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Itch plant: Plants that can make you itch

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Plants that can make you itch

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Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, and 7 Other Plants That Can Give You a Rash

Poison ivy is found across the United States. You can come into contact with it while hiking in the woods, but it grows virtually everywhere — along roadsides, on fences, in backyards. Poison ivy leaves grow in clusters of three on vines that can grow up into trees or trail along the ground. Every part of the plant contains the compound called urushiol, which causes poison ivy’s notorious rash — the vine, the roots, the leaves, the flowers, and the berries.

A poison ivy rash typically appears a few days after exposure, and can even take a week or two if this is your first time in contact with the plant. When it does, you’ll know it: You’ll see very red skin, swelling, and blisters, and you’ll feel a serious itch. A strong corticosteroid skin cream or ointment can help with the inflammation. Your doctor may prescribe other medication if the inflammation is severe, to either suppress your immune system or to help further reduce the reaction. Anti-itch topical creams may also help.

RELATED: How to Treat Poison Ivy and Reduce Discomfort

2. Poison Oak: Not Related to Oak Trees

Stinging nettle is the best-known member of the nettle family. It grows throughout the United States as well as in Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The plant tends to grow in dense patches near streams, along hiking trails, in ditches, and around farmland, often where the earth has been disturbed.

The stems of stinging nettle are singular, with few branches, and can grow 6 to 8 feet tall. The stems may be green or purple and may or may not have stinging hairs. The petioles (stem parts of the leaf) and undersides of the leaves also have stinging hairs.

The leaves of stinging nettle are longer than they are wide, and dark green, 2 to 4 inches long, with a tapered tip. Clusters of whitish flowers grow at the base of each pair of leaves along the stem.

Coming into contact with stinging nettle causes a sharp, painful sting, followed by a burning sensation and sometimes itching. The irritation can linger for several hours and cause hives near the site of contact which can last up to 24 hours.

Stinging nettle is sometimes gathered for food or to make into tea. It has long been a folk remedy for joint pain, eczema, arthritis, gout, and anemia. Cooking deactivates the stinging properties of stinging nettle.

6. Baby’s Breath: Irritating When Dried

If you’ve ever gotten roses from a florist, chances are they were clustered with sprays of tiny white or pink flowers known as baby’s breath. You might also see baby’s breath in cultivated perennial gardens.

Baby’s breath generally isn’t an irritant while it’s still alive, but when it’s dried, it can irritate the eyes, nose, and sinuses, as well as the skin. It can additionally cause asthma in people who touch it frequently, such as floral industry employees.

The skin irritation caused by baby’s breath is usually minor and temporary.

People who have become sensitized to baby’s breath and are having asthma reactions ideally should stop handling it.

Interestingly, double-flower varieties of baby’s breath tend to cause fewer reactions than single-flower varieties, so if you’re planting it in your garden or have a choice when ordering a bouquet, go for the double-flower option.

7. Leadwort: Look but Don’t Touch

Giant hogweed is an invasive plant in Europe and North America and, according to the New York Department of Environmental Conservation, a “federally listed noxious weed” in the United States.

Contact with the sap of giant hogweed can cause serious skin and eye irritation, blistering, scarring, and even blindness if the sap gets in the eye. The skin rash may look like a second-degree burn and can leave you with long-lasting scars and sensitivity to sunlight.

Giant hogweed sap is phototoxic, which means it requires exposure to ultraviolet light to cause a reaction. If you touch giant hogweed — or think you might have — keep the exposed area away from sunlight for 48 hours, and wash it with soap and cold water as soon as possible. If you get sap in your eyes, rinse them with water and wear sunglasses. See a physician if you have a reaction.

You can recognize giant hogweed in part by its size: It can grow to 14 feet high or higher and has hollow, rigid stems 2 to 4 inches in diameter. Its deeply lobed, compound leaves can grow up to 5 feet across, and its white, umbrella-shaped flower heads, can be up to 2.5 feet across. The stems of giant hogweed are green with purple splotches and coarse, white hairs.

