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Ingrown nail causes. Ingrown Toenails: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Options

by alexxlab

What are the main causes of ingrown toenails. How can you identify the symptoms of an ingrown toenail. What are the most effective treatment options for ingrown toenails. How can you prevent ingrown toenails from occurring.

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Understanding Ingrown Toenails: A Common Foot Ailment

An ingrown toenail is a condition where the edge of the nail grows into the skin of the toe. This painful ailment most commonly affects the great toe, but it can occur on any toe. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for ingrown toenails is crucial for maintaining proper foot health.

Common Causes of Ingrown Toenails

Ingrown toenails can result from various factors. The most common causes include:

  • Poorly fitting shoes that put extra pressure on the toes
  • Improper nail trimming techniques
  • Deformities of the foot or toes
  • Genetic predisposition to curved nails
  • Injuries to the toe, such as stubbing

Tight shoes, especially those worn during sports or frequent walking, can create pressure on the toes, leading to ingrown nails. Additionally, trimming toenails too short or rounding the edges instead of cutting straight across can cause the nail to grow into the skin.

How do poorly fitting shoes contribute to ingrown toenails?

Shoes that are too tight compress the toes, forcing the nail to grow abnormally. This pressure can cause the edge of the nail to dig into the surrounding skin, initiating the ingrown toenail process. It’s essential to wear shoes with adequate room in the toe box to prevent this issue.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Ingrown Toenails

Identifying an ingrown toenail early can help prevent complications. The primary symptoms include:

  • Pain around the affected nail
  • Redness of the skin surrounding the nail
  • Swelling of the toe
  • In some cases, infection may occur, leading to pus or drainage

If you notice these symptoms, especially if you have diabetes, nerve problems in the leg or foot, or poor blood circulation, it’s crucial to seek medical attention promptly.

Effective Home Remedies for Ingrown Toenails

For mild cases of ingrown toenails, several home remedies can provide relief:

  1. Soak the affected foot in warm water 3-4 times daily
  2. Keep the toe dry between soaks
  3. Gently massage the inflamed skin
  4. Place a small piece of cotton or dental floss under the nail to guide its growth
  5. Wear open-toed shoes or sandals to reduce pressure on the toe

Is it safe to attempt removing an ingrown toenail at home?

It’s not recommended to try cutting out the ingrown portion of the nail yourself. This can worsen the condition and potentially lead to infection. If home remedies don’t improve the situation, it’s best to consult a healthcare professional.

Professional Treatment Options for Ingrown Toenails

When home remedies aren’t effective, or if the ingrown toenail is severe, professional medical treatment may be necessary. Treatment options include:

  • Partial nail avulsion: Removing the ingrown part of the nail
  • Antibiotic treatment for infections
  • In recurring cases, permanent removal of a portion of the nail root

These procedures are typically performed under local anesthesia and can provide long-lasting relief from chronic ingrown toenails.

What does the partial nail avulsion procedure involve?

During a partial nail avulsion, the healthcare provider numbs the toe with a local anesthetic. They then remove the ingrown portion of the nail. This procedure allows the nail to regrow properly over the next 2-4 months, alleviating the ingrown nail problem.

Preventing Ingrown Toenails: Essential Foot Care Tips

Prevention is key when it comes to ingrown toenails. Here are some essential tips to keep your toenails healthy:

  • Wear properly fitting shoes with adequate toe room
  • Trim toenails straight across, not too short or rounded at the edges
  • Keep feet clean and dry
  • Avoid picking or tearing at your nails
  • For those with diabetes, have regular foot exams and professional nail care

How should you properly trim your toenails to prevent ingrown nails?

To trim your toenails correctly, first soak your feet in warm water to soften the nails. Use a clean, sharp nail trimmer and cut straight across the top of the nail. Avoid tapering or rounding the corners, and don’t cut the nails too short. This technique helps prevent the nail from growing into the surrounding skin.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Ingrown Toenails

While many cases of ingrown toenails can be managed at home, certain situations require professional medical care. Consult a healthcare provider if:

  • Home treatment doesn’t improve the condition
  • You experience severe pain, redness, swelling, or fever
  • You have diabetes, nerve damage in the leg or foot, or poor circulation
  • There are signs of infection around the nail

Prompt medical attention in these cases can prevent complications and ensure proper treatment.

Understanding the Long-Term Outlook for Ingrown Toenails

With proper care and treatment, the prognosis for ingrown toenails is generally good. However, it’s important to note:

  • The condition may recur if good foot care practices are not maintained
  • People with certain medical conditions may be at higher risk for complications
  • In severe cases, untreated ingrown toenails can lead to bone infections

By understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms early, and taking appropriate preventive measures, most people can effectively manage and prevent ingrown toenails.

