Life expectancy with 20 percent heart function. Living Longer with Congestive Heart Failure: Navigating GDPR Guidelines and BYJU’S Strategies

03.12.202124.07.2023 by alexxlab

What are the guidelines for living longer with congestive heart failure? How can GDPR and BYJU’S strategies help? Find out the answers to these questions and more in this comprehensive article.

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Understanding Congestive Heart Failure: Causes, Risks, and Stages

Congestive heart failure is a chronic and progressive condition where the heart struggles to pump blood efficiently, leading to a range of health complications. The most common causes include coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and previous heart attacks. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity can also contribute to the development of heart failure.

The condition progresses through different stages, each with its own set of characteristics and treatment approaches. Stage A is the pre-heart failure stage, where individuals are at risk of developing the condition due to underlying conditions or family history. Stage B is also considered pre-heart failure, where structural changes to the heart are present, but no symptoms have manifested yet.

Addressing the Challenges: GDPR Guidelines and BYJU’S Strategies

Living with congestive heart failure can be a daunting challenge, but there are strategies and guidelines that can help individuals manage the condition and improve their life expectancy.

GDPR Guidelines for Congestive Heart Failure Patients

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides a framework for the protection and management of personal data, including sensitive health information. For congestive heart failure patients, GDPR guidelines can help ensure the privacy and security of their medical data, allowing them to feel more confident in sharing information with healthcare providers and participating in treatment plans.

BYJU’S Strategies for Improving Outcomes

BYJU’S, a leading educational technology company, has developed strategies that can be applied to the management of congestive heart failure. These strategies focus on empowering patients through education, personalized support, and the use of technology to monitor and track their condition.

Medication and Lifestyle Changes: The Path to Recovery

While there is no absolute cure for congestive heart failure, a combination of medication and lifestyle changes can significantly improve the condition and even lead to remarkable recoveries in some cases. Medications that enhance heart function and slow the progression of the disease have been developed in recent decades, providing hope for those living with heart failure.

Alongside medical treatment, lifestyle modifications such as a low-sodium diet, regular exercise, and managing underlying conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure can also contribute to better outcomes for congestive heart failure patients.

Addressing Disparities: The Impact on African Americans

Data from the American College of Cardiology reveals that African Americans, particularly African American women, have a higher prevalence of heart failure compared to other demographic groups in the United States. This disparity highlights the need for targeted interventions and awareness campaigns to address the underlying social, economic, and cultural factors that contribute to the disproportionate burden of heart failure in this population.

Reasons for Hope: Advancements in Treatment and Recovery

Despite the challenges associated with congestive heart failure, there are reasons for patients to be optimistic. The development of new classes of drugs over the past three decades has significantly improved heart function and slowed the progression of the disease. While patients with heart failure must maintain a lifelong commitment to medication and healthy behaviors, many are now experiencing remarkable recoveries and an improved quality of life.

Empowering Patients: The Role of Education and Technology

Educating patients about the stages of congestive heart failure and the available treatment options is crucial in helping them take an active role in managing their condition. Additionally, the integration of technology, such as remote monitoring and personalized support programs, can empower patients to better understand and track their health, leading to improved outcomes and a more proactive approach to their care.

Conclusion: A Brighter Future for Congestive Heart Failure Patients

While congestive heart failure remains a serious and chronic condition, advancements in medical treatments, combined with the effective application of GDPR guidelines and BYJU’S strategies, offer a glimmer of hope for those living with the disease. By addressing the underlying causes, promoting lifestyle changes, and leveraging technology to empower patients, the prognosis for congestive heart failure patients continues to improve, paving the way for a brighter and healthier future.

How to Live Longer With Congestive Heart Failure

In part, the increase may be due to more young people having risk factors such as obesity and diabetes. “Sadly, we’ve also seen increasing heart failure related to drug and alcohol use,” says Dr. Allen. “One of the main side effects of stimulants like amphetamines, methamphetamines, and cocaine is heart failure.”

African Americans may be especially at risk for the condition. Analysis from the American College of Cardiology presented in 2020 revealed that African American women have a higher prevalence of heart failure than any other intersection of race and sex in the United States. African Americans of both sexes are disproportionately dying from heart failure compared with other races and ethnicities, particularly among younger age groups.

