What are the most effective IV fluids for treating low blood pressure. How does fluid resuscitation work for refractory hypotension. When should IV fluids be administered for hypotension. What are the risks and benefits of fluid resuscitation for low blood pressure.

Understanding Hypotension and Its Impact on Patient Health

Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is a critical condition that can have severe consequences if left untreated. It occurs when the blood pressure in the arteries falls below normal levels, potentially compromising organ perfusion and tissue oxygenation. Refractory hypotension, in particular, refers to a persistent state of low blood pressure that fails to respond to initial treatment measures.

What defines hypotension? While there’s no universal definition, generally, a systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg or a mean arterial pressure (MAP) less than 65 mmHg is considered hypotensive. However, these thresholds can vary depending on the patient’s baseline blood pressure and clinical context.

Physiological Implications of Hypotension

The body’s response to hypotension involves complex physiological mechanisms aimed at maintaining adequate organ perfusion. These include:

• Increased heart rate to compensate for reduced stroke volume
• Vasoconstriction to maintain central blood pressure
• Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
• Release of antidiuretic hormone to promote water retention

Despite these compensatory mechanisms, prolonged hypotension can lead to organ dysfunction and, in severe cases, multi-organ failure. This underscores the importance of prompt and effective treatment, with fluid resuscitation often serving as a cornerstone of management.

The Role of IV Fluids in Managing Low Blood Pressure

Intravenous (IV) fluid administration is a fundamental intervention for treating hypotension, particularly in cases of hypovolemia or distributive shock. The primary goal of fluid resuscitation is to increase intravascular volume, thereby improving cardiac output and tissue perfusion.

How do IV fluids work to raise blood pressure? When administered, IV fluids expand the intravascular volume, which leads to:

1. Increased venous return to the heart
2. Enhanced stroke volume due to improved cardiac filling
3. Elevated cardiac output, resulting in higher blood pressure
4. Improved tissue perfusion and oxygenation

The choice of IV fluid and the rate of administration depend on various factors, including the underlying cause of hypotension, the patient’s cardiovascular status, and any coexisting medical conditions.

Types of IV Fluids Used in Fluid Resuscitation

Several types of IV fluids are available for fluid resuscitation, each with distinct properties and indications. The main categories include crystalloids and colloids.

Crystalloid Solutions

Crystalloids are aqueous solutions containing electrolytes and other small molecules that can easily cross cell membranes. Common examples include:

• Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl): Isotonic solution widely used for initial fluid resuscitation
• Lactated Ringer’s: Balanced crystalloid solution that closely mimics plasma composition
• Plasmalyte: Another balanced solution with electrolyte concentrations similar to plasma

Colloid Solutions

Colloids contain larger molecules that remain in the intravascular space for longer periods, potentially providing more sustained volume expansion. Examples include:

• Albumin: A natural plasma protein available in various concentrations
• Hydroxyethyl starch (HES): Synthetic colloid solution, though its use has become more limited due to safety concerns
• Gelatin: Another synthetic colloid, less commonly used in some countries

The choice between crystalloids and colloids remains a subject of ongoing debate in the medical community. While crystalloids are generally considered first-line for most situations, colloids may have a role in specific clinical scenarios.

Strategies for Fluid Resuscitation in Refractory Hypotension

Refractory hypotension presents a significant challenge in patient management. When initial fluid boluses fail to adequately raise blood pressure, a more nuanced approach is necessary.

What strategies can be employed for fluid resuscitation in refractory hypotension? Consider the following approaches:

1. Staged Fluid Challenge: Administer smaller boluses (e.g., 250-500 mL) with frequent reassessment of hemodynamic parameters
2. Dynamic Fluid Responsiveness Assessment: Utilize techniques such as passive leg raise or stroke volume variation to guide fluid administration
3. Combination Therapy: Integrate fluid resuscitation with vasopressor support when appropriate
4. Echocardiographic Guidance: Use bedside echocardiography to assess cardiac function and volume status

It’s crucial to tailor the fluid resuscitation strategy to the individual patient, considering factors such as the underlying etiology of hypotension, comorbidities, and potential fluid overload risks.

Monitoring and Assessing Response to Fluid Resuscitation

Effective fluid resuscitation requires close monitoring of the patient’s response to ensure optimal outcomes and minimize complications. Various parameters can be used to assess the effectiveness of fluid therapy.

Hemodynamic Parameters

Key hemodynamic indicators to monitor include:

• Blood Pressure: Both systolic and mean arterial pressure
• Heart Rate: Tachycardia may indicate ongoing hypovolemia
• Central Venous Pressure (CVP): When central venous access is available
• Cardiac Output: Measured directly or estimated through non-invasive methods

Tissue Perfusion Markers

Assessing end-organ perfusion is crucial and can be done through:

• Urine Output: A sensitive indicator of renal perfusion
• Lactate Levels: Elevated lactate may suggest tissue hypoperfusion
• Capillary Refill Time: A simple bedside test of peripheral perfusion
• Mental Status: Improvements in consciousness can indicate better cerebral perfusion

How frequently should these parameters be assessed? In critically ill patients, continuous or frequent intermittent monitoring is often necessary, with reassessment intervals as short as 15-30 minutes during active resuscitation.

Potential Complications of Aggressive Fluid Resuscitation

While fluid resuscitation is a vital intervention for hypotension, overzealous administration can lead to significant complications. Healthcare providers must be vigilant for signs of fluid overload and other adverse effects.

What are the potential risks associated with aggressive fluid resuscitation?