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Scabies mite | directory Pesticides.ru

Summary data

Fertility (pcs) 20-25
Generations per year Set
Egg (mm) 0. 15×0.08
Imago (mm) 0.2-0.5
Female (mm) 0.2-0.5
Male (mm) 0.2-0.5

Morphology

Imago – small tick. Length – 0.2-0.5 mm, width – up to 0.18-0.38 mm. The body is round or oval, slightly flattened in the dorsoventral direction, dirty gray. [1] Integument light, with parallel shading. The dorsal side has triangular scales and several pairs of setae. [4]

The proterosome bears the gnathosoma and two pairs of forward legs. The gnathosoma (oral apparatus of the gnawing type) is short, assembled into a horseshoe-shaped proboscis. [1] Very short legs. The legs of the first and second pairs end in suckers located on long and thin stalks (ambulacras). [4] Hysterosoma bears the third and fourth pairs of legs. They are directed backwards. [1] The third and fourth pair of feet do not have suction cups. In their place are thick and long hair-like bristles. [4] Five-segmented legs. [1] Anus at the posterior end of the body. The eyes are missing. [4] Breathing takes place through thin chitinous covers. [1]

Sexual dimorphism

Male . Less female. The external reproductive apparatus is located between the bases of the fourth pair of legs. Ambulacras are located on the first, second and fourth pairs of legs. There are no copulatory suckers. [1]

Female larger than male. Ambulacras on the first and second pairs of limbs. [1]

Egg oval. The color is grey-white. Size – 0.15 x 0.08 mm. [1]

Larva six-legged. [1]

Developmental phenology (in days)

Transformation Incomplete
Full cycle 10-14
Female Up to 2 months

Development

Imago develops only on the human body. Outside the human body, on linen, furnishings at air temperatures up to +15 ° C, scabies mites live for about three weeks, when the temperature rises to +20 ° C – no more than three days, and at + 50–60 ° C – no more than an hour . The female gets on the skin and moves along its surface with the help of suction cups of two front pairs of legs. It is introduced into the stratum corneum with the help of chelicerae with the participation of the terminal spines of the two front pairs of legs. Immersion is facilitated by the release of oral secretions. The female makes a passage in the lower part of the stratum corneum of the epidermis and feeds on the granular layer of the epidermis. As the passage forms behind the female, the stratum corneum is restored. At the end of the course, papules or vesicles appear, under them there are ticks. Every 1–2 cm, the female gnaws holes in the epidermis through which air enters the passages. [4]

Mating period . After leaving the epidermal passage to the surface of the skin, adult males copulate with telenymphs. [1] Females lay 2–9 eggs per day in burrows, about 20–25 eggs in total. Eggs are laid sequentially. [4]

The egg develops in the lower part of the stratum corneum of the epidermis. [4]

Larva. Nymph I (protonymph). Nymph II (teleonymph) . The larvae hatch from the eggs, emerge through the cover of the passage, and burrow into the skin. Metamorphosis from larva to adult proceeds in vesicles, papules, and partly in thin passages and externally unaltered skin. The larvae and nymphs may be in the same passages as the females, or they may drill independent passages. [4]

Imago . Males and telenymphs come to the surface of the skin, copulate, after which the males die, and the telenymphs penetrate the skin, turn into adult females and start laying eggs. [1] The development cycle from egg to adult lasts up to 10–14 days. In three months, up to 150 million individuals can develop on the human body. Sexually mature females live up to two months. [4]

Abiotic factors . Survival of the scabies mite outside the host at room temperature and 60% humidity is about 5-6 days. At the same time, invasiveness (that is, the ability to penetrate the skin) is lost after 2 days. Reducing the content of moisture vapor in the air to 35% leads to the death of the parasite within a day. Boiling kills ticks instantly, heating up to 60 degrees – in 1 hour. [3]