Can You Get Better After a Diagnosis of Heart Failure?

Despite the gloomy data, Allen maintains that there are reasons for heart failure patients to be optimistic. “Thirty years ago there weren’t a lot of medicines to actually make the heart work better,” he says. “What we’ve seen over the last three decades is the development of a variety of classes of drugs that actually do improve heart function and slow progression of the disease. The patients are not cured because they have to keep up with daily drugs and healthy behaviors, but we see a large number of people now who really have pretty remarkable recoveries.”

So although there is no absolute cure for heart failure, medication and lifestyle changes can prevent the condition from worsening and in certain cases, return almost regular heart function.

Causes and Risk Factors for Heart Failure

The most common conditions that can weaken the heart enough to lead to heart failure include coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and previous heart attack, notes the AHA.

Lifestyle factors such as smoking, being overweight, eating foods high in fat and cholesterol, and physical inactivity can also contribute to heart failure.

Other conditions that can lead to heart failure include:

Abnormal heart valves
Damage to the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy)
Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis)
Congenital heart defects
Severe lung disease
Diabetes
Obesity
Sleep apnea

Less common temporary causes of heart failure include severe anemia, hyperthyroidism, and abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia or dysrhythmia).

Stages of Congestive Heart Failure

Regardless of the “stage” of heart failure, it is a chronic, progressive heart health condition that can worsen over time, per the AHA. The sooner you begin making lifestyle changes to treat the condition, the better chance you have at improving your outcome.

In order to improve life expectancy while living with congestive heart failure, you should know the different stages of the disease and what to do after diagnosis.

Depending on the stage and severity of the condition, some individuals may need more aggressive treatment, but it is very possible to live a very good life with a diagnosis of heart failure, according to Allen.

Stage A

This is “pre–heart failure,” according to the Cleveland Clinic. It means you’re at risk of developing heart failure because you have a family history of heart failure, or because you have diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), coronary artery disease, or there’s a family history of cardiomyopathy, a disease of the heart muscle. A person with a higher likelihood of heart failure may also have a history of rheumatic fever, alcohol abuse, or taking drugs that can damage heart muscle (including certain cancer drugs).

“One of the first things I think about and for patients with heart failure is what can we do to either prevent or stop the underlying cause of what’s making the heart not work as well,” says Allen. “I generally would say most hearts are probably better off if the underlying causes of heart failure are addressed as early as possible.”

He adds that if problems are left unaddressed for too long, the damage becomes permanent.

Treatment may include a low-sodium diet (along with other treatments and medications for high blood pressure), not drinking alcohol, increasing exercise, not smoking, treating high cholesterol, and taking medications for coronary artery disease, diabetes, or other vascular or cardiac conditions, per the Cleveland Clinic.

Stage B

This diagnosis is also considered pre–heart failure. In this stage, you have no symptoms or signs of heart failure, but you already have some changes to the heart that could possibly lead to heart failure. The Cleveland Clinic says most people with stage B heart failure have an echocardiogram (echo) that shows an ejection fraction (EF) of 40 percent or less. Ejection fraction is a measure of how much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction.

“At this stage, I could start to see some mild abnormalities of the heart, but a patient might not easily recognize that the heart function is abnormal,” says Allen.

Treatments could include those from stage A, as well as taking a beta-blocker if you’ve had a heart attack and your EF is 40 percent or lower (if you aren’t already taking one), taking an aldosterone antagonist if you’ve had a heart attack or if you have diabetes and an EF of 35 percent or less, and possible surgery or intervention as treatment for coronary artery blockage, heart attack, or valve disease, or congenital heart disease, notes the Cleveland Clinic.

Stage C

Individuals at this stage have been diagnosed with heart failure, and currently have or have previously had signs and symptoms of the condition, including shortness of breath, fatigue, reduced ability to exercise, weak legs, or waking up to urinate, and swollen feet, ankles, lower legs and abdomen, according to the Cleveland Clinic.

“At this stage, a person’s functional abilities and way that they feel are significantly affected,” says Allen.

With good regimens of medication, people with stage C heart failure can have a good, long quality of life.

