What is tubal ligation. How is the procedure performed. Is tubal ligation reversible. What are the risks and effectiveness of tubal ligation. How does tubal ligation compare to other birth control methods. When should women consider tubal ligation. What is the recovery process like after tubal ligation.

Understanding Tubal Ligation: A Permanent Birth Control Solution

Tubal ligation, commonly referred to as “having the tubes tied,” is a surgical procedure designed to achieve permanent female sterilization. This method of birth control involves closing off a woman’s fallopian tubes, effectively preventing eggs from traveling from the ovaries to the uterus and blocking sperm from reaching the eggs. As a result, fertilization and pregnancy become highly unlikely.

The procedure is typically performed on an outpatient basis and costs several thousand dollars. It’s important to note that while tubal ligation is considered a permanent form of contraception, it does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

The Tubal Ligation Procedure: What to Expect

Tubal ligation is generally performed as a minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery. Here’s what the procedure typically involves:

• The patient receives light anesthesia
• A small incision is made in the abdomen
• A laparoscope (a thin, tube-like tool with a tiny camera) is inserted through the incision
• The surgeon closes off the fallopian tubes using one of two methods:
  1. Clamping the tubes shut
  2. Cauterizing (burning) the tissue
• The entire procedure usually takes no more than 30 minutes

Is tubal ligation considered major surgery. While tubal ligation is a surgical procedure, it is not typically classified as major surgery. It’s minimally invasive, performed on an outpatient basis, and requires only a short recovery period. However, as with any surgical procedure, it does carry some risks and should be carefully considered.

Effectiveness and Potential Risks of Tubal Ligation

Tubal ligation is highly effective as a form of birth control, but it’s not 100% foolproof. Here are some key points to consider:

• Effectiveness rate: Approximately 99.5% (about 1 in 200 women may still become pregnant)
• Potential risks:
  • Mild pain and abdominal tenderness post-surgery
  • Dizziness or nausea from anesthesia
  • Small risk of infection, bleeding, or injury to surrounding tissues
  • Rare possibility of an ectopic pregnancy if fertilization occurs

Can tubal ligation fail. While rare, tubal ligation can fail if the fallopian tubes are not completely closed off. In such cases, there’s a risk of pregnancy, and if it occurs, it’s more likely to be ectopic (where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube). Ectopic pregnancies are medical emergencies requiring immediate attention.

Recovery and Post-Procedure Considerations

The recovery process after tubal ligation is generally quick and straightforward. Here’s what patients can expect:

• Most women can return home the same day as the procedure
• Normal activities can usually be resumed soon after arriving home
• Intense exercise should be avoided for several days post-surgery
• Pain is typically moderate and can be managed with over-the-counter or mild prescription pain relievers

How long does it take to recover from tubal ligation. Most women recover fully within a week or two. However, individual experiences may vary, and it’s essential to follow your doctor’s specific post-operative instructions.

Reversibility and Alternative Options

While tubal ligation is intended to be a permanent form of birth control, circumstances can change, and some women may later wish to conceive. In such cases, there are options to consider:

1. Tubal ligation reversal: This is a major surgical procedure that attempts to reopen the fallopian tubes. However, success rates vary, and there’s no guarantee of pregnancy even if the reversal is successful.
2. In vitro fertilization (IVF): This involves removing an egg from the woman’s ovary, fertilizing it in a laboratory with sperm, and implanting the fertilized egg in the uterus.

Is tubal ligation reversible. While it’s possible to attempt reversal of tubal ligation, it’s important to understand that the procedure is designed to be permanent. Reversal is a complex surgery with no guarantee of success. Therefore, women should be certain about their decision before undergoing tubal ligation.

Comparing Tubal Ligation to Other Birth Control Methods

When considering tubal ligation, it’s helpful to compare it to other birth control methods:

How does tubal ligation compare to vasectomy. Both procedures are highly effective forms of permanent birth control. Tubal ligation is more invasive and carries slightly higher risks, while vasectomy is generally simpler and has a quicker recovery time. The choice between the two often depends on personal preferences and circumstances of the couple.