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Morphologically related species The described species is close to many species of the family of scabies (itching) Sarcoptidae (Acaridae), which parasitize many domestic and wild animals

[2] and cause sarcoptoidosis. Including Sarcortes suis – in pigs, Sarcortes bovis – in cattle, Sarcortes equi – in horses, Sarcortes ovis – in sheep, Sarcortes sargae – in goats, Sarcortes cameli – in camels, Sarcortes tarandi-rangiferi – in reindeer, Sarcortes cuniculi – in rabbits, Sarcortes canis – in dogs. [1]

In addition to the described species, scabies mites and skin beetles of the family Psoroptidae are often found parasitizing under epidermal scales in domestic and wild animals and similar in morphology to adults with the scabies mite (Sarcortes scabiei). [2]

Geographic distribution

The scabies mite is distributed by man throughout the world. [2]

Harmfulness

The scabies mite develops only on humans, is the causative agent of scabies (sarcoptoidosis), parasitizing inside the skin. [1]

On the 7th–10th day after infection, rashes appear in the interdigital folds, on the lateral surfaces of the fingers, flexion surfaces of the hands, and on the trunk in the form of small nodules, vesicles and raised straight or curved stripes up to 1 cm long (scabies ). Patients are disturbed by severe itching, especially at night and in heat. Often, a purulent lesion of the skin joins the disease, which is a consequence of the ingress of microbes into the scratches. [4]

Control measures

Preventive measures

  • Personal hygiene.
  • Cleanliness of dwellings, linen.
  • Timely treatment of sick people and animals.
  • Systematic medical examinations of organized groups. [4]

Extermination measures

Identification and treatment of patients . Anti-scabious (anti-scabies drugs) work better when they are used at night, since it is at night that the mites are most active and come to the surface of the skin or move closer to it. For treatment, sulfuric ointment (currently rarely used), preparations based on benzyl benzoate, permethrin, and other chemicals, often in combination with synergists, can be used. Abroad, drugs based on thiabendazole, monosulfiram, diethylcarbamazine, etc. have been used or are being used. Treatment of several patients from one focus is carried out simultaneously to avoid re-infection; in parallel, processing of things and premises is carried out. [3]

Carrying out pest control measures in the premises . In dwellings and other premises, tick control is carried out by wet and aerosol pest control. Upholstered furniture and things that cannot be washed are sprayed with acaricides.

Processing clothes and laundry . Washing is carried out in hot water with powder and ironing of clothes, hats, textiles and other fabric products. [2]

The article was compiled using the following materials:

References:

1.

Akbaev M.Sh., Vodyanov A. A., Kosminkov N. E. Parasitology and invasion diseases of animals. – M.: Kolos, 1998. – 743 p. (Textbooks and teaching aids for students of higher educational institutions)

2.

Beklemishev V.N. Key to arthropods harmful to human health. – M.: MEDGIZ, 1958. – 420 p.

3.

Zavyalov A.I., Orkin V.F., Marchenko V.M., Plyachenko D.A. DERMATOZOONOSES (scabies, pediculosis). Tutorial. – Saratov, publishing house of the Saratov Medical University, 2005. -52 p.

4.

Tarasov V.V. Medical entomology. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1996 – 353 p.

Images (revised):

5.

Sarcoptes scabiei, by AJ Cann, licensed under CC BY-SA

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Modern approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of scabies | #05/12

Scabies is a contagious parasitic skin disease caused by the scabies mite Sarcoptes scabiei, accompanied by itching, worse in the evening and at night, and papular-vesicular rashes.

Currently, scabies remains one of the most common parasitic dermatoses in our country.

An increase in the number of patients with scabies usually accompanies wars, natural disasters, social upheavals, due to population migration, economic recession, and worsening social and living conditions.

