What Are the Most Common Antibiotics?

Antibiotics are a common, important group of medicines that treat bacterial infections. Some antibiotics attack or break down the cell walls of bacteria, while others inhibit their protein production. This kills the bacteria or keeps it from reproducing and spreading.

Oral antibiotics are available in liquid, tablet, and capsule form. Topical antibiotics include skin creams, sprays, and ointments. Eye ointments, eye drops, and ear drops are also available. Severe infections may require injected or intravenous antibiotics.

Healthcare professionals prescribe different antibiotics to treat conditions such as strep throat, bronchitis, and inner ear infections. In this case, these infections are moderate to severe and have not improved with other treatments.

Antibiotics do not treat viral illnesses, such as a cold, the flu, or mono.

These drugs are grouped according to their antibacterial activity and chemical structure. Specific antibiotics fight certain bacteria, which makes it important to take the right kind. A healthcare professional may ask for a lab culture test to determine which antibiotics you need.

Read on to learn more about the most common types of antibiotics and which infections they treat. We also explore the common side effects of antibiotics, which can include gastrointestinal problems like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as more serious effects.

Here are some types of antibiotics that doctors prescribe most often.

Penicillins

Penicillins are a common treatment for a variety of skin conditions. They also treat middle ear, kidney, and blood infections. Penicillin antibiotics are effective at killing Staphylococci and Streptococci infections. But some bacteria are resistant to penicillin, due to overuse.

Common penicillin antibiotics include:

• phenoxymethylpenicillin
• dicloxacillin
• amoxicillin with clavulanic acid
• ampicillin
• nafcillin
• oxacillin
• penicillin V
• penicillin G

Potential side effects include:

• nausea
• abdominal discomfort
• diarrhea
• headache
• yeast infection
• liver disease

Penicillin may cause allergic reactions, such as rashes, hives, and breathing difficulties.

Some medications that may interact with penicillin include oral contraceptives and the anti-inflammatories aspirin and probenecid.

Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins often treat gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, and sinusitis. They also treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), epididymo-orchitis, and cellulitis. Often, doctors prescribe cephalosporins to people who are allergic to penicillin.

Common cephalosporin antibiotics include:

• cefaclor
• cefazolin
• cefadroxil
• cephalexin
• cefuroxime
• cefixime
• cefoxitin
• ceftriaxone

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines are a group of antibiotics with anti-inflammatory properties that can treat several bacterial infections. They commonly treat chest, urethral, and pelvic infections. Tetracyclines also treat inflammatory skin conditions, such as acne, rosacea, and perioral dermatitis.

Common tetracycline antibiotics include:

• doxycycline
• minocycline
• sarecycline

Children under 12 and pregnant or breastfeeding people should not take tetracyclines because they have the potential to stain developing teeth.

They can also cause inflammation or irritation of the esophagus. To prevent this, make sure to take doxycycline while sitting or standing upright, and have plenty of water. Also, it’s a good idea to avoid sun exposure, since doxycycline causes photosensitivity, which can lead to sunburn.

Finally, it’s best to take this type of antibiotic after eating to prevent nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Minocycline has more potential side effects than doxycycline, though it’s less likely to cause photosensitivity. Possible adverse effects of minocycline include drug hypersensitivity syndrome, autoimmune reactions, and dizziness and headache. Also, using it for a long period may cause blue pigmentation of skin and nails.

Medications that may interact with tetracyclines include:

• systemic retinoids, such as acitretin, isotretinoin, and alitretinoin
• diuretics
• lithium
• anticonvulsants
• rifampicin
• celestipol
• oral contraceptives

Macrolides

Macrolides are an antibiotic group with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. They can treat strains of bacteria that are resistant to penicillin. They are also a suitable option for people who are allergic to penicillin or cephalosporin.

These antibiotics commonly treat skin, soft tissue, respiratory, and sexually transmitted infections, including chlamydia. Healthcare professionals use them, for example, to treat skin conditions like acne, rosacea, erythrasma, and pityriasis lichenoides.

Types of macrolides include:

• erythromycin
• clarithromycin
• azithromycin
• fidaxomicin
• roxithromycin

Macrolides, especially erythromycin and clarithromycin, can adversely interact with certain medications. Reactions and toxicity are more common in older adults and people with renal or liver dysfunction.

Medications that may interact with macrolides include:

• calcium channel blockers, such as verapamil
• amiodarone
• methadone
• lithium
• amitriptyline
• citalopram
• anticoagulants, including warfarin and dabigatran
• digoxin
• benzodiazepines
• carbamazepine
• cimetidine
• clozapine
• colchicine
• theophylline

Fluoroquinolones

Fluoroquinolones, also called quinolones, can fight bacterial infections that are life threatening or challenging to treat. However, they are linked with antimicrobial resistance, so you shouldn’t take them unless it’s absolutely necessary.

Fluoroquinolones are the first-line treatment for prostatitis, along with severe cases of salmonellosis and shigellosis. Doctors also often use them to treat certain cases of epididymo-orchitis, gonorrhea, and tuberculosis. Sometimes, fluoroquinolones treat urinary, eye, and ear infections.

Types of fluoroquinolone include:

• ciprofloxacin
• ofloxacin
• levofloxacin
• moxifloxacin

For people with renal dysfunction, taking this type of drug may require adjustments to dosages of other medications. And, rarely, fluoroquinolone can cause serious adverse effects, especially in older adults.

Potential side effects include:

• tendon rupture
• aortic aneurysm rupture or dissection
• aortic and mitral regurgitation
• central nervous system excitation and seizures
• QT prolongation
• other cardiac conditions

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamides, also called sulfa drugs, are a type of synthetic antimicrobial that doctors prescribe when first-line treatments are ineffective or contraindicated. The most common type is sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim, called co-trimoxazole. It treats conditions such as pneumocystis pneumonia and nocardiosis in people with weakened immunity, as well as infections of the lower urinary tract in children.

Types of sulfonamides include:

• sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim
• sulfasalazine
• sulfacetamide
• sulfadiazine silver

Sulfonamides are unsafe during pregnancy because they increase the likelihood of pregnancy loss.

Potential side effects include:

• jaundice in newborns
• candidiasis
• folate deficiency
• headaches
• anorexia
• hyperkalaemia

Medications that may interact with sulfonamides include:

• warfarin
• sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents
• phenytoin
• methotrexate

Glycopeptides

Glycopeptide antibiotics treat drug-resistant bacteria and gram-positive infections, including multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, better known as MRSA.

Types of glycopeptides include:

• vancomycin
• dalbavancin
• oritavancin
• telavancin

Below, find answers to common questions about antibiotics.

What is antibiotic resistance?