When to Consider Tubal Ligation

Tubal ligation might be an appropriate choice for women who:

• Are certain they don’t want to have children in the future
• Have completed their family
• Are at risk for pregnancy-related health problems
• Want to avoid passing on genetic disorders
• Prefer a non-hormonal, permanent birth control method

When is the best time to get a tubal ligation. The timing of tubal ligation can vary depending on individual circumstances. Some women choose to have the procedure immediately after childbirth, while others opt for it at a later time. It’s crucial to discuss the timing with your healthcare provider to determine the best option for your situation.

Psychological and Emotional Considerations

The decision to undergo tubal ligation is not just a physical one; it also has psychological and emotional implications. Here are some factors to consider:

• Permanence: The finality of the decision can bring relief to some and anxiety to others
• Relationship dynamics: How might it affect current or future partnerships?
• Cultural and religious factors: Some belief systems may influence the decision
• Potential regret: Studies show that younger women are more likely to regret the decision later

How can one be sure about the decision to get a tubal ligation. It’s crucial to thoroughly consider your current and future life plans, discuss the decision with your partner (if applicable), and consult with a healthcare provider. Some doctors recommend a waiting period or counseling before proceeding with the surgery to ensure the decision is well-thought-out.

Counseling and Informed Consent

Given the permanent nature of tubal ligation, many healthcare providers offer or require counseling before the procedure. This counseling typically covers:

• The permanence of the procedure
• Alternative birth control methods
• Potential risks and complications
• The possibility of regret, especially for younger women
• The success rates and risks of reversal procedures

What questions should be asked before deciding on tubal ligation. Important questions to consider include:
– Am I certain I don’t want (more) children in the future.
– How might my feelings change if my life circumstances change (e.g., new relationship, loss of a child).
– Have I considered all other birth control options.
– Am I prepared for the small but real risk of surgical complications.
– Can my partner or I consider other permanent birth control options like vasectomy.

Cost and Insurance Considerations

The cost of tubal ligation can vary widely depending on factors such as:

• Geographic location
• The specific technique used
• Whether it’s performed in a hospital or outpatient setting
• Individual insurance coverage

Is tubal ligation covered by insurance. In many cases, yes. Under the Affordable Care Act in the United States, most insurance plans are required to cover tubal ligation as a form of contraception. However, coverage can vary, and it’s essential to check with your specific insurance provider to understand your benefits and any potential out-of-pocket costs.

Financial Assistance and Options

For those without insurance or with limited coverage, there may be options to help manage the cost of tubal ligation:

• Payment plans offered by healthcare providers
• Sliding scale fees based on income at some clinics
• State or federally funded programs for family planning services
• Non-profit organizations that provide financial assistance for reproductive health procedures

How can one find affordable tubal ligation services. Research local family planning clinics, contact your state’s health department, or consult with reproductive health organizations to find providers offering affordable services or financial assistance programs.

Advancements and Alternatives in Permanent Birth Control

While tubal ligation has been a standard for permanent birth control for decades, medical science continues to evolve, offering new options and improving existing ones:

Hysteroscopic Sterilization

This newer method involves inserting small implants into the fallopian tubes through the cervix, without the need for incisions. Over time, scar tissue forms around the implants, blocking the fallopian tubes.

Improved Laparoscopic Techniques

Advancements in laparoscopic surgery have made tubal ligation even less invasive, with smaller incisions and quicker recovery times.

Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs)

While not permanent, methods like IUDs and contraceptive implants offer long-term, highly effective birth control that is reversible.

What are the latest advancements in permanent birth control. Recent developments include refinements in minimally invasive surgical techniques, improved materials for tubal occlusion, and ongoing research into non-surgical sterilization methods. However, it’s important to note that newer methods may not have long-term data on effectiveness and safety compared to traditional tubal ligation.

