What is the difference between a CT scan and a CAT scan. How does a brain CT scan work. What are the main parts of the brain and their functions. Why might someone need a brain CT scan.

The Basics of CT and CAT Scans

CT (Computed Tomography) and CAT (Computerized Axial Tomography) scans are essentially the same thing. These terms are often used interchangeably in medical settings. Both refer to a non-invasive imaging technique that uses X-rays and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body, including the brain.

How does a CT scan work? During the procedure, an X-ray beam rotates around the patient, taking multiple images from different angles. These images are then processed by a computer to create detailed cross-sectional views, often referred to as “slices.” This technology allows healthcare providers to visualize internal structures with remarkable clarity, making it an invaluable tool in medical diagnosis and treatment planning.

Brain CT Scans: A Closer Look

A brain CT scan is specifically designed to examine the structures within the skull. It can provide detailed images of the brain tissue, blood vessels, and bone structures. These scans are particularly useful for detecting:

• Brain injuries
• Tumors
• Blood clots
• Bleeding within the brain
• Skull fractures
• Structural abnormalities

Can CT scans be performed with or without contrast? Yes, brain CT scans can be done with or without contrast. Contrast refers to a substance that is either ingested or injected into the bloodstream to enhance the visibility of certain structures on the scan. The use of contrast depends on the specific diagnostic needs and is determined by the healthcare provider.

The Anatomy of the Brain: Key Structures and Functions

Understanding the basic anatomy of the brain is crucial for interpreting CT scan results. The brain is a complex organ divided into several main regions, each with specific functions:

Cerebrum

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, divided into right and left hemispheres. It is responsible for:

• Initiating and coordinating movement
• Processing sensory information (touch, temperature, vision, hearing)
• Higher cognitive functions (reasoning, judgment, problem-solving)
• Emotions and learning

Brainstem

The brainstem connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord and controls many vital functions:

• Breathing and heart rate
• Blood pressure regulation
• Consciousness and sleep cycles
• Eye and mouth movements

Cerebellum

Located at the back of the head, the cerebellum plays a crucial role in:

• Coordinating voluntary muscle movements
• Maintaining posture and balance
• Fine-tuning motor skills

Specialized Regions of the Brain

Within these main structures, the brain is further divided into specialized regions, each with unique functions:

Frontal Lobe

Located at the front of the brain, the frontal lobe is involved in:

• Personality and behavior
• Decision-making and problem-solving
• Language production
• Voluntary movement

Parietal Lobe

The parietal lobe, situated in the upper back part of the brain, is responsible for:

• Processing sensory information (touch, temperature, pressure)
• Spatial awareness and navigation
• Language comprehension

Temporal Lobe

Located on the sides of the brain, the temporal lobes are crucial for:

• Processing auditory information
• Memory formation and storage
• Emotion regulation
• Language comprehension

Occipital Lobe

At the back of the brain, the occipital lobe is primarily responsible for:

• Visual processing
• Color recognition
• Reading and visual interpretation

Indications for Brain CT Scans

When might a healthcare provider recommend a brain CT scan? There are several common reasons:

• Head injuries: To assess for skull fractures, brain bleeding, or swelling
• Stroke symptoms: To identify blocked blood vessels or bleeding in the brain
• Suspected tumors: To detect and locate brain tumors
• Unexplained neurological symptoms: Such as persistent headaches, seizures, or changes in mental status
• Pre-surgical planning: To guide brain surgeries or biopsies
• Monitoring treatment: To evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for brain conditions

How quickly can a CT scan detect brain abnormalities? CT scans are particularly useful in emergency situations because they can quickly detect life-threatening conditions such as brain hemorrhages or large tumors. The scan itself typically takes only a few minutes, and results can often be available within 15-30 minutes in urgent cases.

Advantages and Limitations of Brain CT Scans

CT scans offer several advantages in brain imaging:

• Speed: CT scans are much faster than other imaging techniques like MRI
• Availability: CT scanners are widely available in hospitals and imaging centers
• Cost-effectiveness: Generally less expensive than MRI
• Ability to image bone, soft tissue, and blood vessels simultaneously

However, CT scans also have some limitations:

• Radiation exposure: CT scans use ionizing radiation, which can be a concern, especially for children or pregnant women
• Less detailed soft tissue contrast compared to MRI
• Potential allergic reactions to contrast agents in some patients

Are there alternatives to CT scans for brain imaging? Yes, depending on the specific diagnostic needs, alternatives may include MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scans, or cerebral angiography. Each of these techniques has its own strengths and is chosen based on the patient’s condition and the information needed.

The CT Scan Procedure: What to Expect

Understanding the CT scan procedure can help alleviate patient anxiety. Here’s what typically happens during a brain CT scan:

1. Preparation: You may be asked to remove metal objects and change into a hospital gown
2. Positioning: You’ll lie on a table that slides into the CT scanner, which looks like a large donut
3. Scanning: The machine rotates around your head, taking images. You’ll need to lie still during this time
4. Duration: The actual scan usually takes only a few minutes
5. Contrast (if used): If contrast is needed, it may be given orally or through an IV before the scan

Is a brain CT scan painful? No, the CT scan itself is painless. You may feel slight discomfort from lying still or from the IV insertion if contrast is used, but the procedure does not cause pain.

Interpreting CT Scan Results

After the scan, a radiologist will interpret the images and provide a report to your healthcare provider. CT scan results can reveal various conditions:

• Normal brain structure
• Tumors or cysts
• Bleeding or blood clots
• Inflammation or infection
• Signs of stroke
• Structural abnormalities

How long does it take to get CT scan results? In non-emergency situations, results are typically available within 24-48 hours. However, in urgent cases, preliminary results can be available much sooner, often within minutes of the scan being completed.

