Is magnesium citrate safe to use during pregnancy. What are the potential risks and benefits of magnesium citrate for pregnant women. How does magnesium citrate affect fetal development. When should pregnant women avoid using magnesium citrate.

Understanding Magnesium Citrate and Its Use in Pregnancy

Magnesium citrate is a popular over-the-counter medication commonly used to treat constipation. However, its safety during pregnancy is a matter of concern for many expectant mothers. While magnesium is an essential mineral for fetal development, the use of magnesium citrate as a laxative during pregnancy requires careful consideration.

According to the article, magnesium citrate falls under the category of saline laxatives. These products typically carry a pregnancy warning, indicating that they should not be recommended unless advised by a physician. This cautionary approach is rooted in the potential risks associated with using certain medications during pregnancy.

The Role of Magnesium in Pregnancy

Magnesium plays a crucial role in fetal development and maternal health. It is involved in numerous physiological processes, including:

• Bone and teeth formation
• Muscle and nerve function
• Regulation of blood sugar levels
• Blood pressure control

While magnesium is essential, the form and dosage used during pregnancy are critical factors to consider. Magnesium citrate, being a saline laxative, may have different effects compared to dietary magnesium or other supplemental forms.

Constipation During Pregnancy: Causes and Safe Remedies

Constipation is a common issue during pregnancy, often caused by various factors:

1. Reduced physical activity
2. Colonic compression due to the expanding uterus
3. Prenatal vitamins containing calcium and iron

Instead of magnesium citrate, the article suggests several safer alternatives for managing constipation during pregnancy:

• Psyllium (e.g., Konsyl, Metamucil)
• Methylcellulose (e.g., Citrucel)
• Calcium polycarbophil (e.g., FiberCon)

These bulk laxatives are generally considered safe for use during pregnancy, as they do not typically carry pregnancy warnings. However, it’s always advisable to consult with a healthcare provider before using any medication during pregnancy.

Potential Risks of Magnesium Citrate During Pregnancy

While the article doesn’t specifically outline the risks of magnesium citrate during pregnancy, its classification as a saline laxative with a pregnancy warning suggests potential concerns. Some possible risks could include:

• Electrolyte imbalances
• Dehydration
• Alterations in uterine contractions
• Interactions with other medications or supplements

It’s important to note that these risks are speculative and would need to be confirmed by medical research. The conservative approach recommended in the article is to avoid unsupervised use of magnesium citrate during pregnancy.

Safe Alternatives for Constipation Relief During Pregnancy

In addition to the bulk laxatives mentioned earlier, there are several safe and natural methods to alleviate constipation during pregnancy:

• Increasing dietary fiber intake
• Staying well-hydrated
• Engaging in safe, pregnancy-appropriate exercise
• Practicing good toilet habits

These lifestyle modifications can often provide relief without the need for medication. However, if constipation persists or becomes severe, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice.

The Importance of Professional Medical Advice

The article emphasizes the importance of seeking professional medical advice before using any medication during pregnancy, including over-the-counter products like magnesium citrate. This cautious approach is based on several factors:

• The unique physiological changes that occur during pregnancy
• The potential for medications to cross the placental barrier
• The varying effects of medications at different stages of pregnancy
• The need to balance maternal health with fetal safety

Healthcare providers can offer personalized recommendations based on an individual’s medical history, current health status, and specific pregnancy considerations.

Other Pregnancy-Related Concerns: Beyond Constipation

While the focus of the discussion is on magnesium citrate and constipation, the article also touches on other pregnancy-related concerns that require careful consideration:

Melasma Gravidarum

Melasma gravidarum, also known as the “mask of pregnancy,” is a common skin condition affecting 50% to 70% of pregnant women. It’s characterized by dark patches on the face, particularly in sun-exposed areas. While not directly related to magnesium citrate use, it’s an example of how pregnancy can affect various aspects of a woman’s health and appearance.

Sun Protection During Pregnancy

The article emphasizes the importance of sun protection during pregnancy, not only to prevent melasma but also for general skin health. Pregnant women are advised to:

• Use broad-brimmed hats to reduce UV exposure to the face
• Apply sunscreen with a high SPF
• Use cosmetics and lip balms containing sunscreen

This advice underscores the need for comprehensive self-care during pregnancy, addressing various aspects of health beyond just digestive issues.

The Role of Pharmacists in Pregnancy Care

The article highlights the crucial role pharmacists play in providing guidance to pregnant women. However, it also emphasizes the need for caution:

• Pharmacists should always check product labels for pregnancy warnings
• When in doubt, referring patients to their physicians is the safest course of action
• Pharmacists should be aware of the potential legal implications of making recommendations for pregnant patients

This cautious approach underscores the complexity of medication use during pregnancy and the importance of a collaborative healthcare approach.

Prohibited Substances During Pregnancy

The article also mentions several substances that are absolutely prohibited during pregnancy:

• Mineral oil: Can cause hemorrhagic disease of the newborn due to impaired vitamin K absorption
• Castor oil: Can increase the risk of meconium aspiration and potentially cause death of the mother and child

These examples highlight the serious consequences that can arise from using certain substances during pregnancy, reinforcing the need for caution and professional guidance.

The Importance of Evidence-Based Information

In an era of widespread internet access, pregnant women often encounter a plethora of advice from various sources. The article indirectly emphasizes the importance of relying on evidence-based information and professional medical advice rather than anecdotal recommendations or potentially irresponsible online sources.

This underscores the need for pregnant women to:

• Consult healthcare providers for reliable information
• Be cautious of well-meaning but potentially harmful advice from friends or relatives
• Critically evaluate online sources of pregnancy-related information

By prioritizing evidence-based information and professional guidance, expectant mothers can make informed decisions about their health and the health of their developing baby.

Balancing Maternal Comfort and Fetal Safety

The discussion around magnesium citrate and other pregnancy-related concerns highlights the delicate balance between addressing maternal discomfort and ensuring fetal safety. Pregnancy often brings various physical challenges, such as constipation, that can significantly impact a woman’s quality of life. However, the potential risks associated with certain treatments necessitate a cautious approach.