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria survive or resist antibiotic treatment. Bacteria change and mutate to protect themselves after coming into contact with an antibiotic or other bacteria. Once a type of bacteria is resistant, it passes these genes to other bacteria, which continue to grow. Eventually, they create a new strain of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Misusing and overusing antibiotics increases the likelihood of antibiotic resistance. Over time, this may lead to a shortage of medications that can effectively treat common infections.

How can I prevent antibiotic resistance?

To prevent antibiotic resistance, avoid taking antibiotics unless it is essential. Don’t take them for viral infections, such as a cold or the flu. Always follow the instructions from your healthcare professional about how much to take when. To prevent infections, clean your hands and living spaces regularly, and take steps to strengthen your immune system.

Are there any natural antibiotics?

Natural antibiotics include honey, thyme essential oil, and oregano essential oil. Extracts of garlic, cranberry, and myrrh also have antibiotic properties. Several herbs are effective antibiotics, including echinacea, turmeric, and ginger.

Natural UTI treatments include D-mannose and uva ursi, along with green, parsley, mint, and chamomile teas.

You can experiment with different combinations of natural treatments to find out which are most effective for your needs.

Antibiotics kill bacteria and prevent them from multiplying. They are valuable drugs that treat bacterial infections. It’s crucial to use them correctly and follow the healthcare professional’s instructions carefully.

It’s also important to be aware of the potential side effects and interactions of antibiotics. Speak with your doctor if you have any related concerns.

Antibiotics – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

Continuing Education Activity

Antibiotics are common agents used in modern healthcare. This was not always the case. From ancient times, people sought ways to treat those afflicted with infections. Dyes, molds, and even heavy metals were thought to hold promise for healing. Various microorganisms have medical significance, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Antibiotics are compounds that target bacteria and, thus, are intended to treat and prevent bacterial infections. This activity will examine the various classes of antibiotics, their mechanisms of action, bacterial susceptibilities, and potential adverse events.

Objectives:

• Identify the various classes of antibiotic medications.

• Explain the various mechanisms of action of different classes of antibiotics.

• Review the potential adverse effects both of antibiotics in general and class-specific side effects.

• Summarize the monitoring requirements for patients receiving antibiotic therapy.

Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.

Introduction

Antibiotics are common agents used in modern healthcare. This was not always the case. From ancient times, people sought ways to treat those with infections. Dyes, molds, and even heavy metals were thought to hold promise for healing.[1] Various microorganisms have medical significance, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Antibiotics are compounds that target bacteria and, thus, are intended to treat and prevent bacterial infections.

Function

Classification

The pharmacology behind antibiotics includes destroying the bacterial cell by either preventing cell reproduction or changing a necessary cellular function or process within the cell. Antimicrobial agents are classically grouped into two main categories based on their in vitro effect on bacteria: bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Common teaching often explains that bactericidal antibiotics “kill” bacteria and bacteriostatic antibiotics “prevent the growth” of bacteria. The true definition is not so simple. To accurately define each category, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) must be understood. The lowest concentration that inhibits visible bacterial growth at 24 hours is the MIC.[2] The MBC is the concentration of an antibiotic that reduces bacterial density by 1000-fold at 24 hours.[2] 

Bacteriostatic activity is further defined by an MBC to MIC ratio greater than 4, whereas an MBC to MIC ratio less than or equal to 4 is bactericidal.[2] The clinical implications of antibiotic efficacy depend heavily on many factors not limited to: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles, the particular bacteria, bacterial load, and site of infection. This is further complicated by the ability of some bacteriostatic antibiotics to exhibit bactericidal activity against particular bacteria. [3] Therefore, bacteriostatic antibiotics also kill bacteria, but the laboratory definition makes it seem as if they do not. For example, a bacteriostatic antibiotic such as linezolid can be bactericidal against Streptococcus pneumoniae.[3] This concept works in reverse, and bactericidal antimicrobials may also be bacteriostatic against certain bacterial strains and conditions. Conflicting data exist as to whether the necessity for bactericidal antibiotics is needed for severely ill or immunosuppressed patients.[3]

Types of Antimicrobial Agents[3]  

Drug Class and Specific Antibiotics

Bacteriostatic

• Glycylcyclines: Tigecycline

• Tetracyclines: Doxycycline, minocycline

• Lincosamides: Clindamycin

• Macrolides: Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin

• Oxazolidinones: Linezolid

• Sulfonamides: Sulfamethoxazole

Bactericidal

• Aminoglycosides: Tobramycin, gentamicin, amikacin

• Beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems): Amoxicillin, cefazolin, meropenem

• Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin

• Glycopeptides: Vancomycin

• Cyclic Lipopeptides: Daptomycin

• Nitroimidazoles: Metronidazole

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters are used together to maximize the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy through optimization of dosing in patients. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are the PK components that affect the antibiotic concentration over time.[4] These processes describe how an antibiotic moves through the body from the time it enters the body until the parent drug or metabolites are removed. PD of an antibiotic describes the drug effect within the body when it reaches the infection target. The main principles that guide PD are the percent of the time the free drug is over the MIC, the amount of free drug area under the concentration to MIC, and the maximum concentration to MIC.[5] 

Bactericidal activity is either concentration-dependent or time-dependent. If an antibiotic displays concentration-dependent killing, for example, fluoroquinolones or daptomycin, the efficacy of bacterial killing increases as the concentration of the antibiotic increases.[6] Penicillins and tetracyclines are time-dependent; therefore, the duration of the effective concentration of these antibiotics determines bactericidal activity. [6]

After an antibiotic is absorbed, the distribution influences the extent of antimicrobial activity. The total amount of drug in the body to serum concentration is the volume of distribution.[5] The level of protein binding will affect the availability of the active drug at the site of infection. If an antibiotic is highly protein-bound, there will be less free drug available for an antimicrobial effect, as seen in patients with hypoalbuminemia.[5] Increased adipose tissue in a patient will increase the volume of distribution if a drug has high lipophilicity properties.[7]

The location of infection is crucial to note because some antibiotics are inappropriate for treating certain infections. In the treatment of meningitis, for example, the penetration of the blood-brain barrier is critical if one wants to achieve therapeutic antibiotic levels at the site of infection to prevent treatment failure.[5]

Issues of Concern

Complications

Adverse Reactions

All medications have the potential for an adverse reaction, and antibiotics are no exception. One in five hospitalized patients has been shown to develop an adverse reaction to an antibiotic, and nearly the same proportion of drug-related Emergency Department visits are due to adverse antibiotic reactions.[8][9] An immune-mediated reaction or hypersensitivity is classified as an allergy.[10] This includes IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and angioedema. Medications often reach harmful levels in the body due to reduced metabolism and elimination, or high dosing regimens can cause toxicity due to supratherapeutic drug levels.[11] If a reaction occurs that is not mediated by the immune system and is unrelated to the drug level; then it is considered a side effect.[11]

The anticipation of adverse events is warranted when initiating antimicrobial therapy. Certain patients are at higher risk, for example, the elderly, patients with multiple co-morbidities, and hospitalized patients.[8] It is important to monitor patients for reactions as many develop over time. Some antibiotics necessitate monitoring drug levels to guide therapy for efficacy and prevention of adverse effects such as vancomycin and aminoglycosides. [12] Renal toxicities may develop if these antimicrobials maintain high trough levels; therefore, monitoring renal function is necessary and measuring drug levels.

