What Are the Most Common Antibiotics?

Antibiotics are a common, important group of medicines that treat bacterial infections. Some antibiotics attack or break down the cell walls of bacteria, while others inhibit their protein production. This kills the bacteria or keeps it from reproducing and spreading.

Oral antibiotics are available in liquid, tablet, and capsule form. Topical antibiotics include skin creams, sprays, and ointments. Eye ointments, eye drops, and ear drops are also available. Severe infections may require injected or intravenous antibiotics.

Healthcare professionals prescribe different antibiotics to treat conditions such as strep throat, bronchitis, and inner ear infections. In this case, these infections are moderate to severe and have not improved with other treatments.

Antibiotics do not treat viral illnesses, such as a cold, the flu, or mono.

These drugs are grouped according to their antibacterial activity and chemical structure. Specific antibiotics fight certain bacteria, which makes it important to take the right kind. A healthcare professional may ask for a lab culture test to determine which antibiotics you need.

Read on to learn more about the most common types of antibiotics and which infections they treat. We also explore the common side effects of antibiotics, which can include gastrointestinal problems like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as more serious effects.

Here are some types of antibiotics that doctors prescribe most often.

Penicillins

Penicillins are a common treatment for a variety of skin conditions. They also treat middle ear, kidney, and blood infections. Penicillin antibiotics are effective at killing Staphylococci and Streptococci infections. But some bacteria are resistant to penicillin, due to overuse.

Common penicillin antibiotics include:

• phenoxymethylpenicillin
• dicloxacillin
• amoxicillin with clavulanic acid
• ampicillin
• nafcillin
• oxacillin
• penicillin V
• penicillin G

Potential side effects include:

• nausea
• abdominal discomfort
• diarrhea
• headache
• yeast infection
• liver disease

Penicillin may cause allergic reactions, such as rashes, hives, and breathing difficulties.

Some medications that may interact with penicillin include oral contraceptives and the anti-inflammatories aspirin and probenecid.

Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins often treat gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, and sinusitis. They also treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), epididymo-orchitis, and cellulitis. Often, doctors prescribe cephalosporins to people who are allergic to penicillin.

Common cephalosporin antibiotics include:

• cefaclor
• cefazolin
• cefadroxil
• cephalexin
• cefuroxime
• cefixime
• cefoxitin
• ceftriaxone

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines are a group of antibiotics with anti-inflammatory properties that can treat several bacterial infections. They commonly treat chest, urethral, and pelvic infections. Tetracyclines also treat inflammatory skin conditions, such as acne, rosacea, and perioral dermatitis.

Common tetracycline antibiotics include:

• doxycycline
• minocycline
• sarecycline

Children under 12 and pregnant or breastfeeding people should not take tetracyclines because they have the potential to stain developing teeth.

They can also cause inflammation or irritation of the esophagus. To prevent this, make sure to take doxycycline while sitting or standing upright, and have plenty of water. Also, it’s a good idea to avoid sun exposure, since doxycycline causes photosensitivity, which can lead to sunburn.

Finally, it’s best to take this type of antibiotic after eating to prevent nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Minocycline has more potential side effects than doxycycline, though it’s less likely to cause photosensitivity. Possible adverse effects of minocycline include drug hypersensitivity syndrome, autoimmune reactions, and dizziness and headache. Also, using it for a long period may cause blue pigmentation of skin and nails.

Medications that may interact with tetracyclines include:

• systemic retinoids, such as acitretin, isotretinoin, and alitretinoin
• diuretics
• lithium
• anticonvulsants
• rifampicin
• celestipol
• oral contraceptives

Macrolides

Macrolides are an antibiotic group with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. They can treat strains of bacteria that are resistant to penicillin. They are also a suitable option for people who are allergic to penicillin or cephalosporin.

These antibiotics commonly treat skin, soft tissue, respiratory, and sexually transmitted infections, including chlamydia. Healthcare professionals use them, for example, to treat skin conditions like acne, rosacea, erythrasma, and pityriasis lichenoides.