This balance requires:

• Open communication between pregnant women and their healthcare providers
• A willingness to explore safer, albeit potentially less convenient, alternatives
• An understanding of the temporary nature of many pregnancy-related discomforts
• A focus on overall maternal and fetal well-being rather than quick fixes

By maintaining this perspective, expectant mothers can navigate the challenges of pregnancy while prioritizing the health of their developing baby.

The Evolving Landscape of Prenatal Care

While the article focuses on specific aspects of prenatal care, it’s worth considering the broader context of how prenatal care has evolved and continues to change. Advancements in medical knowledge, technology, and patient education have significantly impacted how pregnancy is managed.

Some key aspects of modern prenatal care include:

• Increased emphasis on preconception health and planning
• More sophisticated prenatal testing and monitoring options
• Greater awareness of the impact of maternal lifestyle on fetal development
• Improved understanding of pregnancy-related conditions and their management
• Enhanced focus on maternal mental health and well-being

These advancements contribute to better outcomes for both mothers and babies, but they also underscore the complexity of prenatal care and the need for individualized approaches.

The Role of Nutrition in Pregnancy

While the article primarily discusses medication use during pregnancy, it’s important to consider the broader role of nutrition in maternal and fetal health. Proper nutrition can help address some pregnancy-related issues, including constipation, without resorting to medication.

Key nutritional considerations during pregnancy include:

• Adequate intake of essential vitamins and minerals, including folic acid, iron, and calcium
• Proper hydration
• Balanced macronutrient consumption
• Avoidance of potentially harmful foods (e.g., certain types of fish, unpasteurized dairy products)
• Management of food aversions and cravings

A well-balanced diet, potentially supplemented with prenatal vitamins as recommended by a healthcare provider, can support overall maternal and fetal health while potentially mitigating some common pregnancy discomforts.

The Psychological Aspects of Pregnancy

While the article focuses on physical aspects of pregnancy, it’s crucial to acknowledge the psychological dimensions as well. The emotional and mental health of expectant mothers can significantly impact their overall well-being and potentially influence their approach to self-care and medication use.

Important psychological considerations during pregnancy include:

• Managing anxiety about fetal health and development
• Coping with body changes and physical discomforts
• Preparing emotionally for parenthood
• Addressing any pre-existing mental health conditions
• Navigating changes in relationships and social roles

Healthcare providers should take a holistic approach to prenatal care, addressing both physical and psychological aspects to support the overall well-being of expectant mothers.

The Impact of Environmental Factors on Pregnancy

In addition to internal factors like nutrition and medication use, environmental influences can play a significant role in pregnancy outcomes. While not directly addressed in the article, these factors are important considerations in comprehensive prenatal care.

Relevant environmental factors include:

• Exposure to environmental toxins (e.g., lead, mercury)
• Occupational hazards
• Air and water quality
• Stress levels in the home and work environment
• Access to healthcare and support services

Awareness of these factors can help expectant mothers and healthcare providers make informed decisions about lifestyle choices and potential interventions to support a healthy pregnancy.

The Future of Prenatal Care

As medical knowledge and technology continue to advance, the future of prenatal care holds exciting possibilities. Some areas of ongoing research and development include:

• Non-invasive prenatal testing techniques
• Personalized medicine approaches based on genetic profiles
• Advanced monitoring technologies for home use
• Improved treatments for pregnancy-related complications
• Enhanced understanding of the long-term impacts of prenatal exposures

These advancements may lead to more precise and individualized approaches to prenatal care, potentially offering better solutions for issues like constipation management during pregnancy.

In conclusion, while the safety of magnesium citrate during pregnancy remains a concern requiring professional medical guidance, this topic opens up a broader discussion about the complexities of prenatal care. From nutrition and psychological well-being to environmental factors and future medical advancements, a comprehensive approach to pregnancy health involves considering a wide range of interconnected factors. As always, expectant mothers should work closely with their healthcare providers to navigate these complexities and make informed decisions about their care.

Treating Common Problems in the Pregnant Patient

Published September 21, 2009

OTC MEDICATIONS

W. Steven Pray, PhD, DPh
Bernhardt Professor, Nonprescription Products and Devices
College of Pharmacy
Southwestern Oklahoma State University
Weatherford, Oklahoma

US Pharm. 2009;34(9):12-15. 

Community pharmacists field many questions regarding self-care in the pregnant patient. It is always prudent to check the label directions on each nonprescription product to see whether it carries a warning against unsupervised use in patients who are pregnant or nursing. If the warning is present, the safest course of action is to suggest that the patient contact her physician. Some argue that pharmacists are competent to make recommendations for the pregnant patient. However, this practice is fraught with danger, as any harm to the fetus or mother could be construed to have been caused by the pharmacist’s recommendation. For these reasons, the pharmacist should have a more detailed understanding of nonprescription therapy for several common pregnancy-related conditions. 

Constipation

Pregnant patients often ask about nonprescription products for constipation. There are several reasons why the pregnant patient experiences constipation to a greater degree than those who are not pregnant.¹ First, the patient who is pregnant may not be as physically active as she was prior to her pregnancy.² Since physical activity helps facilitate the propulsive activity of the colon, being sedentary contributes to colonic inertia. Secondly, the expanding bulk of the gravid uterus can cause colonic compression, hampering the normal intestinal propulsion. Thirdly, prenatal vitamins contain calcium and iron, both of which can cause or aggravate constipation. ³ 

In choosing a bowel-normalizing product for the pregnant patient, it should be noted that some products do not carry a pregnancy warning, such as psyllium (e.g., Konsyl, Metamucil), methylcellulose (e.g., Citrucel), and calcium polycarbophil (e.g., FiberCon).⁴ The pharmacist should always double-check the label to be sure, but in general, bulk laxatives are safe in pregnancy. 

Other laxative categories, such as salines (e.g., Citroma, magnesium citrate), stimulants (e.g., Correctol, Carter’s Pills, ex-lax), and stool softeners (e.g., Colace, Dulcolax Stool Softener), usually carry the pregnancy warning and should not be recommended unless a physician has advised their purchase.⁴ 

Mineral oil should always be prohibited during pregnancy, as its use can cause hemorrhagic disease of the newborn due to impaired absorption of vitamin K.⁴ Similarly, castor oil is absolutely prohibited during pregnancy. Castor oil is often recommended by well-meaning friends or relatives, as well as by irresponsible Web sites to hasten delivery of an overdue baby, but this dangerous use can increase the risk of meconium aspiration and can cause the death of the mother and the child. ⁴ It must be strongly advised against whenever the pharmacist is able to do so. 