The Role of AI in CT Scan Interpretation

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used to assist in the interpretation of CT scans. AI algorithms can help:

• Detect subtle abnormalities that might be missed by human observers
• Prioritize urgent cases in busy radiology departments
• Provide quantitative measurements of brain structures
• Assist in the follow-up of known conditions over time

While AI is a powerful tool, it’s important to note that it doesn’t replace the expertise of trained radiologists. Instead, it serves as an additional tool to enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency.

Future Developments in Brain Imaging

The field of brain imaging is constantly evolving, with new technologies and techniques being developed to improve diagnostic capabilities. Some exciting areas of research include:

• High-resolution CT scanners that can provide even more detailed images
• Dual-energy CT, which can provide additional information about tissue composition
• Advanced image reconstruction techniques to reduce radiation dose while maintaining image quality
• Integration of CT with other imaging modalities for more comprehensive brain assessment

How might these developments impact patient care? These advancements could lead to earlier detection of brain disorders, more precise treatment planning, and improved monitoring of treatment effectiveness. They may also help reduce the need for invasive diagnostic procedures in some cases.

Personalized Medicine and Brain Imaging

The future of brain imaging is closely tied to the concept of personalized medicine. By combining CT scan data with other patient information, such as genetic profiles and clinical history, healthcare providers may be able to:

• Predict an individual’s risk of developing certain brain disorders
• Tailor treatment plans to specific patient characteristics
• Monitor treatment response more accurately
• Develop new targeted therapies for brain conditions

This personalized approach has the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life for those with brain disorders.

The Importance of Brain Health

While CT scans are a powerful diagnostic tool, maintaining brain health is crucial for overall well-being. Some key strategies for promoting brain health include:

• Regular physical exercise to increase blood flow to the brain
• Mental stimulation through learning new skills or engaging in puzzles
• Maintaining a healthy diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants
• Getting adequate sleep to allow the brain to rest and repair
• Managing stress through relaxation techniques or meditation
• Staying socially active to promote cognitive engagement

Can lifestyle changes impact brain health as seen on CT scans? While CT scans primarily detect structural changes, some lifestyle factors can indirectly affect brain health in ways that may be visible on imaging. For example, chronic high blood pressure can lead to small vessel disease in the brain, which may be detectable on CT scans. Similarly, regular exercise and cognitive stimulation may help maintain brain volume and reduce age-related brain changes.

The Role of Prevention in Brain Health

Prevention plays a crucial role in maintaining brain health and reducing the need for diagnostic imaging. Some preventive measures include:

• Wearing protective headgear during sports or high-risk activities
• Managing cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension and high cholesterol
• Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption
• Not smoking
• Protecting against environmental toxins

By adopting these preventive strategies, individuals can potentially reduce their risk of developing conditions that might require brain CT scans in the future.

Ethical Considerations in Brain Imaging

As brain imaging technologies advance, they raise important ethical questions that society must address:

• Privacy concerns regarding brain data
• The potential for discrimination based on brain imaging results
• The appropriate use of predictive brain imaging in healthcare and beyond
• Ensuring equitable access to advanced brain imaging technologies

How can we balance the benefits of brain imaging with ethical concerns? This requires ongoing dialogue between healthcare providers, ethicists, policymakers, and the public. Developing clear guidelines for the use and interpretation of brain imaging data, ensuring robust data protection measures, and promoting public understanding of brain imaging capabilities and limitations are all important steps in addressing these ethical challenges.

The Future of Brain-Computer Interfaces

Advancements in brain imaging are also paving the way for the development of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). These technologies have the potential to:

• Restore communication for individuals with severe motor disabilities
• Control prosthetic limbs with thought
• Enhance cognitive abilities
• Treat neurological and psychiatric disorders

While BCIs hold great promise, they also raise complex ethical and societal questions that will need to be carefully considered as the technology progresses.

Computed Tomography (CT or CAT) Scan of the Brain

What is a CT scan of the brain?

(Head CT Scan, Intracranial CT Scan)

A CT of the brain is a noninvasive diagnostic imaging procedure that uses
special

X-rays

measurements to produce horizontal, or axial, images (often called slices)
of the brain. Brain CT scans can provide more detailed information about
brain tissue and brain structures than standard X-rays of the head, thus
providing more data related to injuries and/or diseases of the brain.

During a brain CT, the X-ray beam moves in a circle around the body,
allowing many different views of the brain. The X-ray information is sent
to a computer that interprets the X-ray data and displays it in a
two-dimensional (2D) form on a monitor.

Brain CT scans may be done with or without “contrast.” Contrast refers to a
substance taken by mouth or injected into an intravenous (IV) line that
causes the particular organ or tissue under study to be seen more clearly.
Contrast examinations may require you to fast for a certain period of time
before the procedure. Your physician will notify you of this prior to the
procedure.

Other related procedures that may be used to diagnose brain disorders
include

X-rays

,

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain

,

positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the brain

, and

cerebral arteriogram

.

What is the function of the brain?

As part of the central nervous system (CNS), the brain is an important
organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision,
respirations, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our
body.

What are the different parts of the brain?

The brain can be divided into the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum:

• Cerebrum. The cerebrum (supratentorial or front of brain) is
  composed of the right and left hemispheres. Functions of the
  cerebrum include: initiation of movement, coordination of
  movement, temperature, touch, vision, hearing, judgment,
  reasoning, problem solving, emotions, and learning.

