Why do most sore throats, coughs, and runny noses not require antibiotics. How can parents effectively manage their child’s symptoms without antibiotics. When are antibiotics actually necessary for childhood infections.

Understanding Viral vs. Bacterial Infections in Children

One of the most common misconceptions among parents is that antibiotics are necessary for treating every childhood illness. However, it’s crucial to understand the fundamental difference between viral and bacterial infections to make informed decisions about treatment.

Viral infections are the most prevalent cause of childhood illnesses, particularly those affecting the respiratory system. These include:

• Common cold
• Influenza (flu)
• Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
• COVID-19

Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses. They are designed to combat bacterial infections, which are less common in children. Understanding this distinction is crucial for proper treatment and preventing antibiotic resistance.

How can you tell if an infection is viral or bacterial?

While it can be challenging to differentiate between viral and bacterial infections based on symptoms alone, there are some indicators:

• Viral infections often come with a combination of symptoms like runny nose, cough, and sore throat
• Bacterial infections may cause more localized symptoms and are often accompanied by high fever
• The color of mucus (yellow or green) is not a reliable indicator of a bacterial infection

It’s important to consult with a pediatrician for an accurate diagnosis, especially if symptoms persist or worsen.

The Risks of Unnecessary Antibiotic Use in Children

While antibiotics can be life-saving when used appropriately, their overuse or misuse can lead to significant health risks. Parents should be aware of these potential side effects:

• Diarrhea or vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Rash
• Allergic reactions (some can be severe)
• Antibiotic resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a particularly concerning issue. When antibiotics are used too frequently or incorrectly, bacteria can adapt and become resistant to these medications. This results in the emergence of “superbugs” that are harder to treat, posing a significant public health threat.

How does antibiotic resistance develop?

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve to survive the effects of antibiotics. This natural process is accelerated by the overuse and misuse of these medications. When antibiotics are used unnecessarily, they kill susceptible bacteria while allowing resistant strains to survive and multiply. Over time, this leads to the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the population.

Effective Symptom Management Without Antibiotics

For most viral infections, the focus should be on managing symptoms and supporting the child’s immune system. Here are some effective strategies:

1. Fever management: Use age-appropriate doses of ibuprofen or acetaminophen
2. Pain relief: For ear or throat pain, ibuprofen or acetaminophen can also be effective
3. Congestion relief: Use a humidifier to help clear nasal passages
4. Cough treatment: For children over 1 year old, a spoonful of dark honey can help soothe coughs
5. Hydration: Ensure the child drinks plenty of fluids
6. Rest: Adequate sleep and relaxation support the body’s natural healing processes

It’s important to note that over-the-counter cough and cold medicines are not recommended for young children due to potential side effects and limited efficacy.

Are there any natural remedies that can help boost a child’s immune system?

While there’s no magic cure for viral infections, certain practices can support a child’s overall health and immune function:

• Ensuring a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables
• Promoting regular physical activity
• Maintaining good sleep habits
• Practicing proper hand hygiene
• Reducing stress through relaxation techniques appropriate for children

These lifestyle factors can contribute to a stronger immune system, potentially reducing the frequency and severity of infections.

When Antibiotics Are Necessary: Recognizing the Signs

While most childhood illnesses don’t require antibiotics, there are specific situations where these medications are crucial. Parents should be aware of the following scenarios:

• Infants under 3 months with a fever above 100.4째F (38째C)
• Strep throat confirmed by a rapid strep test or throat culture
• Symptoms of pneumonia or sinusitis that worsen after initial improvement
• Diagnosed cases of whooping cough (pertussis)

It’s essential to follow the pediatrician’s guidance in these cases and complete the full course of prescribed antibiotics.

How can parents differentiate between a common cold and a more serious infection?

While it can be challenging, there are some signs that may indicate a more serious infection:

• Persistent high fever (above 102째F or 39째C) for more than 3 days
• Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
• Severe ear pain or discharge from the ear
• Symptoms that worsen after initial improvement
• Extreme lethargy or irritability
• Poor fluid intake or signs of dehydration

If any of these symptoms are present, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider promptly.

The Role of Diagnostic Tests in Antibiotic Prescribing

Accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate antibiotic use. Diagnostic tests play a vital role in determining whether an infection is bacterial and requires antibiotic treatment. Common tests include:

• Rapid strep tests for strep throat
• Throat cultures for more definitive results
• Blood tests to check for markers of bacterial infection
• Chest X-rays for suspected pneumonia

These tests help healthcare providers make informed decisions about antibiotic prescriptions, reducing unnecessary use and potential side effects.

Why is it important to complete the full course of antibiotics when prescribed?

Completing the full course of antibiotics is crucial for several reasons:

• It ensures that all bacteria causing the infection are eliminated
• It reduces the risk of the infection returning
• It helps prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
• It maximizes the effectiveness of the treatment

Stopping antibiotics early, even if symptoms improve, can lead to a resurgence of the infection and contribute to antibiotic resistance.