Adverse Reactions Associated with Organ Systems

Renal

• Acute tubular necrosis

• Interstitial nephritis

• Renal failure

• Crystallization in renal tubules[11]

Cardiac

• QT prolongation[11]

Hematologic

• Thrombocytopenia

• Leukopenia

• Agranulocytosis

• Abnormal platelet aggregation

• INR increase (often due to drug interactions)[11]

Dermatologic

• Rash

• Erythema multiforme

• Stevens-Johnson syndrome

• Toxic epidermal necrolysis[11]

Neurologic

• Ototoxicity

• Vestibular dysfunction

• Seizure

• Peripheral neuropathy[11]

Other

• Hepatotoxicity

• Myopathy

• Electrolyte abnormalities (i. e., hypokalemia, hypoglycemia)

• Drug-induced fever

• Drug-induced diarrhea[11]

Antibiotic Resistance

The increased use of antimicrobial agents in clinical practice and other industries such as livestock farming has led to bacterial resistance to antibiotic agents. Bacteria have developed mechanisms to promote this resistance to survive.  

The MIC of a bacterial isolate can serve as a metric for bacterial susceptibility to certain antibiotics.[13] A high MIC above the susceptibility threshold to an antibiotic will report as a resistant infection. Bacteria may possess resistance to an antimicrobial agent due to intrinsic or acquired properties. Not all antibiotics are effective against all types of bacteria. If a bacterium does not contain the target for a particular antibiotic, it is known to have intrinsic resistance.[14] Vancomycin, an antibiotic known to target work against gram-positive bacteria, cannot cross the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. [15] Also, beta-lactam antibiotics require a cell wall to function and, therefore, will not be effective against bacteria such as Mycoplasma species that lack this cellular component.

Bacteria also have the capability to gain resistance through attaining resistance genes from other bacteria or developing a mutation resulting in reduced or elimination of antibiotic efficacy. This type of resistance is known as acquired resistance.[14]

More than one type of bacterial resistance may be present in a bacterial organism. Common resistance strategies are listed here.

Mechanisms of Resistance and Examples

Reducing Intracellular Antibiotic Concentrations

Antibiotic Inactivation

• Enzymatic modification

• Chemical degradation[14][15]

Target Site Alteration

• Mutation of the target site

• Antibiotic modification

• Target site protection

• Elimination of the target site[14][15]

Clinical Significance

Approach to Antimicrobial Therapy

The causative organisms and infection source are not always known when a patient first presents.  Antibiotic therapy is often initiated before an exact infectious disease diagnosis, and microbiological results are available. Antibiotics used in this manner are referred to as empiric therapy. This approach attempts to cover all potential pathogens. When microbiology tests result and antibiotic susceptibilities are known, definitive antibiotic treatment can be tailored to the specific infection etiology.[16]

Prophylactic therapy is used to prevent infections in patients who do not have an active infection. Immunocompromised patients may receive prophylaxis against specific opportunistic pathogens. Prophylactic antibiotics are also used before surgical procedures and traumatic injuries such as open fractures and animal bites.[16]

The severity of potential bacterial infection will determine the level of aggressiveness in antibiotic therapy. For example, in a life-threatening infectious disease such as sepsis, empiric broad-spectrum parenteral antibiotics should be administered quickly after sepsis identification and continued until more information is gathered regarding the etiology and causative bacteria. [12] Empiric antibiotics are used to cover all potential bacteria before culture results. After bacterial cultures are available and have resulted, antibiotics can be deescalated to only what is necessary. This approach is termed directed antibiotic therapy.[16] Often, empiric antibiotics are broad-spectrum, which refers to medications targeting many different bacterial classes (i.e., gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria). In a simple skin and soft tissue infection that does not require hospitalization, narrower spectrum antibiotics may be given orally.[12]

In addition to the possible source(s) of infection, likely pathogens, and situation urgency, different patient factors merit consideration.[12] Patient age, medication allergies, renal and hepatic function, past medical history, the presence of an immunocompromised state, and recent antibiotic usage need to be evaluated before an antibiotic selection. Many of these patient factors contribute to the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antibiotics that will influence dosing to optimize efficacy.

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

A Word on Antimicrobial Stewardship

In the United States, it has been reported that nearly half of the antibiotics prescribed were incorrect in some way, and almost one-third of antibiotics were deemed unnecessary in hospitalized patients.[17] Appropriate antibiotic use has become a public health issue (CDC 19). The practice of antimicrobial stewardship revolves around the concept of optimizing antimicrobial therapy and reducing adverse events through economically responsible methods.[18] These interprofessional programs work to identify ways to improve patient outcomes. Stewardship programs are increasingly becoming more common to address issues related to antibiotic usage, including combating antimicrobial resistance.

Antibiotic therapy and accompanying stewardship require the effort of an interprofessional healthcare team that includes physicians (MDs and DOs), mid-level practitioners (NPs and PAs), pharmacists, and nursing staff. This includes only using these agents when clinically indicated, targeted therapy based on the susceptibility of the infectious organism, and monitoring of side effects and, where indicated, drug levels. Employing interprofessional strategies with open information sharing can improve therapeutic results with antibiotic therapy and minimize adverse events. [Level 5]

Review Questions

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References

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Gould K. Antibiotics: from prehistory to the present day. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 Mar;71(3):572-5. [PubMed: 26851273]

2.

