What are the most common causes of persistent low-grade fever. How can you distinguish between different causes of low-grade fever. When should you seek medical attention for a lingering low-grade fever.

Understanding Low-Grade Fever: Definition and Significance

A low-grade fever is typically defined as a body temperature between 99.6°F (37.5°C) and 100.3°F (38°C). While often overlooked, persistent low-grade fevers can be indicative of underlying health issues that require attention. Understanding the causes and implications of low-grade fevers is crucial for proper management and timely medical intervention.

What Distinguishes a Low-Grade Fever?

Low-grade fevers are characterized by a slight elevation in body temperature above the normal range. The average body temperature is generally considered to be 98.6°F (37°C), though this can vary slightly from person to person. A low-grade fever falls within the range of 99.6°F to 100.3°F, indicating a mild immune response to various potential triggers.

Is a Low-Grade Fever Always Cause for Concern?

Not necessarily. In many cases, a low-grade fever is a sign that your body is actively fighting off an infection or responding to other stimuli. However, when a low-grade fever persists for an extended period, it may warrant further investigation to determine the underlying cause.

Common Causes of Lingering Low-Grade Fever

Persistent low-grade fevers can stem from various sources, ranging from viral infections to more serious underlying conditions. Here are eight common causes to be aware of:

1. Viral Infections
2. Bacterial Infections
3. COVID-19
4. Pneumonia
5. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
6. Autoimmune Disorders
7. Certain Medications
8. Chronic Stress

How Do Viral Infections Contribute to Low-Grade Fever?

Viral infections are among the most common causes of low-grade fevers. When your body detects a viral invader, it raises its internal temperature slightly to create an environment less hospitable to the virus. This immune response often results in a persistent low-grade fever that may last for several days or even weeks, depending on the specific virus and your body’s ability to fight it off.

Can Bacterial Infections Cause Lingering Low-Grade Fevers?

Absolutely. While bacterial infections often lead to higher fevers, they can also manifest as persistent low-grade fevers, especially in the early stages or in cases of chronic infections. Common bacterial culprits include strep throat, sinus infections, and certain gastrointestinal infections. Unlike viral infections, bacterial infections typically respond well to antibiotic treatment, which can help resolve the associated fever.

COVID-19 and Low-Grade Fever: What You Need to Know

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought increased attention to the significance of low-grade fevers. While high fevers are a well-known symptom of COVID-19, many patients experience persistent low-grade fevers as their primary temperature-related symptom.

How Long Can a Low-Grade Fever Last with COVID-19?

In COVID-19 cases, low-grade fevers can persist for several days to weeks. Some patients report experiencing intermittent low-grade fevers for up to a month or more, even after other symptoms have subsided. This prolonged fever response is thought to be related to the body’s ongoing immune response to the virus.

Are There Other Symptoms Associated with COVID-19 Low-Grade Fever?

Yes, COVID-19-related low-grade fevers are often accompanied by other symptoms such as fatigue, body aches, loss of taste or smell, and respiratory issues. If you’re experiencing a persistent low-grade fever along with these symptoms, it’s crucial to get tested for COVID-19 and follow appropriate isolation protocols.

Pneumonia: A Serious Cause of Lingering Low-Grade Fever

Pneumonia, an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, can cause persistent low-grade fevers, especially in its early stages or in cases of walking pneumonia.

How Does Pneumonia-Related Fever Differ from Other Causes?

While pneumonia can cause high fevers, it’s not uncommon for patients to experience lingering low-grade fevers, particularly in less severe cases or during the recovery phase. These fevers may be accompanied by other symptoms such as cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Unlike viral infections, pneumonia often requires medical intervention, including antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia cases.

Urinary Tract Infections and Low-Grade Fever

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause of low-grade fevers, especially in women and older adults. These infections can affect any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra.

Why Do UTIs Often Present with Low-Grade Fevers?

UTIs typically cause low-grade fevers as the body responds to the bacterial infection in the urinary tract. The fever is often accompanied by other symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain. If left untreated, UTIs can progress to more serious kidney infections, which may result in higher fevers and more severe symptoms.

Autoimmune Disorders and Persistent Low-Grade Fever

Various autoimmune disorders can manifest with persistent low-grade fevers as one of their symptoms. These conditions occur when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues.

Which Autoimmune Disorders Are Most Commonly Associated with Low-Grade Fevers?

Several autoimmune disorders are known to cause lingering low-grade fevers, including:

• Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
• Lupus
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
• Sjögren’s Syndrome

In these conditions, the persistent low-grade fever is often accompanied by other symptoms specific to the disorder, such as joint pain in RA or skin rashes in lupus. Diagnosis and management of these conditions typically require specialized medical care.

Medications as a Cause of Low-Grade Fever

Certain medications can induce low-grade fevers as a side effect. This phenomenon is known as drug fever and can occur with various types of medications.

Which Medications Are Most Likely to Cause Low-Grade Fevers?

Medications that commonly cause low-grade fevers include:

• Antibiotics (particularly beta-lactams and sulfonamides)
• Antiseizure medications
• Some blood pressure medications
• Certain anti-inflammatory drugs

If you suspect your medication is causing a persistent low-grade fever, it’s important to consult with your healthcare provider before making any changes to your medication regimen.

