Is macrobid an antibiotic: Drug Database | Medication Decision Support

14.07.202311.06.2023 by alexxlab

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Macrobid Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing

Uses

This medication is an antibiotic used to treat bladder infections (acute cystitis). It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.This antibiotic treats only bacterial infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu). Using any antibiotic when it is not needed can cause it to not work for future infections.This medication should not be used in infants younger than 1 month old (see also Precautions section). This drug should not be used to treat infections outside the bladder (including kidney infections such as pyelonephritis or perinephric abscesses).

How to use Macrobid

Take this medication by mouth with food as directed by your doctor, usually twice daily (every 12 hours). Swallow the medication whole for best results.

Do not use magnesium trisilicate-containing antacids while taking this medication. These antacids can bind with nitrofurantoin, preventing its full absorption into your system.

For the best effect, take this antibiotic at evenly spaced times. To help you remember, take this medication at the same time(s) every day.

Continue to take this medication until the full prescribed amount is finished, even if symptoms disappear after a few days. Stopping the medication too early may allow bacteria to continue to grow, which may result in a return of the infection.

Tell your doctor if your condition lasts or gets worse.

Side Effects

Nausea, headache may occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.

Remember that this medication has been prescribed because your doctor has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.

This medication may cause your urine to turn dark yellow or brown in color. This is usually a harmless, temporary effect and will disappear when the medication is stopped. However, dark brown urine can also be a sign of rare side effects (liver problems or anemia). Get medical help right away if you notice dark urine along with any of the following symptoms: nausea/vomiting that doesn’t stop, stomach/abdominal pain, yellowing eyes/skin, tiredness, fast/pounding heartbeat.

Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: headaches that are severe or don’t go away, eye pain, vision changes, mental/mood changes, new signs of infection (such as sore throat that doesn’t go away, fever), easy bruising/bleeding.

Get medical help right away if you have any very serious side effects, including: numbness/tingling of the hands/feet, unusual muscle weakness.

This medication may rarely cause very serious (possibly fatal) lung problems. Lung problems may occur within the first month of treatment or after long-term use of nitrofurantoin (generally for 6 months or longer). Get medical help right away if you develop symptoms of lung problems, including: cough that doesn’t go away, chest pain, shortness of breath/trouble breathing, joint/muscle pain, bluish/purplish skin.

This medication may rarely cause a severe intestinal condition due to a bacteria called C. difficile. This condition may occur during treatment or weeks to months after treatment has stopped. Tell your doctor right away if you develop: diarrhea that doesn’t stop, abdominal or stomach pain/cramping, blood/mucus in your stool.

If you have these symptoms, do not use anti-diarrhea or opioid products because they may make symptoms worse.

Use of nitrofurantoin for prolonged or repeated periods may result in oral thrush or a new vaginal yeast infection. Contact your doctor if you notice white patches in your mouth, a change in vaginal discharge, or other new symptoms.

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

In the US – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.

In Canada – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.

Precautions

Before taking nitrofurantoin, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: kidney disease, liver disease (including liver problems caused by nitrofurantoin in the past), a certain genetic condition (G-6-PD deficiency), lung disease, numbness/tingling of the arms/legs, vitamin B deficiency, mineral imbalance, blood disorders (such as anemia), diabetes, ongoing weakness due to long-term disease, certain eye disorders (such as optic neuritis).

Older adults may be at a greater risk for side effects while using this drug, especially nerve, liver or lung problems.

This medication may cause live bacterial vaccines (such as typhoid vaccine) to not work well. Tell your health care professional that you are using this medication before having any immunizations/vaccinations.

During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. It must not be used if you are near the end of your pregnancy (38-42 weeks), or at the time of labor and delivery. Doing so may cause a certain blood disorder (hemolytic anemia) in your baby. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.

This medication passes into breast milk and may have undesirable effects on nursing infants younger than 1 month old or those with a certain genetic condition (G-6-PD deficiency). Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

Interactions

Overdose

If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center.

Do not share this medication with others.

This medication has been prescribed for your current condition only. Do not use it later for another infection unless your doctor tells you to.

Lab and/or medical tests (such as kidney/liver function, blood counts/CBC, bacterial culture) should be done while you are taking this medication. Lung function tests should be performed if you are prescribed nitrofurantoin products for extended treatment (several months or more). Keep all medical and lab appointments. Consult your doctor for more details.

If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose. Take your next dose at the regular time. Do not double the dose to catch up.