• Pulmonary Edema: Excessive fluid can lead to accumulation in the lungs, impairing oxygenation
• Peripheral Edema: Fluid extravasation into tissues can cause swelling and discomfort
• Electrolyte Imbalances: Particularly with large volumes of unbalanced crystalloid solutions
• Dilutional Coagulopathy: Hemodilution can affect clotting factor concentrations
• Abdominal Compartment Syndrome: In severe cases, increased intra-abdominal pressure can compromise organ function

To mitigate these risks, it’s essential to carefully titrate fluid administration, regularly reassess the patient’s volume status, and consider transitioning to vasopressor support when appropriate.

Special Considerations in Specific Patient Populations

The approach to fluid resuscitation must be tailored to the unique physiological characteristics and needs of different patient populations. Understanding these nuances is crucial for optimal management of hypotension across diverse clinical scenarios.

Pediatric Patients

Children require special consideration due to their different physiology and fluid requirements:

• Weight-based fluid calculations are essential
• Rapid fluid boluses may be more readily tolerated than in adults
• Hypotension often occurs later in the course of shock in children

Elderly Patients

Older adults present unique challenges in fluid management:

• Reduced physiological reserve and impaired compensatory mechanisms
• Higher risk of fluid overload due to common comorbidities (e.g., heart failure, renal impairment)
• Need for more cautious fluid administration and closer monitoring

Patients with Cardiovascular Comorbidities

Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions require a balanced approach:

• Risk of exacerbating heart failure with excessive fluid
• Potential need for inotropic support in addition to fluid resuscitation
• Importance of echocardiographic guidance in fluid management

Trauma Patients

Fluid resuscitation in trauma presents specific considerations:

• Balanced approach to avoid dilutional coagulopathy
• Consideration of blood products early in resuscitation for hemorrhagic shock
• Damage control resuscitation principles in severe trauma

How should fluid resuscitation strategies be modified for these diverse patient groups? The key lies in individualizing the approach based on the patient’s specific physiology, underlying condition, and response to initial interventions. Close monitoring and frequent reassessment are paramount across all populations.

Emerging Trends and Future Directions in Fluid Resuscitation

The field of fluid resuscitation continues to evolve, with ongoing research and technological advancements shaping future practice. Several emerging trends and areas of investigation hold promise for improving the management of refractory hypotension.

Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy

Goal-directed therapy involves the use of advanced hemodynamic monitoring to guide fluid administration and optimize cardiac output. This approach aims to tailor fluid resuscitation to individual patient physiology, potentially improving outcomes and reducing complications.

Novel Fluid Compositions

Research into new fluid formulations is ongoing, with a focus on:

• Balanced crystalloids with physiological electrolyte compositions
• Hypertonic solutions for small-volume resuscitation
• Fluids with added therapeutic agents (e.g., antioxidants, immunomodulators)

Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Analytics

The integration of AI and machine learning algorithms into patient monitoring systems holds potential for:

• Predicting fluid responsiveness
• Early detection of impending hemodynamic instability
• Personalized fluid management strategies based on vast datasets

Closed-Loop Systems

Development of automated fluid delivery systems that can adjust infusion rates based on real-time physiological parameters is an exciting area of research. These systems could potentially provide more precise and timely fluid management, especially in critical care settings.

What impact might these emerging trends have on the future of fluid resuscitation? As these technologies and approaches are further developed and validated, they have the potential to revolutionize the management of hypotension, leading to more personalized, efficient, and effective fluid resuscitation strategies. However, it’s important to note that while promising, many of these innovations are still in the research phase and require rigorous clinical evaluation before widespread implementation.

In conclusion, fluid resuscitation remains a cornerstone in the management of hypotension, particularly in cases of refractory low blood pressure. The choice of fluid, rate of administration, and overall strategy must be tailored to the individual patient’s needs and underlying pathophysiology. As our understanding of fluid dynamics and shock states continues to grow, so too will our ability to provide optimal care for patients with this challenging condition. Ongoing research and technological advancements promise to further refine our approach to fluid resuscitation, potentially leading to improved outcomes and reduced complications in the future.

Fluid Resuscitation for Refractory Hypotension

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Intravenous Fluid Resuscitation – Critical Care Medicine

By

Levi D. Procter

, MD, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine

Reviewed/Revised Jun 2022 | Modified Sep 2022

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Almost all circulatory shock Shock Shock is a state of organ hypoperfusion with resultant cellular dysfunction and death. Mechanisms may involve decreased circulating volume, decreased cardiac output, and vasodilation, sometimes… read more states require large-volume IV fluid replacement, as does severe intravascular volume depletion (eg, due to diarrhea or heatstroke). Intravascular volume deficiency is acutely compensated for by vasoconstriction, followed over hours by migration of fluid from the extravascular compartment to the intravascular compartment, maintaining circulating volume at the expense of total body water. However, this compensation is overwhelmed after major losses.

See Fluid Metabolism Water and Sodium Balance Body fluid volume and electrolyte concentration are normally maintained within very narrow limits despite wide variations in dietary intake, metabolic activity, and environmental stresses. Homeostasis… read more for discussion of maintenance fluid requirements and see Dehydration and Fluid Therapy in Children Dehydration in Children Dehydration is significant depletion of body water and, to varying degrees, electrolytes. Symptoms and signs include thirst, lethargy, dry mucosa, decreased urine output, and, as the degree… read more for discussion of mild dehydration.

Choice of resuscitation fluid depends on the cause of the deficit.