Pankey GA, Sabath LD. Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal mechanisms of action in the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Mar 15;38(6):864-70. [PubMed: 14999632]

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Nemeth J, Oesch G, Kuster SP. Bacteriostatic versus bactericidal antibiotics for patients with serious bacterial infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015 Feb;70(2):382-95. [PubMed: 25266070]

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Sy SK, Zhuang L, Derendorf H. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in antibiotic dose optimization. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12(1):93-114. [PubMed: 26652832]

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Onufrak NJ, Forrest A, Gonzalez D. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles of Anti-infective Dosing. Clin Ther. 2016 Sep;38(9):1930-47. [PMC free article: PMC5039113] [PubMed: 27449411]

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Ambrose PG, Bhavnani SM, Rubino CM, Louie A, Gumbo T, Forrest A, Drusano GL. Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial therapy: it’s not just for mice anymore. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 01;44(1):79-86. [PubMed: 17143821]

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Meng L, Mui E, Holubar MK, Deresinski SC. Comprehensive Guidance for Antibiotic Dosing in Obese Adults. Pharmacotherapy. 2017 Nov;37(11):1415-1431. [PubMed: 28869666]

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Tamma PD, Avdic E, Li DX, Dzintars K, Cosgrove SE. Association of Adverse Events With Antibiotic Use in Hospitalized Patients. JAMA Intern Med. 2017 Sep 01;177(9):1308-1315. [PMC free article: PMC5710569] [PubMed: 28604925]

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Shehab N, Patel PR, Srinivasan A, Budnitz DS. Emergency department visits for antibiotic-associated adverse events. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Sep 15;47(6):735-43. [PubMed: 18694344]

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Gruchalla RS, Pirmohamed M. Clinical practice. Antibiotic allergy. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 09;354(6):601-9. [PubMed: 16467547]

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Granowitz EV, Brown RB. Antibiotic adverse reactions and drug interactions. Crit Care Clin. 2008 Apr;24(2):421-42, xi. [PubMed: 18361954]

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Lynch TJ. Choosing optimal antimicrobial therapies. Med Clin North Am. 2012 Nov;96(6):1079-94. [PubMed: 23102478]

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Brauner A, Fridman O, Gefen O, Balaban NQ. Distinguishing between resistance, tolerance and persistence to antibiotic treatment. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016 Apr;14(5):320-30. [PubMed: 27080241]

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Chen LF, Chopra T, Kaye KS. Pathogens resistant to antibacterial agents. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2009 Dec;23(4):817-45, vii. [PubMed: 19909886]

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van Duijkeren E, Schink AK, Roberts MC, Wang Y, Schwarz S. Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents. Microbiol Spectr. 2018 Jan;6(1) [PubMed: 29327680]

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Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS. General principles of antimicrobial therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011 Feb;86(2):156-67. [PMC free article: PMC3031442] [PubMed: 21282489]

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Fridkin S, Baggs J, Fagan R, Magill S, Pollack LA, Malpiedi P, Slayton R, Khader K, Rubin MA, Jones M, Samore MH, Dumyati G, Dodds-Ashley E, Meek J, Yousey-Hindes K, Jernigan J, Shehab N, Herrera R, McDonald CL, Schneider A, Srinivasan A., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: improving antibiotic use among hospitalized patients. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Mar 07;63(9):194-200. [PMC free article: PMC4584728] [PubMed: 24598596]

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Cunha CB. Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs: Principles and Practice. Med Clin North Am. 2018 Sep;102(5):797-803. [PubMed: 30126571]

Disclosure: Preeti Patel declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Harrison Wermuth declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Chara Calhoun declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Gregory Hall declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

8 groups of antibiotics and a list of the best

Contents

• 1 8 groups of antibiotics, a list of the best drugs for fighting bacteria
  • 1.1 Antibacterials: groups and best examples
  • 1. 2 Group of beta-lactam antibiotics

  9 0005 1.3 Macrolide antibiotic group

  • 1.4 Tetracycline antibiotic group
  • 1.5 Aminoglycoside antibiotic group
  • 1.6 Quinolone antibiotic group
  • 1.7 Glycopeptide group
  • 1.8 Lincosamide group
  • 1.9 Polymyxin group
  • 1.10 Antibacterial drug Azithromycin
  • 1.11 Antibacterial drug Amoxicillin
  • 1.12 Antibacterial drug Levofloxacin 90 008
  • 1.13 Related videos:

Explore the list of 8 groups of antibacterial drugs and get detailed information about the best antibiotics that will help get rid of various infections with a high level of effectiveness and safe for health. The use of antibiotics should be carried out under the recommendation of a doctor who will determine the dosage, duration of the course and the specific drug depending on the type of infection.

Antibacterials are medicines used to treat various infectious diseases caused by bacteria. There are several groups of antibiotics, each of which is aimed at suppressing certain types of bacteria.

One of the main tasks of an infectious disease doctor is to choose the right drug for a particular patient, taking into account the type of infection, age, the presence of allergic reactions and other factors. Listed below are the 8 groups of antibacterial drugs most widely used in medicine.

1. Penicillins are the oldest group of antibiotics that were first discovered in the middle of the 20th century. They act on a wide range of bacteria and are highly effective in the treatment of many infections.
2. Cephalosporins are a group of antibiotics that act on bacteria that cause infections in the respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin and teeth. They are also widely used in surgery to prevent postoperative infections.
3. Macrolides are a group of antibiotics used to treat infections of the upper respiratory tract, skin and soft tissues. They are often prescribed for allergies to penicillins.
4. Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that act on bacteria that cause severe urinary tract, lung, bone and joint infections. They are often used to treat patients in hospitals.
5. Lincosamides is a group of antibiotics used to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria. They can also be used as an alternative to macrolides in the treatment of respiratory or skin infections.
6. Fluoroquinolones are a group of antibiotics that act on bacteria that cause urinary tract, genital, lung and skin infections. They are often prescribed as a treatment for urogenital infections.
7. Tetracyclines are a group of antibiotics that act on bacteria that cause respiratory, urinary, and skin infections. They are also used to treat sexually transmitted infections.
8. Carbapenems are a group of antibiotics that act on bacteria that cause severe infections, including bone, lung and hospital infections. Carbapenems are used as a last line of treatment when other antibiotics do not work.

Antibacterials: groups and best examples

There are 8 groups of antibiotics, which are classified according to their mechanism of action and chemical structure. Each group has its own specific activity and is used to treat certain infections.

The second group is cephalosporins. They are more stable in acidic environments and are more widely used for more serious infections. Particularly effective are cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefepime.

The third group is macrolides. These antibiotics act on the bacterium, preventing it from multiplying. These include erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin.

The fourth group is tetracyclines. They are widely used in the treatment of various infections, including respiratory and genitourinary infections. A famous example is doxycycline.

Fifth group – aminoglycosides. These antibiotics are powerful bactericidal and are used to treat severe infections such as sepsis and pneumonia. Gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin are the most widely used.

Sixth group – lincosamides. They are also used to treat severe infections and have anti-inflammatory effects. These include lincomycin and clindamycin.

Seventh group – carbapenems. They are powerful antibiotics and are widely used to treat infections caused by many different bacteria, including those resistant to other groups of antibiotics. Of these, the best known are imipenem and meropenem.