As mentioned above, the causative agent of scabies is the scabies mite – Sarcoptes scabiei . This species belongs to the family Sarcoptidae, group Acaridiae, suborder Sarcoptiphormes, order Acariphormes. Representatives of the genus Sarcoptes are currently known as parasites of more than 40 host animal species belonging to 17 families of 7 orders of mammals.

The morphological appearance of scabies mites of the Sarcoptidae family is extremely peculiar and is due to deep adaptations to intradermal parasitism. The structure of scabies itch, like most mites, is characterized by a strict constancy of the microstructures of the external skeleton, which is associated with their microscopic size.

The female scabies mite looks like a turtle. Its size is 0.25–0.35 mm. Adaptations to intradermal parasitism are represented by multiple setae, triangular outgrowths of the cuticle on the dorsal surface, spines on all tarsi that serve as stops during gnawing, gnawing-type chelicerae, and long elastic setae on the tarsi of the hind pairs of legs to maintain the direction of travel only forward. Devices for ectoparasitism are sticky pneumatic suction cups on the front legs, waxy bristles on the body and limbs, which create an extensive mechanoreceptor sphere around the tick and allow one to navigate by touch without eyes. The rate of movement of the female during the course is 0.5–2.5 mm/day, and on the surface of the skin 2–3 cm/min. Scabies mites are characterized by sexual dimorphism. The main function of males is fertilization. They are much smaller in size – 0.15-0.2 mm, have dense bristles on the body to protect against mechanical stress and suction cups also on the IV pair of legs for attaching to the female during mating. The ratio of females and males in scabies mites is 2:1.

The life cycle of the scabies mite is clearly divided into two parts: short-term cutaneous and long-term intradermal. Intradermal is represented by two topically separated periods: reproductive and metamorphic. Reproductive is carried out by the female in the scabies she gnaws through, where she lays eggs. The hatching larvae emerge from the passages to the surface of the skin through holes made by the female above the site of each clutch, settle on it and penetrate into the hair follicles and under the scales of the epidermis. Here their metamorphosis (molting) takes place: new individuals (females and males) are formed through the stage of proto- and telenymph. Females and males of the new generation come to the surface of the skin, where they mate. Daughter females migrate to the hands, wrists, feet, penetrate the skin and immediately begin to make passages and lay eggs. In rare cases, the introduction of females is possible in other areas of the skin (buttocks, axillary regions, abdomen, etc.) due to mechanical pressing. Clinically, this corresponds to scabious lymphoplasia of the skin. Only females and larvae are invasive stages and participate in infection. At room temperature and relative humidity, at least 60% of females remain mobile for 1–6 days. Even at 100% humidity, females on average withstand up to 3 days, larvae – up to 2 days.

Scabies mites are characterized by a strict daily rhythm of activity. During the day, the female is at rest. In the evening and in the first half of the night, she gnaws through one or two egg knees at an angle to the main direction of travel, in each of which she lays an egg. Before laying an egg, she deepens the bottom of the passage, and makes an exit hole in the roof for the larvae. In the second half of the night, the female gnaws the course in a straight line, intensively feeding, during the day she stops and freezes. The daily program is performed by all females synchronously. As a result, the itch course on the patient’s skin has a convoluted shape and consists of segments of the course, called the daily element of the course. The back part of the course gradually exfoliates, and during a clinical examination of the patient, it simultaneously consists of 4–7 daily elements and has a constant length of 5–7 mm. During life, the female passes 3–6 cm in the epidermis; the revealed daily rhythm of activity is of great practical importance. He explains the increase in itching in the evening, the predominance of the direct route of infection by contact in bed in the evening and at night, the effectiveness of prescribing anti-scabies drugs at night.

Clinical picture

The clinic of scabies is due to the characteristics of the pathogen and the reaction of the host organism to its introduction.