Chronic Stress and Its Impact on Body Temperature

While not as commonly recognized, chronic stress can contribute to persistent low-grade fevers in some individuals. The complex relationship between stress and the immune system can lead to various physical symptoms, including slight elevations in body temperature.

How Does Stress Induce Low-Grade Fever?

Chronic stress can activate the body’s inflammatory response, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This sustained inflammatory state can result in a slight increase in body temperature, manifesting as a persistent low-grade fever. Additionally, stress can weaken the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections that may cause fevers.

When to Seek Medical Attention for a Lingering Low-Grade Fever

While low-grade fevers are often benign and self-limiting, there are instances where medical attention is necessary. Understanding when to consult a healthcare professional is crucial for proper management and prevention of potential complications.

What Are the Red Flags for a Low-Grade Fever?

Consider seeking medical attention if your low-grade fever:

• Persists for more than a week without apparent cause
• Is accompanied by severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, or severe headache
• Occurs alongside unexplained weight loss or night sweats
• Is associated with recent travel to areas with endemic infectious diseases
• Develops in individuals with compromised immune systems or chronic health conditions

Remember, while this information provides general guidance, it’s always best to err on the side of caution when it comes to persistent fevers. If you’re unsure about the significance of your symptoms, consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and evaluation.

Diagnostic Approaches for Persistent Low-Grade Fever

When faced with a lingering low-grade fever, healthcare providers employ various diagnostic strategies to identify the underlying cause. Understanding these approaches can help patients better navigate the diagnostic process and collaborate effectively with their healthcare team.

What Diagnostic Tools Are Used to Investigate Low-Grade Fevers?

Diagnosing the cause of a persistent low-grade fever often involves a combination of the following:

• Comprehensive medical history review
• Physical examination
• Blood tests (complete blood count, inflammatory markers, etc.)
• Urine analysis
• Imaging studies (X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs)
• Microbiological cultures
• Specialized tests for autoimmune disorders

The specific diagnostic path will depend on the individual’s symptoms, medical history, and the healthcare provider’s clinical suspicion.

How Do Doctors Differentiate Between Various Causes of Low-Grade Fever?

Differentiating between the various causes of low-grade fever involves careful consideration of several factors:

1. Duration of the fever
2. Associated symptoms
3. Pattern of temperature fluctuations
4. Response to antipyretic medications
5. Patient’s overall health status and medical history

For example, viral infections typically cause fevers that resolve within a week or two, while autoimmune-related fevers may persist for months. The presence of specific symptoms, such as joint pain or respiratory issues, can also guide the diagnostic process.

Treatment Strategies for Persistent Low-Grade Fever

The treatment of persistent low-grade fever primarily focuses on addressing the underlying cause. However, there are general strategies that can help manage symptoms and support the body’s healing process.

What Are the General Approaches to Managing Low-Grade Fever?

General management strategies for low-grade fever include:

• Adequate rest and hydration
• Over-the-counter antipyretic medications (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen) if needed for comfort
• Monitoring temperature and other symptoms
• Maintaining good nutrition to support the immune system

It’s important to note that not all low-grade fevers require treatment with medication. In many cases, the fever is a beneficial part of the body’s immune response.

How Are Specific Causes of Low-Grade Fever Treated?

Treatment approaches vary depending on the underlying cause:

• Viral infections: Supportive care and symptom management
• Bacterial infections: Appropriate antibiotic therapy
• COVID-19: Supportive care, monitoring, and specific treatments as recommended by current guidelines
• Pneumonia: Antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, supportive care for viral pneumonia
• UTIs: Antibiotics and increased fluid intake
• Autoimmune disorders: Immunomodulating medications and symptom management
• Medication-induced fever: Adjustment or discontinuation of the offending medication under medical supervision
• Stress-related fever: Stress management techniques and addressing underlying psychological factors

The specific treatment plan should always be determined by a healthcare professional based on the individual’s diagnosis and overall health status.

Prevention and Long-Term Management of Recurrent Low-Grade Fevers

While not all causes of low-grade fever are preventable, there are strategies that can help reduce the risk of recurrent fevers and support overall health.

How Can You Reduce the Risk of Developing Persistent Low-Grade Fevers?

Preventive measures include:

• Maintaining good hygiene practices to prevent infections
• Staying up-to-date with vaccinations
• Managing chronic health conditions effectively
• Practicing stress reduction techniques
• Adopting a healthy lifestyle with proper nutrition and regular exercise
• Getting adequate sleep to support immune function

For individuals prone to recurrent low-grade fevers due to underlying conditions, working closely with healthcare providers to develop a long-term management plan is crucial.

What Role Does Lifestyle Play in Managing Chronic Low-Grade Fevers?

Lifestyle factors can significantly impact the frequency and severity of low-grade fevers, especially in cases related to stress or autoimmune disorders. Key lifestyle considerations include:

• Stress management through techniques like meditation, yoga, or counseling
• Maintaining a balanced diet rich in anti-inflammatory foods
• Regular, moderate exercise to boost immune function
• Avoiding triggers that may exacerbate underlying conditions
• Ensuring adequate rest and sleep hygiene

By incorporating these lifestyle modifications and working closely with healthcare providers, individuals can often achieve better control over recurrent low-grade fevers and improve their overall quality of life.