Loss of red blood cells diminishes oxygen-carrying capacity. However, the body increases cardiac output to maintain oxygen delivery (DO2) and increases oxygen extraction. These factors provide a safety margin of about 9 times the resting oxygen requirement. Thus, non–oxygen-carrying fluids (eg, crystalloid or colloid solutions) may be used to restore intravascular volume in mild to moderate blood loss. However, in severe hemorrhagic shock, blood products Blood Products Whole blood can provide improved oxygen-carrying capacity, volume expansion, and replacement of clotting factors and was previously recommended for rapid massive blood loss. However, because… read more are required. Early administration of plasma and platelets probably helps minimize the dilutional and consumptive coagulopathy that accompanies major hemorrhage. A ratio of 1 unit of plasma for each 1 unit of red blood cells and each 1 unit of platelets is currently recommended (1 Fluids references Almost all circulatory shock states require large-volume IV fluid replacement, as does severe intravascular volume depletion (eg, due to diarrhea or heatstroke). Intravascular volume deficiency… read more ). When the patient is stable, if the hemoglobin is

Crystalloid solutions for intravascular volume replenishment are typically isotonic (eg, 0. 9% saline or Ringer’s lactate). Water freely travels outside the vasculature, so as little as 10% of isotonic fluid remains in the intravascular space. With hypotonic fluid (eg, 0.45% saline), even less remains in the vasculature, and, thus, this fluid is not used for resuscitation. Both 0.9% saline and Ringer’s lactate are equally effective; Ringer’s lactate may be preferred in hemorrhagic shock because it somewhat minimizes acidosis and will not cause hyperchloremia. For patients with acute brain injury, 0.9% saline is preferred. Hypertonic saline is not recommended for resuscitation because the evidence suggests there is no difference in outcome when compared to isotonic fluids.

Colloid solutions (eg, hydroxyethyl starch, albumin, dextrans) are also effective for volume replacement during major hemorrhage. However, colloid solutions offer no major advantage over crystalloid solutions, hydroxyethyl starch increases risk of renal injury, and albumin has been associated with poorer outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury. Both dextrans and hydroxyethyl starch may adversely affect coagulation when > 1.5 L is given (2 Fluids references Almost all circulatory shock states require large-volume IV fluid replacement, as does severe intravascular volume depletion (eg, due to diarrhea or heatstroke). Intravascular volume deficiency… read more ).

Blood typically is given as packed red blood cells, which should be cross-matched, but in an urgent situation, 1 to 2 units of type O Rh-negative blood are an acceptable alternative. When > 1 to 2 units are transfused (eg, in major trauma), blood is warmed to 37°C. Patients receiving > 6 units may require replacement of clotting factors with infusion of fresh frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate and platelet transfusion (see also Blood Products Blood Products Whole blood can provide improved oxygen-carrying capacity, volume expansion, and replacement of clotting factors and was previously recommended for rapid massive blood loss. However, because. .. read more ).

Blood substitutes are oxygen-carrying fluids that can be hemoglobin-based or perfluorocarbons. Hemoglobin-based fluids may contain free hemoglobin that is liposome-encapsulated or modified (eg, by surface modification or cross-linking with other molecules) to limit renal excretion and toxicity. Because the antigen-bearing red blood cell membrane is not present, these substances do not require cross-matching. They can also be stored > 1 year, providing a more stable source than banked blood. Perfluorocarbons are IV carbon-fluorine emulsions that carry large amounts of oxygen. However, no blood substitutes have yet proved to increase survival and some have significant adverse effects (eg, hypotension). Currently, no blood substitutes are commercially available for use.

Isotonic crystalloid solutions are typically given for intravascular repletion during shock and hypovolemia. Colloid solutions are generally not used. Patients with dehydration and adequate circulatory volume typically have a free water deficit, and hypotonic solutions (eg, 5% dextrose in water, 0. 45% saline) are used.

• 1. Holcomb JB, Tilley BC, Baraniuk S, et al: Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: The PROPPR randomized clinical trial. JAMA 313(5):471-482, 2015. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.12

• 2. Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R, et al: Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 367(20): 1901-1911, 2012. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1209759

Standard, large (eg, 14- to 16-gauge) peripheral IV catheters are adequate for most fluid resuscitation. With an infusion pump, they typically allow infusion of 1 L of crystalloid in 10 to 15 minutes and 1 unit of red blood cells in 20 minutes. For patients at risk of exsanguination, a large (eg, 8.5 French) central venous catheter provides more rapid infusion rates; a pressure infusion device can infuse 1 unit of red blood cells in

Patients in shock typically require and tolerate infusion at the maximum rate. Adults are given 1 L of crystalloid (20 mL/kg in children) or, in hemorrhagic shock, 5 to 10 mL/kg of colloid or red blood cells, and the patient is reassessed. An exception is a patient with cardiogenic shock who typically does not require large volume infusion.

Patients with intravascular volume depletion without shock can receive infusion at a controlled rate, typically 500 mL/hour. Children should have their fluid deficit calculated Practical Rehydration Example Dehydration is significant depletion of body water and, to varying degrees, electrolytes. Symptoms and signs include thirst, lethargy, dry mucosa, decreased urine output, and, as the degree… read more and replacement given over 24 hours (half in the first 8 hours).

The actual end point of fluid therapy in shock is to optimize tissue perfusion. However, this parameter is not measured directly. Surrogate end points include clinical indicators of end-organ perfusion and measurements of preload.