Promoting Antibiotic Stewardship in Pediatric Care

Antibiotic stewardship refers to the responsible use of antibiotics to preserve their effectiveness for future generations. In pediatric care, this involves:

• Educating parents about appropriate antibiotic use
• Implementing evidence-based guidelines for prescribing
• Using diagnostic tests to confirm bacterial infections
• Considering delayed prescribing strategies when appropriate
• Monitoring antibiotic prescribing patterns

Healthcare providers play a crucial role in promoting antibiotic stewardship, but parents also have a part to play by understanding when antibiotics are necessary and following prescribed treatments correctly.

How can parents contribute to antibiotic stewardship?

Parents can support antibiotic stewardship in several ways:

• Not insisting on antibiotics for viral infections
• Following the prescribed dosage and duration of antibiotics when necessary
• Not sharing antibiotics or using leftover medications
• Properly disposing of unused antibiotics
• Practicing good hygiene to prevent the spread of infections
• Staying informed about appropriate antibiotic use

By working together with healthcare providers, parents can help ensure that antibiotics remain effective for future generations.

The Future of Treating Childhood Infections: Research and Innovations

As our understanding of childhood infections evolves, so do the approaches to treatment. Ongoing research and innovations in this field include:

• Development of more accurate and rapid diagnostic tests
• Exploration of alternative treatments for viral infections
• Research into new antibiotics and ways to combat antibiotic resistance
• Investigation of the role of the microbiome in infection and immunity
• Advancements in vaccine development for common childhood infections

These developments hold promise for more targeted and effective treatments, potentially reducing the need for antibiotics in many cases.

What role might probiotics play in managing childhood infections?

Probiotics, beneficial bacteria that support gut health, are being studied for their potential role in managing childhood infections:

• They may help prevent certain types of infections by supporting the immune system
• Some studies suggest they could reduce the duration and severity of respiratory infections
• Probiotics may help mitigate antibiotic-associated side effects like diarrhea
• Research is ongoing to determine the most effective strains and dosages for different conditions

While promising, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider before using probiotics, especially in young children or those with underlying health conditions.

In conclusion, understanding the appropriate use of antibiotics in childhood illnesses is crucial for effective treatment and long-term health outcomes. By focusing on accurate diagnosis, symptom management, and antibiotic stewardship, parents and healthcare providers can work together to ensure the best care for children while preserving the effectiveness of these important medications for future generations.

Why Most Sore Throats, Coughs & Runny Noses Don’t Need Antibiotics

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Safety & Prevention

Safety & Prevention

If your child has a sore throat, cough or runny nose, you might expect the doctor to prescribe antibiotics. But most of the time, children actually don’t need antibiotics to treat these illnesses. In fact, antibiotics can do more harm than good. Here’s why:

Antibiotics do not fight viruses.

Most childhood infections are caused by viruses. Viruses can make your child feel very sick. If your child has a virus, antibiotics will not help your child feel better or keep others from getting sick.

• The common cold and flu, RSV and COVID-19 are all viruses.

• Most sore throats are caused by viruses, especially when there is also a runny nose or cough.

• Chest colds, even when the cough thick, sticky phlegm or mucus last a long time, are most often caused by viruses. Cigarette smoke and pollution can increase a child’s risk of getting one of these viruses, but bacteria are not usually the cause.

• Most sinus infections (sinusitis) are caused by viruses. The symptoms are a lot of mucus in the nose and post-nasal drip. Most sinus infections will go away on their own without antibiotics. Mucus that is yellow or green does not necessarily mean your child has a bacterial infection.

Antibiotics have risks.

Side effects from antibiotics are a common reason that children go to the emergency room. Common side effects from antibiotics include:

• Diarrhea or vomiting

• Abdominal pain

• Rash

• Allergic reaction: Some allergic reactions can be serious and life-threatening.

• Antibiotic resistance: When antibiotics are not use correctly or used too often, they can cause bacteria to change. That means the medicines won’t work as well when they are needed. These antibiotic-resistant infections are harder to cure.

There are other ways to treat your child’s symptoms.

Antibiotics kill bacteria but they do not treat symptoms of an illness, such as ear pain, fever, cough or congestion.

• Fever is treated with an ‘anti-pyretic’ such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen. It is important to know the correct dose to give your child.

• Pain, such as ear pain or throat pain, is treated with ibuprofen or acetaminophen. As always, it is important to know the correct dose to give your child.

• Congestion can be helped by using a humidifier.

• Cough can be helped by a spoonful of dark honey if your child is over 1 year of age.

Ask your doctor about treatments to help your child’s symptoms.

When does your child need antibiotics?

There are some infections that should be treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics may be needed in these situations:

• For infants younger than 3 months old, call your pediatrician for any fever above 100.4° F.