Store at room temperature away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medications away from children and pets.

Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.

Images

Macrobid 100 mg capsule

Color: yellow,blackShape: oblongImprint: Macrobid 52427-285

This medicine is a yellow black, oblong, capsule imprinted with “Macrobid” and “52427-285”.

Macrobid 100 mg capsule

Color: yellow,blackShape: oblongImprint: Macrobid Norwich Eaton

This medicine is a yellow black, oblong, capsule imprinted with “Macrobid” and “52427-285”.

Selected from data included with permission and copyrighted by First Databank, Inc. This copyrighted material has been downloaded from a licensed data provider and is not for distribution, except as may be authorized by the applicable terms of use.

CONDITIONS OF USE: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. The information is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects, nor should it be construed to indicate that use of a particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else. A healthcare professional should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any diet or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment.

Nitrofurantoin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

Continuing Education Activity

Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic medication that is used for the treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections. It is effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Nitrofurantoin’s primary use has remained in treating and prophylaxis of urinary tract infections. Nitrofurantoin is advantageous as it concentrates in the lower urinary tract while maintaining a low serum concentration and does not significantly affect bowel flora. This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, methods of administration, important adverse effects, contraindications, monitoring, and toxicity of nitrofurantoin, so providers can direct patient therapy successfully in instances where nitrofurantoin provides a benefit to patient care.

Objectives:

Describe the antibiotic mechanism of action of nitrofurantoin.
Outline the indications for using nitrofurantoin.
Summarize the potential adverse effects of nitrofurantoin.
Review the importance of improving care coordination among the interprofessional team to enhance the delivery of care for patients who can benefit from therapy with nitrofurantoin.

Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.

Indications

Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic medication that is used for the treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections. It is effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The FDA approved nitrofurantoin in 1953 to treat lower urinary tract infections. Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic antimicrobial created from furan and an added nitro group and a side change containing hydantoin.[1] Nitrofurantoin was widely used to treat lower urinary tract infections until the 1970s, when trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and newer beta-lactam antibiotics became available. Several major guidelines have recently declared nitrofurantoin the first-line therapy for treating uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections. Increasing resistance to newer antibiotics coinciding with an increasing prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria has led to a resurgence in the prescriptions of nitrofurantoin.[2]

Nitrofurantoin’s primary use has remained in treating and prophylaxis of urinary tract infections. Nitrofurantoin is advantageous as it concentrates in the lower urinary tract while maintaining a low serum concentration and does not significantly affect bowel flora. The predominant cause of urinary tract infections is periurethral colonization of bacteria from a fecal reservoir, which then ascends the urinary tract. Researchers think that nitrofurantoin’s continued effectiveness and minimal resistance patterns are partly attributable to its minimal effect on bowel flora. Nitrofurantoin is effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Nitrofurantoin is bactericidal against most common urinary tract pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Enterococci, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterobacter. Its spectrum of susceptibility also includes Shigella, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Neisseria, Bacteroides, group B streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Studies have shown the effectiveness of nitrofurantoin does not differ between ESBL-producing E. coli and Non-ESBL-producing E. coli strains.[3]

Resistance to nitrofurantoin remains relatively rare despite several decades of widespread use. Numerous studies demonstrated that nitrofurantoin is an effective prophylactic agent in long-term prophylaxis and compares well to other antibiotics. A population-based survey of in vitro antimicrobial resistance of urinary E. coli isolates among United States outpatients showed a resistance rate of 1. 6%.[4] A meta-analysis for clinical cure demonstrated overall equivalence between nitrofurantoin and its comparators when used for uncomplicated urinary tract infections.[5]

Mechanism of Action

Nitrofurantoin’s mechanism of action has remained poorly understood since its discovery in the 1940s. Nitrofurantoin uses several mechanisms to achieve an antimicrobial effect. Nitrofurantoin is taken up by bacterial intracellular flavoproteins that reduce nitrofurantoin to reactive intermediates. Intermediate metabolites resulting from this reduction then bind to bacterial ribosomes and inhibit bacterial enzymes involved in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, cell wall protein synthesis, and other metabolic enzymes.[6] The broad-based mechanism of action may explain the lack of acquired bacterial resistance to nitrofurantoin. However, mutations in nfsA and nfsB are potential causes of nitrofurantoin resistance in E. coli.[7]