• Brainstem. The brainstem (midline or middle of brain) includes
  the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla. Functions of this area
  include: movement of the eyes and mouth, relaying sensory
  messages (hot, pain, loud, etc.), hunger, respirations,
  consciousness, cardiac function, body temperature, involuntary
  muscle movements, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.

• Cerebellum. The cerebellum (infratentorial or back of brain) is
  located at the back of the head. Its function is to coordinate
  voluntary muscle movements and to maintain posture, balance,
  and equilibrium.

More specifically, other parts of the brain include the following:

• Pons. A deep part of the brain, located in the brainstem, the
  pons contains many of the control areas for eye and face
  movements, facial sensation, hearing, and equilibrium.

• Medulla. The lowest part of the brainstem, the medulla is the
  most vital part of the entire brain and contains important
  control centers for the heart and lungs.

• Spinal cord. A large bundle of nerve fibers located in the back
  that extends from the base of the brain to the lower back, the
  spinal cord carries messages to and from the brain and the rest
  of the body.

• Frontal lobe. The largest section of the brain located in the
  front of the head, the frontal lobe is involved in personality
  characteristics and movement.

• Parietal lobe. The middle part of the brain, the parietal lobe
  helps a person to identify objects and understand spatial
  relationships (where one’s body is compared to objects around
  the person). The parietal lobe is also involved in interpreting
  pain and touch in the body.

• Occipital lobe. The occipital lobe is the back part of the
  brain that is involved with vision.

• Temporal lobe. The sides of the brain, these temporal lobes are
  involved in memory, speech, and sense of smell.

What are the reasons for a CT scan of the brain?

A CT of the brain may be performed to assess the brain for tumors and
other lesions, injuries, intracranial bleeding, structural anomalies
(e.g.,

hydrocephalus

, infections, brain function or other conditions), particularly when
another type of examination (e.g., X-rays or a physical exam) are
inconclusive.

A brain CT may also be used to evaluate the effects of treatment on

brain tumors

and to detect clots in the brain that may be responsible for

strokes

. Another use of brain CT is to provide guidance for brain surgery or
biopsies of brain tissue.

There may be other reasons for your doctor to recommend a CT of the
brain.

What are the risks of a CT scan of the brain?

You may want to ask your doctor about the amount of radiation used
during the brain CT procedure and the risks related to your particular
situation. You should keep a record of your past history of radiation
exposure, such as previous CT scans and other types of X-rays, so that
you can inform your doctor. Risks associated with radiation exposure
may be related to the cumulative number of X-ray examinations and/or
treatments over a long period of time.

To safeguard your health, consider the following precautions before
scheduling a brain CT:

• Pregnancy
  : If you are pregnant or suspect that you may be pregnant, you
  should notify your doctor. Radiation exposure during pregnancy
  may lead to birth defects. If it is necessary for you to have a
  CT of the brain, special precautions will be made to minimize
  the radiation exposure to the fetus. Contrast media: If contrast media is used
  during a brain CT, the patient may develop an an allergic
  reaction to the media. Some patients should not have an
  iodine-based contrast media. Patients who are allergic to or
  sensitive to medications should notify their doctor. When you
  schedule your brain CT scan, you should inform the access
  center representative if you have had an allergic reaction to
  any contrast media or if you have kidney failure or other
  kidney problems. IV contrast will not be administered if you
  have had a severe or anaphylactic reaction to any contrast
  media in the past. You may be able to have the scan performed
  without contrast media or have an alternative imaging exam. . A
  reported seafood allergy is not considered to be a
  contraindication for iodinated contrast. Nursing mothers may
  want to wait 24 hours after contrast material is injected
  before resuming breastfeeding.

• Diabetes:
  Patients taking the diabetes medication metformin (Glucophage)
  should alert their doctors before having an IV contrast
  injection as it may cause a rare condition called metabolic
  acidosis. If you take metformin, you will be asked to stop
  taking it at the time of the procedure and wait 48 hours after
  your procedure before restarting this medication. A blood test
  to check kidney function may be required before you can resume
  taking metformin.

There may be other risks depending on your specific medical condition.
Be sure to discuss any concerns with your doctor prior to the
procedure.

How do I prepare for a CT scan of the brain?

If you are having

computed tomography angiography (CTA)

, you will be given specific instructions when you make your
appointment. The following instructions will help you prepare for your
brain CT:

• Clothing
  : You may be asked to change into a patient gown. If so, a gown
  will be provided for you. Please remove all piercings and leave
  all jewelry and valuables at home.

• Contrast media:
  You will be asked to sign a consent form that will detail the
  risks and side-effects associated with contrast media injected
  through a small tube places in a vein called an intravenous
  (IV) line. The most common type of brain CT scan with contrast
  is the double-contrast study that will require you to drink a
  contrast media before your exam begins in addition to the IV
  contrast. If you had mild to moderate reactions in the past,
  you will likely need to take medication prior to the brain CT
  scan.

• Food and drink
  : If your doctor ordered a brain CT scan without contrast, you can eat, drink and take
  your prescribed medications prior to your exam. If your doctor
  ordered a CT of the brain with contrast, do not eat anything three hours prior to your
  brain CT. You are encouraged to drink clear liquids.

• Diabetics
  : Diabetics should eat a light breakfast or lunch three hours
  prior to the scheduled scan. Depending on your oral medication
  for diabetes, you may be asked to discontinue the use of your
  medication for 48 hours afterthe brain CT
  scan. If you have a CT scan with Johns Hopkins radiology,
  detailed instructions will be given following your examination.

• Medication
  : All patients can take their prescribed medications as usual,
  unless otherwise directed.