Adequate end-organ perfusion is best indicated by urine output of > 0. 5 to 1 mL/kg/hour. Heart rate, mental status, and capillary refill may be affected by the underlying disease process and are less reliable markers. Because of compensatory vasoconstriction, mean arterial pressure (MAP) is only a rough guideline; organ hypoperfusion may be present despite apparently normal values. An elevated arterial blood lactate level may reflect hypoperfusion and/or continued sympathetic drive from endogenous catecholamine production; however, lactate levels do not decline for several hours after successful resuscitation. The trend of the base deficit can help indicate whether resuscitation is adequate. Other investigational methods such as measurement of sublingual tissue carbon dioxide or near-infrared spectroscopy to measure tissue oxygenation through the skin may also be considered.

Because urine output does not provide a minute-to-minute indication, measures of preload may be helpful in guiding fluid resuscitation for critically ill patients. Central venous pressure (CVP) is the mean pressure in the superior vena cava, reflecting right ventricular end-diastolic pressure or preload. Normal CVP ranges from 2 to 7 mm Hg (3 to 9 cm water). A sick or injured patient with a CVP 3 to 5 mm Hg in response to a 100-mL fluid bolus suggests limited cardiac reserve. A CVP > 12 to 15 mm Hg casts doubt on hypovolemia as the sole etiology of hypoperfusion, and fluid administration risks fluid overload.

Because CVP may be unreliable in assessing volume status or left ventricular function, pulmonary artery catheterization Pulmonary Artery Catheter (PAC) Monitoring Some monitoring of critical care patients depends on direct observation and physical examination and is intermittent, with the frequency depending on the patient’s illness. Other monitoring… read more may be considered for diagnosis or for more precise titration of fluid therapy if there is no cardiovascular improvement after initial therapy. Care must be taken when interpreting filling pressures in patients during mechanical ventilation, particularly when positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels exceeding 10 cm water are being used or during respiratory distress when pleural pressures fluctuate widely. Measurements are made at the end of expiration, and the transducer is referenced to atrial zero levels (mid chest) and carefully calibrated.

Ultrasonography of the inferior vena cava and right ventricle can provide information on circulating volume status and overall cardiac function. However, interpretation of the images is highly user dependent and can be complicated by the presence of valvular dysfunction and the use of positive pressure ventilation. Widespread use of ultrasonography to guide volume resuscitation requires more study.

Patients with traumatic hemorrhage shock may require a slightly different approach. Experimental and clinical evidence indicates that internal hemorrhage (eg, due to visceral or vascular laceration or crush) may be worsened by resuscitation to normal or supranormal MAP. Thus, some physicians advocate a systolic blood pressure of 80 to 90 mm Hg as the resuscitation end point in such patients pending surgical control of bleeding, unless higher pressure is needed to provide adequate brain perfusion.

After blood loss is controlled, hemoglobin is used to guide the need for further transfusion. A target hemoglobin of 9 g/dL (90 g/L) is suggested to minimize the use of blood products. Patients who may have difficulty tolerating moderate anemia (eg, those with coronary or cerebral artery disease) are kept above 30% hematocrit. A higher hematocrit does not improve outcome and, by causing increased blood viscosity, may impair perfusion of capillary beds.

Overly rapid infusion of any type of fluid may precipitate pulmonary edema Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary edema is acute, severe left ventricular failure with pulmonary venous hypertension and alveolar flooding. Findings are severe dyspnea, diaphoresis, wheezing, and sometimes blood-tinged… read more , acute respiratory distress syndrome Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure (AHRF, ARDS) Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is defined as severe hypoxemia (PaO2 (See also Overview of Mechanical Ventilation.) Airspace filling in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) may result. .. read more , or even a compartment syndrome (eg, abdominal compartment syndrome Recognizing complications of abdominal trauma The abdomen can be injured in many types of trauma; injury may be confined to the abdomen or be accompanied by severe, multisystem trauma. The nature and severity of abdominal injuries vary… read more , extremity compartment syndrome).

Hemodilution resulting from crystalloid infusion is not of itself injurious, although hematocrit must be monitored to note whether threshold values for transfusion are met.

Red blood cell transfusion has a low risk of directly transmitting infection, but in critically ill patients, it seems to cause a slightly higher rate of hospital-acquired infection. This risk may be minimized by using blood complications of massive transfusion Complications of Transfusion The most common complications of transfusion are Febrile nonhemolytic reactions Chill-rigor reactions The most serious complications, which have very high mortality rates, are Acute hemolytic. .. read more are discussed elsewhere.

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What foods and drinks increase blood pressure in humans – hypotension menu

Many people face the problem of low blood pressure. Low blood pressure, or hypotension, can be a congenital feature of a person or a consequence of his physique (with a low body weight), violations of the daily regimen, as well as a symptom of certain diseases. Doctors diagnose arterial hypotension if the level of blood pressure is steadily kept at the level of 100/65 mm Hg. Art. in men and 95/60 mmHg Art. among women. Treatment for hypotension is usually given only if its symptoms begin to seriously affect a person’s quality of life. But in addition to drugs, low blood pressure can be improved by using special exercises and a diet that is dominated by foods that increase blood pressure in humans, especially in mild forms of hypotension ¹ .