Eighth group – fluoroquinolones. They are effective in treating a variety of infections, including acute and chronic bronchitis, bacterial diarrhea, and urinary tract infection. These include ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin.

The above groups of antibiotics are the main ones, but there are other groups of antibacterial drugs on the market.

Group of beta-lactam antibiotics

Beta-lactam antibiotics are one of the most widely used groups of antibiotics. Their basis is the beta-lactam ring fragment in their chemical structure.

Beta-lactam drugs fall into four main categories:

• Penicillins
• Cephalosporins
• Carbapenems
• Monobactams

Penicillins are widely used to treat infections caused by various bacteria, including pneumococci, streptococci, and staphylococci. Cephalosporins are also widely used to treat infections and are usually an alternative if penicillins are ineffective or cannot be used. Carbapenems are strong antibiotics often used in the hospital to treat severe infections caused by various bacteria, including Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Monobactams are a relatively new class of antibiotics used to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Haemophilus influenzae.

Some examples of beta-lactam antibiotics: Penicillin drugs Cephalosporin drugs 0120

Ceftriaxone Amoxiclav Cefepime

Group of macrolide antibiotics

Macrolide antibiotics are one of the most widely used groups antibiotics. They are used to treat various infections such as respiratory, genitourinary, gastroenterological, skin and other types of infections. The macrolide group includes drugs such as azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and others.

The mechanism of action of macrolide antibiotics is based on the fact that they block the synthesis of proteins in the bacterial cell, which leads to its death. Also, macrolides have the properties of immunomodulators, helping to suppress inflammation and increase immunity.

The advantage of macrolides over other antibiotics is their relative safety and broad spectrum of activity. They are well tolerated by patients and usually do not cause serious side effects. However, like other antibiotics, macrolides can cause allergic reactions and intestinal dysbiosis.

• Azithromycin is considered the most effective and widely used in this group of drugs, due to its long duration of action and the fact that it can be used to treat bacterial infections of any location.
• Erythromycin is more active against gram-positive bacteria than azithromycin, but less effective against bacteria that cause urinary tract infections.
• Clarithromycin has the added benefit of better tissue and vascular penetration than other macrolides, making it more effective against respiratory tract infections.

Tetracycline antibiotic group

Tetracycline antibiotics are a group of medicines that are used to fight many types of bacteria. These antibiotics have a wide spectrum of activity and are used to treat infectious diseases such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, skin infections, etc.

Some of the most commonly used tetracycline antibiotics include tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline and oxytetracycline.

Like all antibiotics, tetracyclines can cause side effects and it is important to check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking these medicines. Tetracyclines are not recommended for children under 12 years of age, pregnant women and nursing mothers.

Examples of tetracycline antibiotics Available as…

Tetracycline	Tablets, capsules
Doxycycline	Tablets, capsules , syrup
Minocycline	Tablets, capsules
Oxytetracycline	Tablets, capsules

Aminoglycosis group

Aminoglycoside antibiotics are a group of bactericidal drugs that act on bacterial cells by interfering with protein synthesis. They can also produce effects on certain types of cells and tissues, but are more often used only as antibacterial drugs.

Aminoglycosides are often used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Including pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Aminoglycosides have a number of typical representatives: gentamicin, kanamycin, amikacin, streptomycin and others. Each of them has its own characteristics, designed to defeat certain types of bacteria.

Thus, aminoglycoside antibiotics remain an important group of drugs for the treatment of severe infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Their use requires special care and only after a careful assessment of the side effects in a particular case.

Quinolone antibiotic group

Quinolone antibiotics are a group of bactericides used to treat infectious diseases. They have a wide spectrum of activity and are well tolerated by patients.

Quinolones act on bacteria by inhibiting their ability to synthesize DNA, which leads to their death. Thus, they can be used to treat infections caused by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

• Examples of quinolone antibiotics:
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Ofloxacin
  • Levofloxacin
  • Norfloxacin
  • Moxifloxacin

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  Quinolones can be used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin infections, infections of the gastrointestinal tract, and also for the prevention of infections in immunocompromised states.

  Group of glycopeptides

  Glycopeptides is a group of antibiotics that are intended for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Usually used to treat pathogens that cause infections of the skin, respiratory tract, bones and purulent blood infections. They are relatively new drugs that have become available for use only recently.

  Preparations of the glycopeptide group:

  • Vancomycin is one of the most commonly used representatives of the glycopeptide group. It is widely used to treat infections caused by bacteria resistant to other types of antibiotics. It is recommended to be used if other drugs have no effect.
  • Telavancin – effective against most gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci. It has a fast action and a wide spectrum of action.
  • Oritavancin is indicated for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections and pneumonia in patients suffering from chronic diseases. It is well tolerated and has minimal side effects.

  Contraindications and side effects:

  Preparations of the glycopeptide group have several contraindications and possible side effects. Some of them can be toxic to the kidneys and/or liver, which can lead to serious complications. Allergic reactions, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur.

  It is necessary to consult a doctor before starting treatment with drugs of the glycopeptide group. In addition, the recommended dose and duration of treatment should not be exceeded.

  Lincosamide group

  Lincosamides are a group of antibiotics that are active against gram-positive bacteria, including staphylococci, streptococci and pneumococci. They are synthesized by microorganisms that produce them as a defense against other bacteria. Lincosamides are used to treat infections caused by these bacteria, including infections of the skin, respiratory tract, and urogenital system.

  The main member of the group is erythromycin, which has a wide spectrum of action and is often used to treat upper respiratory tract infections. Also in the group of lincosamides are clarithromycin, which has greater activity against gram-negative bacteria, as well as azithromycin, which has a long half-life and can be taken once.

  • Benefits of lincosamides:
  • broad spectrum;
  • good tolerance;
  • choice of dosage and formulation;
  • few side effects.

  Disadvantages:

  1. High price compared to some other groups of antibiotics;
  2. Development of resistance to this group of antibiotics.

  Polymyxin group

  Polymyxin is a group of antibiotics that were discovered in 1947 year. They have a broad spectrum of activity and are active against many Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

  Polymyxins may be used to treat pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, skin infections, and other infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.

  Despite their toxicity, polymyxins remain an important tool in the fight against infections caused by many Gram-negative bacteria that have become resistant to other antibiotics. They should only be used after other antibiotics have been tried and failed or cannot be used for other reasons.

  Antibacterial Azithromycin

  Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat a variety of infections caused by bacteria, including pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, urinary tract infections, skin infections, and other conditions. This drug has a wide spectrum of action and is considered one of the most effective antibiotics.