Pharmacokinetics

Nitrofurantoin (monohydrate/macrocrystals) includes two forms of nitrofurantoin. According to the Manufacturer’s labeling, twenty-five percent is macrocrystalline nitrofurantoin, which is gradually dissolved and absorbed. The remaining 75% is nitrofurantoin in a powder form that forms a gel matrix that releases nitrofurantoin over time upon exposure to gastric and intestinal fluids. The bioavailability of nitrofurantoin is 80% in healthy patients. Nitrofurantoin is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with most absorption occurring in the proximal small bowel. Studies have shown that therapeutic urinary concentrations of the drug are increased by 40% if nitrofurantoin is taken with food. Serum concentrations are typically undetectable, although they may increase in severe renal failure. Nitrofurantoin attains bactericidal effects in the lower urinary tract. Based on pharmacokinetic data, approximately 20% to 25% of nitrofurantoin is retrieved from the urine in unchanged form over 24 hours. Nitrofurantoin is soluble in urine, imparting a brown color to urine.

Administration

Nitrofurantoin is only available as an oral medication. Nitrofurantoin’s optimal dosing remains unknown since regulatory agencies approved its use before modern requirements for rigorous methods for drug development. Current Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines recommend nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystals as a first-line antibiotic for uncomplicated urinary tract infections.[8]

Dosage is 100 mg twice daily for five days to treat lower urinary tract infections. A 7-day course of 100 mg twice daily is also considered acceptable. Prescribing nitrofurantoin for less than five days is less effective and is no longer recommended. Dosing for long-term prophylaxis of urinary tract infections is 50 mg to 100 mg once daily at bedtime.

Use in Specific Patient Populations

Hepatic Impairment: There is no information in the manufacturer’s labeling regarding the use of nitrofurantoin in patients with hepatic impairment. However, nitrofurantoin is contraindicated in patients with a history of cholestatic jaundice or hepatotoxicity.

Renal Impairment: According to the manufacturer’s labeling, nitrofurantoin is contraindicated if creatinine clearance is <60 mL/minute.

Breastfeeding Considerations: Administration of nitrofurantoin in neonates and patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is contraindicated due to the potential risk of hemolysis.[9]

Adverse Effects

Nitrofurantoin is a relatively safe drug compared to alternatives. Comparator drugs such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin often have more reported side effects than nitrofurantoin. The most commonly reported adverse drug reactions are nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. These symptoms usually develop in the first week of therapy. Modern formulations, specifically the macrocrystalline form of the drug, have less frequency of these effects due to attempts by manufacturers to alter the crystal size, which affects gastrointestinal absorption. [10][11][12]

More severe reactions to nitrofurantoin exist. The most well-known severe reaction is pulmonary toxicity. Pulmonary toxicity caused by nitrofurantoin can be categorized into acute, subacute, and chronic pulmonary reactions. Acute pulmonary reaction syndrome is characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, cough, myalgia, and dyspnea. Sub-acute pulmonary reactions also occur and are characterized by persistent dry cough, dyspnea, and fever. This chronic pulmonary reaction is associated with the insidious onset of persistent dry cough and dyspnea. Acute, subacute, and chronic pulmonary toxicity is reversible with immediate cessation of the drug. This effect remains uncommon, with one study showing the calculated frequency for all pulmonary reactions were only present in 0.001% of nitrofurantoin courses.[13]

The severity of the nitrofurantoin-induced liver injury ranges from mildly symptomatic elevations in serum aminotransferase levels to cholestatic jaundice, hepatitis, and hepatic necrosis. Nitrofurantoin can also lead to fulminant liver failure and death. The drug should be ceased immediately in these cases. Complete recovery is expected, but recovery is slow. (2 to 6 months). In rare cases, chronic liver injury persists. Because of the autoimmune features of many cases of nitrofurantoin hepatotoxicity, corticosteroids are frequently used, especially in chronic and severe cases. However, the ultimate therapeutic efficacy of corticosteroid therapy is not yet established. In addition, caution is advised with corticosteroid therapy due to the risk of relapse.[14]

Peripheral neuropathy is another known rare adverse effect and is mainly associated with prolonged use in patients with poor renal function. Typically, nitrofurantoin-induced neuropathy is length-dependent sensorimotor polyneuropathy. There is moderate to severe abnormal sensory and motor conduction in NCS (nerve conduction studies) and axonal degeneration on sural nerve biopsy. However, it is important to note that, non–length-dependent small-fiber neuropathy that is not dose-dependent nor associated with impaired renal function has been reported. In addition, the skin biopsy demonstrated clustered terminal nerve swellings without evidence of nerve fiber degeneration.[15]