The incubation period for scabies has a different duration and depends on whether an adult female or a larva has hit the skin. In the first case, it is extremely short, and in the second it is 2 weeks. Itching, as the main symptom of scabies, appears in terms that range from 14 days to 6 weeks with a primary infection and can be extremely short, limited to a few days with reinfection. It has also been shown that reinfection at the same time can occur more difficult in already sensitized individuals, and the number of detectable scabies mites in such patients is often minimal [7, 9].

A typical form of scabies is characterized by the presence of skin itching, which is most pronounced in the evening and during sleep. However, itching can be permanent. It can be localized in separate areas of the skin or spread throughout the body, with the exception of the skin of the face and scalp. An extremely important sign is the presence of itching in family members or collectives.

Examination reveals specific lesions. The main clinical symptoms of scabies are burrows, polymorphic rashes outside the burrows, characteristic sites of rashes, as well as symptoms named after the authors of Ardi (the presence of pustules and purulent crusts on the elbows and in their circumference), Gorchakov (the presence of bloody crusts there), Michaelis (the presence of bloody crusts and impetiginous rashes in the intergluteal fold with the transition to the sacrum), Cesari (detection of scabies in the form of a slight elevation on palpation).

Characteristic places of localization of rashes are mainly the flexor surface of the joints (wrist and elbow), as well as the anterolateral surface of the abdomen, lower back, buttocks, genital area, while they are absent on the upper half of the back. Scabies and rashes are well expressed in the interdigital and axillary folds, on the areola circles of the breasts of women, in the navel. Rashes are represented by paired papules and vesicles, itchy burrows, eczematous pseudovesicles (pearl vesicles) on the skin of the lateral surfaces of the fingers and palms; scabious ulcers, with crusts on the surface; as well as scabious nodules.

Atypical forms of scabies , often encountered in recent years, it seems to us appropriate to classify and present as follows:

  • scabies without damage to the skin;
  • urticarial scabies;
  • scabies on the background of corticosteroid therapy;
  • nodular (with postscabious nodules) scabies;
  • eczematized scabies;
  • scabies complicated by pyoderma;
  • Norwegian scabies;
  • infant and child scabies.

The first two forms are due mainly to allergic reactions.

Scabies without skin lesions can be an incipient form of the disease in people who follow the rules of body hygiene, but more often manifests itself as an allergic reaction to mite antigens during the period of the disease or after its treatment. This form of the disease is more often detected during active examination of persons who have been in contact with a patient with scabies.

Urticarial scabies is represented by small blisters caused by sensitization to both mites and their waste products. They occur more often on the front surface of the trunk, thighs, buttocks and forearms.

Scabies secondary to topical corticosteroid therapy, also called occult scabies, leads to a loss of the specific symptoms of scabies as a result of suppression of the skin’s immune responses. The disease acquires papulosquamous, papulovesicular, and sometimes even hyperkeratotic rashes.

Nodular scabies (scabious lymphoplasia) is characterized by the appearance of itchy nodules that are red, pink, or brown. On the surface of new nodules, scabies can be found. Typical localization: penis, scrotum, axillary and intergluteal folds, areola. Nodules are usually few. Sometimes they are the only diagnostic sign of scabies [2, 4].

Eczematized scabies occurs, as a rule, in people with an allergic predisposition. In places of scratching, foci of lichenification may appear. However, eczematous lesions usually come to the fore and the diagnosis of scabies cannot always be suspected. Rashes appear on the hands, in the armpits, shins, hands. In advanced cases, rashes can become disseminated, up to the development of erythroderma.

In persons with reduced body resistance, a secondary bacterial infection in the form of impetigo or ecthyma may join eczematized lesions at the sites of scratching, staphylococcal folliculitis, boils and abscesses may occur.

Norwegian scabies (crustous, crusty) in the initial stages is presented as ordinary scabies or disguised as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis. Characterized by keratinization, the formation of scales or thick crusts. With severe immunodeficiency, the process can be generalized, with neurological diseases it can manifest itself as a limited area of ​​sensory impairment.

