What is sebaceous adenitis. How is sebaceous adenitis diagnosed. What are the treatment options for sebaceous adenitis. How does sebaceous adenitis affect different body parts. What are the potential complications of sebaceous adenitis.

Understanding Sebaceous Adenitis: An Overview

Sebaceous adenitis is a rare inflammatory skin condition that affects the sebaceous glands. These glands are responsible for producing sebum, an oily substance that lubricates and protects the skin and hair. The condition is characterized by inflammation of the sebaceous glands, which can lead to various symptoms depending on the affected area.

Sebaceous adenitis can occur in both humans and animals, particularly dogs. In humans, it has been observed on the face and vulva, while in dogs, it presents with different symptoms such as dandruff and hair loss.

The Role of Sebaceous Glands in Skin Health

Sebaceous glands play a crucial role in maintaining skin health. They are found throughout the body, with the highest concentration on the scalp and face. These glands secrete sebum, which serves several important functions:

• Lubricating the skin and hair
• Waterproofing the skin
• Protecting the skin from drying out
• Providing a barrier against infection

Sebaceous glands are most active before birth and after puberty, continuing to produce sebum throughout adulthood in men and until menopause in women. In most cases, these glands drain into hair follicles, but in hairless areas such as the eyelids, lips, nipples, penis, and vulva, they drain directly onto the skin surface.

Exploring the Causes of Sebaceous Adenitis

The exact cause of sebaceous adenitis remains unknown. However, several factors have been identified that may contribute to its development:

1. Sun exposure: This is particularly relevant for facial rashes associated with sebaceous adenitis.
2. Hormonal influences: This factor may play a role, especially in females with vulval lesions.
3. Innate immune system: Non-allergic inflammation may be involved in the development of sebaceous adenitis.
4. Genetic factors: In canines, sebaceous adenitis is believed to have an autoimmune origin and may be hereditary.

Is sebaceous adenitis caused by infection? Contrary to what one might assume, infection has not been shown to cause sebaceous adenitis. This distinguishes it from other inflammatory skin conditions that are often associated with bacterial or fungal infections.

Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of Sebaceous Adenitis

The signs and symptoms of sebaceous adenitis can vary depending on the affected area. Let’s explore the two main types observed in humans:

Facial Sebaceous Adenitis

Facial sebaceous adenitis is characterized by:

• Asymptomatic rash
• Recurrent nature
• Erythematous (red) appearance
• Annular (ring-shaped) pattern

This form of sebaceous adenitis can affect both males and females and is often associated with sun exposure.

Vulval Sebaceous Adenitis

Vulval sebaceous adenitis presents with different symptoms:

• Recurrent tender papules or nodules
• Located on the mucosal aspect of the labia minora (inner lips of the vulva)
• Possible expression of pus from the papules
• Onset after puberty
• Lesions may recur for years

How does vulval sebaceous adenitis differ from other vulval conditions? It’s important to distinguish vulval sebaceous adenitis from other conditions such as hidradenitis suppurativa (which occurs on hair-bearing skin), inflamed Bartholin cysts, and genital Crohn’s disease. Proper diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment.

Diagnostic Approaches for Sebaceous Adenitis

Diagnosing sebaceous adenitis can be challenging due to its rarity and similarity to other skin conditions. The diagnostic process typically involves:

1. Clinical examination: A thorough examination of the affected area and assessment of symptoms.
2. Bacterial and viral swabs: These are taken to rule out infectious causes.
3. Biopsy: A small sample of the affected skin is examined under a microscope.

What does a biopsy reveal in cases of sebaceous adenitis? A biopsy typically shows an inflammatory infiltrate around and within sebaceous glands. In some cases, focal necrosis (cell death) of sebocytes (cells that produce sebum) may be observed.