Types of macrolides include:

• erythromycin
• clarithromycin
• azithromycin
• fidaxomicin
• roxithromycin

Macrolides, especially erythromycin and clarithromycin, can adversely interact with certain medications. Reactions and toxicity are more common in older adults and people with renal or liver dysfunction.

Medications that may interact with macrolides include:

• calcium channel blockers, such as verapamil
• amiodarone
• methadone
• lithium
• amitriptyline
• citalopram
• anticoagulants, including warfarin and dabigatran
• digoxin
• benzodiazepines
• carbamazepine
• cimetidine
• clozapine
• colchicine
• theophylline

Fluoroquinolones

Fluoroquinolones, also called quinolones, can fight bacterial infections that are life threatening or challenging to treat. However, they are linked with antimicrobial resistance, so you shouldn’t take them unless it’s absolutely necessary.

Fluoroquinolones are the first-line treatment for prostatitis, along with severe cases of salmonellosis and shigellosis. Doctors also often use them to treat certain cases of epididymo-orchitis, gonorrhea, and tuberculosis. Sometimes, fluoroquinolones treat urinary, eye, and ear infections.

Types of fluoroquinolone include:

• ciprofloxacin
• ofloxacin
• levofloxacin
• moxifloxacin

For people with renal dysfunction, taking this type of drug may require adjustments to dosages of other medications. And, rarely, fluoroquinolone can cause serious adverse effects, especially in older adults.

Potential side effects include:

• tendon rupture
• aortic aneurysm rupture or dissection
• aortic and mitral regurgitation
• central nervous system excitation and seizures
• QT prolongation
• other cardiac conditions

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamides, also called sulfa drugs, are a type of synthetic antimicrobial that doctors prescribe when first-line treatments are ineffective or contraindicated. The most common type is sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim, called co-trimoxazole. It treats conditions such as pneumocystis pneumonia and nocardiosis in people with weakened immunity, as well as infections of the lower urinary tract in children.

Types of sulfonamides include:

• sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim
• sulfasalazine
• sulfacetamide
• sulfadiazine silver

Sulfonamides are unsafe during pregnancy because they increase the likelihood of pregnancy loss.

Potential side effects include:

• jaundice in newborns
• candidiasis
• folate deficiency
• headaches
• anorexia
• hyperkalaemia

Medications that may interact with sulfonamides include:

• warfarin
• sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents
• phenytoin
• methotrexate

Glycopeptides

Glycopeptide antibiotics treat drug-resistant bacteria and gram-positive infections, including multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, better known as MRSA.

Types of glycopeptides include:

• vancomycin
• dalbavancin
• oritavancin
• telavancin

Below, find answers to common questions about antibiotics.

What is antibiotic resistance?

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria survive or resist antibiotic treatment. Bacteria change and mutate to protect themselves after coming into contact with an antibiotic or other bacteria. Once a type of bacteria is resistant, it passes these genes to other bacteria, which continue to grow. Eventually, they create a new strain of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Misusing and overusing antibiotics increases the likelihood of antibiotic resistance. Over time, this may lead to a shortage of medications that can effectively treat common infections.

How can I prevent antibiotic resistance?

To prevent antibiotic resistance, avoid taking antibiotics unless it is essential. Don’t take them for viral infections, such as a cold or the flu. Always follow the instructions from your healthcare professional about how much to take when. To prevent infections, clean your hands and living spaces regularly, and take steps to strengthen your immune system.

Are there any natural antibiotics?

Natural antibiotics include honey, thyme essential oil, and oregano essential oil. Extracts of garlic, cranberry, and myrrh also have antibiotic properties. Several herbs are effective antibiotics, including echinacea, turmeric, and ginger.

Natural UTI treatments include D-mannose and uva ursi, along with green, parsley, mint, and chamomile teas.

You can experiment with different combinations of natural treatments to find out which are most effective for your needs.