Principles of nutrition for low blood pressure

The low blood pressure diet requires frequent, small meals with few foods that increase blood pressure at one meal. That is, you should eat up to 6-8 times a day in small balanced portions ² . All high-calorie food, as well as coffee, is transferred to the first half of the day. Meal time should last between 15 and 30 minutes, as you should not fill the stomach too quickly. This is especially important during the seasons of unstable weather, that is, in spring and autumn, when atmospheric pressure can fluctuate dramatically and cause unpleasant symptoms in a person with hypotension. Also, special attention should be paid to nutrition in patients who have low blood pressure due to vascular diseases (for example, atherosclerosis), disorders in the peripheral nervous system, or age-related changes in the body.

What foods increase blood pressure?

Usually, foods containing starch, fat, and salt significantly increase blood pressure. In addition, people with hypotension benefit from foods rich in iron.

Let’s make a sample list of foods that increase blood pressure.

• 1

  Red meat – it contains many trace elements, B vitamins and iron.

• 2

  Oily sea fish and fish oil (omega-acids in fish oils are very useful for the brain and blood vessels, and, in addition, these products increase blood pressure ).

• 3

  Any offal: liver (it is better to choose beef), brains, kidneys.

• 4

  Any hard cheese is a source of B vitamins.

• 5

  Herbs and spices: mustard, black and red pepper, horseradish, small amount of onion. Cinnamon is a popular spice that has a good effect on the appetite, it is added to pastries, jams and drinks (the high content of spices in food constricts blood vessels, and therefore these foods increase blood pressure ). With systematic use, they contribute to the activity of the thyroid gland and adrenal glands, the hormones of which increase blood pressure. But for people who have problems with the pancreas or stomach, and even more diseases such as gastritis or pancreatitis, spices should be used very carefully.

• 6

  Beets, sorrel, carrots, strawberries, currants, raspberries, dogwoods, mulberries (rich in iron and flavonoids). Buckwheat, oatmeal, legumes – contain a large amount of iron, B vitamins and increase blood pressure .

• 7

  High-calorie baked goods, chocolate, ice cream (contain a large amount of carbohydrates, which indirectly can raise blood pressure). Theobromine, which is part of chocolate, is good for the heart and also increases blood pressure.

• 8

  Pomegranate, barley porridge (the increased iron content in these products will be useful for the prevention of anemia in hypotension).

• 9

  Various pickles: herring, pickled or pickled cucumbers, tomatoes, salads (salt helps increase blood volume due to its sodium content, so such foods increase blood pressure).

• 10

  Nuts (the amino acids and fats they contain have a beneficial effect on the body and increase blood pressure).

• 11

  Herbal infusions: lemongrass, ginseng, sea buckthorn (natural biogenic stimulants, raise blood pressure and regulate vascular tone) ³ .

Foods that quickly raise blood pressure

In patients with episodes of hypotension, the question often arises: what foods increase blood pressure in humans quickly?

• 1

  In case of emergency, you can raise blood pressure by drinking a cup of strong sweet tea with cognac.

• 2

  Coffee is also an emergency blood pressure product .

• 3

  Quickly increase blood pressure any food rich in fat and salt, such as a sandwich with butter and cheese or butter and salted fish.

• 4

  It is useful for a hypotensive patient to always have a handful of nuts or chocolate with him in order to prevent a sharp decrease in arterial blood pressure pressure.

What foods should not be eaten with low blood pressure?

People with low blood pressure may be better off cutting back on certain foods:

• 1

  Do not abuse soybeans, potatoes, bananas.

• 2

  Blackcurrant, blueberry and lingonberry tea can in some cases lower blood pressure even more. Diuretic drinks are not recommended.

• 3

  Oranges, spinach, broccoli, celery, almonds, turmeric, garlic may further lower blood pressure.

What drinks increase blood pressure

Many drinks can increase blood pressure .

General pattern: sweet drinks arterial the pressure is increased, and the sour ones are lowered. With hypotension, it is recommended to drink warm drinks, you can add a little salt to them, but drinks with a diuretic effect should not be included in the diet. It is very important to drink enough clean water, with hypotension a healthy person needs at least two liters per day. Dehydration is fraught with a drop in blood pressure.

• 1

  A glass of red wine (at least once a week, you can have a glass every other day). Natural green tea, which contains caffeine, increases blood pressure due to it.

• 2

  Coffee (not on an empty stomach, it is better to grind natural coffee beans in small portions, as coffee can have a diuretic effect).

• 3

  Sugary carbonated drinks increase blood pressure orangeade, kvass, lemonade.

• 4

  Fruit and vegetable juices increase human blood pressure (carrots, strawberries, currants).

• 5

  Cocoa, strong tea (they contain theobromine, magnesium and vitamins necessary for hypotensive patients). It is useful for hypotension to drink hibiscus tea hot.

• 6

  Tonic drinks that increase blood pressure pressure, also include decoctions of ginger root, rose hips, sea buckthorn, mountain ash. Beetroot juice gently increases blood pressure.

Hypotension Menu

With regard to diet, hypotensive patients do not have such severe restrictions as people with high blood pressure. So, for example, they may not particularly limit themselves to salt. On the contrary, the ability of sodium to retain fluid during hypotension can increase blood pressure. People with low blood pressure need to get enough protein in their diet: eggs, tuna fish, dairy products. Usually, foods rich in animal fats are not forbidden to hypotensive patients, except for those patients who have increased body weight. In the absence of gastritis and problems with the gastrointestinal tract, a moderate amount of spices can be beneficial, as spices increase blood pressure.