Can ingrown toenails lead to more serious health issues?

While rare, untreated ingrown toenails can potentially lead to more serious health issues, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems or poor circulation. In severe cases, the infection from an ingrown toenail can spread to the underlying bone, causing a condition called osteomyelitis. This underscores the importance of proper foot care and seeking timely medical attention when needed.

Exploring Advanced Treatment Options for Chronic Ingrown Toenails

For individuals who suffer from recurrent ingrown toenails, more advanced treatment options may be considered:

  • Phenol matricectomy: A chemical treatment to permanently prevent nail regrowth
  • Laser treatment: Using laser technology to destroy the nail matrix
  • Nail fold excision: Surgical removal of the surrounding soft tissue

These procedures are typically reserved for cases where conservative treatments have failed to provide long-term relief.

What is a phenol matricectomy and how effective is it for treating chronic ingrown toenails?

A phenol matricectomy is a procedure where phenol, a chemical solution, is applied to the nail matrix after the ingrown portion of the nail is removed. This chemical destroys the cells responsible for nail growth, preventing the nail from regrowing in that area. The procedure is highly effective, with success rates of up to 95% for preventing recurrence of ingrown toenails in the treated area.

The Impact of Footwear Choices on Toenail Health

The shoes we wear play a significant role in toenail health. Consider the following when selecting footwear:

  • Choose shoes with a wide toe box to allow for natural toe movement
  • Avoid high heels or shoes that compress the toes
  • Ensure proper fit, especially for athletic shoes
  • Consider custom orthotics for foot deformities that may contribute to ingrown nails

By making informed choices about footwear, you can significantly reduce the risk of developing ingrown toenails.

How does wearing high heels affect the risk of ingrown toenails?

High heels increase the risk of ingrown toenails by forcing the toes into a narrow, pointed space. This compression pushes the big toe inward and downward, increasing pressure on the nail. Over time, this can cause the nail to grow into the surrounding skin. Additionally, the altered foot position in high heels can change the way weight is distributed across the foot, further exacerbating the problem.

The Role of Nutrition in Nail Health and Ingrown Toenail Prevention

While often overlooked, nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy nails and potentially preventing ingrown toenails. Key nutrients for nail health include:

  • Biotin: Helps strengthen nails and promote growth
  • Protein: Essential for nail structure
  • Omega-3 fatty acids: Support nail hydration and flexibility
  • Zinc: Aids in nail growth and repair
  • Vitamin E: Promotes overall nail health

A balanced diet rich in these nutrients can contribute to stronger, healthier nails that are less prone to becoming ingrown.

How does biotin contribute to nail health and potentially prevent ingrown toenails?

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7, plays a crucial role in the metabolism of protein-building amino acids, which are essential for nail growth. Adequate biotin intake can lead to stronger, thicker nails that are less likely to split or break, potentially reducing the risk of ingrown toenails. While biotin deficiency is rare, supplementation has been shown to improve nail strength and reduce brittleness in some individuals.

Understanding the Genetic Factors in Ingrown Toenail Susceptibility

Genetic factors can influence an individual’s susceptibility to ingrown toenails. Some people may inherit traits that increase their risk, such as:

  • Naturally curved nail shape
  • Unusually large nail plates
  • Foot structure abnormalities
  • Predisposition to thicker nails

While genetic factors cannot be changed, understanding your personal risk can help you take appropriate preventive measures.

Can genetic testing help identify individuals at higher risk for ingrown toenails?

Currently, there is no specific genetic test to determine an individual’s risk for ingrown toenails. However, genetic testing for related conditions, such as certain types of nail dystrophies or foot deformities, may provide insights into potential risk factors. As our understanding of the genetic basis for nail disorders advances, more targeted testing may become available in the future.

The Psychological Impact of Chronic Ingrown Toenails

While often viewed solely as a physical ailment, chronic ingrown toenails can have significant psychological impacts on sufferers. These may include:

  • Reduced self-esteem due to appearance concerns
  • Anxiety about pain or potential complications
  • Limitations in social activities or sports participation
  • Frustration with recurring symptoms despite treatment

Addressing both the physical and emotional aspects of ingrown toenails is crucial for comprehensive care and improved quality of life.

How can healthcare providers address the psychological impact of chronic ingrown toenails?

Healthcare providers can address the psychological impact of chronic ingrown toenails by taking a holistic approach to treatment. This may include discussing the emotional toll of the condition, providing reassurance about treatment efficacy, and offering resources for coping with chronic pain or anxiety. In some cases, referral to a mental health professional may be beneficial, especially if the condition significantly impacts the patient’s daily life or emotional well-being.