Melasma

Many pregnant women notice melasma gravidarum, an unusual darkening of the facial skin.^5-7 The condition is one of many pigmentary disorders that produce hypermelanosis, but chloasma gravidarum or the “mask of pregnancy,” occurs in conjunction with pregnancy.⁸ Melasma occurs in 50% to 70% of females during pregnancy.⁵ Women with darker skin are more likely to experience melasma. The discolored areas are defined as macules, which may grow together as the pregnancy progresses. The macules are most often found on sun-exposed areas such as the cheeks, upper lip, chin, and forehead. Fluctuations in progesterone during pregnancy are thought to be a major contributor to melasma, since nonpregnant females taking progesterone also develop the condition. 

Melasma is self-limited and usually fades gradually during the postpartum period. ⁵ However, the time period until full resolution is variable, and some women never fully return to their prepregnancy appearance. For this reason, females are best advised to prevent the problem. Prevention centers around the observation that protection from the sun can help reduce the risk of melasma. Thus, pregnant females should heed all advice regarding sun avoidance to target areas. This includes appropriate dress when outside, such as use of broad-brimmed hats that reduce ultraviolet exposure to the entire face. She should also consider using cosmetics and lip balms containing sunscreens with a high sun protection factor (SPF). 

Once melasma has developed, the patient may wish to reduce the extent and degree of the discoloration. Topical tretinoin may help, but its use is accompanied by irritation, erythema, and exfoliation.⁹ If the patient wishes to use a nonprescription product, only hydroquinone is proven safe and effective in depigmenting melasma lesions. Common trade names include Porcelana and Esoterica. 

The patient must be cautioned to read and heed all labels on hydroquinone products prior to purchase and/or use. In particular, patients must be cautioned not to use the product more frequently or for a longer period than suggested. Overuse can lead to a condition known as exogenous (acquired) ochronosis, in which the product darkens the skin rather than lightening it.^10,11 The darkening manifests as a gray-brown or blue-black discoloration, and the changes may be irreversible, even upon discontinuation of hydroquinone application. The patient may misunderstand that the product is causing the problem and voluntarily increase the frequency of use, worsening the problem. It is commonly seen in black women living in South Africa.¹² 

The FDA was sufficiently concerned to issue a proposed rule about these “skin bleaching” products in the Federal Register in 2006.¹² The agency expressed concern about exogenous ochronosis and also explored the potential of these products to cause cancer. There was evidence of carcinogenicity, in that hydroquinone increased the risk of renal tubular cell adenoma, mononuclear cell leukemia, and hepatocellular neoplasms, mainly adenoma.¹² As a result of the more recent data, the FDA’s proposed rulemaking would establish that hydroquinone is not generally recognized as safe and effective. Until these issues are fully resolved, pharmacists might advise against use of the product in pregnant females. 

Nausea/Vomiting

Most women experience nausea and/or vomiting during pregnancy (NVP).^13,14 It may be only a minor nuisance, but it can greatly affect performance on a job, caring for children, and all aspects of quality of life. Pharmacists may be asked about treatment of these symptoms. No nonprescription product (e.g., Emetrol) is proven safe and effective for NVP. Generally, all remaining treatment options fall into three categories: home remedies, dietary supplements, and prescription products. While there are several prescription options, one study concluded that metoclopramide would be safe during pregnancy.¹⁵ 

Home remedies for NVP include boiled rice and lemon juice. Auricular acupressure also falls into this category. One study found that it was not effective in treating NVP, however.¹⁶ Dietary supplements touted as useful include ginger, yam root, chamomile, horse chestnut, and apple cider vinegar.¹⁷ Another unproven remedy is “Preggie Pops.” One version of this is a hard candy containing nothing more than brown rice syrup, evaporated cane juice, citric acid, flavors, and colors.¹⁸ Its claim to ease morning sickness is wholly unproven. Other versions of the same product are no better.^19,20 

The fallacy in recommending home remedies or dietary supplements for NVP is that none have been proven safe in pregnancy or effective in preventing or treating the condition. For this reason, pharmacists should not recommend them and should refer all patients to a physician.  

In an intriguing study, investigators examined 97 women with severe NVP.¹³ They discovered that discontinuation of iron-containing prenatal multivitamins improved symptoms for two-thirds of the subjects. While this recommendation should only be made by a physician, it does point out another possible intervention. 

Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are a common condition experienced by pregnant women. Increased venous pressure from the gravid uterus is contributory, as are venous swelling due to hormonal changes and straining during defecation.^21,22 Experts advise self-help measures such as drinking 8 to 10 glasses of water daily, increasing the amount of fiber in the diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding prolonged standing or sitting. Nonprescription products containing ingredients that could pose problems in pregnancy carry a contraindication against their use.⁴ These include pharmacologically active ingredients such as vasoconstrictors (e. g., epinephrine, phenyl ephrine), found in Preparation H gel, cream, ointment, and suppositories. 

Headache

Treatment of headache poses a serious problem for the pregnant patient contemplating self-care. All nonprescription non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen) carry a general warning against use when pregnant or nursing.⁴ However, the FDA also requires a special warning against use in the last trimester, as NSAIDs can affect fetal circulation and uterine contractions. Mothers may experience postpartum or antepartum bleeding disorders, as well as prolonged labor and gestation, and the fetus can suffer bleeding disorders and intraventricular hemorrhage. The patient should also be urged not to use methyl salicylate analgesic creams or ointments, as salicylate can be absorbed after application. 

Acetaminophen products (e.g., Tylenol) caution pregnant or breastfeeding patients to consult a health professional before use. ⁴ Acetaminophen is a safer option during pregnancy, but the prudent pharmacist should ask the mother-to-be to consult her physician before use. 