Based on your medical condition, your doctor may request other specific
steps for brain CT preparation.

What happens during a CT scan of the brain?

Brain CT scans may be performed on an outpatient basis or as part of
your hospital stay. Procedures may vary depending on your condition and
your physician’s practices.

Generally, a brain CT scan involves the following steps:

• If you having a procedure done with contrast, an IV line will
  be started in the hand or arm for the injection of the contrast
  media. For oral contrast, you will be given a liquid contrast
  preparation to swallow.

• You will lie on a scan table that slides into a large, circular
  opening of the scanning machine. Pillows and straps may be used
  to prevent movement during the procedure.

• The technologist will be in another room where the scanner
  controls are located. However, you will be in constant sight of
  the technologist through a window. Speakers inside the scanner
  will enable two-way communication between the technologist and
  the patient. You may have a call button so that you can let the
  technologist know if you have any problems during the
  procedure. The technologist will be watching you at all times
  and will be in constant communication.

• As the scanner begins to rotate around you, X-rays will pass
  through the body for short amounts of time. You will hear
  clicking sounds, which are normal.

• The X-rays absorbed by the body’s tissues will be detected by
  the scanner and transmitted to the computer. The computer will
  transform the information into an image to be interpreted by
  the radiologist.

• You must remain very still during the procedure. You may be
  asked to hold your breath at various times during the
  procedure.

• If contrast media is used for your procedure, you may feel some
  effects when the media is injected into the IV line. These
  effects include a flushing sensation, a salty or metallic taste
  in your mouth, a brief headache or nausea and/or vomiting.
  These effects usually last for a few moments.

• You should notify the technologist if you experience any
  breathing difficulties, sweating, numbness or heart
  palpitations.

• When the procedure has been completed, you will be removed from
  the scanner.

• If an IV line was inserted for contrast administration, the
  line will be removed.

While the brain CT itself causes no pain, having to lie still for the
length of the procedure might cause some discomfort or pain,
particularly in the case of a recent injury or invasive procedure (e. g.
surgery). The technologist will use all possible comfort measures and
complete the procedure as quickly as possible to minimize any
discomfort or pain.

What happens after a CT of the brain?

If contrast media was used during your brain CT scan, you may be
monitored for a period of time to check for any side effects or
reactions to the contrast media. Notify your radiologist or if you
experience itching, swelling, rash or difficulty breathing. If you
notice any pain, redness and/or swelling at the IV site after you
return home following your procedure, you should notify your doctor as
this could indicate an infection or other type of reaction.

Otherwise, there is no special type of care required after a CT of the
brain. Most patients are permitted to resume their usual diet and
activities. Your doctor may provide additional or alternate
instructions after the procedure, depending on your particular
situation.

CT Scan for Cancer | CAT Scan

• What does a CT scan show?
• How does a CT scan work?
• How do I get ready for a CT scan?
• What is it like having a CT scan?
• How long does a CT scan take?
• What are the possible complications and side effects of a CT scan?
• What else should I know about a CT scan?

A CT scan (also known as a computed tomography scan, CAT scan, and spiral or helical CT) can help doctors find cancer and show things like a tumor’s shape and size. CT scans are most often an outpatient procedure. The scan is painless and takes about 10 to 30 minutes.

What does a CT scan show?

CT scans show a slice, or cross-section, of the body. The image shows your bones, organs, and soft tissues more clearly than standard x-rays.

CT scans can show a tumor’s shape, size, and location. They can even show the blood vessels that feed the tumor – all without having to cut into the patient.

Doctors often use CT scans to help them guide a needle to remove a small piece of tissue. This is called a CT-guided biopsy. CT scans can also be used to guide needles into tumors for some types of cancer treatments, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), which uses heat to destroy a tumor.

By comparing CT scans done over time, doctors can see how a tumor is responding to treatment or find out if the cancer has come back after treatment.

How does a CT scan work?

In a way, CT scans are like standard x-ray tests. But an x-ray test aims a broad beam of radiation from only one angle. A CT scan uses a pencil-thin beam to create a series of pictures taken from different angles. The information from each angle is fed into a computer, which then creates a black and white picture that shows a slice of a certain area of the body – much like looking at a single slice from a loaf of bread.

Special contrast materials can be used to get a clearer picture. These can be swallowed as a liquid, put into a vein, or put into the intestines through the rectum as an enema.

By layering CT image slices on top of each other, the machine can create a 3-dimensional (3-D) view. The 3-D image can be rotated on a computer screen to look at different angles.

Doctors are now taking CT technology one step further in a technique called virtual endoscopy. They can look at the inside surfaces of organs such as the lungs (virtual bronchoscopy) or colon (virtual colonoscopy or CT colonography) without actually having to put scopes into the body. The 3-D CT images are arranged to create a black and white view on the computer screen. This looks a lot like it would if they were doing an actual endoscopy.

How do I get ready for a CT scan?

CT scans are most often done on an outpatient basis, so you don’t have to be in a hospital to get one.

Ask your doctor if you will get contrast dye as part of the CT scan. Before getting the dye, be sure to let your health care team know if you’ve ever had a reaction to contrast dye, seafood, or iodine in the past. This is important because reactions to these things may put you at risk for reacting to the contrast dye used in CT scans. If there’s a risk that you might have an allergic reaction, you may be given a test dose of the contrast dye first. People who have had a severe reaction in the past may need to take drugs (usually a steroid, like prednisone) to help prevent another reaction. Sometimes these drugs need to be started the day before the scan.