Innovations in Ingrown Toenail Treatment and Prevention

The field of podiatry continues to evolve, with new innovations in the treatment and prevention of ingrown toenails. Some recent developments include:

  • Advanced imaging techniques for more precise diagnosis
  • Minimally invasive surgical procedures
  • Improved nail bracing systems for gradual correction
  • Development of specialized footwear for high-risk individuals
  • Research into topical treatments to alter nail growth patterns

These innovations offer hope for more effective management of ingrown toenails, particularly for those with recurrent or difficult-to-treat cases.

What are nail bracing systems and how effective are they in treating ingrown toenails?

Nail bracing systems are non-invasive devices designed to gradually correct the curvature of ingrown toenails. These systems typically involve attaching a small brace or clip to the nail, which applies gentle, consistent pressure to flatten the nail as it grows. Studies have shown promising results, with success rates ranging from 80% to 90% in preventing recurrence of ingrown toenails. Bracing systems are particularly beneficial for patients who wish to avoid surgical interventions or those with contraindications to surgery.

As research continues and technology advances, we can expect further improvements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ingrown toenails. By staying informed about these developments and maintaining good foot care practices, individuals can effectively manage this common but troublesome condition.

Ingrown toenail: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

An ingrown toenail occurs when the edge of the nail grows into the skin of the toe.

An ingrown toenail can result from a number of things. Poorly fitting shoes and toenails that are not properly trimmed are the most common causes. The skin along the edge of a toenail may become red and infected. The great toe is affected most often, but any toenail can become ingrown.

An ingrown toenail may occur when extra pressure is placed on your toe. This pressure is caused by shoes that are too tight or fit poorly. If you walk often or play sports, a shoe that is even a little tight can cause this problem. Deformities of the foot or toes can also place extra pressure on the toe.

Nails that are not trimmed properly can also cause ingrown toenails:

  • Toenails that are trimmed too short, or if the edges are rounded rather than cut straight across may cause the nail to curl and grow into the skin.
  • Poor eyesight, inability to reach the toes easily, or having thick nails can make it hard to properly trim nails.
  • Picking or tearing at the corners of the nails can also cause an ingrown toenail.

Some people are born with nails that are curved and grow into the skin. Others have toenails that are too large for their toes. Stubbing your toe or other injuries can also lead to an ingrown toenail.


There may be pain, redness, and swelling around the nail.

Your health care provider will examine your toenail and ask about your symptoms.

Tests or x-rays aren’t usually needed.

If you have diabetes, nerve problem in the leg or foot, poor blood circulation to your foot, or an infection around the nail, see a provider right away. Don’t try to treat an ingrown nail at home.

Otherwise, to treat an ingrown nail at home:

  • Soak the foot in warm water 3 to 4 times a day if possible. After soaking, keep the toe dry.
  • Gently massage over the inflamed skin.
  • Place a small piece of cotton or dental floss under the nail. Wet the cotton or floss with water or antiseptic.

When trimming your toenails:

  • Briefly soak your foot in warm water to soften the nails.
  • Use a clean, sharp trimmer.
  • Trim toenails straight across the top. Do not taper or round the corners or trim too short. 
  • Do not try to cut out the ingrown portion of the nail yourself. This will only make the problem worse.

Consider wearing sandals until the problem goes away. Over-the-counter medicine that is applied to the ingrown toenail may help with the pain, but it does not treat the problem.

If this doesn’t work and the ingrown nail gets worse, see your family doctor, a foot specialist (podiatrist), or a skin specialist (dermatologist).

If the ingrown nail doesn’t heal or keeps coming back, your provider may remove part of the nail:

  • Numbing medicine is first injected into the toe.
  • The ingrown part of the nail is removed. This procedure is called a partial nail avulsion.
  • It takes 2 to 4 months for the nail to regrow.

If the toe is infected, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics.

After the procedure, follow any instructions for helping your nail heal.

Treatment usually controls the infection and relieves pain. The condition is likely to return if you don’t practice good foot care.

This condition may become serious in people with diabetes, poor blood circulation, and nerve problems.

In severe cases, the infection can spread through the toe and into the bone.

Call your provider if you:

  • Are not able to treat an ingrown toenail at home
  • Have severe pain, redness, swelling, or fever
  • Have diabetes, nerve damage in the leg or foot, poor circulation to your foot, or an infection around the nail

Wear shoes that fit properly. Shoes that you wear every day should have plenty of room around your toes. Shoes that you wear for walking briskly or for playing sports should also have plenty of room, but not be too loose.

When trimming your toenails:

  • Briefly soak your foot in warm water to soften the nail.
  • Use a clean, sharp nail trimmer.
  • Trim toenails straight across the top. Do not taper or round the corners or trim too short.
  • Do not pick or tear at the nails.