• If your child has been diagnosed with strep throat, based on a rapid strep test or a throat culture. If strep is not diagnosed with a test, antibiotics should not be given. No test is needed if your child has a runny nose and cough with a sore throat. Those are symptoms of a virus.

• If your child’s breathing started to get better and then worse again with new fever or new symptoms. In these cases, your doctor might evaluate your child for bacterial forms of pneumonia or sinusitis.

• If whooping cough (pertussis) is diagnosed.

Note: Antibiotics and cough and cold medicines have been identified by The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) as specific treatments that are commonly given to children but are not always necessary. The designation is part of the Choosing Wisely® campaign, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. The full list of specific tests or treatments gives more detail as to the reasons for taking a closer look at each treatment and cites evidence related to each recommendation.

Remember

Don’t hesitate to talk with your child’s pediatrician if you have any questions about their health.

More information

• 10 Common Childhood Illnesses and The ir Treatments
• Antibiotic Prescriptions for Children: 10 Common Questions Answered
• The Difference between a Sore Throat, Strep & Tonsillitis
• COVID-19 & Other Respiratory Illnesses: How to Tell the Difference
• Principles of Judicious Antibiotic Prescribing for Bacterial Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Pediatrics (AAP Clinical Report)

Last Updated

11/7/2022

Source

American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Infectious Diseases (Copyright © 2022)

The information contained on this Web site should not be used as a substitute for the medical care and advice of your pediatrician. There may be variations in treatment that your pediatrician may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances.

Bacterial Nasal Infections – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders

By

Marvin P. Fried

, MD, Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital of Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Reviewed/Revised Dec 2021 | Modified Sep 2022

View Patient Education

Nasal vestibulitis is bacterial infection of the nasal vestibule, typically with Staphylococcus aureus. It may result from nose picking or excessive nose blowing and causes annoying crusts and bleeding when the crusts slough off. Bacitracin or mupirocin ointment applied topically 2 times a day for 14 days is effective.

Furuncles of the nasal vestibule are usually staphylococcal; they may develop into spreading cellulitis of the tip of the nose. Systemic antistaphylococcal antibiotics (eg, cephalexin 500 mg orally 4 times a day) are given and warm compresses and topical mupirocin are applied. Furuncles are incised and drained to prevent local thrombophlebitis and subsequent cavernous sinus thrombosis Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a very rare, typically septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus, usually caused by nasal furuncles or bacterial sinusitis. Symptoms and signs include pain, proptosis… read more .

Treatment of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections should be directed by culture and sensitivity test results. Typically, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline are effective against most strains.

NOTE:


This is the Professional Version.


CONSUMERS:



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Copyright © 2023 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. All rights reserved.

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What is Levakin and what is it used for? – Product Information

Home >> Product Information >> What is Levakin and what is it used for?

Product Information

Levaquin was discontinued in December 2017. Talk to your doctor about alternatives, including generic levofloxacin or other fluoroquinolones.

What do sinus infections, pneumonia, kidney infections, and anthrax have in common? When these infections are caused by bacteria, they can be treated with an antibiotic called Levakin. Bacteria come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. They interact with the body in different ways, causing everything from minor infections to severe illness. This is why generic antibiotics such as Levakin and Amoxicillin are so commonly prescribed. They can fight bacteria in almost any part of the body, making them the perfect addition to any healthcare provider’s prescription kit.

But Levaquin is not a miracle cure for all diseases – it is a complex drug with interaction nuances and some potentially serious side effects. There are many hidden things here. Use this article as the basis for Levaquin, a medication guide with all the vital information about its features, uses and results.

What is levakine?

Levakin is an antibiotic that treats a wide range of bacterial infections of the lungs, urinary tract, kidneys, sinuses and skin. Health professionals often prescribe it to treat pneumonia, bacterial sinusitis, bronchitis, prostatitis, and urinary tract infections.

This is a multipurpose antibiotic that comes in a variety of forms. Health care providers can use oral, intravenous and ophthalmic medications to treat bacterial infections of various organ systems, according to Justin Friedlander, MD, a hospital urologist. Einstein Health Network.

The active ingredient is a drug called levofloxacin, a type of fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Levaquin is a brand name manufactured by Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson. Fluoroquinolones act on two separate enzymes that are needed for bacteria to multiply, preventing cells from multiplying. But it only works on bacteria, not viruses, so levakine is not effective for colds, flu, or other viral infections (such as coronavirus or COVID-19).).

Although levaquin is a particularly effective antibiotic, it causes some potentially dangerous side effects and cannot be purchased without a prescription. It is only available by prescription, so a health care provider can evaluate the appropriate conditions and circumstances for its use.

What is Levakin used for?

There is a whole army of different bacteria, and Levakin is effective against many of them, including E. coli, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. In fact, levofloxacin and its close relatives are commonly referred to as respiratory fluoroquinolones due to their effectiveness against Streptococcus pneumoniae in particular.