Treatment Strategies for Sebaceous Adenitis

Due to the rarity of sebaceous adenitis, the optimal treatment approach is not well-established. Treatment strategies may vary depending on the location and severity of the condition. Here are some options that have been used in reported cases:

Treatment for Facial Sebaceous Adenitis

• Sun protection: Minimizing sun exposure and using appropriate sunscreen
• Topical steroids: To reduce inflammation
• Antibiotics: To prevent secondary infections
• Hydroxychloroquine: An antimalarial drug that may help in some cases

Treatment for Vulval Sebaceous Adenitis

• Hormonal treatment: Using medications such as spironolactone and/or ethinyl estradiol/cyproterone acetate
• Topical antibiotics: Such as clindamycin
• Oral antibiotics: Such as doxycycline

Can sebaceous adenitis be cured permanently? It’s important to note that sebaceous adenitis may recur when treatment is stopped. Long-term management and follow-up with a dermatologist may be necessary for optimal control of the condition.

The Impact of Sebaceous Adenitis on Quality of Life

While sebaceous adenitis is not a life-threatening condition, it can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. The recurrent nature of the condition, along with its visible symptoms, can lead to:

• Physical discomfort
• Emotional distress
• Self-consciousness
• Anxiety about recurrence

How can patients cope with the psychological impact of sebaceous adenitis? Seeking support from healthcare providers, joining support groups, and practicing stress-reduction techniques can help manage the emotional aspects of living with this condition.

Sebaceous Adenitis in Animals: A Comparative Perspective

While this article primarily focuses on sebaceous adenitis in humans, it’s worth noting that the condition is more commonly observed and studied in animals, particularly dogs. In canines, sebaceous adenitis presents with different symptoms:

• Dandruff
• Hair loss
• Scaly skin
• Secondary skin infections

The condition in dogs is believed to have an autoimmune origin and may be hereditary in certain breeds. Treatment approaches for canine sebaceous adenitis often include medicated shampoos, oral medications, and dietary supplements.

What can we learn from the study of sebaceous adenitis in animals? Research into the condition in animals may provide valuable insights that could potentially be applied to better understand and treat the condition in humans.

Future Directions in Sebaceous Adenitis Research

Given the rarity of sebaceous adenitis and the limited understanding of its underlying mechanisms, there is significant scope for future research in this area. Some potential areas of focus include:

1. Genetic studies: To identify potential hereditary factors in human cases
2. Immunological research: To better understand the role of the immune system in the development of the condition
3. Treatment trials: To establish more effective and targeted therapies
4. Long-term studies: To assess the natural history of the condition and the effectiveness of various management strategies

How might advances in dermatological research benefit patients with sebaceous adenitis? As our understanding of skin biology and inflammatory processes improves, it’s likely that new treatment options will emerge, potentially offering better outcomes for those affected by this rare condition.

In conclusion, sebaceous adenitis remains a challenging condition to diagnose and treat. While it is rare, it can significantly impact those affected. Ongoing research and clinical observations will be crucial in improving our understanding and management of this condition. If you suspect you may have sebaceous adenitis, it’s important to consult with a dermatologist for proper diagnosis and personalized treatment recommendations.

Sebaceous adenitis | DermNet

Author: Dr Amanda Oakley, Dermatologist, Hamilton, New Zealand, June 2014.

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What is sebaceous adenitis?

Sebeceous adenitis is a skin disease in which inflammation of sebaceous glands is found on histopathological examination of the affected skin.

Sebaceous adenitis has rarely been described on the face in males and females and on the vulva of women. It has been more commonly described in dogs, which present with quite different symptoms – dandruff and hair loss.

What are sebaceous glands?

Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, an oily substance, to lubricate the skin and hair. This helps waterproof the skin and protect it from drying out and from infection. The greatest number of sebaceous glands is found on the scalp and face. There are none on the palms and soles. Sebaceous glands are most active before birth and after puberty, continuing to excrete sebum until menopause in women and throughout adult life in men.

Sebaceous glands usually drain into the hair follicle. Sebaceous glands in hairless skin (eg eyelids, lips, nipples, penis and vulva) drain directly onto the skin surface.

What causes sebaceous adenitis?

The exact cause of sebaceous adenitis is not known. The following may play a role in its development:

• Sun exposure (facial rash)
• Hormones (females with vulval lesions)
• Innate immune system (non-allergic inflammation)

Sebaceous adenitis in canines is autoimmune in origin, and may be hereditary.

Infection has not been shown to cause sebaceous adenitis.

What are the signs and symptoms of sebaceous adenitis?