Flatulence

The pregnant female may ingest a high-fiber diet or psyllium products in an attempt to prevent hemorrhoids. One side effect to increasing one’s intake of fiber is flatulence. Should the pregnant patient complain about this problem, she may be counseled to use products containing simethicone (e.g., Phazyme), as this ingredient does not cause any adverse reactions. It is not absorbed, so it presents no danger to the fetus.⁴ 

GERD

Many women experience heartburn and gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) during pregnancy. Unfortunately, nonprescription H₂ blockers and proton pump inhibitors all carry a prohibition against unsupervised self-use in pregnancy. However, calcium carbonate is a safer option that can be recommended for occasional use, as long as the pregnant patient follows all labeled directions. ⁴ 

When you become pregnant, you should experience a renewed sense of being cautious with everything that you eat or drink to ensure that the baby is healthy. Most women also choose wisely to stop drugs of abuse, nicotine, and alcohol. Even caffeine can be dangerous in pregnancy and should be eliminated during this time. 

What About Prescription Medications?

When you first find out you are pregnant, you must make an immediate doctor’s appointment. Among other things, the physician will examine your drug regimen to determine whether alternative medications present less risk to the fetus. You should not stop any medications on your own. 

What About OTC Medications?

Of course, you may choose to use nonprescription (OTC) medications to treat a wide variety of pregnancy-related problems, such as constipation, headache, nausea/vomiting (morning sickness), and hemorrhoids. You must absolutely avoid castor oil during pregnancy. Castor oil is a harsh stimulant laxative that relieves constipation by forced bowel movements. Some people also believe that it will force the uterus to deliver an overdue baby. There are numerous problems with this practice. First, the mother may not be overdue, and the baby may be born before the best time, endangering its health. Second, most of the evidence that castor oil works comes from old wives’ tales, irresponsible Web sites, and testimonials from midwives. None of these can be trusted in the same way as scientific evidence. Finally, castor oil can cause serious problems during delivery, and its use has sometimes resulted in the death of both mother and child. 

Castor oil taken to force a delivery has also been suspected of causing the baby to have a bowel movement before birth. This first bowel movement (meconium) is meant to be passed after birth. Should it be passed in utero, the baby can inhale it at the time of delivery, which can cause serious injury to the child or even death.  

Headache, nausea/ vomiting, and hemorrhoids are commonly experienced during pregnancy. Unfortunately, there are few OTC products proven safe for these conditions in the pregnant patient. Acetaminophen (e.g., Tylenol) could possibly be taken for headache with a physician’s recommendation. There are prescription drugs approved to treat nausea/vomiting, and measures such as increasing water and fiber intake may be helpful for hemorrhoids. 

Read the label of every nonprescription product carefully before purchase to see whether it carries a warning to consult a health professional before use. Your pharmacist can provide some assistance in choosing an appropriate medication. 

Should You Use Dietary Supplements?

Herbals and dietary supplements have never been proven safe or effective for any use, in any group of patients. For this reason alone, using them is a dangerous gamble. Pregnant women using OTC supplements expose their fetus to unknown hazards, as these products have never been tested or approved for use in pregnancy either. Mothers have lost their babies due to herbs and dietary supplements, and babies have been born with serious medical problems due to their use. In general, the use of these products should be avoided during pregnancy unless directed by a physician. 

Remember, if you have any questions, Consult Your Pharmacist. 

REFERENCES

1. Prather CM. Pregnancy-related constipation. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2004;6:402-404.

2. Staying fit while pregnant. The National Women’s Health Information Center. www.womenshealth.gov/WOMAN/
newsletter/2009/05/31/. Accessed July 29, 2009.

3. Nguyen P, Thomas M, Koren G. Predictors of prenatal multivitamin adherence in pregnant women. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;49:735-742.

4. Pray WS. Nonprescription Product Therapeutics. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.

5. Bolanca I, Bolanca Z, Kuna K, et al. Chloasma—the mask of pregnancy. Coll Antropol. 2008;32(suppl 2):138-141.

6. Moncada B, Sahagun-Sanchez LK, Torres-Alvarez B, et al. Molecular structure and concentration of melanin in the stratum corneum of patients with melasma. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2009;25:159-160.

7. Woolery-Lloyd H, Friedman A. Optimizing patient care with “natural” products: treatment of hyperpigmentation. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8(suppl):s10-s13.

8. Plensdorf S, Martinez J. Common pigmentation disorders. Am Fam Physician. 2009;79:109-116.

9. Kang HY, Valerio L, Bahadoran P, Ortonne JP. The role of topical retinoids in the treatment of pigmentary disorders: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2009;10:251-260.

10. Merola JF, Meehan S, Walters RF, Brown L. Exogenous ochronosis. Dermatol Online J. 2008;14:6.

11. Charlin R, Barcaui CB, Kac BK, et al. Hydroquinone-induced exogenous ochronosis: a report of four cases and usefulness of dermoscopy. Int J Dermatol. 2008;47:19-23.

12. Skin bleaching drug products for over-the-counter human use; proposed rule. Fed Regist. 2006;71:51146-55115.

13. Gill SK, Maltepe C, Koren G. The effectiveness of discontinuing iron-containing prenatal multivitamins on reducing the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;29:13-16.

14. Lacasse A, Rey E, Ferreira E, et al. Determinants of early medical management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Birth. 2009;36:70-77.

15. Matok I, Gorodischer R, Koren G, et al. The safety of metoclopramide use in the first trimester of pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2528-2535.

16. Puangsricharern A, Mahasukhon S. Effectiveness of auricular acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91:1633-1638.

17. Home remedies for pregnancy nausea. GrannyMed. www.grannymed.com/meds/
pregnancy-nausea.aspx. Accessed July 29, 2009.

18. Preggie Pop Drops Sour Fruit. Three Lollies Products. www.threelollies.com/store/
tek9.asp?pg=products&specific=
jnrrnmo0. Accessed July 29, 2009.

19. Preggie Pop Drops Herbal. Three Lollies Products. www.threelollies.com/store/
tek9.asp?pg=products&specific=
joencpd0. Accessed July 29, 2009.

20. Preggie Pop Drops–Organic. Three Lollies Products. www.threelollies.com/store/
tek9.asp?pg=products&specific=
joenjrk8. Accessed July 29, 2009.

21. Staroselsky A, Nava-Ocampo AA, Vohra S, Koren G. Hemorrhoids in pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 2008;54:189-190.

22. Pregnancy and newborn health education center. Hemorrhoids. March of Dimes. www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/
159_15290.asp. Accessed July 29, 2009.