What Is a Low-Grade Fever?

What Is a Low Grade Fever? 

The most widely known definition of a fever is when a person’s body temperature runs over 98.6°F, the average body temperature for most people.^iv However, a fever can be broken down into further categories based on temperature, and one of those categories is “low-grade”. Healthcare professionals define a low-grade fever as a body temperature of 99.6°F to 100.3°F. A low-grade fever is usually a sign that your body is fighting off the infection that has caused your temperature to rise, but most likely won’t need medical attention.^v One important thing to note is that body temperature can fluctuate by one or two degrees from various factors such as stress or heavy clothing, and even medications can have an effect on the body’s temperature.^vi

Low-Grade Fever Causes

If you notice that your temperature remains high over an extended period of time, then this a clear indication that you have a low-grade fever. Here are few low-grade fever causes you should be aware of:

• Certain medications (antibiotics or drugs that are used to treat high blood pressure)
• Bacterial infection or virus
• Vaccines
• Heat exhaustion
• Other underlying conditions^vii

Low-Grade Fever Treatment

Depending on your symptoms, a health professional may not recommend that you seek treatment for your low-grade fever, as minor fevers can help with fighting off the microorganism in your body.^viii

No matter your symptoms, if you think you may need medical attention to help with your low-grade fever, contact your doctor immediately. It’s important to closely monitor your low-grade fever, as there may be a sudden spike in temperature that could indicate something more serious. For more health tips, check out our resource center where you can find articles about cold and flu symptoms and more.

• References

  By clicking any of the links below you will be taken to an external website that is independently operated and not managed by GSK. GSK assumes no responsibility for the content on the website. If you do not wish to leave this website, do not click on the links below.

  i. Cold Versus Flu. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms/coldflu.htm#:~:text=The%20symptoms%20of%20flu%20can,a%20runny%20or%20stuffy%20nose. Accessed on 6/24/2020. Referenced text is enclosed in red box in source PDF.

  ii. Fever. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20352759#:~:text=You%20have%20a%20fever%20when,Sweating. Accessed on 6/24/2020. Referenced text is enclosed in red box in source PDF.

  iii. Fever. https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/f/fever.html. Accessed on 6/24/2020. Referenced text is enclosed in red box in source PDF.

  iv. Fever. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20352759#:~:text=You%20have%20a%20fever%20when,Sweating. Accessed on 6/24/2020. Referenced text is enclosed in red box in source PDF.

  v. Fever. http://health. rutgers.edu/education/medical-information/fever/. Accessed on 6/24/2020. Referenced text is enclosed in red box in source PDF.

  vi. Fever: Possible Causes. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/10880-fever/possible-causes. Accessed on 6/24/2020. Referenced text is enclosed in red box in source PDF.

  vii. Fever. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20352759#:~:text=You%20have%20a%20fever%20when,Sweating. Accessed on 6/24/2020. Referenced text is enclosed in red box in source PDF.

  viii. Fever. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20352759#:~:text=You%20have%20a%20fever%20when,Sweating. Accessed on 6/24/2020. Referenced text is enclosed in red box in source PDF.

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Common “Low Grade Fever” queries answered by top doctors

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Low Grade Fever

The medical community defines fever as a body temperature above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. A body temperature between 100 to 102 degrees is usually considered a low-grade fever. The most common causes of a continuous low-grade fever are respiratory diseases like cold or flu. These infections are caused by viruses and last for a few weeks.

Recently Answered Questions

All the answers published in this website are written by verified medical doctors, therapists and health experts. The Content has been moderated by iCliniq medical review team before publication. Post your medical clarifications on iCliniq by choosing the right specialty and get them answered. Your medical queries will be answered 24/7 by top doctors from iCliniq.

Can only children with RA get fever or adults as well?

Query:
Hello doctor,
Is fever found only in children with RA or can adults get this symptom also? I have had a fever (low grade) for nine days, but enough to make me feel more horrible. My rheumatologist said only children get fever from RA. I am 45 years old and was diagnosed years ago but only started wi. ..  Read Full »

Dr. Goswami Parth Rajendragiri

Answer:
Hello,
Welcome to icliniq.com.
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammation is present. So, mild fever can occur. But mostly in adults, fever is not as high-grade like that of a child. You are taking disease-modifying drugs and biological drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. These two medications should …  Read Full »

14-year-old has low back ache, fatigue and mild fever. What could be the reason?

Query:
Hello doctor,
My 14-year-old son is complaining of a low backache. He has fatigue and low-grade fever. Hemoglobin is 12.7 but ESR level is 43.  Read Full »

Dr. Albana Greca

Answer:
Hello,
Welcome to icliniq.com.
A low backache in children at this age associated with low-grade fever and ESR 43 could be due to:
Trauma (check for any trauma symptoms like blood, blue-purple changes of the skin).
Kidney infection. Get urine analysis done. You may take a urine test strip at your lo…  Read Full »

Is it possible for a fungal infection to cause low-grade fever?