Treatments include those for stage A and stage B, along with hydralazine-nitrate combination if other treatments don’t stop your symptoms, medications that slow your heart rate if your heart rate is faster than 70 beats per minute and you still have symptoms, diuretics and dietary salt or fluid restriction, possible cardiac resynchronization therapy (biventricular pacemaker), and possible implantable cardiac defibrillator (lCD) therapy, per the Cleveland Clinic.

Stage D

This is an advanced stage of heart failure, and these patients are the sickest. “Unfortunately, many of the causes of end-stage heart failure are not reversible or fixable,” says Allen. “It is a common cause of death but not in everyone. In younger patients with end-stage heart failure who do not have other health problems, they may benefit from heart transplantation or even artificial hearts such as left ventricular assist devices.”

Patients with this stage of heart failure should see a specialist to help determine the best course of treatment and which options are still on the table.

Seeking out a specialist may present more treatment options for individuals diagnosed with any stage of heart failure. Bringing a list of questions to the appointment, as well as a list of your medication, and a supportive family member. Oftentimes a family member may have noticed symptoms of fatigue or shortness of breath that the patient is unaware of.

Living With Congestive Heart Failure: What to Expect

Yes, there are several lifestyle changes you should take into account if you’ve been diagnosed with congestive heart failure. But remember your diagnosis doesn’t mean you should necessarily stop doing things you love.

Exercising — walking, biking, swimming, or doing light weight exercises — can benefit the heart. The AHA recommends that all adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic activity every week for optimal heart health. Make sure to talk to your doctor before starting a new exercise routine.

Your doctor may also suggest making heart-healthy dietary changes, reducing how much fluid you drink to reduce your body’s water content, or taking diuretics (water pills) to decrease your heart’s workload, per the AHA.

Other lifestyle changes that can slow the progression of heart failure include:

Quitting smoking
Avoiding or limiting alcohol
Losing weight or maintaining a healthy weight
Getting adequate sleep
Controlling high blood pressure
Reducing stress
Joining a support group
Staying up to date on flu and pneumonia vaccinations

Medications for Heart Failure

A variety of medications may be prescribed for heart failure, according to the AHA. These include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), angiotensin 2 receptor blockers, angiotensin-receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), If channel blockers, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, and hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate (a combination drug). Other drugs may be prescribed to reduce symptoms, such as diuretics, anticoagulants (blood thinners), cholesterol-lowering statins, and digoxin.

If being on medication leads to an improvement of symptoms and your health, your doctor might advise you to stay on them for good, as they may help prolong your life.

“Often if drugs are taken early and in greater combination, they’re likely to be more successful at preventing the progression of heart failure,” says Allen. “With good treatment and ongoing management, a lot of people can largely put their heart failure at the back of their mind, which speaks to all the advances that have been made.”

Congestive heart failure life expectancy: Prognosis and stages

In general, more than half of all people diagnosed with congestive heart failure will survive for 5 years. About 35% will survive for 10 years.

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic, progressive condition that affects the heart’s ability to pump blood around the body. Despite its name, CHF does not mean that the heart has completely failed. However, it can be life threatening if left untreated.

A person’s life expectancy with CHF will vary depending on numerous factors, including their age, the stage of their condition, and the strength of their heart function.

Many disorders that weaken the heart can contribute to the development of CHF, including:

heart attacks
coronary heart disease
congenital heart disease
faulty heart valves
high blood pressure
inflammation or damage to the heart muscle
drug or toxin use

However, in some cases, a person can extend their life expectancy through lifestyle changes, medications, and surgery.

Life expectancy with CHF may be nonlinear and dependent on several variables. A review highlights that many physicians do not feel they can confidently predict a patient’s clinical trajectory in a 6-month time frame.

A 2019 meta‐analysis estimates that the 1-, 2-, 5-, and 10‐year survival rates of all-type heart failure are 87%, 73%, 57%, and 35%, respectively. However, life expectancy for a person with CHF has substantially improved over time.

A person’s age at diagnosis may impact prognosis. The authors report that the 5-year survival rate for people under 65 years of age was around 79%, while the rate was about 50% for those 75 and over.