In some cases, your doctor may tell you not to eat or drink overnight or for several hours before the test. Or you might need to use a laxative or an enema to clean out your bowel and remove material that could get in the way of seeing inside the belly and intestines.

What is it like having a CT scan?

You may be asked to undress, put on a robe, and remove underwire bras, jewelry, piercings, or any other metal objects that may get in the way of the image. You may be asked remove dentures, hearing aids, hair clips, and so on, as they can affect the CT pictures.

A radiology technologist does the CT scan. Let the technologist know if you have a pacemaker, infusion port, or other implanted medical device. This will not keep you from getting a CT scan, but extra care can be taken if that area will be scanned.

The scanner is a large, doughnut-shaped machine. You lie on a thin, flat table that slides back and forth inside the hole in the middle of the scanner. As the table moves into the opening, an x-ray tube rotates within the scanner, sending out many tiny x-ray beams at precise angles. These beams quickly pass through your body and are detected on the other side of the scanner. You may hear buzzing and clicking as the scanner switches on and off.

You will be alone in the exam room during the CT scan, but the technologist will be able to see, hear, and talk to you at all times.

A CT is painless but you may find it uncomfortable to hold still in certain positions for minutes at a time. You may also be asked to hold your breath for a short time, since chest movement can affect the image.

During a CT head scan, your head may be held still in a special device. For CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy), air is pumped into the colon to help see the inner bowel surface. This can be uncomfortable.

Depending on the part of the body being studied, you may need to drink contrast liquid or get a contrast enema right before the test.

If you’re going to get contrast dye in a vein, an intravenous (IV) catheter might be put into a vein in your arm or hand. You’ll probably have a scan done, then get the contrast dye and have another scan done. When the contrast is given, you may get a feeling of warmth that spreads through your body. Some people say that this can feel like they “wet their pants.” This is only a feeling, and it goes away quickly. You might also get a bitter or metallic taste in your mouth.

How long does a CT scan take?

A CT scan can take anywhere from 10 to 30 minutes, depending on what part of the body is being scanned. It also depends on how much of your body the doctors want to look at and whether contrast dye is used. It often takes more time to get you into position and give the contrast dye than to take the pictures. After the test, you may be asked to wait while the pictures are checked to make sure they are clear and show all of the body part. If not, more pictures may be needed.

What are the possible complications and side effects of a CT scan?

Some people react to the contrast dye. Possible reactions include:

• Rash
• Nausea
• Wheezing
• Shortness of breath
• Itching or facial swelling that can last up to an hour

These symptoms usually are mild and most often go away on their own. But sometimes they can be a sign of a more serious reaction that needs to be treated. Be sure to let your radiology technologist and your health care team know if you notice any changes after getting the contrast dye.

In rare cases, people can have a severe allergic reaction that causes low blood pressure or trouble breathing. This must be treated right away.

The IV contrast dye can also cause kidney problems. This is rare, and it’s more common in someone whose kidneys already don’t work well. If you need a scan with contrast dye, your doctor may first do a blood test to check your kidney function. You may also get extra fluids in an IV or medicines to help your kidneys get rid of the dye safely.

What else should I know about a CT scan?

• Although a CT scan is sometimes described as a “slice” or a “cross-section,” no cutting is involved.
• The amount of radiation you get during a CT scan is a good deal more than that with a standard x-ray.
• People who are very overweight may have trouble fitting into the CT scanner.
• Be sure to tell your doctor if you have any allergies or are sensitive to iodine, seafood, or contrast dyes.
• Tell your doctor if you could be pregnant or are breastfeeding.
• CT scans can cost up to 10 times as much as a standard x-ray. You may want to be sure your health insurance will cover this test before you have it.

The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team

Our team is made up of doctors and oncology certified nurses with deep knowledge of cancer care as well as journalists, editors, and translators with extensive experience in medical writing.

American College of Radiology/Radiological Society of North America. Body CT/CAT scan. September 23, 2014. Accessed at www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=bodyct on November 13, 2015.

American College of Radiology/Radiological Society of North America. Computed Tomography (CT) – Abdomen and Pelvis. August 13, 2014. Accessed at www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=abdominct on November 13, 2015.

American College of Radiology/Radiological Society of North America. Computed Tomography landing page. Accessed at www.radiologyinfo.org/en/submenu.cfm?pg=ctScan on November 13, 2015.

Hricak H, Akin O, Bradbury MS, et al. Advanced imaging methods: Functional and metabolic imaging. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005:589-720.

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Last Revised: November 30, 2015

American Cancer Society medical information is copyrighted material. For reprint requests, please see our Content Usage Policy.

Ten questions about computed tomography

Published: 08/03/2022
Updated: 12/27/2022

Computed tomography is a highly accurate and informative method for diagnosing diseases and pathological conditions of internal organs. The most frequently asked questions about computed tomography are answered by radiologist Maxim Anatolyevich Kotov .

1. What is computed tomography?

The most important goals for performing computed tomography (CT) are detection of the following pathological changes : oncology, post-traumatic changes, including evaluation of post-operative changes, vascular and inflammatory studies.

The most striking example of the tasks of the first group is detection of lung cancer x by low-dose CT. Tomography can detect a tumor with a diameter of 3-4 mm, which is unattainable for classical x-rays, and thanks to the treatment started at stage 1, the life expectancy of such patients increases significantly, and mortality, respectively, falls.

Trauma is the most common reason for emergency CT scans . CT allows you to assess not only the integrity of both the largest and smallest bones, but also the state of the brain, the presence of hematomas / hemorrhages.

CT of vessels – CT angiography is the most accurate method for assessing vessels for the presence of stenoses, aneurysms.