Global Perspectives on Tubal Ligation

The prevalence and perception of tubal ligation vary significantly around the world, influenced by cultural, religious, and socioeconomic factors:

• In some countries, it’s a widely accepted and commonly used method of family planning
• In others, cultural or religious beliefs may discourage or prohibit the practice
• Access to the procedure can vary greatly depending on healthcare systems and government policies
• In some regions, there have been concerns about forced or coerced sterilizations, highlighting the importance of informed consent and ethical practices

How do different cultures view tubal ligation. Views can range from acceptance as a practical family planning method to rejection based on religious or cultural beliefs about fertility and women’s roles. In some societies, there may be stigma associated with the procedure, while in others, it’s seen as a responsible choice for family planning.

Ethical Considerations

The topic of permanent sterilization raises several ethical considerations:

• Reproductive rights and bodily autonomy
• The role of partners in the decision-making process
• Ensuring fully informed consent, especially in vulnerable populations
• Balancing population control efforts with individual reproductive choices
• Addressing historical injustices related to forced sterilizations

What ethical guidelines govern tubal ligation procedures. Most medical organizations have strict guidelines emphasizing the importance of patient autonomy, informed consent, and the right to refuse the procedure. These guidelines often include waiting periods, counseling requirements, and protections against coercion or incentivization of sterilization.

Future of Female Sterilization

As medical technology advances, the future of female sterilization may see significant changes:

• Development of less invasive or non-surgical sterilization methods
• Improved reversal techniques or temporary “switches” for fertility
• Integration of artificial intelligence in surgical procedures for increased precision
• Personalized approaches based on genetic and health profiles
• Continued research into male contraceptive options to share the responsibility of family planning

What might female sterilization look like in the future. While it’s difficult to predict with certainty, future methods may focus on even less invasive techniques, possibly using advanced imaging technologies or targeted drug delivery systems to achieve sterilization without surgery. There’s also ongoing research into methods that could offer “reversible sterilization,” providing the permanence of tubal ligation with the option of reversal if desired.

In conclusion, tubal ligation remains a highly effective and popular method of permanent birth control. However, it’s a decision that requires careful consideration of personal, medical, and ethical factors. As with any significant medical procedure, it’s crucial to consult with healthcare providers, consider all available options, and make an informed decision based on individual circumstances and future life plans.

Tubal Ligation

Published September 21, 2009

WOMEN’S HEALTH

By Staff

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Permanent Sterilization Procedure

Tubal ligation is a surgical procedure for women that is performed to achieve permanent sterilization. During this surgery, which is informally referred to as “tying the tubes,” a woman’s fallopian tubes are closed off, effectively preventing pregnancy. The procedure, which costs several thousand dollars, is a popular method of permanent birth control.

An elective surgery that can even be done immediately after childbirth, tubal ligation is performed on an outpatient basis. It is safe and requires only a short recovery period. The procedure may cause moderate pain, but this usually can be controlled with nonprescription or mild prescription pain relievers. Most patients are counseled to avoid intense exercise for several days after undergoing a tubal ligation, but normal activities can be resumed soon after arrival home.

Tubal ligation is a highly effective form of birth control, even years after the procedure has been performed. It is recommended as a permanent method of contraception for women who are sure that they do not want to become pregnant at any time in the future. Although tubal ligation is considered permanent, a surgical procedure exists that, in some cases, can reopen the fallopian tubes and restore the possibility of conception. An alternative method of conception for a woman who has undergone tubal ligation but later decides she wants to become pregnant is in vitro fertilization (IVF). IVF involves removing an egg from the woman’s ovary, fertilizing it in a laboratory setting with the man’s sperm, and implanting the fertilized egg in the woman’s uterus. 

 

This Highly Effective Form of Birth Control Should Be Considered Permanent

Commonly known as “having the tubes tied,” tubal ligation is a surgical procedure that permanently closes off a woman’s fallopian tubes, preventing her from becoming pregnant in the future. The fallopian tubes are the means by which a woman’s egg travels from her ovary to her uterus. Once these tubes are closed off, an egg can no longer be fertilized by sperm traveling up the tube.