Levofloxacin most commonly treats:

• Chronic bronchitis
• Bacterial pneumonia
• Complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections
• Kidney infections (eg, pyelonephritis) 90 043
• Prostate infections
• Skin infections
• Sinus infections

Sometimes healthcare providers also prescribe levofloxacin for intra-abdominal infections, post-exposure anthrax, certain types of plague, and infectious diarrhea caused by E. coli infection. In addition, it has shown some efficacy in the treatment of certain sexually transmitted diseases, specifically chlamydia.

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However, the risk of serious side effects of Levaquin is not worth it for minor illnesses. In fact, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that fluoroquinolones should only be used in patients who do not have alternative treatment options.

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Dosages of Levakin

A typical daily dose of Levakin is available in 250, 500, or 750 mg oral tablets. Take Levaquin with a full glass of water. The dose may vary greatly depending on the type of condition, route of administration, age of the patient, weight of the patient, and other medications.

As a fairly strong antibiotic, levofloxacin will begin to work within a few hours, but it may take two to three days before symptoms improve. Take a full course of antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor, even if you feel better after a few days.

The following are the doses recommended by the FDA for adults with normal kidney function.

Warnings

Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should consult their physician before taking levakine. There are no adequate or well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Levofloxacin passes into breast milk, so breastfeeding during treatment with Levakin is not recommended. Breastfeeding mothers may consider pumping and withholding breast milk during treatment with Levakin and for an additional two days (equivalent to five half-lives) after the last dose.

Levofloxacin is available for older patients (65 years of age and older), but it may remain in their bodies longer due to reduced kidney function. In these cases, healthcare providers often lower the dosage to accommodate. This antibiotic has not been approved by the FDA for use in children under 18, except in cases of inhalational anthrax or plague, due to its side effects and the potential for the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

Levakin interactions

Although sometimes used as part of combination therapy, levakin should not be taken with certain medicines as it may cause unwanted drug interactions. Do not take Levakin at the same time as:

• Antacids, Karafate ( sucralfate ), metal cations (eg iron) and multivitamins : These may interfere with the absorption of levoflox cine in the gastrointestinal tract. Dairy products and other calcium-rich foods can have a similar effect.
• Videx ( didanosine ): This HIV medicine may also prevent the absorption of levofloxacin from the gastrointestinal tract.
• Coumadin ( warfarin ): Levaquin may enhance the effects of warfarin, increasing the risk of bleeding.
• Anti-diabetics: When combined with levakine, they cause fluctuations in blood glucose levels.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Pain relievers such as ibuprofen or aspirin may increase the risk of central nervous system stimulation and seizures.
• Theophylline : Clinically observed, this drug interacts with other fluoroquinolones, increasing the risk of effects on the central nervous system, including convulsions.

These are the most common interactions, but this list is not exhaustive. Patients should tell their healthcare provider about any other medications they are taking.

What are the side effects of Levakin?

Janssen has been sued and the side effects of Levaquin have been scrutinized. While side effects should be kept in mind, patients who carefully follow their doctor’s medical advice and report any problems immediately should not lose sleep because of them. According to Dr. Friedländer, the most common side effects of levofloxacin primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract and neurological organs, so anyone taking it should pay attention to: 9No 056

Not scary, right? These are all side effects that often appear on the labels of a wide variety of drugs. But, unfortunately, this is not the end. In the past few years, Levakin has been under the media microscope for some of its rarer, more serious side effects.

Serious side effects and complications

The use of Levakine has been associated with tendinitis (swelling of the tendons) as well as bruising, tearing and tearing, most commonly in the Achilles tendon, on the back of the ankle. Patients with a history of tendonitis, trauma, or other tendon problems should be especially careful when taking Levakin.

It is also possible that levaquin can cause nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy) in the arms, legs, hands, and feet, resulting in pain, weakness, burning, tingling, or numbness. Central nervous system effects such as seizures, dizziness, tremors, confusion, hallucinations, and other mental health problems are also possible.

Levakin may cause heart problems such as palpitations, abnormal heart rhythms, aneurysms or ruptures of the aorta. The latter can cause sudden pain in the chest, abdomen, and back. In addition, low or high blood sugar levels are possible, so people with diabetes should take extra care.

Some people taking levakine may also experience increased sensitivity to sunlight resulting in severe sunburn, blisters and skin rashes after brief exposure without sunscreen. While taking Levaquin, avoid the sun (and tanning beds) whenever possible. If you are in the sun for a short period of time, wear sunscreen, a hat, and clothing that covers your skin.

Others may experience liver problems characterized by yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, dark urine, vomiting, stomach pain, and light-colored stools.