If a decrease in blood pressure occurs against or in parallel with anemia, iron-rich foods will be useful: red meat, beets, carrots, legumes, oatmeal and other cereal cereals. Greens in the diet will be useful. But it is worth remembering that overeating and unbalanced nutrition will be harmful for hypotension. Excessive consumption of strong tea, coffee, tonic tinctures of ginseng root or lemongrass can harm your health.

sample menu

Divide the daily ration into 5 doses.

• 1

  First breakfast

Steamed omelette and fresh vegetable salad, tea. You can add a little sour cream or cream.

• 1

  Second breakfast

Unsweetened apples or other fruits are good for lunch (avoid sweet melons, dates, bananas).

• 1

  Lunch

Fish soup, boiled meat (veal, poultry) with stewed vegetables. Fruit drink or compote of berries.

• 1

  Snack

Any dairy products – yogurt, fermented baked milk or kefir. Sweet pastries.

• 1

  Dinner

Porridge, vegetable cutlets or cabbage rolls. Tea or juice or compote.

So, we provided the menu with variety, trace elements, nutrients and vitamins. At the same time, there is no excess of calories and the menu includes products that increase blood pressure in an adult.

It should be remembered!

Often, low blood pressure is the result of a decrease in hemoglobin levels. To increase the level of hemoglobin, the diet is supplemented with liver, egg yolks, buckwheat porridge, apples, carrots, mushrooms, currants, strawberries, pomegranate, corn.

References

1. Kudina EV, Rachek II, Larina VN Arterial hypotension: diagnosis, non-drug and drug treatments. Medicine, 2015; No. 2: 4–9. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/arterialnaya-gipotenziya-diagnostika-nemedikamentoznye-i-medikamentoznye-metody-lecheniya (accessed 12.08.2021).

2. Speshilov MP Effective treatment of hypotension. M.: T8RUGRAM “Scientific book”, 2017. URL: https://www.bookvoed.ru/files/3515/11/95/70.pdf (Accessed 12.08.2021).

3. Site of city polyclinic No. 6, Ryazan. Article by physician-therapist Dashkevich O. V. How to get rid of hypotension. URL: https://rgb6.medgis.ru/materials/view/kak-izbavitsya-ot-gipotonii-2571 (Accessed 08/12/2021).

Low blood pressure: causes, symptoms and effective treatment

Contents

• 1 Low blood pressure: symptoms, causes and treatments
  • 1.1 Low blood pressure: causes, symptoms and effective treatment
    • 1.1.1 Causes of low blood pressure
    • 1.1.2 Symptoms of low blood pressure
    • 1.1.3 Effective treatment for low blood pressure
    • 1.1.4 Our tips
  • 1. 2 What is low blood pressure?
  • 1.3 Causes of low blood pressure
  • 1.4 Symptoms of low blood pressure
  • 1.5 Dangers of low blood pressure
  • 1.6 Diagnosing low blood pressure
  • 1.7 How to increase blood pressure without medication
  • 1.8 Treating low blood pressure: How raise blood pressure quickly and effectively?
    • 1.8.1 Therapy and medication
    • 1.8.2 Diet and lifestyle modifications
    • 1.8.3 Non-drug therapies
  • 1.9 How to eat right to increase blood pressure

  900 21 1.10 Physical exercise to increase blood pressure

  • 1.11 Folk blood pressure medications
  • 1.12 Tips for preventing low blood pressure
    • 1.12.1 1. Exercise regularly
    • 1.12.2 2. Watch your diet
    • 1.12.3 3. Maintain optimal weight
    • 1.12.4 4. Try to avoid stressful situations
    • 1.12.5 5. Watch your daily routine
  • 1.13 Related videos:
  • 1. 14 Q&A:
    • • 1.14.0.1 What are the causes of low blood pressure?
      • 1.14.0.2 What are the symptoms of low blood pressure?
      • 1.14.0.3 How can low pressure be reduced?
      • 1.14.0.4 What medicines will help with low blood pressure?
      • 1.14.0.5 How long can low blood pressure last?
      • 1.14.0.6 What is the best way to treat low blood pressure?

Learn about the symptoms and treatment of low blood pressure. Read on for helpful tips on maintaining healthy blood pressure and reducing the risk of complications. Health is the most important thing!

Hypotension, also known as low blood pressure, is a problem that affects many people at various ages and stages of life. This problem can be caused by various factors and have a wide variety of symptoms. The amount of blood pumped out by the heart decreases, which can cause fatigue, dizziness, pale skin, and many other discomforts.

Although low blood pressure is not usually a serious condition, its symptoms can significantly affect quality of life and cause specific problems. This can cause falling and loss of consciousness in the most undesirable places and moments. This is a problem that requires consistent and effective treatment.

Read our article for useful and complete information about low blood pressure and our many years of experience in treating this problem. Follow our tips to effectively control and manage low blood pressure and live a fulfilling life.

Low blood pressure: causes, symptoms and effective treatment

Causes of low blood pressure

Low blood pressure can be caused by various reasons. One of the most common causes is a genetic predisposition. Also, a decrease in blood pressure may be associated with stress, lack of sleep, poor diet, dehydration, alcohol, certain medications, or acute infectious diseases.

Low blood pressure symptoms

The main symptom of low blood pressure is weakness and fatigue. Also, there may be increased sweating, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, pain in the head and chest. Some people may experience loss of consciousness.

Effective treatment for low blood pressure

In most cases, low blood pressure is not a serious problem and does not require treatment. However, if the symptoms become more intense or cause discomfort, then action must be taken. To increase blood pressure, you can drink a cup of hot coffee or tea, or dissolve 1-2 teaspoons of sugar in a glass of water. Also, it is worth paying attention to a healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition, daily routine and sufficient rest.