Query:
Hi doctor,
For around nine weeks now, I have had a low grade fever and that persists. Also, I feel a little upper throat fullness and mild sinus congestion. I have been in and out of primary care clinics many times looking for help.  I had two chest x-rays and they were clear. I also had blood test…  Read Full »

Dr. Anshuman Srivastava

Answer:
Hi,
Welcome to icliniq.com.
This is a chronic fever, which is called as pyrexia of unknown origin when we are unable to ascertain a cause.
As your blood tests and x-ray are normal, lung infection is ruled out.
Conditions causing chronic fever are numerous. Also, certain infections like tuberculosi…  Read Full »

I have been experiencing a low-grade fever for past five days. Kindly help.

Query:
Hello doctor,
I have been experiencing a low-grade fever, low WBC count, and raised liver enzymes for the past five days. I have chronic interstitial cystitis and had pancreatitis a few months before. I also have had my gallbladder removed. However, my CT scan shows a prominence of the intra and ext…  Read Full »

Dr. Rajesh Jain

Answer:
Hello,
Welcome to icliniq.com.
Thank you for your query.
Low-grade fever with low WBC (white blood cells) may be due to some subacute infection in the body. I suggest you to follow a few instructions mentioned below.
1. Drink plenty of water daily.
2. Take more salads and fruits.
3. Take veget…  Read Full »

Why is there a persistent low-grade fever in a 54-year-old female?

Query:
Hello doctor,
My mother is 54 years old and is facing persistent low-grade fever. She had it for almost a year and nothing was diagnosed from the tests and then suddenly it got fine. Now again she got a fever from some stomach infection and it has been 15 days that the fever is there between 99 to 1…  Read Full »

Dr. Mukherjee Koushik

Answer:
Hello,
Welcome to icliniq.com.
Did your mother undergo urine culture sensitivity test? Because many of the postmenopausal or perimenopausal women suffer from urinary tract infection that is chronic and drug-resistant due to urinary leak and urinary urgency. Low-grade fever can also be there due to…  Read Full »

Why do I have high ESR and persistent fever after recovering from a viral infection?

Query:
Hello doctor,
I am a 51-year-old male. One month back, I had a viral fever for which I was prescribed tablets Ciffy 200 and Nicip Plus. Five days later, I recovered from the infection and returned to work. However, after a week, I started having severe joint and muscular pains and took tablet Nicip…  Read Full »

Dr. Arpit Varshney

Answer:
Hello,
Welcome to icliniq.com.
I understand your concern.
I have reviewed your reports (attachment removed to protect the patient’s identity). You seem to have pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO), as your reports show negative reports for COVID-19 and dengue. Also, high ESR is a marker of active infl…  Read Full »

After starting an antibiotic, I started experiencing a low-grade fever and swelling on the side of my dental abscess. Why?

Query:
Hello doctor,
I was given an antibiotic for an abscess, and I started it today. However, I have newly developed a low fever, and my throat feels swollen on the same side as my abscess. Could this be the infection spreading? Will it be fine if I continue taking my antibiotic, or should I see my denti…  Read Full »

Dr. Swati. P

Answer:
Hello,
Welcome to icliniq.com.
The fever could be because of the infection in your mouth. Please continue taking the antibiotics and finish the entire course of the antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor. The infection may subside in severity within 3 to 5 days with antibiotic use. But remember . ..  Read Full »

My forehead is warm on touching, but the thermometer shows normal body temperature. Should I take Dolo?

Query:
Hello doctor,
I was found COVID-19 positive through the RT-PCR test with a CT value of 23.48. I am in home quarantine in my company’s occupational health center. I have a cough, and sometimes I feel my forehead is warm, but the thermometer reflects a reading of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit when checked b…  Read Full »

Dr. Basuki Nath Bhagat

Answer:
Hello,
Welcome to icliniq.com.
I read your query and I am sorry for the COVID-19 positive test results.
Your body temperature, according to the thermometer, is normal. However, if you have an associated body ache, you can take a tablet of Paracetamol once a day accordingly. You can do water spong…  Read Full »

Why am I experiencing recurrent attacks of low-grade fever and fatigue for 17 years?

Query:
Hi doctor,
I am a 49-year-old man with a weight of 85 kilograms and a height of 1. 84 meters. I have recurrent attacks of low-grade fever, muscle pain, fatigue, and insomnia, which have remained long-standing since seventeen years. The following laboratory tests including HIV, malarial parasite, com…  Read Full »

Dr. Basuki Nath Bhagat

Answer:
Hello,
Welcome to icliniq.com.
I have read your query. I am sorry for such discomfort you are having. You mention that the symptoms are very low-grade fever, muscle pain, fatigue, and insomnia. These symptoms present in remission and relapsing manner for seventeen years. Obviously, it is a…  Read Full »

What can cause mild fever and heaviness in the stomach?