Antibiotics kill bacteria and prevent them from multiplying. They are valuable drugs that treat bacterial infections. It’s crucial to use them correctly and follow the healthcare professional’s instructions carefully.

It’s also important to be aware of the potential side effects and interactions of antibiotics. Speak with your doctor if you have any related concerns.

Overview of Antibiotics – Infections

By

Brian J. Werth

, PharmD, University of Washington School of Pharmacy

Reviewed/Revised Jun 2022 | Modified Sep 2022

VIEW PROFESSIONAL VERSION

Topic Resources

Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections Bacterial Infections Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms. They are among the earliest known life forms on earth. There are thousands of different kinds of bacteria, and they live in every conceivable… read more . They are not effective against viral infections and most other infections. Antibiotics either kill bacteria or stop them from reproducing, allowing the body’s natural defenses Defenses Against Infection If the body did not have defenses against infection, it would quickly be overwhelmed by microorganisms. These defenses require a living, properly functioning body. A dead body begins to decay… read more to eliminate them.

• Doctors try to use antibiotics for specific bacterial infections, but they sometimes start antibiotics that can treat many different bacteria while waiting for results of tests that identify the specific bacteria Diagnosis of Infectious Disease Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Doctors suspect an infection based on the person’s symptoms, physical examination results,… read more .

• Taking the antibiotics as prescribed is important, and antibiotics should be taken in the dose, frequency, and number of days that are most effective to treat a specific infection.

• Bacteria can develop resistance to the effects of antibiotics, especially if they are not taken as directed.

• Antibiotics can have side effects, such as upset stomach, diarrhea, and, in women, vaginal yeast infections.

• Some people are allergic to certain antibiotics.

Antibiotics are grouped into classes based on their chemical structure. However, antibiotics within each class often affect the body differently and may be effective against different bacteria.

Classes of antibiotics include the following:

• Aminoglycosides Aminoglycosides Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics used to treat serious bacterial infections, such as those caused by gram-negative bacteria (especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Aminoglycosides… read more

• Carbapenems Carbapenems Carbapenems are a subclass of antibiotics called beta-lactam antibiotics (antibiotics that have a chemical structure called a beta-lactam ring). Beta-lactam antibiotics also include cephalosporins… read more

• Cephalosporins Cephalosporins Cephalosporins are a subclass of antibiotics called beta-lactam antibiotics (antibiotics that have a chemical structure called a beta-lactam ring). Beta-lactam antibiotics also include carbapenems… read more

• Fluoroquinolones Fluoroquinolones Fluoroquinolones are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used to treat a variety of infections. Fluoroquinolones include the following: Ciprofloxacin Delafloxacin Gemifloxacin read more

• Glycopeptides and lipoglycopeptides Glycopeptides and Lipoglycopeptides Glycopeptides and lipoglycopeptides are antibiotics used to treat complicated and/or serious infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Glycopeptides and lipoglycopeptides include the following… read more (such as vancomycin)

• Macrolides Macrolides Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that are often used to treat infections in people who are allergic to penicillins. Macrolides include the following: Azithromycin Clarithromycin Erythromycin read more (such as erythromycin and azithromycin)

• Monobactams (aztreonam Aztreonam Aztreonam is the only antibiotic in an antibiotic class called monobactams, which are a subclass of beta-lactam antibiotics (antibiotics that have a chemical structure called a beta-lactam ring). .. read more )

• Oxazolidinones Oxazolidinones: Linezolid and Tedizolid Oxazolidinones are a class of antibiotics used to treat serious infections, often after other antibiotics have been ineffective. Oxazolidinones include the following: Linezolid Tedizolid Oxazolidinones… read more (such as linezolid and tedizolid)

• Penicillins Penicillins Penicillins are a subclass of antibiotics called beta-lactam antibiotics (antibiotics that have a chemical structure called a beta-lactam ring). Carbapenems, cephalosporins, and monobactams… read more

• Polypeptides Polypeptides Polypeptides are a class of antibiotics used to treat several types of infections. Polypeptides include the following: Bacitracin Colistin Polymyxin B Most bacteria have an outer covering (cell… read more