About the Surgery

Tubal ligation is typically an outpatient procedure that requires some amount of light anesthesia. The surgery, which takes no more than 30 minutes, is performed laparoscopically. A laparoscope is a thin, tubelike tool with a tiny camera that is inserted into the abdomen through a small incision. The surgeon closes off the fallopian tubes by either clamping them shut or cauterizing the tissue with an instrument threaded through the laparoscope.

Tubal ligation is a safe procedure. The patient may experience mild pain and abdominal tenderness following surgery, and nonprescription or mild prescription pain relievers usually provide effective relief. Because anesthesia is used, there is a risk of dizziness or nausea; rarely, a reaction to the anesthetic may occur. As with any type of surgery, there is a small risk of infection, bleeding, or injury to the surrounding tissues.

Its Effectiveness

Tubal ligation is effective for nearly all patients, but occasionally a woman becomes pregnant following the procedure. This may happen if the patient’s fallopian tubes are not completely closed off. This situation occurs in only a very small percentage of patients (about 1 in 200), however. If an egg becomes fertilized after tubal ligation has been performed, the pregnancy is more likely to be ectopic. This means that the fertilized egg begins to grow in the fallopian tube instead of in the uterus. An ectopic pregnancy is considered a medical emergency and must be treated surgically before the fallopian tube bursts.

It is important for the patient to be aware that tubal ligation does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases such as herpes, genital warts, or HIV/AIDS. It protects only against pregnancy.

Reversing the Procedure

Sometimes, a woman who has had a tubal ligation will later decide that she wants to become pregnant after all. This is more often the case when the surgery was performed early in the woman’s childbearing years. There is a possibility that the surgery can be reversed and the fallopian tubes reopened. Reversal of the procedure requires major surgery, and even if it is successful, there is no guarantee that pregnancy will occur. In vitro fertilization is an option for a woman who has undergone tubal ligation who now wishes to become pregnant. Because it is difficult to reverse, tubal ligation should be performed only with the patient’s full understanding of its permanence. 

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Tubal Ligation Surgery, Risks, Side Effects & Reversal

Tubal Ligation is a surgical procedure that permanently prevents pregnancy. It is also casually known as “getting your tubes tied,” and involves the cutting or blocking off of the fallopian tubes.  This stops the egg from traveling from the ovary to the uterus so fertilization and implantation cannot occur.

The Tubal Ligation Procedure  

Tubal ligation is a relatively simple surgery. It can be done at any time, including immediately after giving birth, and many women prefer to have it done as part of a Cesarean section procedure.

During a standard tubal ligation, either general anesthesia or a spinal block is administered. If the operation is not part of a C-section, the surgeon makes two small abdominal incisions and inserts a small camera mounted on the end of a tube called a laparoscope. The abdomen is then inflated with gas, allowing greater visibility and access. The surgeon will then cut or cauterize each of the fallopian tubes and clamp or tie them off.

Another form of tubal ligation is called a “hysteroscopic tubal occlusion procedure” and it requires no anesthesia and can be done in an outpatient clinic. A hysteroscopic tubal occlusion procedure is done via the cervix and involves inserting coils inside of the fallopian tubes instead of cutting or cauterizing them.    

Post-Op Recovery After Tubal Ligation

After a tubal ligation, women can usually go home on the same day as the surgery. However, the effects of the anesthesia will require a family member or friend to help with driving and getting the patient settled at home.

In the days following the tubal ligation, it is very important to allow the body time to heal. There is often some localized abdominal pain around the incisions for which a doctor may prescribe painkillers, and some women may experience cramping, dizziness, fatigue, bloating, gassiness or shoulder pain.

Women should contact their doctor if they have a temperature of 100.4° F or greater, if they experience pain and/or bleeding or discharge from the incision site that continues or increases 12 hours after the operation, or if they have fainting spells.