Facial sebaceous adenitis

Facial sebaceous adenitis has been described as an asymptomatic, recurrent, erythematous (red), annular (ring-shaped) rash affecting males and females.

Vulval sebaceous adenitis

Vulval sebaceous adenitis is characterised by recurrent tender papules or nodules on the mucosal aspect of the labia minora – these are the hairless inner lips of the vulva of women. Pus may be expressed from the papules. Sebaceous adenitis occurs afer puberty and lesions may recur for years.

Vulval sebaceous adenitis

Vulval sebaceous adenitis

How is sebaceous adenitis diagnosed?

The diagnosis may be suspected clinically in a typical case with negative culture of bacterial and viral swabs. Vulval sebaceous adenitis should be distinguished from hidradenitis suppurativa (on hair-bearing skin), inflamed Bartholin cyst and genital Crohn disease.

Biopsy of a papule shows an inflammatory infiltrate around and within sebaceous glands. There may be focal necrosis (death) of sebocytes (the cells that produce sebum).

What is the treatment for sebaceous adenitis?

As the disorder has rarely been described, the best treatment is uncertain. Sebaceous adenitis may recur when treatment is stopped. The following treatments have used in reported cases.

Facial sebaceous adenitis

• Sun protection
• Topical steroids
• Antibiotics
• Hydroxychloroquine

Vulval sebaceous adenitis

• Hormonal treatment using spironolactone and/or ethinyl oestrodiol/cyproterone acetate
• Topical antibiotics eg clindamycin
• Oral antibiotics eg doxycycline

References

• Dixit S, Olsson A, Fischer G. A case series of 11 patients with hormone-responsive sebaceous adenitis of the labia minora. Australas J Dermatol. 2014 Feb;55(1):80–3. doi: 10.1111/ajd.12066. PubMed
• Ram-Wolff C, Halabi-Tawil M, Vignon-Pennamen MD, Bagot M, Petit A. [Neutrophilic sebaceous adenitis in a woman]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2013 Nov;140(11):708–12. doi: 10.1016/j.annder.2013.07.004. PubMed
• Sanz Trelles A, Gómez Moyano E. A new case of neutrophilic sebaceous adenitis: A photodermatosis? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 May;60(5):887–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008. 11.004. PubMed PMID: 19389541.
• Martins C, Tellechea O, Mariano A, Baptista AP. Sebaceous adenitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997 May;36(5 Pt 2):845–6. PubMed

On DermNet NZ

• Facial skin problems
• Genital skin conditions

Books about skin diseases

• Books about the skin
• Dermatology Made Easy book

Sebaceous Cyst: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Sebaceous Cyst: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

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Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb, DNP, APRN, WHNP-BC, FAANP — By Lydia Krause — Updated on February 7, 2023

A sebaceous cyst is typically benign. But you may choose to have a doctor remove it for cosmetic reasons.

Sebaceous cysts are common, noncancerous cysts of the skin. Cysts are atypical growths in your body that may contain liquid or semiliquid material.

Sebaceous cysts are mostly found on your face, neck, or torso. They grow slowly and aren’t life threatening, but they may become uncomfortable if they go unchecked.

Doctors usually diagnose a cyst with only a physical examination and your medical history.

In some cases, a cyst will be examined more thoroughly for signs of cancer.

Share on PinterestSebaceous Cyst at the upper back. Casa nayafana/Shutterstock

Sebaceous cysts form out of your sebaceous gland. The sebaceous gland produces the oil (called sebum) that coats your hair and skin.

Cysts can develop if the gland or its duct (the passage from which the oil is able to leave) becomes damaged or blocked. This usually occurs due to trauma to the area.

The trauma may be a scratch, a surgical wound, or a skin condition, such as acne. Sebaceous cysts grow slowly, so the trauma may have occurred weeks or months before you notice the cyst.

Other causes of a sebaceous cyst may include:

• misshapen or deformed ducts
• damage to the cells during surgery
• genetic conditions, such as Gardner’s syndrome or basal cell nevus syndrome

Small cysts are typically not painful. Large cysts can range from uncomfortable to considerably painful. Large cysts on the face and neck may cause pressure and pain.