Our advice

• Drink enough water;
• Eat a healthy and balanced diet;
• Avoid alcohol and smoking;
• Strengthen your body with physical exercise and regular walks in the fresh air;
• Watch your sleep and rest schedule.

What is low pressure?

Low blood pressure , also known as hypotension, is a condition in which blood pressure falls below normal levels.

Normal blood pressure for an adult is 120/80 mmHg. Various factors can cause pressure to drop to 90/60 mmHg and below.

Hypotension is often accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, loss of strength and consciousness.

Causes of low blood pressure

Heredity is one of the causes of low blood pressure. If relatives had problems with pressure, then there is a chance that you will too. This factor cannot be changed, but you can pay attention to other causes of low pressure.

Irregular feeding of may lead to low blood pressure. The lack of substances necessary to maintain normal pressure in the body can cause dizziness and deterioration of well-being. It is recommended to monitor the diet and use the necessary components.

Stress and psycho-emotional overstrain can lead to a decrease in blood pressure. The body is under stress and the work of the heart and blood vessels can be disrupted, which affects the pressure. It is recommended to avoid stressful situations and regularly engage in relaxation methods.

1. Poor physical condition. Insufficient physical activity can lead to weakening of muscles and blood vessels, which can cause a decrease in blood pressure.
2. Excessive alcohol consumption. Alcohol is harmful to the cardiovascular system and can lead to low blood pressure.
3. Taking certain medications. Some medicines, such as antihypertensives, may cause a decrease in blood pressure.

Low blood pressure symptoms

Low blood pressure, or hypotension, may present with a variety of symptoms, including:

• Dizziness and weakness. These are the most common symptoms of low blood pressure. A person may feel dizzy, especially when making sudden movements, changing position, or getting up after sitting or lying down. There may also be severe fatigue and weakness in the body.
• Nausea and vomiting. Low blood pressure can cause nausea and vomiting, which can lead to fluid loss and dehydration.
• Chest pain. Some people may experience chest pain due to low blood pressure, especially if they suffer from heart failure or other heart problems.
• Decreased concentration and distraction. Low blood pressure can cause a decrease in oxygen levels in the brain, which can lead to decreased concentration, distraction, and memory difficulties.

If you experience any of these symptoms, consult your doctor to determine the cause and prescribe the correct treatment.

Low blood pressure hazards

Low blood pressure or hypotension, like high blood pressure, can be hazardous to human health. A decrease in blood pressure leads to insufficient blood supply to the body, which can cause serious consequences.

• Weakening of brain activity. Insufficient amount of blood and oxygen in the brain can lead to dizziness, drowsiness, and in some cases even loss of consciousness.
• Lack of oxygen for organs and tissues. With a decrease in blood pressure, the heart does not always cope with pumping blood and oxygen throughout the body. This can lead to dysfunction of important organs and tissues, especially the heart and brain.
• Development of diseases and complications. With a long-term decrease in blood pressure, a person may experience various diseases and pathologies, such as cardiac arrhythmia, inflammatory processes, and others. It should be borne in mind that hypotension can also lead to a heart attack or stroke.

In this regard, it is necessary to pay attention to your health and, at the first sign of low blood pressure, consult a doctor in order to find an effective treatment and prevent possible complications and health risks.

Low blood pressure diagnosis

Low blood pressure is a condition in which blood pressure is reduced to a certain level. Diagnosis of low blood pressure includes a number of medical procedures that can identify the causes and symptoms of low blood pressure.

Further, the doctor may order additional tests, such as:

• Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a procedure that allows you to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It can help your doctor identify possible heart problems that can lead to low blood pressure;
• Cardiac Ultrasound is a procedure that uses sound waves to create an image of the heart. It can help your doctor identify possible heart valve problems or heart defects;
• Blood tests – A blood test can help your doctor identify possible thyroid or kidney problems that can lead to low blood pressure;
• Blood pressure monitoring is a procedure in which the patient’s blood pressure is continuously monitored for a specified period of time. It can help your doctor determine how blood pressure changes at different times of the day and identify possible causes of low blood pressure.

How to raise your blood pressure without medication

Low blood pressure can be caused by a variety of things, such as insufficient fluid in the body or fatigue. If you have low blood pressure, there are several methods to help you raise it without medication.

• Drink plenty of fluids. Low blood pressure can be caused by dehydration, so drink plenty of water and other fluids.
• Exercise. Regular exercise will help strengthen the cardiovascular system and increase blood pressure.
• Increase your salt intake. A modest increase in salt intake may help increase blood pressure in some people.
• Add red meat and fruits to your diet. The iron found in red meat and the vitamin C found in fruit may help raise blood pressure.
• Avoid sudden changes in temperature. Sudden changes in temperature can affect circulation and can cause low blood pressure. Therefore, try to avoid temperature fluctuations.

Low blood pressure can be managed without medication if you follow simple guidelines.

Treatment of low blood pressure: How to raise blood pressure quickly and effectively?

Low blood pressure is a serious problem that requires immediate action. Fortunately, there are several ways to quickly and effectively increase blood pressure and prevent possible complications.

Therapy and drug treatment

In case of persistent low blood pressure, the doctor may prescribe special therapy, which includes taking drugs aimed at stimulating the work of the heart and blood vessels. In addition, hormonal drugs can be used, which also increase blood pressure.