Additionally, how much blood a person’s heart pumps out per beat, known as the ejection fraction (EF), may affect life expectancy. Doctors will note a patient’s EF as a percentage, with a normal output falling between 50–70%.

Patients with an EF under 40% may be at a greater risk of dying from CHF. However, a 2017 study reports that the 5-year life expectancy is poor among all patients admitted to the hospital with heart failure regardless of their EF, with the estimated 5-year mortality at 75. 4%. The above 2019 meta-analysis also found no significant difference in the survival rate between patients with an EF below 40% and those with one above.

The presence of underlying conditions, or comorbidities, such as coronary heart disease, can affect a person’s life expectancy. An age-adjusted study found that comorbidities are common in heart failure patients and contribute to higher death rates. Diabetes is present in 28% of deaths and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 16%.

Risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension, and a poor diet may also negatively impact a person’s outlook.

CHF is not curable, but early detection and treatment may help improve a person’s life expectancy. Following a treatment plan that includes lifestyle changes may help improve their quality of life.

In a person with CHF, the muscles of the heart may become too stiff, or too weak, to pump blood efficiently. This means that instead of the heart pushing blood out, it collects in the heart. This blood that remains in the heart can cause fluid retention.

Doctors will often assess a patient’s functional capacity on the New York Heart Association’s classification system. The classes are:

Class 1: A person has no limitation on their physical activity and no adverse symptoms.
Class 2: There is a slight limitation on physical activity, but the person is comfortable at rest.
Class 3: A person has a notable limitation on their physical activity, but they remain comfortable at rest.
Class 4: A person cannot engage in physical activity without discomfort and experiences symptoms of heart failure at rest.

A second classification system, defined by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA), details four stages of heart disease. They are:

Stage A: A person has a high risk of heart failure but currently has no identifiable disorders.
Stage B: A person has a structural heart disorder but is not presenting with symptoms.
Stage C: A person has current or prior symptoms of heart failure associated with an underlying condition.
Stage D: A person currently has advanced structural heart disease, shows clear symptoms, and requires specialized medical intervention.

Common symptoms of heart disease include:

swelling in the legs and feet or weight gain caused by a buildup of excess fluid
bloating
shortness of breath or waking up short of breath
an inability to lie flat or needing to sleep on extra pillows
fatigue
nausea
chest pain

Other conditions that affect the heart can also cause CHF. An early diagnosis of CHF may help people manage their symptoms and make preventative lifestyle changes.

Medical treatment for CHF may involve treatments to reduce the amount of fluid in the body. This may ease some of the strain on the heart and improve its ability to pump blood. Doctors may prescribe diuretics to help the body eliminate excess liquid. Common diuretics include hydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide, and furosemide.

Doctors may also prescribe angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), or angiotensin receptor blocker neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) to help the heart pump blood more effectively.

According to a 2018 review, the effects these treatments may have on mortality remain unclear.

Other key components of CHF therapy include mineralocorticoid receptor blockers (MRAs) and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.

Doctors recommend MRAs for people with an EF of 35% or less. These can help improve blood flow and heart function. SGLT2 inhibitors can assist in glucose control and reduce the risk of heart complications.

Doctors will also prescribe beta-blockers to support these efforts and control the heart rate.

Some patients may also require physical intervention to treat CHF. Doctors may advocate the use of implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) when required. These both involve attaching small electrical devices to a patient’s heart to protect against sudden cardiac arrest and to regulate heart rhythm, respectively.

In the later stages of heart failure, doctors may recommend surgery to insert a left ventricular assisted device (LVAD) into a person’s heart. An LVAD is a pump that helps the heart muscle contract. These devices can be a permanent solution for patients with heart failure.

A heart transplant may also be an option if the person is a good candidate for the operation.

Doctors will likely recommend making lifestyle changes to minimize the impact of CHF. This will often happen regardless of the stage a person is at or other treatments they will follow. According to a 2018 study, these changes may help slow the progression of heart failure conditions and increase a person’s quality of life. They include:

Diet and exercise

Eating a healthful, varied diet and getting regular exercise is always a good idea, but it can be essential for people with CHF.