And anyone who has the relatively rare disease myasthenia gravis may get worse after treatment with Levakin. Some of these symptoms include muscle weakness, drooping eyelids, difficulty swallowing, and blurred or double vision.

On top of that, Levaquin can cause an allergic reaction which consists of rash, hives, swelling, itching and – in the worst case – anaphylaxis.

According to Dr. Friedländer, side effects, whether general or more severe, can occur hours to weeks after exposure and are potentially permanent. 2016 FDA warning.

This is a fairly extensive list of potential side effects that may seem daunting, but remember that they are quite rare. It’s just good to keep them in mind, especially for those who already have medical conditions that may interact with levakine treatment.

Are there any alternatives to Levakin?

Levakin is not the only fluoroquinolone antibiotic. In fact, there are several other prescription drugs that can treat a similar range of conditions. As such, healthcare providers have several treatment options and ways to deal with common bacterial infections. Some of the more commonly used alternatives to levakine include:

• Cyprus ( ciprofloxacin ): This is one of Levakin’s most comparable drugs. They are different drugs, but because they are both fluoroquinolones, they treat many of the same conditions and cause similar side effects (both general and serious). Health care providers may also use Cipro to treat typhoid fever and some forms of gonorrhea.
• Avelox ( moxifloxacin ): Avelox is another fluoroquinolone that is very similar to levaquin. Both drugs can treat various bacterial infections. Even so, patients taking Avelox risk many of the same serious side effects. Avelox is available as generic moxifloxacin.
• Bactrim (sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim): Bactrim is an antibiotic used to treat ear infections, UTIs, travelers’ diarrhea, chronic bronchitis, and certain types of pneumonia. However, it belongs to a different class than Levaquin and does not have the same risk of serious side effects as a tendon rupture or aortic aneurysm. Bactrim is contraindicated in patients allergic to sulfonamides.
• Zithromax ( azithromycin ): This is another antibiotic from a different class of drugs called macrolide antibiotics. Zithromax (Z-Pak) usually treats strep throat, ear infections, bacterial conjunctivitis, bacterial sinusitis, and other bacterial infections. But like Bactrim, its side effects are less severe than Levakin’s.
• Keflex ( cephalexin ): Keflex is more like penicillin than levaquin, but is prescribed for some of the same infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and UTIs. Keflex also helps with tonsillitis and laryngitis.
• Generic levofloxacin : This is the same drug as Levaquin, but without the name. Levakin has been discontinued, but generic levofloxacin is still available on prescription.

Has Levakin been discontinued?

Yes. In December 2017, Janssen Pharmaceuticals discontinued levakine and another fluoroquinolone called Floxin Otic ear drops. Janssen said the decision to discontinue Levakine was based on the wide availability of alternatives, but several lawsuits have been filed due to serious side effects. These claims came from Levaquin patients who experienced one of the serious side effects described above after taking the drug, primarily aortic aneurysms and tendon ruptures. They claim that companies sell drugs despite their potentially dangerous side effects.

Prior to these lawsuits, the FDA issued a black box warning for levaquin, as well as cipro, avalox, and other fluoroquinolones, caution should be exercised for the most serious side effects. This is the strongest warning the FDA will issue before it bans a drug entirely. Direct competitors such as Cipro, Avalox and other fluoroquinolones are still on the market and generic levofloxacin is still readily available.

At the time of production stoppage in 2017, enough Levaquin had been produced and shipped to last until 2020. As such, the next few months will likely be the last we see with the Levaquin brand, although it will live off its closest competitors. and a common analog.

instructions for use, dosage, composition, analogues, side effects / Pillintrip

Page reviewed by pharmacist Oleinik Elizaveta Ivanovna enirCefzon (Cefdinir)ElucefCefidaCefnilTip-UpAldinir

Drug name

Description The name of the medicine Clasem is an automatic translation from the original language.
Do not use this information for any medical prescription or manipulation under any circumstances.
Be sure to read the original instructions for the medicine from the package.
This description may contain numerous errors due to automatic translation!
Keep this in mind and do not use this description!

more…

Clasem

Therapeutic indications

Description Therapeutic indications Clasem is an automatic translation from the original language.
Do not use this information for any medical prescription or manipulation under any circumstances.
Be sure to read the original instructions for the medicine from the package.
This description may contain numerous errors due to automatic translation!
Keep this in mind and do not use this description!

more. ..

A prescription is a term used to refer to a list of conditions, symptoms, or diseases for which a drug is prescribed or used by a patient. For example, acetaminophen or paracetamol is used by a patient for a fever, or a doctor prescribes it for a headache or body aches. Now fever, headache and body aches are signs of paracetamol. The patient should be aware of the indications for drugs used in common conditions because they can be taken without a prescription from a pharmacy.

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Clasem and other antibacterial drugs, Clasem should only be used to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When available, culture and susceptibility information should be taken into account when selecting or modifying antibiotic therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and patterns of susceptibility may contribute to the empirical choice of therapy.