This type of cyst is typically filled with white flakes of keratin, which is also a key element that makes up your skin and nails. Most cysts are soft to the touch.

Areas on the body where cysts are usually found include:

• scalp
• face
• neck
• back

A sebaceous cyst is considered atypical — and possibly cancerous — if it has the following characteristics:

• a diameter that’s larger than 5 centimeters
• a fast rate of reoccurrence after being removed
• signs of infection, such as redness, pain, or pus drainage

Your doctor can treat a cyst by draining it or by surgically removing it. Usually, cysts are removed. This doesn’t mean they’re dangerous — it may be for cosmetic reasons.

Since most cysts aren’t harmful to your health, your doctor will allow you to choose the treatment option that works for you.

It’s important to remember that without surgical removal, your cyst will usually come back. The best treatment to ensure complete removal is surgery. However, some people may decide against surgery because it can cause scarring.

Your doctor may use one of the following methods to remove your cyst:

• Conventional wide excision. This completely removes a cyst but can leave a long scar.
• Minimal excision. A method that causes minimal scarring but carries a risk that the cyst will return.
• Laser with punch biopsy excision. This uses a laser to make a small hole to drain the cyst of its contents (the outer walls of the cyst are removed about a month later).

After your cyst is removed, your doctor may give you an antibiotic ointment to prevent infection. You should use this until the healing process is complete. You may also be given a scar cream to reduce the appearance of any surgical scars.

Doctors often diagnose a sebaceous cyst after a simple physical examination. If your cyst is atypical, your doctor may order additional tests to rule out possible cancers. You may also need these tests if you wish to have the cyst surgically removed.

Common tests used for a sebaceous cyst include:

• CT scans, which help your doctor spot atypical characteristics and find the best route for surgery
• ultrasounds, which identify the contents of the cyst
• punch biopsy, which involves removal of a small amount of tissue from the cyst to be examined in a laboratory for signs of cancer

Sebaceous cysts are generally not cancerous. Cysts left untreated can become very large and may eventually require surgical removal if they become uncomfortable.

If you have a complete surgical removal, the cyst will most likely not return in the future.

In rare cases, the removal site may become infected. Contact your doctor if your skin shows any signs of infection, such as redness and pain, or if you develop a fever. Most infections will go away with antibiotics, but some can be deadly if untreated.

Last medically reviewed on December 6, 2021

How we reviewed this article:

Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.

• Hoover E, et al. (2020). Physiology, sebaceous glands.
  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499819/
• Zito PM, et al. (2021). Epidermoid cyst.
  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499974/

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

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Feb 7, 2023

Written By

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Edited By

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Dec 6, 2021

Medically Reviewed By

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Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb, DNP, APRN, WHNP-BC, FAANP — By Lydia Krause — Updated on February 7, 2023

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Acne – what is it? – Causes, treatment, diet

The skin is one of the largest human organs. It performs many functions, is an indicator of many internal diseases. The skin protects against the effects of the external environment, controls the evaporation of moisture, retains heat and prevents overheating, touches, withstands shock and stretching, removes some of the harmful substances from the body, and so on.

What is acne?

Acne is a disease associated with increased secretion of sebum, enlargement and blockage of the sebaceous glands. In the place of the skin where the blockage of the sebaceous gland occurred, propionobacteria acne multiply. Bacteria cause inflammation and acne forms at this site.

Most often, the disease affects the skin of the face, upper back, chest, less often the skin of the shoulders and forearms.

The problem of acne is especially relevant in adolescence, manifesting itself on the skin in the form of red inflammatory nodules, pustules, black spots, and sometimes cysts. But now, older people often suffer from acne. Quite often, the disease appears in athletes who use steroid drugs.