• Rifamycins Rifamycins Rifamycins are antibiotics that work by suppressing the bacteria’s production of genetic material. As a result, the bacteria die. Rifamycins include the following: Rifabutin Rifampin (rifampicin)… read more

• Sulfonamides Sulfonamides Sulfonamides are a class of antibiotics that are effective against many and . Some sulfonamides are applied directly to the skin (topically) to treat burns and skin, vaginal, and eye infections… read more

• Streptogramins (such as quinupristin and dalfopristin Quinupristin and Dalfopristin Quinupristin and dalfopristin belong to a class of antibiotics called streptogramins. These drugs are given together as a combination (quinupristin/dalfopristin). They are used to treat serious… read more )

• Tetracyclines Tetracyclines Tetracyclines are a group of antibiotics used to treat many different bacterial infections. Tetracyclines include the following: Doxycycline Eravacycline Minocycline read more

Carbapenems, cephalosporins, monobactams, and penicillins are subclasses of beta-lactam antibiotics, a class of antibiotic characterized by a chemical structure called a beta-lactam ring.

Other antibiotics that do not fit into the classes listed above include chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol The antibiotic chloramphenicol is used mainly to treat serious infections due to the few bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics but are still susceptible to chloramphenicol. Its use… read more , clindamycin Clindamycin Clindamycin belongs to a class of antibiotics called lincosamides. Clindamycin is used to treat serious bacterial infections, including some infections that are resistant to other antibiotics… read more , daptomycin Daptomycin The antibiotic daptomycin is used to treat many serious bacterial infections, such as those caused by gram-positive bacteria, including those that are resistant to many other antibiotics. Daptomycin… read more , fosfomycin Fosfomycin Fosfomycin is an antibiotic that has a unique chemical structure. It is used mainly to treat bladder infections caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Enterococcus faecalis. It… read more , lefamulin Lefamulin Lefamulin is an antibiotic that works by interfering with the bacteria’s production of the proteins it needs to grow and multiply. Lefamulin is used to treat community-acquired pneumonia that… read more , metronidazole Metronidazole and Tinidazole Metronidazole is an antibiotic used to treat pelvic, abdominal, soft-tissue, gum, and tooth infections and abscesses in the lungs or brain. It is also the preferred drug for certain protozoal… read more , mupirocin Mupirocin Mupirocin is an antibiotic that is used to treat impetigo and some other bacterial skin infections and to eliminate staphylococci from the nose. Mupirocin works by interfering with the bacteria’s… read more , nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic that is used only to prevent or treat uncomplicated bladder infections. How nitrofurantoin works is not fully understood, but it disrupts several bacterial processes… read more , and tigecycline Tigecycline Tigecycline is the only antibiotic in an antibiotic class called glycylcyclines, which are related to tetracyclines. Tigecycline works by preventing bacteria from producing proteins they need… read more .

Each antibiotic is effective only against certain types of bacteria. In selecting an antibiotic to treat a person with an infection, doctors evaluate which bacteria are likely to be the cause. For example, some infections are caused only by certain types of bacteria. Sometimes one antibiotic is predictably effective against all of the bacteria that are most likely to be causing an infection and so further testing may not be needed.

If infections may be caused by many different types of bacteria or by bacteria that are not predictably susceptible to antibiotics, a laboratory is asked to identify the infecting bacteria Diagnosis of Infectious Disease Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Doctors suspect an infection based on the person’s symptoms, physical examination results,… read more from samples of blood, urine, or tissue taken from the person ( see Diagnosis of Infectious Disease Diagnosis of Infectious Disease Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Doctors suspect an infection based on the person’s symptoms, physical examination results,… read more ). The infecting bacteria are then tested for susceptibility to a variety of antibiotics. Results of these tests usually take a day or two and thus cannot guide the initial choice of antibiotic if the infection needs to be treated immediately. In such cases, doctors typically start treatment with an antibiotic that is effective against the bacteria most likely to be causing the infection. When test results are back, doctors change the antibiotic if needed.