Keep your feet clean and dry. People with diabetes should have routine foot exams and nail care.

Onychocryptosis; Unguis incarnates; Surgical nail avulsion; Matrix excision; Ingrown toenail removal

  • Ingrown toenail

Dinulos JGH. Nail diseases. In: Dinulos JGH, ed. Habif’s Clinical Dermatology: A Color Guide in Diagnosis and Therapy. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 25.

Grear BJ. Disorders of nails. In: Azar FM, Beaty JH, eds. Campbell’s Operative Orthopaedics. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 88.

Marks JG, Miller JJ. Nail disorders. In: Marks JG, Miller JJ, eds. Lookingbill and Marks’ Principles of Dermatology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 21.

Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Ingrown Nails: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

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Ingrown nail – causes, symptoms, treatment (removal)

What not to do

Ingrown nail removal

Rehabilitation period after nail removal

An ingrown nail is a combined pathology of the nail plate and surrounding tissues. In this case, a pathological expansion of the growth zone of the nail occurs, its growth in the lateral direction, deformation and penetration into the soft tissues of the nail fold. This, in turn, leads to the formation of hypergranulations with the development of chronic inflammation.

The occurrence of an ingrown nail is promoted by factors of heredity, trauma, wearing tight and uncomfortable shoes, and inflammatory diseases.

The first symptoms of an ingrown nail plate are pain, redness, and swelling of the nail fold.

Do’s and Don’ts

Patients, as a rule, cut the “interfering” corner of the nail on their own, which further injures the nail fold and provokes inflammation. Also unacceptable is self-medication – the use of ointments, including Vishnevsky ointment.

Ingrown toenail removal

In fact, the only way to get rid of an ingrown toenail is surgery. In an operation performed under local anesthesia, the surgeon radiosurgery removes both the ingrowing part of the nail and hypergranulation, and the cause of the disease – the expanded growth zone of the nail. Therefore, the risk of recurrence is minimized.

The operation is possible after the initial examination by the surgeon, its duration is about 30 minutes. Preoperative examination is not required.

Our clinic uses a radiosurgical method for removing skin neoplasms using the Surgitron apparatus.

Rehabilitation period after nail removal

After the operation, the patient needs to keep cold for 15-20 minutes to reduce possible bleeding, limit physical activity.

Taking painkillers – according to indications. In some, especially difficult, cases, the doctor will prescribe antibiotics.

Therapeutic lasers can be used during postoperative dressings to speed up and optimize healing.

The scars formed after the operation are hardly noticeable and do not cause any inconvenience to patients.

The author of the article:

Yuliy Sergeevich Gromov

Chief physician of “Polyclinika.ru” on Sukharevskaya, surgeon

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Doctor

Yuliy Sergeevich Gromov

Dear Yuliy Sergeevich! I want to thank you from the bottom of my heart for the very competent, professional selection of medical personnel. I have been a patient at the clinic since January 2019. Very often I wrote words of gratitude to doctors who really sincerely love their work. Very attentive, good-natured attitude towards the elderly, sick people. I have 35 years of experience in public education, I also sincerely loved my work, all my students without exception! You are truly a leader WITH A CAPITAL LET!! (WHAT THE HEAD OF THE FISH, THERE WILL BE FINS (regulating movement)! 1. Gritsanchuk A. M. Cardiologist 2. Gavlia G. T. general practitioner 3. Shklyar A.A. gynecologist 4. Markelov G. V. Neurologist 5. Demina E. S. Neurologist 6. Bezverbnaya I.S. Physiotherapist 7. O.B. Kostrodymova Physiotherapist 8. Savilov I.P. urologist 9. Murashko A. A. Ultrasound doctor 10. Kukushkin V. N. Ultrasound doctor 11. Akhmedova E. F. Gastroenterologist. Endoscopist. Pleasantly pleased with the well-coordinated work of the staff, young professionals at the reception. The duty administrators, all young people without exception, very competently, at the highest professional level, make appointments with specialists by the day, by the hour, as per the schedule, as it suits me. And this is yours, as the head of the clinic, the result of such professional work young administrators. I also want to note the excellent work of the nurses in the treatment room (especially the nurse Zalina, unfortunately I don’t know her last name). Julius Sergeevich, you were able to pick up a very strong, professional team of kind, responsive professionals in their field!! I wish prosperity to my beloved clinic. To the entire staff of the clinic, good, good health, well-being and good luck in everything. With great respect! Your patient Rumyantseva Marina Dmitrievna. February 15, 2022

Services

  • Title
  • Appointment (examination, consultation) with a specialist doctor PhD 3300