23. Dugoua JJ, Perri D, Seely D, et al. Safety and efficacy of blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Pharmacol. 2008;15:e66-e73. 

To comment on this article, contact rdavidson@jobson. com.

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The Importance of Magnesium During Pregnancy and Postpartum — Wildish ~ Organic Products For Pregnancy & Postpartum Health

The Importance of Magnesium During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the entire body. And yet, it’s estimated that nearly half of all U.S. adults are deficient in it. Some of the factors believed to be driving this deficiency include: depletion in soil levels due to over farming, increased consumption of processed foods which contain lower levels, and higher levels of stress which deplete the mineral more rapidly.

This is especially concerning given the huge role that magnesium plays in the body. It drives enzyme reactions in every cell of the body, is integral in energy production, helps muscles and nerves function properly, regulates stress responses and supports restful sleep among many other things.

During pregnancy, a woman’s micronutrient demand (that’s vitamins, minerals and trace elements) increases dramatically. So, it takes a pretty well-planned diet to adequately meet these needs.

We could go on, but you get the idea. Magnesium is important.

Although it varies with age, it’s generally agreed that pregnant women need about 350-450 mg of magnesium per day. This need continues postpartum when significant amounts of magnesium are delivered to the baby through the breast milk.

The Benefits of Magnesium During Pregnancy & Postpartum

Whether insufficient magnesium levels cause any of the below requires a lot more research. However, given magnesium’s role in the functioning of the body, it’s likely that adequate consumption can address a number of challenges that arise during pregnancy. Let’s take a look.

• Sleep: Adequate magnesium helps to support more restful sleep, which can be challenging in later stages of pregnancy when women are experiencing more physical discomfort.

• Mood: Pregnancy and postpartum are stressful periods. Magnesium plays a significant role in mood stabilization and is being recommended increasingly by psychiatrists prior to prescribing anti-depressants and other pharmaceutical prescriptions.

• Cramps & Muscle Function: many women experience cramping and pain in various areas of their body due to the increased physical demands. Research shows that adequate magnesium helps to reduce cramping and reduce the intensity of acute pain.

• Constipation: Growing a baby crowds the intestinal tract creating any number of digestive issues including constipation. Adequate magnesium creates smoother bowel movements in the morning. This is also key in the initial days postpartum, when firm bowel movements can be especially painful.

• Childbirth Complications: Research has shown that magnesium supplementation during pregnancy can decrease the probability of occurrence of some complications including chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, placental dysfunction, premature labor and low birth weight. However, studies are limited and further research is required in these areas.

How Do I Get More Magnesium?

• Diet: Food is always the first place we should turn to get the nutrients we need. Dark leafy greens, seeds, nuts, legumes, squash, broccoli, dairy products, meat, unrefined grains and dark chocolate (yay!) are a few of the best sources of magnesium.

• Magnesium Supplements: 125 – 300mg of magnesium glycinate or citrate at meals and before bed is the recommended supplement dose by doctors. More frequent consumption of smaller doses tends to support better absorption.

• Magnesium Drink: Nausea in the early stages of pregnancy can make swallowing supplements difficult. But, Natural Vitality makes an effervescent powder called Calm that’s added to water. It comes in a variety of flavors, and it is best consumed before bed as it can be helpful at inducing restful sleep. We’re huge fans of this product and they’ve got a bunch of flavors to choose from.

• Belly Balm: Our Love Butter Belly Balm is the only butter we’re aware of that contains supplemental magnesium in addition to the other plant-based ingredients designed to nourish and moisturize the skin. This smooth, non-greasy belly balm is an excellent evening ritual to help you wind down and prepare for bed.

Bathtub Madonna Mineral Salt Soak

Soaking in a magnesium-rich mineral salt bath is both relaxing, and an excellent way to replenish dozens of different trace minerals including magnesium. We created Bathtub Madonna, to be free of cheaper laboratory made salts like Epsom,. This salt soak includes only naturally occurring salts like Himalayan, Mediterranean and French Grey for maximum purity and trace mineral content.

“Very soothing and healing bath soak. This is a company that truly cares, with high quality ingredients. Plus, the packaging is so cute. Highly recommend!”

– JG ★★★★★

Final Thoughts

Although magnesium is generally agreed to be a safe and smart supplement during pregnancy, we recommend consulting your physician or midwife before using a magnesium supplement.

For more information about dosages and how to maximize absorption, James Greenblatt, MD, and Professor of Psychiatry at Tufts and Dartmouth has a really succinct article on the topic.

Levels of magnesium gradually increase in the body. As a result, any supplementation should be undertaken for at least 3-4 weeks before looking for any changes.

Finally, one of the beneficial things about Magnesium supplementation is that the body will get rid of any excess amount through the stool. So, if you notice overly loose bowel movements, that’s usually a sign that your body has reached sufficient levels and you can discontinue use for a while.

correct intake and daily allowances

Contents

• 1 Magnesium for pregnant women: daily allowances and intake rules
  • 1. 1 Magnesium for pregnant women: correct intake and daily allowances
    • 1.1.1 What is magnesium and why is it needed?
  • 1.2 What foods contain magnesium?
  • 1.3 Daily intake of magnesium for pregnant women
  • 1.4 What can happen with a lack of magnesium in the body of a pregnant woman?
  • 1.5 How do you know if you have enough magnesium?
  • 1.6 Choosing the Right Magnesium Supplement for Pregnancy
    • 1.6.1 Choosing the Form of Magnesium:
    • 1.6.2 Choosing the Dose of Magnesium:
    • 1.6.3 Choosing the Manufacturer:
  • 1.7 Getting the Right One take magnesium supplements for pregnant women?
  • 1.8 Contraindications and side effects of magnesium in pregnancy
    • 1.8.1 Contraindications
    • 1.8.2 Side effects
  • 1.9 Excess magnesium during pregnancy: causes and consequences
  • 1.10 Prenatal vitamins and minerals combined with magnesium
  • 1. 11 How do you keep magnesium in foods while cooking?
  • 1.12 Related videos:
  • 1.13 Q&A:
    • • 1.13.0.1 What is the need for magnesium for pregnant women?
      • 1.13.0.2 What factors can lead to magnesium deficiency in pregnant women?
      • 1.13.0.3 How is magnesium deficiency diagnosed in pregnant women?
      • 1.13.0.4 How much magnesium should I take per day for pregnant women?
      • 1.13.0.5 What foods contain magnesium?
      • 1.13.0.6 What are the consequences of magnesium deficiency in pregnant women?