Women can expect to resume to normal activities almost immediately after the surgery unless there are other factors such as needing to recover after Cesarean section, but if the tubal ligation is done in conjunction with giving birth, it should not add to the length of hospital stay. Heavy lifting and sexual intercourse should be delayed for two to three weeks after the surgery to ensure a full recovery.

If the tubes have been tied using the laparoscopic method, there is no need for further tests to ensure efficacy and women can end other forms of birth control immediately. However, if the tubes were tied via a hysteroscopic tubal occlusion, women should continue using contraceptives for three months.  After three months a test called hysterosalpingogram will confirm the surgery was effective.

Benefits and Risks of Tubal Ligation

Tubal ligation is a common, low-risk surgery that provides permanent birth control. For women who are sure they want to prevent any future pregnancies, it is approximately 95 to 99 percent effective, although rates vary according to the type of surgery performed. Tubal ligation also has the additional benefit of lowering the risk of ovarian cancer. For that reason, some women with a history of ovarian cancer may opt to have their tubes tied as a preventive measure against the disease.

Tubal ligation is not recommended for women who are not absolutely positive they want to prevent the future pregnancies. In some cases, reversing the procedure is possible, but it is expensive and rates of conception are often decreased and In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) may be necessary. There is also a slight increase of ectopic pregnancies after a tubal ligation and the procedure does not protect against sexually transmitted disease (STDs).

Tubal ligation is not an appropriate form of sterilization for everyone. Women who have had previous abdominal surgeries, diabetes, or are obese tend to have a higher risk of complications related to getting their tubes tied. Women should discuss their options with the doctor to decide if the surgery is right for them.

A relatively rare but serious complication of tubal ligation is a condition called Post Tubal Ligation Syndrome (PTLS). PTLS occurs when the blood supply to the ovaries is damaged during the operation to tie the tubes. The result of PTLS is a significant decrease in the production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. This can have lasting health effects, including symptoms similar to those of menopause. Women in their 20s appear to be at a higher risk for PTLS than women who have tubal ligations in their 30s and 40s.

Side Effects of Tubal Ligation

Many women may worry about side effects after tubal ligation. Generally, these are rare or have been shown to be related to issues other than the surgery.

Unplanned and Ectopic Pregnancies

Pregnancy, or failure of the tubal ligation, is one potential unwanted side effect of the procedure. Women who have had their tubes tied are slightly more likely to have ectopic, or tubal, pregnancies than other women. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention studies show approximately one in 200 women will experience pregnancy after having their tubes tied. Of these, less than seven out of 1,000 of the pregnancies will be ectopic, but that number is still higher than the rate of ectopic pregnancies among non-sterilized women. Research conducted over an eight to 14-year period by the U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization and published in 2015 showed pregnancy happened in only 143 of the 10,685 (1.33%) women studied.  Women who were under age 30 when they had the procedure had a higher failure rate.

Post-Tubal Ligation Syndrome (PTLS)

Post-Tubal Ligation Syndrome (PTLS) is a cluster of symptoms reported which include heavy or missing menstrual periods, hormonal problems, or problems that may mimic menopause. Its existence remains controversial among doctors and researchers.  Women reporting PTLS list side effects such as hot flashes, heavy periods, mood swings, anxiety, depression, sleep problems, fatigue, mental “fog” or confusion, and vaginal dryness, among others.

Some doctors feel that a loss of blood flow to the severed fallopian tubes is to blame, while others suggest women who were using birth control pills prior to surgery may be more likely to experience PTLS. They experience symptoms from stopping the contraception, rather than the result of the surgical procedure. Dr. Stephen L. Corson, professor at Thomas Jefferson University and Women’s Institute in Philadelphia, conducted a study comparing hormone levels in women who had tubal ligations versus those who had not had the surgery. He found no significant differences in the hormone levels of the groups, indicating no damage to the ovaries from tubal ligation surgery. Other studies, including one by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, also failed to support the existence of PTLS.