Contraindications

Nitrofurantoin should not be administered to patients with acute bacterial pyelonephritis as nitrofurantoin does not reach therapeutic concentrations in the upper urinary tract, and bacteremia often accompanies this disease. Patients with anuria, oliguria, or significant impairment of renal function (defined as creatinine clearance [CrCl] of less than 60 mL/min or clinically significant raised serum creatinine) should not take nitrofurantoin. The limit of CrCl less than 60 mL/minute has been challenged in the literature as there is limited data for this cutoff; some studies show that an alternative creatinine clearance threshold may be considered. A retrospective chart review suggests that a cutoff of CrCl less than 40 ml/min would be more appropriate.

The drug is contraindicated in pregnant women at term (38 to 42 weeks gestation), during labor and delivery, or when the start of labor is imminent; and is also contraindicated in neonates younger than one month of age. This is because of the possibility of hemolytic anemia caused by immature erythrocyte enzyme systems, specifically glutathione instability. Nitrofurantoin is contraindicated in men with urinary tract infections as these infections are often related to prostatitis, and nitrofurantoin does not penetrate prostatic tissue effectively. Nitrofurantoin is identified in the Beers Criteria as a potentially inappropriate medication to be avoided in patients 65 years and older due to its potential for pulmonary toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and peripheral neuropathy, particularly when given long-term.[16]

Monitoring

As per the manufacturer’s labeling, patients on chronic nitrofurantoin should be monitored regularly for changes in renal function due to the increased risk of peripheral neuropathy. It is also essential to closely observe the pulmonary function of patients on long-term nitrofurantoin therapy. Also, clinicians should periodically obtain liver function tests as hepatotoxicity may be asymptomatic in some cases. [14]

Toxicity

Cases of hemolytic anemia have been induced by nitrofurantoin. Hemolysis appears to be linked to a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency(G6PD deficiency) in the red blood cells of the affected patients. Hemolysis is an indication for discontinuing nitrofurantoin.[17] Case reports of vomiting without any associated symptoms have been described in acute overdose. For the management of overdose, high fluid intake is recommended to facilitate urinary excretion of the drug. Nitrofurantoin can be removed by dialysis. As per the product label, there is no antidote for nitrofurantoin.

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

All healthcare workers, including the primary care provider and nurse practitioner who prescribe nitrofurantoin, should know its indications, duration of treatment, and adverse drug reactions. The drug has been around for decades and has a good safety profile. Its pulmonary toxicity is overstated and is, in fact, very rare. Nitrofurantoin lacks a broader tissue distribution; hence, nitrofurantoin should not be prescribed to treat pyelonephritis or perinephric abscesses.

In addition, healthcare providers should recognize that although nitrofurantoin is associated with reduced eradication rates, there is an increased risk for antimicrobial resistance and toxicity when other broad-spectrum antibiotics are used. Hence, the knowledge of antimicrobial stewardship is necessary.[18] This begins with the prescribing clinician, who should use the most directed antimicrobial therapy for the infection. Nurses should verify the dose before administration and counsel the patient on the appropriate use of the drug, and pharmacists should perform medication reconciliation and reinforce patient counseling. If any member of the interprofessional team notes adverse events or therapeutic failure, they should immediately record their findings in the patient’s medical record and alert all other interprofessional team members so corrective measures can be enacted. Close interprofessional collaboration between clinicians (MDs, DOs, NPs, and PAs), pharmacists, specialists, and nursing staff are required to ensure that the efficacy of antibiotics is maintained and patient care is optimized. [19] [Level 5]