Clasem Capsules and Clasem Oral Suspension are indicated for the treatment of patients with mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of the indicated organisms under the conditions listed below.

Adults and adolescents

Community-acquired pneumonia

caused by Haemophilus influenzae (including β-lactamase producing strains), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (including β-lactamase producing strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae ( penicillin-sensitive strains only) and Moraxella catarrhalis (including strains producing β-lactamase).

Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis

caused by Haemophilus influenzae (including β-lactamase producing strains), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (including β-lactamase producing strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin sensitive strains only) and Moraxella cata rrhalis (including strains producing β-lactamase).

Acute Maxillary Sinusitis

is caused by Haemophilus influenzae (including β-lactamase producing strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin sensitive strains only) and Moraxella catarrhalis (including β-lactamase producing strains).

NOTE: For pediatric use, see Pediatric Use, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.

Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis

is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

NOTE: Klasem is effective in eradicating S. pyogenes from the oropharynx. However, Clasem has not been studied for the prevention of rheumatic fever following S. pyogenes pharyngitis/tonsillitis. It has been proven that only intramuscular penicillin is effective for the prevention of rheumatism.

Uncomplicated Skin and skin structure infections

caused by Staphylococcus aureus (including β-lactamase producing strains) and Streptococcus pyogenes.

Pediatric Patients

Acute bacterial otitis media due to Haemophilus influenzae (including β-lactamase producing strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-susceptible strains only) and Moraxella catarrhalis (including β-lactamase producing strains).

Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis

is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

NOTE: Klasem is effective in eradicating S. pyogenes from the oropharynx. However, Clasem has not been studied for the prevention of rheumatic fever following S. pyogenes pharyngitis/tonsillitis. It has been proven that only intramuscular penicillin is effective for the prevention of rheumatism.

Uncomplicated Skin and skin structure infections

caused by Staphylococcus aureus (including β-lactamase producing strains) and Streptococcus pyogenes.

Clasem belongs to a group of medicines called cephalosporin (SEF a low sporin) antibiotics. It works by fighting bacteria in your body.

Clasem is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria.

Clasem may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Dosing and Administration

Description Dosing and Administration Clasem is an automatic translation from the original language.
Do not use this information for any medical prescription or manipulation under any circumstances.
Be sure to read the original instructions for the medicine from the package.
This description may contain numerous errors due to automatic translation!
Keep this in mind and do not use this description!

more…

Capsules

The recommended dosage and duration of treatment for infections in adults and adolescents are described in the following table, the total daily dose for all infections is 600 mg. Dosing once a day for 10 days is just as effective as the BID dosage. The once-daily dosage has not been studied in pneumonia or skin infections, so Clasem capsules should be administered twice daily for these infections. Klasem capsules can be taken with or without food.

Adults and adolescents (Age 13 and over)

PowderFor

Oral Suspension

The recommended dosage and duration of treatment of infections in pediatric patients are described in the following table, the total daily dose for all infections is 14 mg/kg, up to a maximum dose of 600 mg per day. Dosing once a day for 10 days is just as effective as the BID dosage. Single daily dosing has not been studied in skin infections, so Clasem for

For this infection, the oral suspension should be administered twice a day. Clasem for

Oral suspension can be administered with or without food.

Pediatric Patients (Age 6 Months to 12 Years)