A classic example of an inflammatory process is viral pneumonia . Thanks to CT, it is possible to reliably diagnose pneumonia, assess the percentage of lung damage, and the dynamics of the process. It is also good to evaluate inflammatory processes in the abdomen – for example, pancreatitis, abscess formation, swollen lymph nodes anywhere.

2. What tests should be done before CT?

If it is not planned to administer a contrast agent during the examination, then does not need to be tested either . In the case of a contrast-enhanced CT scan, it makes sense to check your blood creatinine and glomerular filtration rate, especially if you are over 65 years of age and have any kidney disease. This is due to the fact that the contrast (iodine-containing drug) is excreted by the kidneys and you need to be sure of their health.

3. Why do I need to take creatinine before CT scan?

The level of creatinine reflects the functional significance of the kidneys . The contrast used in CT contains a significant amount of iodine, which is excreted by the kidneys. To be sure of the ability of the kidneys to remove excess iodine, a creatinine test is taken.

4. Which creatinine can be used for CT?

If the study is without contrast, then with any . If there is an injection of a contrast agent, then the values ​​​​of the creatinine level should be within the age norm. As a rule, this is 102 – 127 µmol / liter, depending on the system that measures its level.
CT without contrast takes about 3 minutes, with contrast 15-20 minutes .

7. How long do I have to wait for CT results?

The media of visual diagnostic information disk or flash drive is usually ready within 10-15 minutes;

8. How often can I have a CT scan?

In modern tomography, the radiation exposure is small, just a few mSv, with an allowable limit of 50 mSv per year. The time interval between studies is also important. Doing several CT scans in a row is more harmful than with an interval of a couple of months between studies. It all depends on the specific situation – if the patient has a severe polytrauma, an oncological disease with the need to assess the dynamics of changes during treatment, then it should be done according to the clinical situation.

9. How does CT affect the human body? What is the radiation dose?

CT scans use ionizing X-rays that damage cells in the body. But here you need to remember that the actual scan takes only a few seconds out of 15 minutes of the procedure, the rest of the time is taken up by preparatory measures: setting up the tomograph, choosing the scanning area, and placing the catheter.
In modern tomographs, the radiation exposure is low – 2-3 mSv per one scanning area. This value depends on the length of the scanning zone, on the volume of the patient’s body, i.e. on his height and weight, as well as on the selected scanning zone: one thing is the paranasal sinuses where the length of the zone is about 10 cm and another thing is the chest – 40 cm. In the modern world, hundreds of thousands of CT examinations are performed every day, and their safety has been proven.

10. What should I do after the CT procedure?

After the CT procedure, no special measures are required to remove radiation . In the case of the introduction of a contrast, it is recommended to slightly increase the volume of drinking to facilitate the work of the kidneys. Nursing mothers are advised to express milk, and feed the baby with the next portion.

Kotov Maxim Anatolyevich

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Otitis in cats – causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis, treatment

The article describes in detail the causes of the development of otitis in cats and cats, a description of the symptoms, manifestations and types of otitis media. Principles of proper diagnosis and treatment, drugs, drops, antibiotics. Complications and risks, as well as disease prevention.

Content:

1. 1. Causes of otitis media in cats
2. 2. Symptoms of otitis media in cats
3. 3. Types of otitis media in cats
4. 4. Diagnosis of otitis media
5. 5. Treatment of otitis media
6. 6. Prevention of otitis media

Otitis is a disease that is common among both humans and animals. Therefore, many cat owners are confident that they can easily diagnose and treat it at home. But it doesn’t:

• Causes of ear inflammation in humans and animals vary. If in children it often occurs against the background of a cold, then in cats due to the reproduction of ear mites, endocrine pathologies or weak immunity.
• Your pet won’t tell you that it hurts. And the clinical picture is often erased, poorly expressed, a number of diseases fit it.
• Finally, without an otoscope, MRI, and veterinary education, you can’t tell otitis externa from internal. But it poses a direct threat to the life of the animal.

Therefore, do not limit yourself to familiarizing yourself with the symptoms and treatment of otitis media in cats; be sure to contact a specialist for accurate diagnosis and selection of effective methods of treatment for your pet.

Causes of otitis in cats

Inflammation of the ears in animals rarely occurs as an independent disease.

Most often, this is a syndrome that indicates deep disorders that require the attention of a veterinarian:

• Allergy. Often it manifests itself in cats as angioedema, which involves the nasopharynx, ears and eyes. At the same time, the animal not only shakes its head and seeks to scratch the problematic part of the body, but also cries with transparent discharge from the eyes, sneezes, and meows in a hoarse voice. Hair on the ears often falls out with allergies, and an infection multiplies in the places of scratching, provoking the appearance of pustules and ulcers.
• Endocrine pathologies. Itching in the ears, increased anxiety and scratching may indicate diseases of the thyroid gland, hypothalamic-pituitary system, diabetes mellitus. Otitis occurs as a result of a complication of the banal microflora of strepto-, staphylococci and other microbes that live in the ear canal.
• Weakened immunity. This is common in older cats and small kittens, as well as animals that have undergone surgery or a serious illness. The inability of the body to fight the infection leads to the mass reproduction of the fungus in the ear canals and the inflammatory process.
• Tumors and polyps. Growing in the nasopharynx and ear canals, they are often injured with the formation of purulent wounds, which leads to the development of inflammation. In addition, growths can block the passage and disrupt the natural outflow of sulfur, and this also contributes to the progression of otitis media.
• Foreign body. This option is especially relevant for families with children. Toddlers tend to put all sorts of small objects into their ears and animals: beads, buttons, mosaic and designer details. Sometimes seeds of plants, insects, fragments of branches also become a foreign body in a cat’s ear. Due to the depth of immersion and the desperate resistance of the pet, it is not always possible to detect them at home, it is better to consult a veterinarian.