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References

1.: Calderaro A, Maugeri A, Magazù S, Laganà G, Navarra M, Barreca D. Molecular Basis of Interactions between the Antibiotic Nitrofurantoin and Human Serum Albumin: A Mechanism for the Rapid Drug Blood Transportation. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Aug 14;22(16) [PMC free article: PMC8395721] [PubMed: 34445446]
2.: Ghazvini H, Taheri K, Edalati E, Sedighi M, Mirkalantari S. Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance in uropathogenic Escherichiacoli strains isolated from cystitis and pyelonephritis. Turk J Med Sci. 2019 Feb 11;49(1):361-367. [PMC free article: PMC7350878] [PubMed: 30761847]
3.: Gardiner BJ, Stewardson AJ, Abbott IJ, Peleg AY. Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin for resistant urinary tract infections: old drugs for emerging problems. Aust Prescr. 2019 Feb;42(1):14-19. [PMC free article: PMC6370609] [PubMed: 30765904]
4.: Sanchez GV, Master RN, Karlowsky JA, Bordon JM. In vitro antimicrobial resistance of urinary Escherichia coli isolates among U.S. outpatients from 2000 to 2010. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Apr;56(4):2181-3. [PMC free article: PMC3318377] [PubMed: 22252813]
5.: Huttner A, Verhaegh EM, Harbarth S, Muller AE, Theuretzbacher U, Mouton JW. Nitrofurantoin revisited: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015 Sep;70(9):2456-64. [PubMed: 26066581]
6.: Giedraitiene A, Pereckaite L, Bredelyte-Gruodiene E, Virgailis M, Ciapiene I, Tatarunas V. CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli strains: resistance to temocillin, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and biofilm formation. Future Microbiol. 2022 Jul;17:789-802. [PubMed: 35549350]
7.: Wan Y, Mills E, Leung RCY, Vieira A, Zhi X, Croucher NJ, Woodford N, Jauneikaite E, Ellington MJ, Sriskandan S. Alterations in chromosomal genes nfsA, nfsB, and ribE are associated with nitrofurantoin resistance in Escherichia coli from the United Kingdom. Microb Genom. 2021 Dec;7(12) [PMC free article: PMC8767348] [PubMed: 34860151]
8.: Langner JL, Chiang KF, Stafford RS. Current prescribing practices and guideline concordance for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Sep;225(3):272.e1-272.e11. [PubMed: 33848538]
9.: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Bethesda (MD): Feb 15, 2021. Nitrofurantoin. [PubMed: 30000112]
10.: Tuem KB, Desta R, Bitew H, Ibrahim S, Hishe HZ. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of uropathogens isolated between 2012 and 2017 from a tertiary hospital in Northern Ethiopia. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2019 Sep;18:109-114. [PubMed: 30685460]
11.: Croker R, Walker AJ, Goldacre B. Why did some practices not implement new antibiotic prescribing guidelines on urinary tract infection? A cohort study and survey in NHS England primary care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019 Apr 01;74(4):1125-1132. [PubMed: 30590552]
12.: Hanlon JT, Perera S, Drinka PJ, Crnich CJ, Schweon SJ, Klein-Fedyshin M, Wessel CB, Saracco S, Anderson G, Mulligan M, Nace DA. The IOU Consensus Recommendations for Empirical Therapy of Cystitis in Nursing Home Residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Mar;67(3):539-545. [PMC free article: PMC7980083] [PubMed: 30584657]
13.: Reynolds TD, Thomas J. Nitrofurantoin related pulmonary disease: a clinical reminder. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 May 31;2013 [PMC free article: PMC3669916] [PubMed: 23729707]
14.: LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; Bethesda (MD): May 1, 2020. Nitrofurantoin. [PubMed: 31643641]
15.: Tan IL, Polydefkis MJ, Ebenezer GJ, Hauer P, McArthur JC. Peripheral nerve toxic effects of nitrofurantoin. Arch Neurol. 2012 Feb;69(2):265-8. [PubMed: 22332195]
16.: By the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Nov;63(11):2227-46. [PubMed: 26446832]
17.: Recht J, Chansamouth V, White NJ, Ashley EA. Nitrofurantoin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a safety review. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2022 Jun;4(3):dlac045. [PMC free article: PMC9070801] [PubMed: 35529053]
18.: Charani E, Holmes A. Antibiotic Stewardship-Twenty Years in the Making. Antibiotics (Basel). 2019 Jan 24;8(1) [PMC free article: PMC6466570] [PubMed: 30678365]
19.: Schmid S, Schlosser S, Gülow K, Pavel V, Müller M, Kratzer A. Interprofessional Collaboration between ICU Physicians, Staff Nurses, and Hospital Pharmacists Optimizes Antimicrobial Treatment and Improves Quality of Care and Economic Outcome. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Mar 13;11(3) [PMC free article: PMC8944851] [PubMed: 35326844]

: Disclosure: Francis Squadrito declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.
: Disclosure: Daniel del Portal declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Macrobid for UTI – the health of your body

June 27, 2020 od Francesco

contents

introduction

Macrobid is a brand name drug often used to treat UTIs. This article discusses UTIs and what you can expect from treatment with Macrobid.