Infant and child scabies is characterized by rashes resembling hives or baby pruritus in the form of a large number of combed and crusted blisters with predominant localization in the perineum on the scrotum, in the axillary folds. Characteristic scabies can be found on the soles.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of scabies, in addition to clinical data, is based on microscopic confirmation of the diagnosis. However, this procedure requires considerable skill, an experienced microbiologist, and is not feasible in some clinical forms. Minimal clinical manifestations of scabies also make it difficult to obtain sufficient biological material for research. The technique has advantages in specialized institutions. There are several methods of laboratory diagnosis of scabies: removal of the mite with a needle, the method of thin sections, scrapings, alkaline preparation of the skin.

Treatment

For the treatment of scabies, various preparations of sulfur, benzyl benzoate, Peruvian balsam, etc. were previously proposed. In recent years, new drugs have been used, such as Spregal, crotamiton, lindane, malathion, permethrin, Prioderm, Tetmosol, thiobendazole, prescribed in the form of ointments, creams, solutions , shampoos, emulsions and aerosols. The main requirements for anti-scab preparations are the speed and reliability of the therapeutic effect, the absence of an irritating effect on the skin and contraindications to the appointment, ease of preparation and use, stability during long-term storage, availability for mass use, hygiene and low cost [8, 9]. In addition, various forms of scabies, such as post-scabious, eczematized or urticarial, require the addition of pathogenetic therapy.

General principles: rubbing anti-scabies preparations into the skin, especially carefully in the places of the tick’s favorite localization. After each forced washing of hands, it is necessary to re-treat them with an anti-scabies agent. In the presence of complications (primarily pustular skin lesions), lubrication is not performed, but lubricated. Before starting treatment, it is advisable to take a hot shower or bath, using a washcloth and soap to mechanically remove mites from the surface of the skin, as well as to loosen the surface layer of the epidermis, which simplifies the penetration of antiscabiosis drugs. In the presence of phenomena of secondary pyoderma, water procedures are contraindicated. Regardless of the method of therapy with an anti-scabies drug, the entire skin is treated. Avoid getting the drug in the eyes and mucous membranes. The dosage of the acaricidal agent should not be too high, and other skin preparations should not be used at the same time. The patient should be given clear and concise advice.

Medicines used to treat scabies:

1. Preparations containing sulfur

It has long been used to treat scabies. Examples of such agents are: 10–33% sulfuric ointment, 10% sulfuric petroleum jelly, Demyanovich’s method, Wilkinson’s ointment, 5–10% polysulfide liniment, Sulfodecortem, Helmeric’s ointment, Milian’s paste.

Currently, the use of such drugs is limited, since the therapeutic effect of some of them has been questioned. In addition, they have a number of undesirable properties: drugs have an unpleasant odor, stain clothes and underwear, and have an adverse effect on the skin (dermatitis, eczematization).

Sulfur ointment – for the treatment of adults, a 33% concentration is used, for the treatment of children, 10-15%. The ointment is rubbed daily, preferably at night, for 5-7 days on the entire skin. On the 6th or 8th day, the patient washes, changes underwear and bed linen.

Sulfodecortem is a drug containing 10% precipitated sulfur and hydrocortisone acetate. Apply after washing for 5-7 days. Repeated washing and change of linen are made after the end of the course of treatment.

The Demyanovich method was widely used in our country. It is based on the acaricidal action of sulfur and sulfur dioxide released during the interaction of sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid.