Query:
Hi doctor,
My mother is 58 years old with a weight of 50 kilograms and a height of five feet. She is suffering from a stomach tumor for more than 20 years. Before 13 years, she suffered from brain stroke due to a clot formed in the brain. She is diabetic and hypertensive. She is taking continuous. ..  Read Full »

Dr. Durairaj A

Answer:
Hi,Welcome to icliniq.com.She is suffering from constipation and she needs to take fiber-rich food. She needs to test her thyroid. Her pain mainly occurs due to disc problems. She needs to take an X-ray spine. For heaviness and abdominal discomfort, she needs to take prokinetics and proton pump inhi…  Read Full »

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Protracted subfebrile condition and febrile syndrome in the practice of a polyclinic therapist

Institute of additional professional education
Bashkir State Medical University
Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Department of polyclinic therapy with a course of IDPO
Prolonged subfebrile condition and
febrile syndrome 9000 3 in the practice of a therapist at a polyclinic
Head of Department polyclinic therapy with a course of IDPO,
d.m.s. Professor Volevach L.V.
Ufa-2020
Compiled by:
MD, prof., head. cafe Volevach L.V.,
Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor Nafikova A.Sh.,
Department of Polyclinic Therapy
with the course IDPO
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write them down in your notebook.
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Lecture attendance is required!
We wish you successful work at the lecture!
Lecture topic
1. Definition
2. Classification
3. Mechanisms
4. Differential diagnosis
5 Treatment
In a healthy person, body temperature
ranges from 36.4-36.9°C.
Fever – an increase in body temperature
beyond the limits of normal daily fluctuations
under the influence of the disease –
represents
a protective and adaptive reaction of the body.
By duration:
Short fever
duration – less than 2 weeks
(infectious, non-infectious)
Prolonged fever – more than 2 weeks
(including fever of unknown origin)
By degree of temperature increase
:
• subfebrile (from 37 to 37.9 ° C)
• febrile (from 38 to 38.9 °C)
• pyretic (high, from 39 to 40.9 °C)
• hyperpyretic (hyperthermic, from
41 °C and above)
According to the type of temperature curve:
• constant – for several days
there is a high (~ 39°С) body temperature
with daily fluctuations within
1°С (croupous pneumonia,
malignant neoplasms,
typhus)
• relapsing – body temperature fluctuations
more than 1°С; morning temperature above
37°C (focal pneumonia, tuberculosis)
According to the type of temperature curve:
• intermittent (intermittent) –
periods of normal and high
temperature during the day (with
purulent diseases)
• perverted – higher temperature
in the morning hours (tuberculosis, viral
infections, sepsis)
According to the type of temperature curve:
• debilitating (hectic) – temperature rises
by 2°C or more with
drops to normal and below; after again
an increase and so it repeats up to 2-3 times a day (with
sepsis)
• incorrect – no patterns of daily temperature fluctuations
are observed
(rheumatism, oncological
diseases, infective endocarditis)
With prolonged subfebrile fluctuations
body temperatures are within
37-37. 9° for more than 3 weeks.
OPTIMAL SEARCH PROGRAM
DETERMINED BY ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS

Weight loss
Hypotension
Dyspnea
Meningeal symptoms
Disorientation
Heart murmurs
Co tender rashes
Jaundice
Diarrhea
Lymphadenopathy
OPTIMUM SEARCH PROGRAM
DETERMINED BY ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS

Abdominal pain
Dysuria
Hematuria
Arthralgia
Arthritis
Myalgia
Vomiting
Organomegaly
Eye lesions
Nausea
SUSPECTED GENERAL INFECTION
CBC, reticulocyte and platelet count; ESR.
Gram analysis of urine with okraki sediment.
Hemoculture. Urine culture at least 3 times.
Specific reactions.
Diagnosis established
Antibacterial therapy

SUSPECTED TUBERCULOSIS
• Repeated cultures of sputum, bronchial washings, stomach
for mycobacteria
tuberculosis
• Mantoux test
• Repeated lung scans and tomograms
EXCLUDING DIFFUSED DISEASES
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Determination of protein fractions
Protein immunoelectrophoresis
Test for antinuclear factor
Antibodies to DNA 90 003 LE cells
Biopsy of skin, kidneys, muscles and others
SUSPECTED
FOR INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
• Protein sedimentation tests (thymol,
sublimate and others)
• Determination of aminotransferases, bilirubin,
alkaline phosphatase, GGT, cholesterol, etc.
• Blood for markers of hepatitis A, B, C, D, etc.
• Determination of the degree of fibrosis by the device
fibroscan
• Liver biopsy
FEVERS OF INFECTIOUS ORIGIN
• Group of general infections
• Group of focal infections
GENERAL INFECTIONS I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Tuberculosis
Sepsis
Typhoid fever
Brucellosis
Malaria
AIDS
FOCAL INFECTIONS
1
2.
3.
4.
Purulent infections of the upper abdominal floor
cavities (cholecystitis, cholangitis,
subphrenic abscess, liver abscess,
subhepatic abscess)
Purulent infections of the lower abdomen
cavities (appendicitis, diverticulitis,
pelvic inflammatory disease,
UC)
Infections urinary tract (pyelonephritis,
pararenal abscess , infections
ureters, prostate)
Bacterial endocarditis
FOCAL INFECTIONS
5. Bronchiectasis with suppuration
6. Bacteremia without established primary
foci (viral, rickettsial and
chlamydia infections, infectious
mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus infection
Coxsackie, Q fever, psitaccosis, viral
hepatitis)
7. Parasitic invasions (amebiasis,
trichinosis, toxo plasmosis, opisthorchiasis,
ascariasis, toxocariasis, enterobiosis)
8. Spirochetoses (leptospirosis, recurrent fever
)
FEVER OF NON-INFECTIOUS ORIGIN