Future Hysterectomy

Another side effect that may concern women is the reported connection between tubal ligation and the risk of future hysterectomy. Clinical studies published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology show a statistically small increase in hysterectomies in sterilized women in the U. S. The researchers hypothesized this was due to the sterilized women’s lower threshold for being willing to undergo a hysterectomy rather than the presence of other factors. American Family Physician points out that hysterectomy rates are higher in the U.S. than in the rest of the world. They state, “For women who were sterilized before the age of 30, a plausible biologic effect of sterilization on hysterectomy risk is unlikely.” Findings from studies in other countries do not report the same increased risk for hysterectomy after tubal ligation as that seen in the U.S.  

Ovarian or Breast Cancer?

Women considering tubal ligation may worry about increasing their risk for ovarian cancer or breast cancer, or an increased risk for other diseases. However, the Collaborative Review actually saw a reduction in rates of ovarian cancer in patients who had tubal ligation surgery both in the U.S. and in other countries, and they found no relationship between breast cancer and tubal ligation. The rates for pelvic inflammatory disease also decreased in women who had their tubes tied. When P.I.D. abscesses do occur, fewer sterilized patients required hospitalization for treatment than did their un-sterilized counterparts.

Regretting the Decision

Regret is perhaps the side effect of tubal ligation most discussed among women and their doctors before surgery. Common factors associated with regret, according to the report in American Family Physician, include a young patient and unpredictable life events. Pressure from spouses, doctors, relatives, and others also influence whether a woman feels regret about her decision to seek permanent birth control through tubal ligation.

Tubal Ligation vs.  Vasectomy

The male equivalent of a tubal ligation is a vasectomy. In a vasectomy, the vas deferens is severed and prevents the release of sperm. Like a tubal ligation, a vasectomy is a permanent form of sterilization. A vasectomy is a safe medical procedure with a recovery period of only a few days. It is 99 percent effective in preventing pregnancies, and has no sexual side effects. Like a tubal ligation, though, it does not protect against STDs.

In the Unites States, tubal ligation is more common than vasectomy; however, vasectomies are usually cheaper than tubal ligations and have even fewer associated complications.

People who are in a committed relationship and are sure they do not want to have children in the future should consider the pros and cons of getting a tubal ligation or a vasectomy. The risks for each person and their personal medical history should be carefully considered.

Choosing Tubal Ligation

Choosing to have a tubal ligation is a personal decision that should be considered carefully. For women who are sure they do not want to have children in the future and want to have full control of their reproductive health, getting their tubes tied is a safe and effective option.

If you have any questions about whether a tubal ligation procedure is right for you, please contact Kansas City ObGyn today at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or 913-948-9636.

Laparoscopy in gynecology | LLC “Medservice”

Laparoscopy is an operation in which three small holes are made on the abdomen (in the navel area and slightly below the navel line on the sides), into one of which a camera is inserted, which displays the image on the monitor screen, in the other two – tools that allow you to carry out the necessary manipulations.

In order to move the abdominal wall upward (so that it interferes with manipulations on the organs), gas is introduced into the abdominal cavity (the stomach seems to inflate). Laparoscopy is performed under general anesthesia.
The advantages of laparoscopy are a good overview and low trauma (compared to the operation, when an incision is made on the abdomen or in the vagina).

Laparoscopy is currently used for many types of gynecological pathology.

Indications for laparoscopy are:

• infertility for a year with regular intercourse without contraception. Before doing a laparoscopy, a woman should be examined, and her husband’s spermogram should also be done to exclude the male factor of infertility. With hormonal pathology, a woman is sent for laparoscopy with treatment failure within 1-2 years. With infertility with a regular menstrual cycle, organic pathology during laparoscopy is detected in 75% of women.
• chronic pelvic pain if endometriosis or adhesions are suspected.
• ovarian tumors (ovarian cysts are currently removed laparoscopically in the vast majority of cases).
• polycystic ovary syndrome (with the ineffectiveness of hormonal therapy).
• endometriosis of the uterus or peritoneum.
• uterine fibroids (usually small nodules of fibroids located on the surface of the uterus are removed by laparoscopic access).
• voluntary surgical sterilization (tubal ligation).