  Azithromycin is available in several forms: tablets, capsules, suspension and powder for intravenous solution. The main advantage of this drug is its short course of treatment – usually it is enough to take tablets or capsules for 3-5 days. It is also generally well tolerated and has few side effects.

  It is important to remember that azithromycin is an antibiotic and should only be taken with a doctor’s prescription. Do not exceed the recommended dose and duration of the drug. If side effects occur, you should immediately consult your doctor.

  • Benefits:
  • Broad spectrum;
  • Short course of treatment;
  • Minimum number of side effects.
  1. Purpose:
  2. Treatment of infections of the respiratory tract, genitourinary system, skin infections, etc.

  Antibacterial drug Amoxicillin

  Amoxicillin is an antibacterial drug that belongs to the group of semi-synthetic penicillins. It is widely used to treat various infections caused by bacteria.

  The mechanism of action of amoxicillin is based on the fact that it destroys bacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of their cell walls. The drug is active against many types of bacteria, including staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, salmonella, shigella and others.

  Amoxicillin is taken orally, in one dose or divided into several doses. The dosage and duration of the course of treatment depend on the type of infection and its severity, as well as on the age and weight of the patient.

  Side effects of amoxicillin include allergic reactions, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. In addition, the drug may interact with certain other drugs.

  • Amoxicillin is one of the most common and most effective antibacterial drugs.
  • The drug can be prescribed to adults and children, including newborns.
  • Although highly effective, amoxicillin cannot treat infections caused by viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

  If you are being treated with amoxicillin, follow your doctor’s instructions and do not stop treatment prematurely, even if the symptoms of the infection have gone. This will help prevent recurrence of the infection and reduce the risk of developing bacterial resistance.

  Antibacterial drug Levofloxacin

  Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat infections caused by susceptible organisms. It penetrates into bacterial cells and disrupts their viability by blocking DNA synthesis.

  Levofloxacin is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including Gram-positive, Gram-negative, weather-resistant and anaerobic organisms.

  Levofloxacin is most commonly used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, genitourinary system, skin, soft tissues, and bones. It also has an anti-inflammatory effect, so it can be used to treat acute bronchi and exacerbations of chronic lung diseases.

  • Levofloxacin is not recommended for children under 18 years of age, pregnant or lactating women, or patients with kidney or liver problems.
  • Side effects may include diarrhea, nausea, headache, constipation and drowsiness.
  • Levofloxacin should be taken strictly according to the doctor’s prescription and the dosage should be observed.

  Levofloxacin is one of the most effective antibacterial drugs and can be used if you are allergic to other categories of antibiotics. It is available in the form of tablets, capsules, injections, and eye drops.

  Related videos:

  How to choose the right antibiotic: Tips for patients

  Learn how to choose the right antibiotic to treat bacterial infections. Our medical guides will tell you about popular antibiotics such as amoxicillin, azithromycin, cephalosporins and others, and what diseases they treat. You will also learn about the possible side effects of each medication and how to properly follow the course of treatment.

  Antibiotics are one of the most effective medicines for fighting bacterial infections. However, choosing the right antibiotic is very important and can have a serious impact on your health.

  To choose the right antibiotic, you need to see a doctor who will examine you and prescribe the appropriate drug. However, there are certain tips to help you make an informed choice and control your treatment.

  Below, we will look at a few key aspects to consider when choosing an antibiotic, as well as describe some of the most common types of antibiotics and their characteristics.

  This information will not only help you get the right treatment for yourself, but also help you communicate more effectively with your doctor during your treatment.

  How to choose an antibiotic: tips for patients

  1. Never self-medicate! The prescription of an antibiotic should only be carried out by a doctor, after conducting the necessary studies and receiving results. Self-medication can lead to the wrong choice of a medicine that does not cope with the disease or causes side effects.

  2. Follow your doctor’s instructions and respect the stated treatment times. Usually, the course of antibiotics must be completed to the end, otherwise it may increase the symptoms of the disease and the development of complications. If you forget to take a pill, do not take a double dose, just continue to take the antibiotic on the next dose on the scheduled day.

  3. Investigate possible side effects. Some antibiotics can cause allergic reactions, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, discoloration of urine, loss of appetite, stomach upset, and other unpleasant symptoms. If you are concerned about any of these effects, tell your doctor.

  4. Don’t jump to conclusions based on previous experience. Just because a given antibiotic has been used successfully in the past does not mean it will be suitable for a new disease. Each case is individual and requires its own approach.

  5. Do not take antibiotics “prophylactically”. This practice may lead to increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the depreciation of their future therapeutic effect. Antibiotics should be prescribed only if indicated and under the supervision of a physician.

  6. Respect medicines. Antibiotics are strong medications that should be used strictly as directed and under the supervision of a physician. Do not forget that the use of antibiotics in the wrong doses and uncontrolled amounts can lead to serious consequences for your health.

  When is an antibiotic needed?

  Antibiotics are medicines used to fight bacterial infections. They do not work on viruses such as the common cold or flu, and you must make sure the infection is bacterial before antibiotics can be applied.

  Some of the common symptoms of a bacterial infection include severe headaches, high fever, yellow or green coating on the tongue, and a cough that does not improve within a week. Sometimes testing is required to determine if the infection is bacterial.

  Antibiotics are only prescribed by a physician and should only be taken as prescribed. It is important to take antibiotics as instructed and to complete the course even after the symptoms of the disease have disappeared. Misuse of antibiotics can lead to their loss of effectiveness and the formation of antibiotic resistance.

  How antibiotics work

  Antibiotics are medicines that can kill or stop bacteria from growing. They are used to treat various infections caused by bacteria such as pneumonia, tonsillitis, sinusitis and others. Antibiotics are also used to prevent infections before surgery.

  Antibiotics act on bacterial cell structures, such as walls or membranes, or on proteins that are involved in the bacterial life cycle. Some antibiotics disrupt the DNA synthesis of bacteria, which leads to their death.

  Each type of antibiotic works on certain types of bacteria, and some antibiotics may be more effective than others. Some bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics, making them less effective in fighting infection.

  When choosing an antibiotic, it is important to take into account not only the type of bacteria, but also factors such as the age and health of the patient, as well as existing contraindications and possible side effects.

  What kinds of antibiotics are there?

  Antibiotics is a group of medicines used to treat bacterial infections. There are several types of antibiotics that differ in their mechanism of action:

  • Beta-lactam antibiotics is the most common class of antibiotics. They include penicillins and cephalosporins, which kill bacteria by blocking their cell wall formation.
  • Macrolides are antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of upper respiratory and skin infections. They act by blocking protein synthesis in bacterial cells.
  • Fluoroquinolones are antibiotics often used to treat urinary and respiratory tract infections. They work by blocking the work of enzymes necessary for the reproduction of bacteria.
  • Tetracyclines are antibiotics commonly used to treat urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory problems. They act by blocking protein synthesis in bacterial cells.
  • Aminoglycosides are antibiotics used to treat severe bacterial infections. They act by blocking protein synthesis in bacterial cells.