1. Tumors of the kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas,
gland, stomach, large intestine, myxoma
atria, metastasizing tumors
2. Diseases of the blood and hematopoietic organs
(aplastic, hemolytic and pernicious
anemia, agranulocytosis, lymphogranulomatosis,
lymphomas, lymphosarcoma, multiple myeloma
)
3. Diffuse diseases connective tissue
(SLE, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis,
periarteritis nodosa,
scleroderma, dermatomyositis, granulomatosis
Wegener’s disease, Crohn’s disease, etc. )
OTHER DISEASES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Thrombophlebitis, PE
Thyrotoxicosis, thyroiditis
Chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis
Sarcoidosis
Dissecting aortic aneurysm
Gu syndrome dpaschera
Drug-induced illness
Drug-induced fever
Antimicrobial use:
amphotericin B, isoniazid
Cytotoxic drugs:
azathioprine, cyclosporine A
Psychotropic drugs:
carbamazepine, haloperidol
Constitutional fever
(thermoneurosis)
Prolonged subfebrile condition
Young age
More often than women
No effect of NSAIDs
Signs of vegetative dystonia
TREATMENT
Patient management
• The cause of fever must be determined
• If the etiology of fever remains unclear, 90 003 repeat history taking, physical examination,
screening laboratory tests.
Particular attention should be paid to
previous tourism trips,
sexual contact, previous exposure
received drugs.
• When body temperature rises,
increase the amount of fluid consumed.
DRUG THERAPY
!!!!The drugs of choice are prescribed in
depending on the underlying disease.
Tuberculosis – anti-tuberculosis drugs
drugs
Pyelonephritis – antibacterial therapy
Pneumonia – antibacterial drugs
drugs
SLE – cytostatics, corticosteroids, NSAIDs
DRUG THERAPY
If the cause of fever is not established (in 20%) and if the disease is poor 9000 3 patient tolerance, the following drugs can be prescribed :
• Antipyretics – paracetamol or aspirin
(acetylsalicylic acid).
• Other prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (naproxen and
others).
• Glucocorticoids (trial). After the use of
glucocorticoids, relapse or activation of
undiagnosed diseases (for example, tuberculosis) is possible.
• Antibiotics (trial based on history).
Questions for lecture
1. Definition
2. Classification
3. Mechanisms
4. Differential diagnosis
5 Treatment
• Questions that have arisen on the subject of the lecture you will
analyze in detail at practical lessons

• Thank you for your attention!

Stomatidine

Stomatidine

• SARS pathogens and complications
• Symptoms and course of the disease
• Diagnosis and prevention of SARS
• How to treat SARS

About 10,000 people fall ill every day in the world. Most of the diseases (90%) fall into the category of acute respiratory infections – acute respiratory diseases. They are known to patients as “colds”, but doctors divide them into several types, depending on the pathogen.

• SARS is an infection of the upper respiratory tract with viruses (Acute Respiratory Viral Infection)
• Colds – activation of conditionally pathogenic microflora (bacteria) in the body after hypothermia

Cough, red throat, pain when swallowing, runny nose are the first signs of the development of the disease. If the symptoms are pronounced, a high temperature (38-40 degrees) and fever are added, the doctor makes a diagnosis of SARS: with a common cold, the manifestations are milder. The incubation period for SARS depends on the virus, in most cases it is 1-2 days. But the first symptoms may appear after 2 hours or even 2 weeks – these variants of the course of the disease are considered the norm.

ARVI pathogens and complications

Respiratory infections caused by viruses are of several types, depending on the pathogen:

• Parainfluenza. It affects the larynx and bronchi.
• Rotavirus (in everyday life “intestinal flu”). It has nothing to do with the flu, it actively multiplies in the intestines, causing diarrhea and vomiting.
• Adenovirus infections. They cause fever and prolonged subfebrile temperature (37-37.5 ℃).
• Rhino-syncytial group. These viruses infect children from 6 months to 3 years, in adults they are almost asymptomatic.

To date, more than 300 strains of various viruses that cause SARS have been identified in the world. The only thing they need is a habitat or carrier. They are easily spread by airborne droplets, and therefore cause outbreaks of epidemics.

Unwashed hands, traveling in public transport, close contact with the sick person and just walking in the fresh air cause the disease. The situation is aggravated by weakened immunity and cold weather. The ARVI virus loves the off-season (winter-spring and autumn-winter), dampness and high humidity.

ARVI in preschool children on average manifests itself from 2 to 5 times a year. Of course, some preschoolers do not get sick at all, but there are those who get sick up to 10 times a season. The main reason is the formation of immunity and the exchange of microorganisms in kindergarten. Therefore, children aged 2-4 years are most vulnerable to respiratory diseases.

Once in the body, viral DNA (or RNA) actively infects cells, causing a response in the form of cough and runny nose. Temperature is added to the expressed symptoms. Unlike the common cold, with viral diseases, the thermometer indicates 38-40℃. The fever lasts an average of 5 days. Such a reaction is quite normal for the body, thanks to it resistance to the pathogen is formed, it is suppressed. With dangerous thermometer readings, doctors prescribe an antipyretic, which they drink as much as the temperature during SARS, exceeding 38.5 degrees.