Find out how to properly take magnesium for pregnant women and what daily allowances should be observed to ensure healthy growth and development of the child and prevent possible complications during pregnancy.

Pregnancy is a period in a woman’s life when health care is necessary not only for herself, but also for her unborn baby. One of the key micronutrients that are essential for maternal and child health is magnesium.

Magnesium plays a very important role in the body of a pregnant woman, supporting an extremely wide range of her vital functions. It contributes to the proper development of the baby, facilitates childbirth and reduces the risk of complications during and after pregnancy.

It is important to understand that magnesium must be supplied to the body regularly and in certain quantities. In this article, we will look at the correct daily allowances for magnesium for pregnant women, as well as discuss several ways you can get it.

Magnesium for pregnant women: correct intake and daily allowances

What is magnesium and why is it needed?

Magnesium is an important trace element that is involved in many processes in the human body. It is necessary for the proper functioning of the heart, muscles, nerves and bones. During pregnancy, the body’s need for magnesium increases as it helps maintain the health of the growing fetus.

It is important to understand that the body cannot produce magnesium on its own, so it must be obtained from food or supplements. However, it should be remembered that magnesium is not a panacea, and its intake should be agreed with the attending physician.

Which foods contain magnesium?

Magnesium is an essential micronutrient for human health, including pregnant women. It not only helps control blood pressure, but also plays a key role in the proper functioning of the cardiovascular system, nervous system and various organs. Therefore, in order to get enough magnesium, it is important to eat a varied diet and include foods containing this microelement in the diet.

Which foods are rich in magnesium?

• Nuts: almonds, hazelnuts, cashews, walnuts, pine nuts, peanuts, pecans, brazil nuts.
• Seeds: sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, linseeds, sesame seeds, chia.
• Legumes: lentils, peas, beans, chickpeas.
• Cereals: oatmeal, porridge, rice, wheat, millet.
• Green vegetables: spinach, kashira spinach, broccoli, cabbage, green peas, fresh spinach, lettuce.
• Fruits and berries: avocados, bananas, dates, figs, pomegranates, blueberries, kiwi, apricots, dried apricots.
• Seafood: salmon, shrimp, oysters, mussels.

Several of the products on this list can be combined to provide even more magnesium. For example, oatmeal with the addition of almonds, walnuts and honey will not only be a delicious breakfast, but also a source of magnesium and other important nutrients.

Daily intake of magnesium for pregnant women

Magnesium is the most important macronutrient that plays a key role in shaping the health of not only the expectant mother, but also her baby. During pregnancy, the rate of magnesium intake increases significantly, as it is involved in the formation and development of the organs of the fetus, as well as the restoration and protection of the mother’s body.

Pregnant women should not refuse additional intake of magnesium, because this will lead to problems with the cardiovascular system, impaired calcium metabolism and worsening of digestion. Calculate your daily dose depending on the recommendation of a specialist and do not forget that our baby needs the same amount of magnesium as we do.

• What foods are good sources of magnesium?
• The mineral can be obtained from the following foods:

1. Spinach and other green vegetables
2. Hazelnuts and other nuts
3. Buckwheat and oatmeal
4. Bananas and other fruits
5. Fish and other seafood and grains

diet of pregnant women special vitamin-mineral complexes, which include the required amount of magnesium. Do not forget about proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy, as this is an important stage for your baby!

What can happen if there is a lack of magnesium in the body of a pregnant woman?

Magnesium plays an important role in the body of a pregnant woman. It is necessary for the proper formation of bone tissue in the fetus, as well as for the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system and muscle function. Magnesium deficiency can lead to serious health consequences for the pregnant woman and the baby.

• Convulsions and anxiety. Magnesium deficiency can cause convulsions, severe anxiety and nervousness in pregnant women.
• Increased level of anxiety. Magnesium deficiency may contribute to depression and higher levels of anxiety in pregnant women.
• Preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy in which a woman’s blood pressure and protein levels in the urine increase. Magnesium deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia.
• Premature birth. Magnesium deficiency may contribute to premature onset of labor and an increased risk of prematurity.
• Neurological disorders in a child. Maternal magnesium deficiency can cause neurological problems in the baby, including developmental delay and impaired motor coordination.

Proper magnesium intake at the recommended doses can help prevent these complications. Talk to your doctor for advice on taking magnesium during pregnancy.

How do you know if you have enough magnesium?

Magnesium is an important mineral for health. It helps regulate many processes in the body, including the functioning of the heart, muscles, and nervous system. When you are pregnant, your body uses more magnesium than usual. How do you know if you have enough magnesium?

You can also refer to test results. If you have any doubts about whether you have enough magnesium, contact your doctor. You may be asked to take a magnesium blood test to make sure your magnesium levels are within normal limits.

But remember, just because you don’t have symptoms of a magnesium deficiency and your test results are normal, that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t increase your magnesium intake. You need to watch your diet and, if necessary, consult with your doctor about magnesium-rich foods and the possibility of supplementing magnesium supplements to maintain health during pregnancy.

Choosing the right magnesium supplements for pregnant women

During pregnancy, a woman’s body needs additional magnesium intake, which reduces the risk of preterm birth and complications during pregnancy. However, not all magnesium supplements are equally beneficial and effective.

Choosing the Form of Magnesium:

• Magnesium Oxide is the least effective form of magnesium and can cause stomach and intestinal problems.
• Magnesium citrate is the most bioavailable form of magnesium.
• Magnesium Glycinate – Has a high bioavailability and does not cause digestive problems.

Choose the dose of magnesium:

The daily intake of magnesium for pregnant women is 350-400 mg. It is important that supplements contain the correct dose of magnesium and do not exceed the recommended amount.

But when choosing a dose, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics and state of health of the pregnant woman. It is better to consult a doctor and choose an individual dose of magnesium.

Choosing a manufacturer:

When choosing a magnesium supplement for pregnant women, it is important to pay attention to the manufacturer. It is better to choose additives from trusted manufacturers who have additional certification.