A 60% solution of sodium thiosulfate (solution No. 1) and a 6% solution of concentrated hydrochloric acid (solution No. 2) are successively rubbed into the skin of the trunk and extremities, for children the concentration is 40% (No. 1) and 4% (No. 2). Apply solutions for 3 days. Before use, solution No. 1 is slightly heated and rubbed into the skin with hands in a certain sequence: starting with the simultaneous rubbing of the drug into the skin of both hands, then the limbs, then the skin of the body (chest, abdomen, back, gluteal region, genitals) and, finally, into the skin of the lower extremities to the toes and soles. Rubbing into each area lasts 2 minutes, the whole procedure should take at least 10 minutes. The second rubbing is performed with the same solution, similarly to the first. After a 10-minute break, they start rubbing solution No. 2 in the same sequence, 1 minute for each area 3-4 times with 5-minute breaks for drying. At the end of rubbing and after the skin has dried, the patient puts on clean underwear and does not wash for 3 days, but rubs it in the hands again after each wash. After 3 days, the patient washes and changes clothes again.

Solution No. 1
Rp.: Natrii thiosulfatis 120.0
Aq. Destil. 80.0
M.D.S. rub into skin
Solution No. 2
Rp.: Ac.hidrochlorici puri 12.0
Aq. Destil. 200.0
M.D.S. rub into skin

To date, the use of this drug is limited due to the ever-dwindling number of pharmacies that have production departments. In addition, this method is very time consuming and is accompanied by the release of an unpleasant smell of sulfur and sulfur dioxide.

2. Balsam of Peru

This balm is made from an extract of one of the plants of the legume family (Miroxylon Periferum). One of the active principles is cinnamein, containing benzyl benzoate, which, apparently, gives the antiparasitic effect to the drug. Side effects include local allergic reactions, eczema. When the drug is applied to a large area of ​​the body surface, resorptive effects with the phenomena of renal intoxication are possible.

3. Preparations of benzyl benzoate

Benzyl benzoate. It is used in the form of a 20% water-soap suspension, children under 3 years of age are prescribed a 10% suspension. The suspension is rubbed into the skin of the whole body, except for the head, and for children under 3 years old and into the skin of the face. Rubbing is carried out in a certain sequence (see the Demyanovich method). The course requires two treatments with an interval of 3 days to affect the mobile forms of ticks and larvae. Linen is changed twice after each treatment. The cost of the drug is 100 ml per treatment and 200 ml per course. Treatment with benzyl benzoate is contraindicated in pregnant women and during lactation. Freshly prepared preparation has the greatest efficiency. When stored, benzyl benzoate loses its effectiveness, which explains the failures in its use.

It is also possible to use benzyl benzoate in the form of a 10–20% ointment. In this case, the consumption of the drug is 30–40 g per rubbing and 60–80 g per course.

Askabiol is a drug containing an equal amount of benzyl benzoate, solid soap and ethyl alcohol.

Benzoseptol is a preparation containing equal amounts of benzyl benzoate, mild soap and isopropyl alcohol.

Novoscabiol – a preparation containing benzyl benzoate – 30.0, methylester – 1.0, paraffin oil – 69,0.

Nbin is a drug containing benzyl benzoate – 68 parts, tween-80-14 parts, anestezin – 12 parts, DDT (insecticide – trichloromethyldi (p-chlorophenyl) methane)) – 6 parts.

4. Lindane or gammabenzenehexachlorane

This organochlorine insecticide is applied as a 1% lotion, which is applied once to the entire surface of the body and left for 6 hours, then washed off. In hot climates, lindane powder may be used. The drug can also be used in the form of a cream, shampoo and ointment. The drug is not used during pregnancy and lactation, in infancy, as well as in patients with eczema and atopic dermatitis, as it can cause exacerbation (Latin exacerbo – irritate, aggravate) of the process.

5. Crotamiton (Yurax)

It is used as a 10% cream, lotion or ointment. The active substance crotamiton, in addition to its acaricidal action, has the ability to relieve itching, which is very important for patients with scabies. Apply the drug after washing 2 times a day with a daily interval or four times in 12 hours for 2 days. The drug is interesting because it does not cause side effects, it can be used to treat children, pregnant women and patients with allergic dermatosis. At the same time, its effectiveness is not absolute.