Causes of acne:

• Genetics. Predisposition to acne can be inherited from close and not very close relatives. That is why some people do not take care of their skin, and acne does not attack them.
• Problems in the endocrine system. The glands produce more fat, the keratinization of the skin increases, and this, in turn, contributes to clogging of pores and the appearance of blackheads.
• Infection. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) normally lives on the surface of the skin. It is she who contributes to the inflammation of clogged sebaceous glands.
• Improper skin care. It is very important to choose the right basic skin care products. Do not wash your face with soap and other alkaline detergents, as soap dries out the skin, dehydrates, degreases it. The skin is not comfortable with this, and in order to protect itself and restore its barrier properties, it begins to produce sebum even more, aggravating the manifestations of the disease. For the same reasons, the regular use of alcohol solutions and lotions to cleanse the skin also leads to increased sebum secretion.
• Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The mechanisms of this relationship can be different, and in some cases remain completely unknown.
• Smoking. Smokers have been shown to have more severe acne than non-smokers.
• Influence of psycho-emotional overload. It is known that against the background of stress there is an increase in sebum secretion, which worsens the course of acne.

Diet for acne

According to modern concepts, it is important for patients with acne to limit the amount of carbohydrates consumed and avoid carbonated drinks (cola, lemonade, champagne and others). And also exclude from the diet those products that in a particular patient cause deterioration of the skin condition (for someone it is chocolate, for someone it is coffee, spicy or fatty foods). In addition, there are studies indicating that the consumption of unleavened milk is the cause of more severe forms of acne.

Treatment of acne

There is no single treatment regimen, so it is best to consult a dermatologist-cosmetologist. After the examination and if necessary, the doctor:

• Will prescribe tests that can help determine the cause of acne.
• Prescribe a course of external treatment and, if necessary, depending on the severity of acne, systemic, oral medications.
• Will develop a program for cleansing, toning and moisturizing the skin. He will select cosmetics for daily care, advise decorative cosmetics, tonal foundations, sunscreens.
• Will prescribe cosmetic procedures that will relieve inflammation and help to cope with the consequences of acne.
• Will help develop an individual diet aimed at cleansing, improving the whole body, and hence the skin.

Is it possible to sunbathe with acne?

The first effect of sun tanning or visiting a solarium seems to be positive: ultraviolet has a slight bactericidal, drying effect, due to pigmentation, some camouflage of rashes occurs and they become less noticeable. However, the long-term effects of ultraviolet radiation are not so good – there is an increase in sebum secretion and a thickening of the stratum corneum of the skin, which makes it even more difficult for the outflow of excess fat. That is, patients with acne should not sunbathe.

Is it possible to get rid of acne in one day?

The answer is no! And don’t believe it if you hear it’s real.

Get ready to interact with your doctor. Using an individual approach and complex treatment, the specialists of the Euromed St. Petersburg center achieve a significant improvement in the condition of the skin with acne or completely solve the problem.

You can make an appointment with a dermatologist in our clinic by calling +7 (812) 327 03 01 or online on the website.

Acne (acne disease)

Acne (acne disease) – a disease of the sebaceous glands, which increases the production of sebum. If at the same time there is a blockage of the duct of the sebaceous gland and bacteria enter the accumulated sebum, this leads to inflammation. First, a painful red nodule appears, and then an abscess, in the place of which a scar (post-acne) may remain in the future.

Acne is such a common skin lesion that it is sometimes considered natural for adolescence. But not every person is ready to consider their acne something normal. And surely everyone would like to somehow do without them. The whole question is how. If acne starts to bother you, if it often recurs and becomes inflamed, this condition can be considered acne, and the fight against acne becomes the responsibility of a doctor.

Causes of disease

The main reason for the development of acne is an increased formation of sebum and a violation of its removal from the duct of the sebaceous gland. An increase in the secretion of the sebaceous glands often depends on changes in the hormonal background in the body. Significant hormonal fluctuations are characteristic of adolescence, for different periods of the menstrual cycle in women, for some endocrine diseases. For example, an excess of male sex hormones increases the production of sebum.

On the other hand, the occurrence of inflamed acne is the result of a decrease in the body’s defenses (immunity), unable to adequately resist bacteria. Therefore, exacerbations of acne are often associated with periods of impaired immune function: after illnesses and stresses, with allergic conditions, against the background of dysbacteriosis (often accompanying diseases of the gastrointestinal tract). That is, very often acne on the skin is a manifestation of some kind of trouble in the body, signaling a latent disease. Therefore, acne requires a comprehensive examination of the patient.

Application of methods of gravitational blood correction

The department of gravitational blood surgery has developed a comprehensive method of acne treatment, taking into account the mechanisms and stages of the development of the pathological process in the skin.