With timely treatment, the infection disappears without a trace in 3-7 days, but sometimes complications occur. Respiratory infections affect the upper respiratory tract. If the disease falls below, it causes tracheitis, bronchitis, rhinitis, otitis media. Among the dangerous ARVI complications, bacterial lesions of the lungs (pneumonia), tonsils (tonsillitis), brain (meningitis) are distinguished. In order to avoid such reactions, timely complex treatment is necessary.

Symptoms and course of the disease

The first signs of SARS appear 2 hours after the virus enters the body. A feeling of weakness, body aches and a slight chill speak of infection. The further course of the disease depends on the individual characteristics of the organism and the type of pathogen itself.

Main symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections

Typical symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections are:

• dry cough that manifests itself immediately
• runny nose that occurs a day after infection
• stuffy nose
• pain in the throat and its redness
• sneezing
• temperature 38 – 38. 5 degrees

The general condition of the patient is accompanied by weakness, increased fatigue, headache. In case of complications, redness of the eyes occurs.

Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are added in parallel to the main symptoms of SARS in children. The appetite decreases sharply, the child becomes lethargic and capricious. Children under 6 months of age are protected by maternal antibodies; in the first year of life, babies rarely get sick. Preschool children often have allergic rhinitis, which is confused with acute respiratory infections. Catarrhal syndrome (nasal congestion and mucous discharge) is the main manifestation of allergy, there are no other symptoms.

Stages of the disease

When the virus enters the body, it encounters an obstacle – the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract. This is a natural protective barrier that takes a hit on itself. An active struggle begins between the immune system and the pathogen. Symptoms appear gradually, depending on the stage of the disease.

Time since infection	Symptoms
First hours after infection	Gradual deterioration in well-being
1-2 days – period of development	Runny nose, nasal congestion, fever up to 38 ℃ and above, cough.
2-5 days, exacerbation of the disease (sometimes up to 2 weeks in the case of adenovirus)	Intoxication, body aches, fever continues to persist, poorly controlled by antipyretics.
3-5 days complications are possible	The virus infects the lower respiratory tract, bacterial infection (tonsillitis, otitis media, bronchitis, tracheitis) is superimposed. Signs of complications: catarrhal syndrome persists, redness of the eyes, white coating on the tonsils, pain in the ears.
Days 5-7 – recovery period (with a protracted course – 10-14 days)	The temperature drops, intoxication disappears, but weakness persists. The body recuperates. With a favorable course, a runny nose and cough go away.
After recovery	Viral residues are still present in the body for some time, residual symptoms may appear in the form of a runny nose and cough.

The course of the disease depending on the pathogen

To determine how to treat SARS, first you need to establish the form of a viral infection. Primary symptoms are similar for any type of pathogen, but there are a number of differences.

Type of ARVI	Pathogen	Organs that affect	Duration	Main symptoms	Feature
Parainfluenza	Mainly parainfluenza type 3 RNA virus	Larynx, bronchi, trachea	1-7 days – incubation period.	Appears gradually, starting with weakness and loss of strength.	Possible swollen lymph nodes, cough persists for about 2 weeks after recovery.
			Aggravation stage – 2-3 days	Cough dry, barking.
				Sore throat and hoarseness.
				Runny nose may not occur. Temperature – 38 ℃.
Rotavirus	Group of RNA-rotaviruses	Intestine, nasopharynx	1-5 days – incubation period.	Intestinal symptoms and respiratory manifestations develop in parallel. Vomiting, diarrhea, high fever.	Risk of rotavirus (especially in young children) is dehydration
(“intestinal flu”)			Exacerbation 3-5 days
Adenovirus	Adenovirus	All upper respiratory tract, conjunctiva	Long incubation period up to 2 weeks. The exacerbation can last up to 10 days.	Sudden increase in temperature, fever, rhinitis.	Affects the conjunctiva, causes prolonged subfebrile temperatures (37-37.5 ℃).
Rhino-syncytial group	HRSV viruses	Upper respiratory tract	Incubation period 3-7 days, exacerbation – 5 days.	In adults, the symptoms are blurred, the disease proceeds imperceptibly. Children have runny nose and high fever.	Most often affects children from 6 months to 3 years. In children of the first year of life, it causes bronchiolitis.

What is the difference between influenza and SARS

Influenza is the same disease as other viral infections. It is isolated into a separate group due to the severe course of the disease and the danger to the body. How to distinguish flu from ARVI:

• with flu, the temperature rises sharply and rises to 39 degrees, lasts 3-5 days
• severe intoxication, aches, fear of light
• cough causes discomfort in the chest, accompanied by pain, appears on the second or third day after infection
• runny nose and red throat are added later than with other SARS

If you experience any symptoms, you should consult a doctor: he will make an accurate diagnosis and tell you what to drink in case of SARS or flu.

Diagnosis and prevention of acute respiratory viral infections

Treatment of acute respiratory viral infections in children and adults depends on two main factors: the type of virus and the activity of the immune system. In the fight against any disease, the principle applies: “the best battle is the one that did not take place.” Therefore, prevention is always better than the treatment of SARS.