  Each type of antibiotic has its own list of side effects. Therefore, before starting antibiotics, you should consult with your doctor and strictly follow the recommendations for the use of drugs.

  How to take antibiotics correctly?

  Antibiotics should be taken exactly as prescribed by the doctor. Do not independently change the dosage or duration of administration. It is necessary to follow the directions on the package and read the instructions carefully before taking.

  Antibiotics should be taken regularly and at the same time. If you miss an appointment, you must take your medicine as soon as possible. If there is a small amount of medication left, and the intake is already coming to an end, you still need to take it until the end of the course in order to avoid a relapse of the disease.

  While taking antibiotics, it is worth drinking plenty of water to ensure the normal functioning of the kidneys and the elimination of drugs from the body. You should not drink alcohol while taking antibiotics, as this can reduce the effectiveness of the medicine and adversely affect your overall health.

  If antibiotics cause side effects, seek medical attention. You should not take neighboring medications on your own without the consent of your doctor, as this can aggravate the situation and harm your health.

  After completing a course of antibiotics, it is necessary to carry out a microflora restoration procedure to normalize bowel function and strengthen immunity. Recovery occurs with the help of special probiotics, which the doctor must prescribe.

  The use of antibiotics should not become habitual. Their use should be limited only when absolutely necessary and under the direction of a qualified physician.

  Do not skip doses of antibiotics

  When prescribing a course of antibiotics, it is very important to follow the dosage and not skip doses of the drug. Otherwise, the effectiveness of treatment may decrease or the drug may become completely useless.

  If a dose is missed, the concentration of the drug in the blood and tissues may decrease, which leads to a weakening of its effect. Doubling the dose again does not compensate for the lost time, but can only cause side effects and complications.

  In order not to miss the time for taking an antibiotic, it is best to set a reminder on your phone or set up a simpler and more familiar reminder, for example, associate antibiotic intake with some regular action – making tea or washing your face.

  It is also important not to select the dosage and duration of the course on your own. If discomfort occurs or new symptoms appear, you should immediately consult a doctor.

  Don’t throw antibiotics away when treatment is over

  After finishing a course of antibiotics, most patients want to get rid of the remaining drugs. This practice is wrong and dangerous to health.

  First, it should be remembered that interruption of the course of treatment or early termination of the medication may lead to the recurrence of the disease and the development of complications. Also, you should not allow self-medication and use antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription, as this may lead to the need for more serious treatment and unnecessary costs for the purchase of new drugs.

  If you have no chance of using your medicines, you can take them to pharmacies that have collection and recycling programs for consumables. If thrown into the trash, they will have a negative impact on the environment and may lead to environmental problems.

  Finally, remember that any expired and unnecessary antibiotics must be disposed of, but never thrown into the trash or down the toilet.

  Never give your drug to others

  When you have a drug that you are taking to treat an illness, it may seem logical to give it to someone else who is suffering from similar symptoms. However, giving your drug to others is never recommended.

  First, each person has a unique physiology and medical history. This means that what works for you may not work for another person, and vice versa. Even if the symptoms of two people are similar, they may have different causes of the disease.

  Second, the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance. This means that bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics and stop working effectively on them. A similar phenomenon is increasingly occurring due to the thoughtless consumption of antibiotics.

  So it’s important to remember that every drug you take was designed and operated specifically for you. If someone has a need for an antibiotic, they need to seek medical attention and undergo the necessary treatment procedures. Never give your drug to others, because it can be not only useless, but also potentially dangerous.

  What side effects can occur?

  Antibiotics may cause side effects. They can range in severity, from mild indigestion to serious allergic reactions.

  The first symptoms of side effects may be nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sore throat, dizziness and general weakness. If you notice these symptoms, be sure to tell your doctor or pharmacist.

  If you use antibiotics for a long time, more serious side effects may occur, such as kidney and liver dysfunction, anemia, and even hepatitis.

  It is equally important to remember that antibiotics can lead to allergic reactions such as redness, itching, swelling or even anaphylaxis. If you have an antibiotic in your medicine cabinet in case you need it, make sure you are not allergic to it so that you do not harm your health.

  Some antibiotics can cause phototoxicity, ie increase the risk of sunburn. To avoid such problems, it is recommended to avoid direct exposure to the sun during antibiotic treatment.

  How to reduce the risk of side effects?

  Antibiotics may cause a number of side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, allergic reactions, and others. However, there are ways to reduce the risk of their occurrence.

  1. Stick to the dosage and schedule. Do not skip appointments or exceed the recommended dose, as this may adversely affect your health.
  2. Drink enough water. This helps prevent dehydration and may reduce the risk of diarrhea.
  3. Consult your doctor. If you have taken antibiotics in the past and have had side effects, tell your doctor, another drug may be suitable for you.
  4. Do not drink alcohol. This may interfere with the way antibiotics work and worsen side effects.
  5. Avoid self-medication. Do not take antibiotics without consulting a doctor, as the wrong choice or dosage of the drug can lead to negative consequences.

  By following these guidelines, you can minimize the chance of side effects from antibiotics.

  How to communicate with a doctor about antibiotics?

  When you see a doctor with a problem that may require antibiotics, it is important to describe your symptoms and history clearly and in detail. The patient should tell the doctor about all the symptoms that bother him, about the possible triggering factors and how long the symptoms have lasted.

  The doctor should listen carefully to the patient and ask the necessary questions to determine whether antibiotics are needed and which ones will be most effective. It is important to remember that it is unacceptable to prescribe and take antibiotics yourself without the recommendation of a doctor.

  If the doctor decides to prescribe antibiotics, he must explain to the patient which drugs are prescribed, how to take them, and what side effects may occur. In case of misunderstanding or questions, the patient has the right to clarify the information and ask for clarification from the doctor.

  It is important to consider that it is ridiculous or dishonest to use antibiotics unnecessarily. The prescription of antibiotics should be justified and should be used only in the diagnosis of an infectious disease. Self-scheduling appointments and prescribing antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription can lead to serious complications and worsen the patient’s condition.

  How to communicate with a pharmacist about antibiotics?