ManufacturerReviewsRating

Magnesium is an important element in the nutrition of pregnant women, because it helps in the proper development of the child, and also significantly improves the health of the mother. However, you should not abuse magnesium, as this can lead to negative consequences.

Magnesium supplements are best taken after meals to avoid possible side effects such as nausea and vomiting. The simultaneous intake of magnesium with other vitamins should be avoided, such undemanding may reduce the effectiveness and absorption of magnesium.

Usually, the doctor recommends taking magnesium during the second trimester of pregnancy, as it copes with high levels of stress and significantly reduces insomnia. You can stop taking magnesium two to three months before the expected date of birth.

Contraindications and Side Effects of Magnesium for Pregnancy

Contraindications

Although magnesium is a safe element, there are some contraindications for its supplementation:

• Allergic reaction to magnesium or any of the components of the supplement
• Kidney disease or diabetes that requires control of magnesium levels in the body
• Taking certain medications, such as antibiotics or drugs for the cardiovascular system in any form, you should consult your doctor.

  Side effects

  Taking too much magnesium can cause the following side effects:

  • Stomach problems such as diarrhea, nausea or vomiting
  • Breathing problems such as holding your breath or a rapid heartbeat
  • Edema or nervous system depression

  If negative effects occur, reduce the dose or stop it completely.

  Excess magnesium during pregnancy: causes and consequences

  Magnesium is one of the most important trace elements for pregnant women. It is necessary for the normal functioning of the cardiovascular, nervous and muscular systems, strengthening of bone tissue and metabolism. However, like any other nutrient, magnesium must be taken in the right amount. Otherwise, its excess can lead to excellent disorders in the body of a pregnant woman and her developing fetus.

  1. Causes of excess magnesium in the body.
     • Excess daily intake of magnesium or excessive intake of magnesium supplements.
     • The use of magnesium-containing drugs that are prescribed without proper medical supervision.
     • Diseases of the kidneys, liver and thyroid gland, as well as hormonal imbalance in the body of a pregnant woman.
  2. Effects of excess magnesium on pregnancy.
     • Various disorders of the nervous system: from increased irritability and insomnia to depression and panic attacks.
     • Loss of appetite and consequent lack of vital nutrients and trace elements.
     • Deterioration of the health of the pregnant woman, increased risk of preterm birth and various complications during pregnancy (eg hypertension).

  Conclusion: Magnesium is an important nutrient for pregnant women, but it must be taken in accordance with the necessary norms. To avoid an excess of magnesium, it is recommended to follow the recommendations of a doctor and not to abuse magnesium supplements and drugs that are not prescribed by a specialist. If you notice any unusual symptoms or doubt your health, be sure to consult your doctor.

  Prenatal vitamins and minerals combined with magnesium

  Folic acid is an important prenatal vitamin that helps prevent tubal defects in the fetus. The combination of folic acid and magnesium reduces the risk of pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia.

  Iron – This mineral is essential for the proper development of red blood cells and transport of oxygen throughout the body. Iron deficiency can lead to anemia and adversely affect the health of mother and child. The combination of magnesium and iron increases the efficiency of oxygen storage and transport.

  Calcium – Important for healthy bones and teeth, as well as maintaining a normal heart rate, blood pressure and blood clotting. The combination of magnesium and calcium helps to synthesize the relaxation hormone, which promotes uterine muscle contraction, which can reduce pregnancy loss.

  Vitamin D – This vitamin increases calcium absorption and strengthens bones. Vitamin D deficiency can increase the risk of preeclampsia and diabetes in pregnant women. The combination of magnesium and vitamin D helps to strengthen bones and maintain normal levels of calcium in the blood.

  Vitamin C – important for immunity and healthy blood vessels. The combination of magnesium and vitamin C increases the effectiveness of the body’s antioxidant defense, reduces inflammation and improves the functioning of the heart and blood vessels.

  How to store magnesium in food while cooking?

  Magnesium is an important element for health, especially for pregnant women. To preserve all its useful properties, you need to be able to cook food correctly. While cooking, you can lose a significant amount of magnesium, usually due to high temperatures.

  • Non-fried foods – Best eaten raw or steamed. Cooking food in large amounts of water can cause magnesium loss, so it is recommended to leave the juice or water after cooking and use it in other dishes.
  • Use of peels and skins — Many foods, such as vegetables and fruits, contain magnesium in their skins or skins. You should not immediately remove them, so before cooking, you need to thoroughly wash the products and use them with them.
  • Food Combination – Some ingredients may increase the absorption of magnesium. For example, calcium and magnesium are interacting minerals, so foods that contain calcium, such as yogurt and cottage cheese, can help absorb magnesium. Consuming foods containing vitamin B6, such as bananas and peanuts, also helps improve magnesium absorption.

  By following these simple rules, you can preserve all the beneficial properties of magnesium and make food more healthy, especially for pregnant women.

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  Q&A:

  What is the need for magnesium for pregnant women?

  Magnesium is necessary for the formation of bones and teeth in a child, as well as for the proper functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. In pregnant women, magnesium levels may decrease due to increased blood volume and bone mass, as well as due to improved digestion, which leads to a lack of the element.

  What factors can lead to magnesium deficiency in pregnant women?

  Magnesium deficiency can be caused by malnutrition, frequent stress, alcohol consumption, indigestion and diarrhea. In pregnant women, magnesium deficiency can also occur due to the body’s increasing needs for this element.

  How is magnesium deficiency diagnosed in pregnant women?

  Blood and urine are used to diagnose magnesium deficiency. The doctor may also ask questions about the patient’s health, nutrition, and stress level.

  How much magnesium should I take per day for pregnant women?

  For pregnant women, it is recommended to consume 320 to 360 mg of magnesium per day. However, each body is unique, so it’s best to consult your doctor to determine the exact dose.

  What foods contain magnesium?

  Magnesium is found in most green vegetables (spinach, kale, broccoli) as well as fruits (bananas, avocados), nuts (peanuts, almonds), walnuts, sesame seeds, dark chocolate, grains (oats, millet) and fish ( salmon, mackerel).

  What are the consequences of magnesium deficiency in pregnant women?

  Magnesium deficiency can lead to bradycardia, seizures, mild to severe preeclampsia, low birth weight, and various heart conditions.