Emergency laparoscopy can be performed in case of ectopic pregnancy, rupture or torsion of ovarian cysts, apoplexy (rupture) of the ovary with internal bleeding, in some cases – in case of purulent-inflammatory diseases of the uterine appendages and pelvic recesses (in the absence of the effect of antibiotic therapy within 24-48 hours).

Contraindications

Absolute contraindications for laparoscopy are diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in the stage of decompensation, shock and coma, cachexia (pronounced exhaustion), disorders of the blood coagulation system, hernia of the anterior abdominal wall or diaphragm.

Contraindications for elective surgery are acute infectious diseases that occurred less than 1 month before surgery, deviations in the indicators of clinical and laboratory tests (usually in these cases the patient is referred to a general practitioner to decide whether the operation is possible and the need for further examination), bronchial asthma with frequent exacerbations, hypertension with high blood pressure values.

Preoperative preparation

A certain number of examinations must be completed before an elective operation. The patient either undergoes them in a hospital, or enters the department with ready-made analyzes (the second option is preferable, as it reduces the number of days the patient spends in the hospital).

The following tests are required:

• complete blood count and urine test, blood clotting test (the most important indicators are PTI and fibrinogen, if you are healthy, they are enough), biochemical blood test (sugar, bilirubin, total protein, urea) – these tests are valid for 10 days before surgery.
• blood type, although it must be redefined upon admission to the hospital.
• screening for syphilis (RW), HIV, hepatitis B and C (HbSAg and ATHCV) – valid for 3 months.
• smear for vaginal flora – valid for 10 days.
• ECG – expiration date 1 month.
• fluorography not more than six months old.
• Ultrasound of the pelvic organs.
• in the presence of chronic diseases – the conclusion of the therapist.
• in case of infertility – husband’s spermogram.

Before the operation, the patient signs a consent to the operation, which states that the doctor explained to her what the scope of the surgical treatment will be (for example, in case of ovarian cysts, it is possible to remove the cyst, remove the cyst with part of the ovary, in some cases – remove the entire ovary), what possible complications. Also, before the operation, a conversation is held with the anesthesiologist, who tells what medication preparation will be carried out for the operation (to stabilize the psycho-emotional status, prevent thrombosis and bleeding), the patient also gives her consent to anesthesia.

It is mandatory to clean the gastrointestinal tract before the operation, as the swollen intestine makes it difficult to see and blocks access to the genitals, and the risk of intestinal injury increases. A cleansing enema is performed on the evening before and on the morning of the operation. The day before the operation, you can eat until 18:00, until 22:00 you can drink some water. You can’t eat or drink anything on the day of the operation. It is also recommended to limit food that causes flatulence (bloating) 3-4 days before surgery (black bread, cabbage, legumes).

Before the operation, the patient must put anti-varicose stockings on her legs or perform elastic bandaging. After the operation, the patient walks in these stockings for at least another week, preferably two. This is necessary because microthrombi may form in the veins of the legs during surgery, and in the absence of elastic compression, these thrombi enter the general circulation, the most dangerous of which is their entry into the vessels of the lungs and heart.

Possible complications of laparoscopy

Complications with laparoscopy are possible, as with any other medical manipulation. But they are rare – according to various sources, 0.5-7%.
Complications are possible during anesthesia, with the introduction of the camera and instruments, injuries to organs are possible, and damage to the vessel on the abdominal wall at the puncture site is also possible. When “inflating” the abdomen, it is possible to introduce gas into the subcutaneous fat (subcutaneous emphysema). Complications may also occur during manipulations in the abdominal cavity, such as injury to organs and large vessels). With insufficient control of bleeding, bleeding may also occur in the postoperative period.

Postoperative period

Early activation is recommended in the postoperative period. The patient is advised to get up a few hours after the operation.
Discharge from the hospital takes 2-5 days, depending on the extent of the operation and the patient’s condition.

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