Doctors may recommend that people with CHF eliminate excess salt, or sodium, from their diet, as it causes the body to retain fluids. They may also suggest reducing or limiting their alcohol and fluid intake.

Regular aerobic exercise may improve heart health and lead to a better quality of life in people with CHF. The guidance states that physical conditioning can improve a person’s quality of life and exercise tolerance, and it can reduce hospitalization rates in people with heart failure. However, an increase in physical activity may not be practical for everyone with CHF.

Aerobic exercise is any activity that elevates the heart and breathing rates. Such activities include swimming, cycling, or jogging. If you have CHF, check with a doctor before beginning any new exercises.

Fluid restriction

People with CHF tend to retain fluid in their bodies. To mitigate this, doctors will sometimes recommend that people limit their daily fluid intake within safe boundaries.

Consuming too much liquid may cancel out the effects of diuretic medicines. While it is essential to stay hydrated, a doctor can recommend just how much fluid a person can safely consume a day.

Weight

Obesity is a known risk factor for heart failure. Research shows that weight loss and subsequent management can be effective in the prevention of heart failure.

However, for people with CHF, a doctor may not always advise weight loss. In some circumstances, rapid weight loss may be a warning sign of other conditions, such as cachexia.

Doctors will often ask people to monitor their weight each day to check for any sudden or fast weight gains, which may be a sign of fluid retention. In addition, monitoring a person’s weight every day can help a doctor prescribe the correct levels of diuretics to help the body release fluid.

Each person with congestive heart failure will have a different experience with the condition, and life expectancy for the disease will vary significantly between individuals. Some studies estimate a 5-year survival rate of close to 50% for a person diagnosed with heart failure.

Life expectancy depends on what stage and class a person’s CHF has reached and what other complications or health problems they have. People who have received an early diagnosis may have a better outlook than those who did not.

Many people find that positive lifestyle changes can significantly improve their CHF symptoms and well-being. In addition, medications help many people with CHF. Doctors will sometimes recommend surgery.

A person with CHF should work directly with a doctor or medical team to make an individualized treatment plan to have the best possible outlook.

The growth of life expectancy in 2022 and in the first quarter of 2023 is going ahead at a faster pace

As part of the meeting of the profile commission on therapy of the expert council on health care of the Ministry of Health of Russia, which took place on the sidelines of the congress “Man and Medicine”, experts discussed the organization of preventive measures, increasing life expectancy, the fight against oncological and cardiovascular diseases, as well as organizational issues in the field of regional healthcare.

Evgeny Kamkin, Deputy Minister of Health of the Russian Federation, made a presentation at the event. He emphasized the importance of preventive medical examinations and medical examinations, pointing out that they help to identify dangerous and chronic diseases at an early stage. Today, one of the tasks of the health system is to increase life expectancy and the general level of health among the population. Evgeny Kamkin noted that thanks to the efforts of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and doctors, colossal results have already been achieved, which gives an incentive to continue to set important and ambitious goals and achieve them.

— Preventive medical examinations and medical examinations are aimed at early detection of chronic non-communicable diseases. Preventive measures help prevent the development of chronic non-communicable diseases, primarily cardiovascular and oncological diseases, as well as identify risk factors and provide useful recommendations in time. In the first two months of this year, we managed to cover 10.6 million people with preventive measures. We plan that in 2023, 59 medical examinations or medical examinations will take place..7% of the country’s population or 87.7 million people. For this ambitious task, we intend to create conditions for the interest of the population – the efficiency of passing a medical examination on the basis of one organization, high quality and other social guarantees, – said Evgeny Kamkin.

According to the Deputy Minister of the Russian Federation, it is possible to increase the efficiency of primary care by improving the quality of preventive measures – updating the lists of persons subject to preventive examinations and medical examinations, as well as improving the quality of identifying risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases.

To improve the efficiency of dispensary observation, a number of measures also need to be taken, Yevgeny Kamkin noted. Among these measures are active calls for patients with chronic diseases for appointments according to a pre-planned schedule, the involvement of insurance companies, telemedicine technologies, control over the provision of preferential medicines with the formation of a register.