Treatment of urinary tract infections with Macrobid

If your doctor prescribes Macrobid for a UTI, you will most likely take this medicine at home. Treatment usually lasts seven days.

Be sure to take Macrobid exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Complete the full course of treatment, even if you feel better. Do not stop treatment prematurely. If you do, your UTI may come back and get worse.

Also be sure to drink plenty of fluids during treatment.

About Macrobid

Macrobid is a brand name prescription drug. Nitrofurantoin is also available as a generic drug. Macrobid comes in the form of capsules that you take by mouth. It belongs to a class of drugs called nitrofurans.

Macrobid – antibiotic. It is used in adults to treat several types of bacterial infections, including UTIs. It works by preventing bacterial cells from forming properly.

Common side effects

More common side effects of Macrobid may include:

nausea
vomiting
headache
32
closure

Serious side effects

Macrobid may cause serious side effects in some cases. May be:

Serious allergic reaction. Symptoms may include:
- rash or rash
- trouble breathing or swallowing
- swelling of the lips, tongue, or face
- tightness in the throat
- rapid heartbeat
Liver damage. Symptoms may include:
- nausea
- vomiting
- abdominal pain or tenderness
- high fever
- dark urine
- yellowing of the skin or whiteness of the eyes
Other infections. Macrobid only kills certain types of bacteria, so other types may continue to grow and cause other infections. Your doctor can tell you more. Symptoms of infection may include:
- fever
- body aches
- humor

drug interactions

An interaction is when a substance changes the way a drug works. It can be harmful or prevent the medicine from working well. Before you start taking Macrobid, be sure to tell your doctor about any medications, vitamins, or herbs you are taking. This may help your doctor rule out possible interactions.

Examples of drugs that may interact with Macrobid include probenecid, spironolactone, and typhoid vaccine.

Other health conditions of concern

If you have certain medical conditions, Macrobid may not be the best choice for you. Be sure to discuss your entire medical history with your doctor before prescribing Macrobid. Conditions that can cause problems with Macrobid may include kidney and liver disease.

Pregnancy and lactation

Macrobid is a category B pregnancy drug. It may damage newborn red blood cells. If you are pregnant, talk to your doctor to see if this medicine is safe for you. You should not take this medicine if you are more than 38 weeks pregnant.

Macrobid can be passed to the baby through breast milk. If you are breastfeeding, talk to your doctor about whether you should stop breastfeeding or take another medicine for a UTI.

Read more: Medication Information for Macrobid »

About UTIs

UTIs are usually caused by bacteria. The bacteria that causes UTIs can come from the skin or rectum. These germs enter your body through your urethra (the tube that carries urine out of your bladder). The bacterial infection can then occur anywhere in your urinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, or urethra.

If bacteria enters the bladder, the infection is called bacterial cystitis. In some cases, bacteria travel from the bladder to the kidneys. This causes a much more serious condition called pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the kidney and some surrounding tissues.

Women get UTI more often than men. This is due to the fact that the urethra in women is shorter than in men. This makes it easier for bacteria to enter the woman’s bladder or kidneys.

UTI symptoms

More common UTI symptoms may include:

pain or burning during urination
frequent urination
feeling the urge to urinate even when the bladder is empty
cloudy or bloody urine
fever from 98. 7°F to 101°F (37.05°C to 38.3°C)
pressure or cramps in the lower abdomen

Symptoms of pyelonephritis may include:

pain in the lower back or side
higher fever 101°F ( 38.3 °C)
nausea
vomiting
delirium (sudden confusion)
chills

Call your doctor if you notice symptoms of a UTI. Call immediately if you develop symptoms of a kidney infection.

During the visit, the doctor will confirm that you have a UTI. This is because the symptoms of a UTI can be similar to those of other problems. Your doctor will likely order a urine test. If the test results show that you have a UTI, your doctor will likely prescribe an antibiotic, such as Macrobid.

Talk to your doctor

Several antibiotics are available to treat UTIs, including Macrobid. Your doctor will choose the best one for you based on your medical history, other medications you are taking, and other factors.

If your doctor prescribes Macrobid, he can tell you more about this medicine. Review this article with your doctor and ask any questions you may have. Knowing your treatment options can help you feel more comfortable taking care of yourself.

UTI Macrobid – Your Body’s Health

April 27, 2020 od Francesco

Contents

Introduction

Macrobid is a brand name drug often used to treat UTIs. This article discusses UTIs and what you can expect from treatment with Macrobid.