Ear mites are a common cause of illness in cats. You can get it during contact with other animals, including dogs, rabbits. Therefore, you need to examine the pet’s ears at least once a month and carry out their hygienic treatment.

Symptoms of otitis media in cats, what does it look like?

The animal cannot complain to you about pain and discomfort. Therefore, monitoring the pet and fixing unusual actions for him helps to identify the disease in a timely manner. So, the true signs of otitis will be:

• Painful reaction to touch on the ears, stroking the head;
• When parasitic, cats frequently scratch their ears and shake their heads vigorously;
• A hint to a caring owner will also be frequent sitting of a pet with its head tilted to one side;
• As with all inflammatory processes, otitis is characterized by swelling and an increase in local temperature. But they rarely cover the auricle – more often they are localized in the canal. Therefore, the cat may have hearing impairment, and sometimes startle reactions appear for no apparent reason – this is due to the gurgling sounds of exudate.
• A clear sign of otitis media is copious discharge from the ears and the formation of crusts in them.
• Cats are animals that are characterized by increased sensitivity and rapid spread of the inflammatory process to the nearest organs and tissues. Therefore, often along with the symptoms of otitis media, one can notice abundant discharge from the eyes and nose, sneezing and snorting. Moreover, these phenomena are often “one-sided” in nature – they appear only on the left or right side.
• Pain in otitis media is similar in intensity and duration to toothache. Therefore, already on the 2nd-3rd day of illness, cats become exhausted and plunge into a depressed state – they are looking for a quiet and dark corner in which no one will disturb them, they refuse food and entertainment.

The inflammatory process is able to cover not only the outer part of the auditory canal, but also quickly spread along the continuation – to the inner ear, and sometimes the nerves, meninges. Therefore, if you find at least one of these alarming symptoms, contact your veterinarian immediately:

• Eyelid drooping and lack of visual reaction on the one hand, muzzle asymmetry – these signs indicate damage to the nervous system and the development of paralysis;
• Sustained increase in body temperature – over 40 degrees;
• Unsteady gait and impaired coordination of movements are the first signs of damage to the meninges;
• Lethargy and lethargy of the pet, complete lack of resistance when examining the diseased ear;
• Complete loss of interest in food for 24 hours or more.

Types of otitis in cats

As in humans, ear inflammation in animals can be acute or chronic. In the first case, the symptoms are pronounced – the cat is in pain, shakes its head and meows plaintively, the discharge from the ear is abundant and often purulent.

The owner should not postpone treatment until later – acute otitis media is prone to rapid progression and spread along the continuation: into the middle and internal canals, and then the process passes to the meninges.

Chronic inflammation is dangerous because of its “invisibility” to the human eye. Its symptoms are mild, and therefore their owners notice only during an exacerbation.

According to the location of the focus of inflammation, otitis in cats occurs:

• External – easily seen by ear canal discharge;
• Medium – covering the most important structures and often leading to hearing loss;
• Internal – the most dangerous form that occurs in advanced cases.

According to the nature of the inflammatory process otitis in cats is:

• Alternative – with a predominance of destruction processes. At the same time, crusts form on the surface of the auditory canal, and under them – numerous ulcers. A typical example of such otitis is tick-borne.
• Exudative – with copious discharge from the ear canal. It is typical for allergic reactions, as well as for the intensive reproduction of bacterial flora in the ceruminous glands – with their inflammation, the volume of sulfur production increases.
• Proliferative – associated with tissue proliferation and narrowing of the ear canal. The trigger for its development is the intensive growth of cartilage or polyps that cover the auditory opening.

The mechanisms of the development of the disease are different, therefore, a universal approach to therapy does not always give a positive result. So, it is impossible to remove a tick with ordinary anti-inflammatory drops, as well as get rid of growths in the ear canal. Using them, you will alleviate the condition of the animal, but will contribute to the transition of the process into a chronic, intractable form.

Otitis parasitic in cats

Ear mite infestation among stray cats in some regions reaches 100%, so it can safely be called the most common type of otitis media. Symptoms of otodectosis are also familiar to many pet owners:

• Unbearable itching in the ears – cats persistently scratch them, shake their heads, often abrasions and “scratches” appear in the area of ​​the ears;
• Brown crusts form on the inner surface, and when they are removed, a red and sometimes ulcerated surface is noticeable;
• Otodectosis, unlike other types of otitis media, in most cases affects both ears.

Purulent otitis in cats

It is characterized by severe pain and fever – both local and general. With a purulent form of otitis in the first days, cats show great anxiety, often make attempts to scratch their ears and immediately stop them, do not allow themselves to be stroked and examined. By day 2-3, the pain subsides and they look for a secluded place for solitude.

The most common causes of purulent otitis are:

• Hypothermia;
• Weak immunity, in which opportunistic microbes that normally live on the skin and mucous membranes get the opportunity to multiply intensively and provoke an inflammatory process;
• Foreign body in ear;
• Recent viral infections complicated by bacterial flora.

Allergic otitis in cats

May be acute or chronic. In the first case, the signs increase suddenly and quickly – the cat meows uneasily and rushes around the house, the voice becomes hoarse, swelling quickly increases in the ears and eyes. Often animals try to get rid of this phenomenon by combing or stroking their paws on their lowered head.