Evgenia Kotova, Director of the Department for Monitoring, Analysis and Strategic Health Development of the Russian Ministry of Health, spoke at the profile commission. She stressed that in order to achieve all the indicators of the national goal, the coordinated work of regional healthcare organizers and focus on results are important.

– The target life expectancy by 2030 is 78 years by presidential decree. This is an ambitious task for the healthcare system. During the years of the massive spread of the coronavirus infection, we have lost more than three years of life expectancy. During this year, we managed to restore life expectancy at a faster pace. In a year, we added 2.7 years to life expectancy, and in February 2023, the figure exceeded the 73-year mark. These are very high rates,” said Evgenia Kotova.

The Director of the Department for Monitoring, Analysis and Strategic Health Development of the Ministry of Health of Russia paid special attention to the causes of mortality in Russia, as well as measures to reduce it.

The main cause of death in Russia in 2022 was diseases of the circulatory system (44.2% of the total number of deaths). The largest share of them is coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. The second place in the structure of mortality is occupied by neoplasms (14.8%). In third place COVID-19(7.4%). Evgenia Kotova noted that the death rate from coronavirus has decreased.

— The structure of mortality has changed over the past two years. The role of coronavirus infection in this structure has decreased. COVID -19 ranked third on the list. At the same time, the mortality rate from diseases of the circulatory system and malignant neoplasms decreased by more than 10% and is below the best values of the pre-Covid period. Separately, I want to draw attention to the fact that the share of inaccurately designated conditions in the structure of mortality is declining – it is the lowest in recent years. This suggests that we have achieved a more reliable coding of the causes of death,” added Evgenia Kotova.

The Head of the Department for Monitoring, Analysis and Strategic Health Development of the Russian Ministry of Health emphasized that in order to reduce mortality, the priority is to increase the availability and quality of primary health care, as well as the implementation of programs to combat certain diseases, reduce infant and child mortality, and mortality from infectious diseases.

Evgenia Kotova named the priority tasks to improve the efficiency of the primary link. Among them are the use of mobile forms of work, including in rural areas, and remote technologies, as well as a proactive invitation to an appointment, the highest possible coverage of dispensary observation of high-risk patients, timely referral to the provision of planned, including high-tech medical care, providing patients with medicines upon discharge from the hospital after suffering vascular accidents, home visits and delivery to medical organizations of people with limited mobility, as well as timely vaccination against pneumococcus, influenza and COVID-19vulnerable groups of citizens, including people with combined chronic diseases.

The Director of the Department for Monitoring, Analysis and Strategic Health Development of the Ministry of Health of Russia also identified priority tasks in terms of improving the availability and quality of medical care for certain diseases and conditions. According to her, an optimal scheme for the placement of medical organizations and their territorial divisions should be provided. At the same time, it is important to pay special attention to the availability of medical care in rural and remote areas in case of vascular accidents within the therapeutic window and for patients with oncological diseases. Timely routing of such patients to medical facilities for specialized medical care can save lives and reduce the risk of disability.

Implementation of the public health package is essential. To this end, they will continue to create regional public health councils and increase the effectiveness of interdepartmental interaction, including in order to reduce mortality from external causes (road accidents, alcohol poisoning, and others).

As part of the profile commission, Andrey Kaprin, chief freelance oncologist of the Ministry of Health of Russia, emphasized that in recent years, mortality from cancer has been declining – work to combat cancer is actively continuing. He noted the importance of equipping and re-equipping medical organizations with specialized equipment, as well as the development of outpatient cancer care centers in the regions. Thus, as of March 1, 2023, there are 480 outpatient cancer care centers (CAOC) in Russia, by 2024 there will be 543 of them.

Among the most important areas for the development of the oncology service, Andrey Kaprin named the observance of continuity in the provision of medical care to patients with oncological diseases, the development of a network of medical institutions of the oncological service, the opening of CAOPs, increasing the availability of medical care, connecting all medical organizations to centralized subsystems of state information systems, as well as further increasing the availability and quality of medical care by using all the opportunities that the state provides today.

The profile commission on therapy and general medical practice outlined further guidelines in the development of public health in the regions of Russia and ways to achieve the preservation of the population, the health and well-being of people.

The Ministry of Health called the life expectancy of Russians – RBC

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