Class FOR ORAL SUSPENSION PEDIATRIC DOSAGE REGIME

Weight	125 mg/5 ml	250 mg/5 ml
9 kg/20 lbs 5 ml q12h or 5 ml q24h	Use 125 mg/5 ml of product
18 kg/40 lb	5 ml q12h or 10 ml q24h	2. 5 ml q12h or 5 ml q24h
27 kg/60 lb	7.5 ml q12h or 15 ml q24h	3.75 ml q12h or 7.5 ml q24h
36 kg/80 lb	10 ml q12h or 20 ml q24h	5 ml q12h or 10 ml q24h
≥ 43 kg. In the equation above, creatinine clearance is expressed in ml/min/1.73 m2, body length or height is expressed in centimeters, and serum creatinine is expressed in mg/dl. For pediatric patients with creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2, the dose of Klasem should be 7 mg/kg (up to 300 mg) once daily. Hemodialysis Patients Hemodialysis removes Clasem from the body. In patients on chronic hemodialysis, the recommended initial dose regimen is 300 mg or 7 mg/kg every other day. At the end of each hemodialysis session, 300 mg (or 7 mg/kg) should be given. Subsequent doses (300 mg or 7 mg/kg) are then administered every other day. Clasem Mixing Instructions for Oral Suspension Final Concentration Final Volume (mL) Amount of Water Directions 125 mg/5 ml 60 100 38 ml 63 ml Water bottle to loosen the powder, then add water in 2 servings. Shake well after each aliquot. 250 mg/5 ml 60 100 38 ml 63 ml Tap bottle to loosen the powder, then add water in 2 servings. Shake well after each aliquot. After mixing, the suspension can be stored at room temperature (25°C/77°F). The container should be kept tightly closed and the suspension should be shaken well before each administration. The suspension can be used for 10 days, after which any unused part should be thrown away. As supplied Clasem capsules containing 300 mg Clasem, in lavender and turquoise capsules, imprinted with product name, are available as follows: 60 Capsules/Vial NDC 0074-3769-60 OMNI-PAC™ box of 3 use units, 5-day, 10-capsule blister cards NDC 0074-3769-30 Claim for ema Inside presents is a creamy powder formulation which, when reconstituted as directed, contains 125 mg Clasem/5 ml or 250 mg Clasem/5 ml. The reconstituted suspensions are creamy in color and have a strawberry flavor. Powder available as follows: 125 mg/5 ml 60 ml vials NDC 0074-3771-60 100 ml vials NDC 0074-3771-13 250 mg/5 ml 60 ml vials NDC 0074-6151-60 100 ml vials NDC 0074-6151-13 Store capsules and unopened powder at 25°C (77°F), tolerances from 15°-30°C (59°-86°F). After reconstitution, the oral suspension may be stored at controlled room temperature for up to 10 days. Manufacturer: CEPH International Corporation Carolina, Puerto Rico 00986. For: AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA Under license from: Astellas Pharma Inc., Japan. Revised November 2015 Interaction with Class See also: What other drugs will affect Clasem? sponsored (= window adsbygoogle.adsbygoogle || []).push({}), Antacids (containing aluminum or magnesium) Simultaneous administration of 300 mg Clasem capsules with 30 ml of Maalox® TC suspension reduces the rate (Cmax) and extent (CAS) of absorption by approximately 40%. The time to reach Smakh is also increased by 1 hour. If the antacid is administered 2 hours before or 2 hours after taking Clazem, then there is no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of Clazem. If antacids are needed during therapy with Clasem, Clasem should be taken at least 2 hours before or after taking the antacid. Probenecid Like other β-lactam antibiotics, probenecid inhibits renal excretion of Clasem, resulting in a doubling of AUC and was and was approximately, a 54% increase in peak Clasem plasma levels and a 50% increase in apparent T½ elimination. Dietary Supplements and Foods Fortified with Iron Co-administration of Clazem with a therapeutic iron supplement containing 60 mg of elemental iron (as FeSO4) or vitamins supplemented with 10 mg of elemental iron reduced absorption by 80% and 31%, respectively. If iron supplements are required during Clasem therapy, Clasem should be taken at least 2 hours before or after taking the supplement. The effect of foods highly fortified with elemental iron (primarily iron-fortified breakfast cereals) on Clasem absorption has not been studied. Co-administration of iron-fortified infant formula (2.2 mg elemental iron/6 oz) did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of Clasem. Therefore, Clasem for Oral suspension can be administered with iron-fortified infant formula. There have been reports of reddish stools in patients receiving Clasem. In many cases, patients also received iron supplements. The reddish color is due to the formation of a non-absorbable complex between Klas or its decay products and iron in the gastrointestinal tract. Drug Interactions and Lab Tests False positive reactions for urinary ketones may occur with nitroprusside tests, but not with nitroferricyanide tests. The use of the drug Clasem can lead to a false positive reaction to glucose in the urine when using the drug Clinitest®, Benedict’s solution or Fehling’s solution. It is recommended that glucose tests based on the enzymatic glucose oxidase reaction (eg Clinistix® or TES-Tapes®) be used. Cephalosporins are known to sometimes induce a positive direct Coombs test. Side effects Clasem See also: What are the possible side effects of Clasem? Adverse Events Clinical Trials – Clasem Capsules (Adult and Adolescent Patients) In clinical trials, 5093 adult and adolescent patients (3841 US and 1252 non-US) received the recommended dose of Clasem capsules (600 mg/day). Most adverse events were mild and self-limiting. Klasem did not attribute any deaths or permanent disability. One hundred forty-seven out of 5093 (3%) patients discontinued medication due to adverse events that, according to the investigators, may be likely or definitely related to Klasem therapy. The interruptions were mainly due to gastrointestinal disturbances, usually diarrhea or nausea. Nineteen of 5093 (0.4%) patients were discontinued due to rash thoughts associated with the administration of Clasem In the US, investigators believed that the following side effects could probably or definitely be associated with Clasem capsules in multi-dose clinical trials (H = 3841 patients treated with Clasem): ADVERSE EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH TESTS OF Clasem US CAPSULES IN ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS (N = 3841) N = 1387 for these parameters

Post-Marketing Experience 90 431

Cephalosporin class side effects

Cephalosporin class antibiotics in general have been reported the following side effects and altered laboratory tests:

Allergic reactions, anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis, renal dysfunction, toxic nephropathy, hepatic dysfunction including cholestasis, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, false positive test for urine glucose, neutropenia, pancytopenia and agranulocytosis. Symptoms of pseudomembranous colitis may begin during or after antibiotic treatment.