  Communicating with a pharmacist about antibiotics is important: the correct choice of antibiotic determines the effectiveness of treatment. Follow these simple guidelines to get the most out of your pharmacist experience:

  • Contact your pharmacist for a time when the pharmacy is less crowded so as not to distract him from other patients and interfere with his work.
  • Before visiting a pharmacy, read the instructions for a particular antibiotic and create a list of questions for the pharmacist. This will allow you to get the most useful information and make sure that you do not forget to ask some important question.
  • When communicating with a pharmacist, pay attention to how he answers your questions: a high-quality and professional medical officer is always ready to give you the most accurate information.
  • Don’t be afraid to ask more questions: an experienced pharmacist is happy to tell you about antibiotic analogs or how to use them.
  • Be sure to tell the pharmacist all your medical history and any medicines you take so that he can give you the most accurate advice.

  Proper communication with the pharmacist will provide you with the most useful information and give you confidence in choosing the right antibiotic.

  What questions should I ask when buying antibiotics?

  When choosing antibiotics, it is very important to ask the right questions to the pharmacy sellers in order to buy the right drug that will not harm your health and help get rid of the infection. Here are some questions to ask:

  • What is the name of the active substance? Antibiotics are usually labeled with the name on the box. It is important to make sure that this is the right substance that is suitable for the treatment of your disease.
  • Which bacteria does it help? Antibiotics only work on certain types of bacteria, so it’s important to be specific about what you want to treat.
  • How to take the drug? It is important to know the dosage and frequency of taking the antibiotic. You should not exceed the dose, but you should not stop taking it prematurely.
  • Are there any side effects? The pharmacist is required to name possible side effects of the antibiotic. It is important to consider age, health status, and other factors that may increase the risk of side effects.
  • Are there any contraindications? Some antibiotics are not recommended for certain medical conditions or in the presence of specific medical conditions. Therefore, make sure that the antibiotic is right for you and not contraindicated for you.

  For those who have an allergic reaction to antibiotics or who are taking other medications, it is very important to consult a doctor before taking antibiotics.

  How to store antibiotics?

  Proper storage of antibiotics plays an important role in maintaining their effectiveness and safety for the patient. Here are some tips to help keep your antibiotics in good condition:

  • Store antibiotics in a dry place – moisture can cause deterioration of the quality of preparations, and softening of gelatine in capsules may occur, which will reduce the shelf life.
  • Store antibiotics in a cool place – Temperatures below 25 degrees Celsius provide additional protection against product failure.
  • Do not freeze antibiotics as this may impair the effectiveness of the drug and cause them to fall apart.
  • Do not throw away leftover antibiotics – follow the instructions for the maximum storage period of the drug and dispose of leftovers immediately after the end of the course of treatment.

  If you store antibiotics properly, they will remain highly effective and can be used when needed.

  What if I forget to take an antibiotic dose?

  The first and most important rule is never double your dose. This will not speed up the healing process and may cause side effects.

  If you forget to take your antibiotic dose on time, take it as soon as possible. If there is less time left until the next dose, skip it and continue taking the antibiotic as scheduled.

  If enough time has passed and the next dose should be taken closer to the next dose, do not take the missed dose. Continue taking the antibiotic as scheduled.

  If in doubt about what to do, always consult your doctor or pharmacist. They will help you make the right decision.

  Can I be allergic to antibiotics?

  Yes, antibiotic allergies are a common occurrence that many people have.

  Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial infections, but they can cause an allergic reaction in people who are taking this drug for the first time or who have had an allergic reaction in the past.

  Antibiotic allergy symptoms may include:

  • Skin rash, itching, urticaria or angioedema;
  • Various disorders of the gastrointestinal tract: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain;
  • Edema of the tongue, larynx, cough, labored breathing, asthma;
  • Headache, fainting, weakness.

  If you experience a similar reaction to antibiotics, it is important to tell your doctor about it so that he can select an alternative drug.

  If you are taking antibiotics, follow your doctor’s instructions and do not stop using the drug yourself, even if you have some allergy symptoms. Only a doctor can decide to cancel or replace the drug.

  Can I drink alcohol while taking antibiotics?

  The answer to this question depends on the specific antibiotic the patient is taking. Some antibiotics are incompatible with alcohol, and some can be taken with a small amount of alcoholic beverages.

  Alcohol intake during antibiotic treatment can lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of the drug, increased toxicity to the body, increased side effects, deformation of the recovery process, and other undesirable consequences.

  Be sure to check with your prescribing physician to determine the best antibiotic and alcohol compatibility. You should also carefully study the instructions for using the medication.

  • It is important to note that the duration of action of different antibiotics may vary. For example, after taking a macrolide antibiotic, you must refrain from drinking alcohol for two weeks.
  • It is also worth remembering that under treatment conditions the body may become weak and unable to process even a small amount of alcohol.

  In any case, abstaining from alcohol, at least for the duration of the treatment, would be the best solution. This will allow the body to better cope with the infection and return to health faster.

  Q&A:

  How do I know if I need an antibiotic?

  The need for an antibiotic can only be determined by a physician based on symptoms, test results, and investigations. Do not self-medicate, as the wrong choice of drug can lead to negative consequences.

  How to choose the right antibiotic?

  The correct choice of antibiotic depends on the type of infection, the pathogen, the patient’s condition, and other factors that only a physician can evaluate. Never take antibiotics without his recommendation.

  What types of antibiotics are there?

  Antibiotics are of different types and act on different groups of microorganisms. For example, there are antibiotics penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones and others. Do not take drugs that are not recommended by the doctor.

  Can an antibiotic reaction be prevented?

  Most reactions to antibiotics can be prevented if you follow the rules of taking the drugs and the doctor’s recommendations. However, if you are allergic to certain antibiotics, always tell your doctor before taking the drug.

  What if I have an allergic reaction to an antibiotic?

  If you have an allergic reaction to an antibiotic, contact your doctor immediately. He will select a different antibiotic or suggest other treatment options.

  What are the possible side effects of taking antibiotics?

  Side effects may vary depending on the type of antibiotic. Some drugs can cause gastrointestinal disorders, others – allergic reactions, and others – hematopoietic disorders. Do not take antibiotics without consulting your doctor and describing possible side effects.

  Can I take antibiotics with other medicines?

  Some antibiotics can interact with other medicines, causing unwanted effects. It is important to tell your doctor about all the medicines you are taking so that he can determine if it is safe to use the antibiotic in combination with other medicines.

  How to replace one antibiotic with another?

  Sometimes it becomes necessary to change the antibiotic prescribed by the doctor to another drug. This can happen for various reasons, such as side effects, the ineffectiveness of the previous drug, or because it is not available in the pharmacy. However, before changing the antibiotic, you should always consult with your doctor.

  He will tell you which antibiotic can replace the previous one, depending on the characteristics of the disease and the characteristics of your health.