In the case of chronic allergic otitis, the symptoms are less pronounced and extended over time:

• Cat scratches ears often and for a long time;
• The hair around them falls out, the skin is injured – pustules, ulcers, areas of a weeping surface, characteristic of eczema, appear on it;
• Chronic allergic otitis is often complicated by a bacterial infection and becomes purulent.

If the cause of the allergy is not eliminated in a timely manner, then otitis media becomes recurrent and poses a threat to the cat’s life.

Fungal otitis in cats

This type of disease is typical for old and weakened by chronic diseases animals, also occurs in kittens. The reason for its development is a fungus that normally lives on the skin and fur of animals without causing any problems. But when the natural barriers are weakened, it begins to develop rapidly, which leads to inflammation. Most often, fungal otitis is characterized by:

• Unpleasant sour smell;
• Slow, chronic development of the process;
• Discharge of small droplets of exudate that cats spray when scratching their ears.

Much less often, fungal otitis occurs acutely, with reddening of the inner surface of the ears and fever.

Diagnosis of otitis media in cats

The purpose of diagnosis is not to confirm the fact of otitis in an animal, but to study the features of its course. So, the veterinarian talks with the owner, trying to find possible causes of otitis media in the history of the cat, examines it and measures the temperature.

The following are more informative studies:

• Scraping and microscopy of the contents of the ear canal. It allows you to determine the causative agent of the disease and select effective means of combating it – antibiotics, antifungal or antiparasitic drugs;
• If otitis media is suspected, video otoscopy, X-ray, or MRI is indicated.

It is the MRI study that allows you to get the maximum information about the state of the hearing aid – it clearly visualizes all the structures, helps to determine the location of the inflammatory process. Sometimes a timely MRI can save the animal’s life.

Treatment of otitis in cats

Many believe that you can cope with otitis in a pet by buying ear drops at a veterinary pharmacy.

This is wrong:

• The root of the problem in 70% of cases lies much deeper – it is an allergy, diseases of the endocrine glands or a weak immune system of the cat. Without identifying and eliminating the causes, you run the risk of converting otitis media into a chronic, recurrent form, which will further aggravate the condition of the animal.
• Otitis is provoked by different types of infection – fungal, bacterial, parasitic. It is important to understand that generic amoxicillin only works on microbes. Its use in fungal otitis media can only aggravate the situation by destroying all the beneficial microflora and providing Candida and Malassezia with unlimited reproduction opportunities.
• It is impossible to determine “by eye” external or internal otitis in a cat. Therefore, it is important to contact a specialist in order to accurately establish the localization of the process and take adequate treatment measures.

The only thing that unites the therapy of all types of otitis media is the sequence of hygienic treatment of the ears before instillation of the drug. It is necessary to moisten a cotton swab with chlorhexedine or hydrogen peroxide and thoroughly clean the inner surface of the ears from exudate and crusts. In no case should you pour these drugs into the passage or use cotton swabs – this will only cause pain to the animal.

Otitis media for cats

Most often, pet owners choose drops to treat the inflammatory process in the ear.

This is partly the right approach: they have a therapeutic effect directly in the focus of the disease.

But when choosing drops, it is important to consider the breadth of their action. It is desirable that they combine:

• An anti-inflammatory component that will reduce exudation and improve the condition of the pet;
• Pain reliever such as lidocaine and others;
• Antibacterial factor, because opportunistic microflora tends to multiply in the foci of inflammation and exacerbate the process.

These drugs include Sofradex, Anandin, Oricin, Otibiovin, Ciprovet, Surolan and others. Also, veterinarians often prescribe specific drugs for the treatment of otitis media:

• Purulent otitis media is provoked by the reproduction of opportunistic microflora in the ear canal. Therefore, to combat it, broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed – amoxicillin, augmentin, cefazolin and others. Assign them to animals, both in the form of tablets and in the form of intramuscular injections.
• Fungal otitis is treated with drugs that can stop the growth of candida and malassezia – clotrimazole, nystatin tablets, ointments – ecofungin, nystatin and others.
• For the treatment of parasitic inflammation of the ears, agents that are effective against ticks are used – Bars drops, Anandin plus, Aurikan, Acoromektin and others.
• If an allergy has become the cause of otitis media, antihistamines are prescribed – suprastin, citrine, loratadine. It is also possible to use ointments based on corticosteroids – prednisolone, sinoflanova and others.

Often the cause of otitis is a weakening of the immune system and natural defense mechanisms. Therefore, it is justified to prescribe a course of vitamins of groups B, A and C, immunomodulators to a cat.

If the cause of otitis media is polyps and growths, then the veterinarian may recommend an operation to remove them.

Prevention of otitis media in cats

The mite of the genus Otodectosis has been the true leader among the causes of ear diseases in cats for many years. Therefore, the main preventive measure is the exclusion of pet contacts with homeless and free-roaming animals. In addition, it is important to take care:

• About proper cat nutrition. These are carnivorous animals, therefore, the presence of a large amount of carbohydrates in their diet can lead to a failure in the endocrine regulation of the body and numerous diseases. Choose foods that are at least premium, and with natural nutrition, follow a 2: 1 ratio – 2 parts of meat should account for 1 part of cereals, vegetables and dairy products combined.
• Hygienic ear care. It is necessary to clean them with a cotton swab with an antiseptic at least once a month.
• Show increased attention to older animals, pregnant and lactating cats, kittens. They need additional vitamins and minerals in the form of chewable tablets, treats and drops.

Otitis is not a deadly disease. At the same time, it is important to visit a veterinarian to determine the cause of its development and the depth of the process, to choose a treatment regimen that will help quickly relieve your pet of pain and protect against unpleasant consequences in the form of paralysis, meningitis and other pathologies.