Diet and lifestyle interventions

Being overweight, smoking and drinking too much alcohol can cause low blood pressure. Therefore, it is important to adjust your lifestyle and nutrition. The diet should contain foods rich in potassium, magnesium and calcium, which have a positive effect on the cardiovascular system. Drinking more fluids is also recommended, including in the form of tea, coffee, and other drinks that cause vasoconstriction.

Non-drug therapies

It is undesirable to depend only on medicines, because long-term use of medicines can cause side effects. Non-drug methods such as deep breathing, neck and head massage, and specific cardiovascular exercises can be used to quickly and effectively raise blood pressure.

• Deep breathing – light inhalation and exhalation through the nose for several minutes helps to improve circulation and increase blood flow.
• Neck and head massage – stretching the muscles and soft tissue of the neck and head helps to relax blood vessels and increase blood pressure.
• Cardiovascular exercise – exercising, running and walking in the fresh air help improve mood and circulation, which causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure.

How to eat right for high blood pressure

With low blood pressure, it is important to pay great attention to your diet. Eat properly and in a balanced way.

• If your blood pressure is low, you should drink plenty of fluids. It is recommended to drink water, tea, juices and other drinks that effectively restore fluid levels in the body.
• Eat more protein, as it increases hormone and protein levels in the blood, which in turn increases blood pressure.
• Include foods rich in potassium in your diet. Potassium is essential for the proper functioning of the cardiovascular system. It is found in the greatest amount in bananas, potatoes, fresh fruits and vegetables.

In addition, it is worth cutting down on foods that lower blood pressure:

• Coffee and other caffeinated drinks.
• Alcoholic beverages as they can cause dehydration and low blood pressure.
• Sweets and candies. They can cause a strong release of insulin, which leads to a decrease in blood pressure.

Following these simple rules will help you raise your blood pressure, improve your health, and improve your overall health.

Exercise to increase blood pressure

Low blood pressure can cause fatigue, dizziness and even loss of consciousness. One way to combat this problem is to exercise. They stimulate the heart and improve blood circulation.

Charging is one of the effective exercises. It’s worth starting with simple exercises, for example, waving your arms and legs. Gradually, you can increase their number and intensity.

Walking is an excellent way to increase blood pressure. Ventilate the room often and find time for outdoor walks. Walking not only helps improve circulation, but also reduces stress.

It is also useful to do aerobics or swimming. It is important to remember that exercise should be regular and done to the best of your ability. Otherwise, you can only worsen your condition.

• Multiple press-downs: Lie on your stomach, extend your arms forward and do several press-downs with your feet on the floor.
• Deep Squat: Standing straight, feet shoulder-width apart. It is necessary to do several deep squats, without lowering the hips below the knees.
• Exercise “Swing”: While sitting on a chair, you need to tilt your head down and reach your hands to the floor, and then return to the starting position.

All these exercises will help fight low blood pressure, improve overall well-being and help tone the body.

Home remedies for high blood pressure

Goji berries are vegetables that can be used to increase blood pressure. This is due to the fact that these berries contain trace elements such as potassium and magnesium. Eating goji berries can be especially beneficial for people suffering from low blood pressure.

Garlic and onion contains a cardiovascular system that helps control blood pressure. They also contain antioxidants that can help prevent damage to the inner walls of blood vessels. It is recommended to consume them raw for the best effect.

• More fluid. Lack of fluid is one of the causes of low pressure. Increasing your intake of water, juices, or other liquids can help raise your blood pressure.
• Physical exercise. Exercise can help improve blood circulation and increase blood pressure. Exercises that do not require strong physical exertion and do not provoke a drop in pressure are recommended.

Peppermint is used to treat low blood pressure due to its ability to dilate blood vessels. It is recommended to drink mint tea or use essential oil for aromatherapy. You can also add mint leaves to your daily diet.

Product nameTrace elements content per 100 gEffect on the cardiovascular system

Low Blood Pressure Prevention Tips

1. Get regular physical activity

Daily exercise helps strengthen your cardiovascular system and improve circulation. It is recommended to engage in physical activity for at least 30 minutes a day. Choose the right sport for you: swimming, running, walking, yoga, dancing, etc.

2. Watch your diet

Meals should be complete and varied. Include foods rich in vitamins and minerals in your diet. Try to limit your intake of fatty and salty foods, as well as reduce the amount of coffee and alcohol consumed.

3. Maintain optimal weight

Excess weight has a negative effect on the functioning of the heart and blood vessels. Maintain your weight with proper nutrition and regular exercise.

4. Try to avoid stressful situations

Stress is one of the main factors causing low blood pressure. Try to avoid situations that can cause you stress, and if such situations are unavoidable, learn to work with them.

5. Watch your daily routine

Lack of sleep, overexertion, disruption of the daily routine – all this can lead to low blood pressure. Try to sleep at least 7-8 hours a day, do not overwork and stick to the daily routine. This will help you feel fresher and more energized throughout the day.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What causes low blood pressure?

Low blood pressure can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as cardiovascular or endocrine disorders, and increased vascular volume during pregnancy. Also, low pressure can be caused by prolonged stay in one position, insufficient fluid intake, or improper diet.

What are the symptoms of low blood pressure?

Symptoms of low blood pressure can range from headache and dizziness to fainting. Patients may experience weakness, nausea, sweating, sleep disturbance, changes in taste and smell sensations.

How can low blood pressure be reduced?

You can reduce low blood pressure by making lifestyle changes. It is important to eat right, drink enough fluids, exercise regularly, and avoid stressful situations.