  Magnesium deficiency and features of correction by the drug Magnesium Complex

  At present, there is no doubt about the tremendous role of minerals in the diverse functions of the body and each cell separately. Correction of the imbalance of macro- and microelements, according to leading microelementologists, can be comparable with the role of genetic factors in shaping human health. Deviations in the content of minerals caused by nutritional, environmental, climatic and geographical factors or diseases make other treatments unsuccessful.

  One of the most important minerals is magnesium. Magnesium is involved in over 300 biochemical reactions in the body. It is involved in the metabolism of amino acids, contributes to the construction of proteins, and it is referred to as growth factors. Magnesium plays a special role in the structure of bone tissue and tooth enamel. About 50% of all magnesium in the body is localized in bone tissue and teeth. Magnesium is involved in the synthesis of ATP, the main source of energy for every cell in the body.

  Magnesium is an important element for the functioning of the brain, peripheral nervous and cardiovascular systems, muscles, normal development of the fetus, during the period of intensive growth, pregnancy, for the normal maintenance of water-salt metabolism.

  Magnesium is involved in the transfer of genetic information, participating in the production of DNA and RNA nucleotides. The normal supply of the human body with magnesium is recognized by WHO experts as one of the main constants of human health and has its own code in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) – E.61.3.

  According to the data of large-scale studies conducted in Germany, it was found that the normal level of magnesium in the blood is rare (1 case per 100 examined). The highest frequency of magnesium deficiency is observed in people over 70 years old – 100%.

  Magnesium plays an extremely important role in the normal functioning of the central nervous system. Magnesium ions provide energy and plastic processes in the nervous tissue and take part in the following processes: the formation of ATP, the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, transmembrane transport of ions; formation of catalytic centers and stabilization of regulatory sites; ribosomal synthesis of neurospecific proteins and all neuropeptides in the brain; synthesis of myelin lipoprotein complexes; participation in the synthesis and degradation of neurotransmitters; antioxidant protection of neurons and glial elements; midcellular and intercellular communicative and signaling functions; optimization of osmolar processes of nervous tissue.

  Magnesium deficiency is determined in persons with parasthesia, tremor, hearing loss, emotional disorders, depression, degenerative diseases, chronic stress, chronic fatigue syndrome, radiation exposure, in persons suffering from migraine, skin diseases, alopecia areata, bronchospastic diseases , urolithiasis, premenstrual syndrome, osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, arthritis.

  With magnesium deficiency, the ability to concentrate decreases, memory suffers, fatigue, irritability, sleep disturbances, constipation, anemia are noted. Magnesium deficiency can cause seizures in children, hyper-reactivity and attention deficit. Magnesium deficiency has been established in adolescents with deviant behaviors, in people who consume beer and other alcoholic beverages, drugs, and smoke. With a low level of magnesium, intolerance to noise, light is noted, headache, dizziness, muscle-tetanic cramps of the occipital, dorsal, calf muscles of the soles, feet and face may disturb.

  No less important is the role of magnesium in diseases of the cardiovascular system, especially hypertension and coronary heart disease, and heart rhythm disturbances. Magnesium is involved in maintaining the electrolyte balance of the myocardium, is a membrane protector for mitochondria, an essential component of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis. Prolonged magnesium deficiency leads to potassium loss, energy disturbances and myocardial damage. Magnesium levels below 0.76 mmol/l are considered an important additional risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke. Magnesium deficiency is observed in most patients with early forms of cerebrovascular disease, as well as in patients with ischemic stroke.

  Additional intake of magnesium preparations helps to reduce the concentration of triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins in the blood and increase high-density lipoproteins, that is, magnesium has an anti-sclerotic effect.

  Accumulation of calcium in muscles can cause cramps, spasms and pain. The muscles of the gastrointestinal tract are the longest in the body, and their condition depends on the ratio of calcium and magnesium. With a magnesium deficiency, calcium, being localized in excess in the cells of the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, can cause a violation of the evacuation of food from the stomach into the small intestine.

  An important role in the development of spastic pain in irritable bowel syndrome is played by increased accumulation of calcium ions inside the cells of the intestinal wall. The appointment of magnesium allows you to normalize the motor activity of the intestine, by normalizing the ratio of calcium and magnesium ions. Magnesium is known to act as an intracellular calcium antagonist.

  In addition to a positive effect on intestinal motility, magnesium has a normalizing effect on the central nervous system. Magnesium Complex is indicated both for increased irritability and depressive states.

  One of the agents that has a normalizing effect on the functional state of the gallbladder and the tone of the sphincter of Oddi is magnesium. A solution of magnesium sulfate has been used for more than 100 years as a choleretic agent during duodenal sounding. Magnesium, due to its ability to displace calcium from cells, relieves spasm of the sphincter of Oddi. Hypertension of the sphincter of Oddi is one of the main causes of difficulty in the evacuation of bile from the gallbladder and ducts of the biliary system. The use of magnesium can improve the outflow of bile and reduce the effects of biliary dyskinesia.

  Magnesium reduces the toxic effects of alcohol on the central nervous system, reduces the effects of alcohol withdrawal, alcohol tremor, prevents cerebral edema, increased irritability and depression, and reduces cravings for alcoholic beverages.

  It has been proven that the administration of magnesium preparations to pregnant women leads to a significant reduction in spontaneous miscarriages.

  In recent years, magnesium preparations have been considered the means of choice for the treatment of preeclampsia in pregnant women. Preeclampsia of pregnant women is accompanied by increased blood pressure, proteinuria, convulsions. The more severe the gestosis, the more pronounced the magnesium deficiency in the blood of the pregnant woman. The cause of magnesium deficiency in pregnant women is vomiting, an increased need for magnesium for a developing fetus, loss of magnesium in the urine. Important for pregnant women is the route of administration and the form of the magnesium preparation. Intravenous administration of a solution of magnesium sulfate can cause an undesirable overdose, which will have a negative effect on the fetus and may lead to the development of severe neurological disorders, including cerebral palsy. In this regard, at present, intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate is considered an extreme measure to save the life of a pregnant woman, the introduction is accompanied by monitoring the concentration of magnesium in the woman’s blood.

  The safe route of administration of magnesium preparations is considered to be ingestion, and the preparation that meets modern requirements is Magnesium Complex containing magnesium citrate and ascorbate.