6. Permethrin preparations

The mechanism of action is based on a violation of the permeability for cations of the membranes of nerve cells of insects, which has an acaricidal effect. Affects adult larvae and eggs.

Medifox is a 5% concentrate of synthetic pyrethroid permethrin in alcohol and castor oil. Available in ampoules of 2 ml, glass bottles of 24 ml, polymer containers from 0. 1 to 5.0 liters. It is applied externally in the form of a freshly prepared 0.4% emulsion. To do this, 8 ml of a 5% solution of factory packaging should be added to 100 ml of water. Rubbing is done once a day at night for 3 days. Shelf life of the working emulsion 8 hours

Nittifor is a solution for external use in a 60 ml vial containing permethrin and cytylperidinium bromide.

Rubbing the drug is carried out 1 time per day at night for 3 days. On the fourth day, the remnants of the drug are washed off with cold water and bed and underwear are changed.

7. Pyrethrin group

Aerosol Spregal (esdepalletrin) – a synthetic pyrethrin (a neurotoxin for small arthropod parasites), reinforced with piperonyl butoxide (an enzyme inhibitor that helps to remove pyrethrin from the parasite), is used as the active principle of the aerosol anti-scabies agent Spregal. The excipient (auxiliary substance) specially developed for it allows the solution to be applied to the entire surface of the skin and ensures the penetration of active substances into the skin and scabies, followed by the destruction of the female mite and her eggs.

However, when using Spregal, some caution is sometimes required, for example, in the presence of a large number of excoriations, since in this case there may be some increase in skin itching and the appearance of dermatitis in patients with individual intolerance to one of the components.

The question of choosing a drug for the treatment of scabies is a major one for the practitioner.

The choice of the method of therapeutic action in atypical forms of scabies is based on modern knowledge of its immunopathogenesis. Accession to the basic etiotropic therapy of differentiated pathogenetic therapy increases the effectiveness of the treatment of these torpid forms of scabies.

As a special problem in the treatment of scabies, one can single out severe itching that does not disappear after treatment. The reasons for this phenomenon can be varied:

  • allergy to the applied medicinal preparation, especially in suspicious patients who use it too often;
  • a state of physiological hypersensitivity, which manifests itself in the fact that severe itching does not disappear within 8–10 days after treatment;
  • misdiagnosis;
  • improper treatment or secondary invasion;
  • psychiatric problems: acarophobia (fear of scabies) or parasitosis mania.

Thus, persistent itching can be due to various reasons and needs medical supervision, the patient should not self-medicate.

Scabies prevention

The most important link in the prevention of scabies is early diagnosis and active detection of patients. They are carried out during preventive examinations of decreed groups of patients. It is very important to establish foci of scabies and work to eliminate them. Identification and simultaneous treatment of all contact persons. Timely and thorough disinfection of clothes, underwear and bed linen. The control of cure is carried out 3 days after the end of treatment, and then every 10 days for 1.5 months. Linen is boiled, dresses and other clothes (if it is impossible to process in a disinfection chamber) are carefully ironed or aired in the air for 5 days, and in the cold for 1 day. Carries out wet cleaning with a 5% solution of chloramine. Upholstered furniture is treated with the same solution. In order to disinfect the epidemiological focus, the A-PAR aerosol agent is recommended, which allows for high-quality disinfection at home.

A-PAR is an anti-scabies preparation, the excipient of which, safe for humans, allows you to disinfect clothes and bedding without leaving stains on clothes and, in addition, is intended for the treatment of furniture, hard surfaces, door handles, children’s toys, shoes.

Final disinfection is carried out after the end of treatment, in children’s groups twice: after identifying the patient in the group and at the end of treatment. In large, long-term, intensively operating teams, it is advisable to carry out the final treatment of the premises using Medifox (0.2% aqueous emulsion), Medifox-super (0.2% aqueous emulsion), Cyfox (0.5% aqueous emulsion) preparations.

Literature

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