Diagnosis of SARS

When making a diagnosis, doctors use two tools: differential diagnosis and laboratory tests. In most cases, the second stage is not required, although it is indicative.

Differential diagnosis includes a general examination of the patient and analysis of symptoms. In addition to general manifestations, such as fever and weakness, with ARVI, the spleen and liver can increase, which is also taken into account when making a diagnosis.

Laboratory diagnostics determines the presence of antibodies in the blood to a particular virus. It is prescribed to confirm the diagnosis or to identify the exact type of virus when the picture of the disease is vague.

Prevention of acute respiratory viral infections

The most common method of infection is airborne. Particles of a live virus can live for days in a warm place without a carrier. Therefore, high-quality indoor air exchange is the key to health. Every room in the house must be ventilated at least once a day. If one of the residents is already sick, then airing is carried out more often. One of the reasons for frequent SARS in a child is not a kindergarten, as such, but poor air circulation in the group room. At the same time, children are always in close contact and there is always someone with a runny nose.

In addition to ventilation, wet cleaning of the premises is required, preferably with disinfectant solutions.

On the street, the risk of catching the virus increases. Gauze bandages in the midst of epidemics are a good option for protection. Outbreaks of respiratory diseases occur in autumn and winter when the weather is unstable. During these periods, it is important not to overcool.

Rotavirus infection is spread through close contact with contaminated household items: plates, toys, stationery. The next step in prevention is obvious: timely hand washing. The more often, the better.

Rapid treatment of SARS is possible only with the help of antiviral agents, therefore, in order to get on your feet and easily endure the disease, you need to strengthen your immune system. This is the most reliable preventive measure.

The immune system is closely related to stress. Compliance with the rules of a healthy lifestyle and sleep for at least 8 hours a day is the first thing that needs to be adjusted. Regular walks in the fresh air are useful for both children and adults. Another important factor is a healthy diet. A relationship has been established between the quality of food and the incidence of disease. Healthy food is easier to digest, does not leave excess in the body and has a positive effect on the functioning of internal organs.

Vaccinations against viral infections have become popular in recent years. This is one of the most effective means of maintaining immunity and protecting against diseases.

How to treat ARVI

Viruses are the oldest form of life on the planet. They appeared before people and evolve every year, adapting to the environment. New strains of viral infections develop every season. Therefore, no one has yet been able to completely avoid diseases. Despite all the preventive measures, the presence of vaccinations and strong immunity, for an adult, one or two acute respiratory viral infections per year are considered the norm. For children, these limits are wider: 3-5 infections annually.

Modern medicine has an arsenal of drugs for the successful treatment of SARS in adults and children. Regardless of the type of pathogen, drugs for ARVI are antiviral drugs. If complications arise, a bacterial infection is added, antibiotics are also prescribed.

Treatment of ARVI Stomatidine ^®

In the treatment of ARVI, broad-spectrum antimicrobial antiseptics are considered effective: they suppress viruses, bacteria and fungal infections. One of them is Stomatidin ^® , which contains the active ingredient hexetidine. Stomatidin ^® is widely used in dental practice before surgery, for the treatment of stomatitis and gingivitis. Due to its effectiveness, Stomatidin ^® is an effective medicine for ARVI. It effectively rinses out pathogenic microorganisms, destroys the infection at the site of its localization and eliminates inflammation in the oropharynx.

Stomatidine ^{® 9 rinse solution0616 is prescribed for tonsillitis, pharyngitis and viral infections in complex therapy. The drug has a local effect on the affected area of ​​​​the mucosa, killing microbes and preventing their further reproduction. The drug has a quick effect and retains its effect for 8-12 hours. The active substance Stomatidin ® does not enter the bloodstream.}

How to treat SARS with Stomatidine ^® :

• Measure 15 ml (tablespoon) undiluted Stomatidine 9 solution0615® . Do not dilute the solution with water.
• Gargle for 30 seconds. Do not swallow !
• Repeat the procedure 2-3 times a day after meals

Alternatively:

• Apply solution to a clean cotton swab or pad until completely wet
• Lubricate the affected areas of the mucous membrane in the throat
• Procedure every 4 hours 3 times a day

The course of treatment is 7 days.

Stomatidine ^® is also prescribed in combination with other drugs. The doctor will tell you in detail about how to treat SARS during a personal consultation.

Stomatidine ^® rinse solution is contraindicated in the first trimester of pregnancy and in children under 6 years of age. Pregnant women in the later lines use it only as directed by the doctor. There is no information about the ingestion of the drug into breast milk, so the drug is not prescribed during lactation. With caution, the solution is prescribed to patients with diseases of the kidneys, liver, epilepsy.

Comprehensive treatment of a viral infection is taking two types of drugs. The former eliminate unpleasant symptoms (nasal drops, antipyretics), the latter kill the cause of the symptoms – the virus, as well as bacteria that have become active during the course of the disease.

Treatment of acute respiratory viral infections with Stomatidine ^® has proven to be an effective addition to complex therapy. Possessing a high antimicrobial effect, Stomatidin ^® eliminates the complications of a viral infection, is a reliable prevention of bacterial lesions of the ENT organs and has a mild analgesic effect.

Manual

See also:

self-medication can harm your health

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