Some cephalosporins have been implicated in triggering seizures, especially in patients with renal insufficiency, when the dose has not been reduced. In the event of seizures associated with drug therapy, the drug should be discontinued. Anticonvulsant therapy may be prescribed if clinically indicated.

Contraindications

Description Contraindications Clasem is an automatic translation from the original language.
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What is the most important information I should know about Klasem?

Do not take this drug if you are allergic to Clasem or similar antibiotics such as Ceftin, Cefzil, Keflex and others.

Tell your doctor if you are allergic to any medicines (especially penicillin) before taking this medicine. Also tell your doctor if you have a history of kidney disease or bowel problems.

Take this medicine for the full duration of the prescription. Your symptoms may improve before the infection is completely cleared. Skipping doses may also increase the risk of further infection that is resistant to antibiotics. Clasem will not treat a viral infection such as the common cold or flu.

Antibiotics may cause diarrhea, which may be a sign of a new infection. If your diarrhea is watery or bloody, stop taking Clasem and call your doctor. Do not use diarrhea medicine unless your doctor tells you to.

Special warnings and precautions

Description Special warnings and precautions Clasem is an automatic translation from the original language.
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Use Clasem Suspension as directed by your doctor. Check the medication label for exact dosing instructions.

• Klasem suspension can be taken with or without food. If upset stomach occurs, take it with food to reduce stomach irritation.
• Shake well before each use.
• Use a measuring device marked for dispensing medicine. Ask your pharmacist for help if you are not sure how to measure your dose.
• Do not take an antacid containing magnesium or aluminum within 2 hours before or after taking Clasem suspension.
• Do not take an iron product within 2 hours before or after taking Clasem Suspension. However, you can give Clasem Suspension along with iron-fortified infant formula.
• Clasem Suspension works best when taken at the same time each day.
• To completely clear the infection, take Clasem Suspension for the entire course of treatment. Keep taking it even if you feel better after a few days.
• If you miss a dose of Clasem Suspension, take it as soon as possible. If it’s almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Clasem Suspension.

There are specific as well as general uses of a drug or medicine. A medicine can be used to prevent a disease, treat a disease over a period or cure a disease. It can also be used to treat the particular symptom of the disease. The drug use depends on the form the patient takes it. It may be more useful in injection form or sometimes in tablet form. The drug can be used for a single troubling symptom or a life-threatening condition. While some medications can be stopped after a few days, some drugs need to be continued for an extended period to get the benefit from it.

Use: Labeled indications

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute exacerbation: Treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in adults and adolescents caused by Haemophilus influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), Haemophilus parainfluenzae ( including beta-lactamase producing strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-susceptible strains only), and Moraxella catarrhalis (including beta-lactamase-producing strains)

Otitis media, acute: Treatment of acute bacterial otitis media in children caused by H. influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), S. pneumoniae (penicillin-susceptible strains only), and M. catarrhal (including beta-lactamase-producing strains)

Community-acquired pneumonia: Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults and adolescents caused by H. influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), H. parainfluenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), S. pneumoniae (penicillin-susceptible strains only), and M catarrhal (including beta-lactamase-producing strains)

Acute sinusitis: Treatment of acute sinusitis in adults and adolescents caused by H. influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), S. pneumoniae (penicillin-sensitive strains only), and M. catarrhal (including strains producing beta-lactamase). Note: Limitations of use: According to the IDSA guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, Clasem is no longer recommended as a monotherapy for initial empiric treatment (IDSA [Chow 2012]).

Skin and skin structure infections, uncomplicated: Treatment of uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections in adults, adolescents and children caused by Staphylococcus aureus (including strains producing beta-lactamase) and Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcal pharyngitis (group A): Treatment of pharyngitis/tonsillitis in adults, adolescents and children caused by S. pyogenes

Outdoor use labels

Urinary tract infection complicated, including pyelonephritis

Clinical experience indicates the usefulness of Clasem as an alternative agent in the treatment of acute complicated UTIs (including pyelonephritis) after administration of an appropriate parenteral agent.

Interaction with other drugs

Description Interaction with other drugs Clasem is an automatic translation from the original language.
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Side effects

Description Side effects Clasem is an automatic translation from the original language.
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Overdose

Description Overdose Clasem is an automatic translation from the original language.
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Composition

Description Composition Clasem is an automatic translation from the original language.
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Clasem (sold by Abbott Laboratories under the brand name Clasem) is a semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that has proven effective in common bacterial infections of the ear, sinuses, throat, and skin. It was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December 1997.

Clasem price

We do not have exact data on the cost of the medicine.