circulation in the mucous membrane, with an increase in the amount and decrease in the viscosity of mucus. Conversely, with sympathetic stimulation, vasoconstriction and a decrease in blood circulation in the mucous membrane develop.
Despite the difference in the pathogenetic mechanisms of these phenomena, they have in common symptomatic therapy with nasal decongestants. Nasal decongestants quickly and effectively eliminate the symptoms of nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, which is due to their high popularity among the population.Most decongestants are sold over the counter, and many patients use them on their own without first consulting a doctor. It is with this that a large number of complications and prejudice of specialists towards this group of drugs are associated. It is important to remember that most vasoconstrictors are not recommended for long courses, more than 7 days in a row. Do not exceed the doses indicated in the annotation, especially for drugs in the form of nasal drops, which are difficult to dose.
Currently, this group of drugs is represented very widely on the domestic drug market, and it is often very difficult for patients to make a choice between them. One of these drugs is the well-known and well-proven topical vasoconstrictor Otrivin, which differs in its properties from other a-adrenomimetics. Otrivin is a dosage form of xylometazoline with moisturizing ingredients.
Otrivin contains sorbitol, which is used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and has the properties of a moisturizer, normalizing the level of fluid in the mucous membrane, while preventing dryness and irritation, and exerting an emollient effect on the mucous membrane, as well as methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, which increases the moisturizing effect by increasing the viscosity of the solution.
The advantage of the drug Otrivin is its high efficiency, which allows you to actively relieve nasal congestion due to narrowing of the blood vessels of the mucous membrane, without irritating it and without disrupting the function of the ciliated epithelium of the nasopharynx. It has a long (up to 12 hours) effect, and it can be used for up to 2 weeks for chronic or prolonged rhinitis. Thus, the drug has a unique prolonged vasoconstrictor effect.
More recently, a fundamentally new drug, Otrivin More, has appeared on pharmacy shelves, the main advantage of which is its composition itself.The product is an isotonic solution consisting of ocean water from Brittany, extracted in the ecologically clean area of ​​the Atlantic Ocean, enriched with natural trace elements and minerals, which provides the most gentle and physiological care for the nasal cavity. Thanks to this composition, Otrivin More is ideal for protecting the nasal mucosa from the unfavorable conditions of the city, as well as for facilitating nasal breathing during illness. Otrivin More ensures the rapid elimination of pathogens and allergens, that is, it significantly reduces their concentration and promotes mechanical cleansing of the surface of the nasal mucosa.In addition, Otrivin More stimulates the cells of the ciliated epithelium, helps to normalize mucus production and liquefy it, and also enhances local immunity. An important advantage of the drug is the absence of any systemic effect on the patient’s body, which is extremely important for people suffering from various somatic diseases and who are afraid of taking traditional topical vasoconstrictors because of the risk of side effects. In addition, the patient has the opportunity to reduce the dosage of other drugs used for complex treatment and accelerate recovery.
Otrivin More can be used both for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes and for daily hygiene of the nasal cavity. The novelty does not contain preservatives and additional chemical ingredients. The main indications for prescribing the drug are acute rhinitis (including allergic rhinitis) and nasal congestion. With a runny nose and allergies, Otrivin More facilitates breathing, delicately mechanically cleansing the nasal passages, and also has a certain antibacterial effect. In addition, the agent can be used for hygiene of the nasal cavity before using other drugs.For prevention purposes, it is possible to use the drug Otrivin More during the period of epidemics of various viral diseases, preventing the development of various forms of the infectious process on the nasal mucosa. The drug can also be used for the hygiene of the nasal cavity, effectively cleansing the nasal mucosa and gently moisturizing it.
It is no secret that many nasal preparations cause discomfort when taken, which is associated with irritation of the nasal mucosa. Otrivin More is free from this side effect.By washing the nasal cavity, the drug removes dust, bacteria and secretions and prevents it from drying out, thereby protecting it from the irritating effects of external factors, which is especially important for people working in rooms with excessively dry air (for example, where air conditioners are installed or near heating devices), who are familiar with the unpleasant sensation in the nasal cavity.
The form of release of the drug is of great importance. When using nasal drops, most of the injected solution flows down the bottom of the nasal cavity into the pharynx.In this case, the required therapeutic effect is not achieved. In this regard, the appointment of metered aerosols looks much more advantageous. A unique feature of Otrivin More is the release in the form of a nasal spray equipped with a unique anatomical tip. The curved shape of the nozzle allows you to evenly and accurately irrigate the nasal mucosa and reach even its most inaccessible areas. Thanks to this design, the product moisturizes the nasal cavity and thoroughly cleanses it, ensuring comfortable breathing throughout the day.The advantages of the spray also include uniform irrigation of the nasal mucosa, the ability to reach the uppermost parts of the nasal cavity, and economy.
All of the above allows us to assert that the drug Otrivin More is a reliable remedy that cleanses the nasal mucosa in adults and children, restoring its physiological function without causing it to dry out and having a persistent long-term effect, thereby preventing the development of formidable complications and at the same time carefully affecting it structural components.

Content available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.