Antibiotics that are effective in the laboratory do not necessarily work in an infected person. The effectiveness of the treatment depends on

• How well the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream (for drugs taken by mouth Oral route Drugs are introduced into the body by several routes. They may be Taken by mouth (orally) Given by injection into a vein (intravenously, IV), into a muscle (intramuscularly, IM), into the space. .. read more )

• How much of the drug reaches the sites of infection in the body (see Drug Distribution Drug Distribution Drug distribution refers to the movement of a drug to and from the blood and various tissues of the body (for example, fat, muscle, and brain tissue) and the relative proportions of drug in… read more )

• How quickly the body eliminates the drug (see Drug Elimination Drug Elimination Drug elimination is the removal of drugs from the body. (See also Introduction to Administration and Kinetics of Drugs.) All drugs are eventually eliminated from the body. They may be eliminated… read more )

These factors may vary from person to person, depending on other drugs being taken, other disorders present, and the person’s age.

In selecting an antibiotic, doctors also consider the following:

• The nature and seriousness of the infection

• The status of the person’s immune system (how well it can help the drug fight the infection)

• The drug’s possible side effects

• The possibility of allergies or other serious reactions to the drug

• The cost of the drug

Doctors also consider how hard it may be for people to take antibiotics for the entire time prescribed and complete the full course of treatment. People may find it more difficult to complete treatment if the drug must be taken very often or only at specific times (such as before meals, during meals, or after meals).

Combinations of antibiotics may be needed to treat the following:

• Severe infections, particularly during the first days when the bacteria’s susceptibility to antibiotics is not known

• Certain infections caused by bacteria that rapidly develop resistance to a single antibiotic

• Infections caused by more than one type of bacteria if each type is susceptible to a different antibiotic

Bacteria, like all living organisms, change over time in response to environmental challenges. Because of the widespread use and misuse of antibiotics (when antibiotics are not taken as prescribed), bacteria are constantly exposed to these drugs. Although many bacteria die when exposed to antibiotics, if antibiotics are not taken appropriately, some bacteria survive and develop resistance Antibiotic resistance Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms. They are among the earliest known life forms on earth. There are thousands of different kinds of bacteria, and they live in every conceivable… read more to the drugs’ effects. For example, 50 years ago, Staphylococcus aureus (a common cause of skin infections) was very sensitive to penicillin. But over time, strains of this bacteria developed an enzyme able to break down penicillin, making the drug ineffective. Researchers responded by developing a form of penicillin that the enzyme could not break down, but after a few years, the bacteria adapted and became resistant to this modified penicillin. Other bacteria have also developed resistance to antibiotics.

Medical research continues to develop drugs to combat bacteria. But people can help prevent the development of resistance in bacteria by

• Understanding that antibiotics are used to treat bacteria, not viral infections (such as the common cold or the flu), and that doctors do not prescribe antibiotics for these viral infections

• Taking antibiotics exactly as directed, including the correct dose, numbers of times per day, and number of days (it is important to take antibiotics for the full number of days prescribed, even if a person is feeling better)

Did You Know.

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For severe bacterial infections or for people who cannot keep down food or liquids, antibiotics are usually first given by injection Oral route Drugs are introduced into the body by several routes. They may be Taken by mouth (orally) Given by injection into a vein (intravenously, IV), into a muscle (intramuscularly, IM), into the space… read more (usually into a vein but sometimes into a muscle). When the infection is controlled, antibiotics can then be taken by mouth Oral route Drugs are introduced into the body by several routes. They may be Taken by mouth (orally) Given by injection into a vein (intravenously, IV), into a muscle (intramuscularly, IM), into the space… read more .

For less severe infections, antibiotics can often be taken by mouth from the start.

Antibiotics need to be taken until the infecting bacteria are eliminated from the body, which may be days after the symptoms disappear. Stopping treatment too soon can result in a return of the infection.

A doctor, nurse, or pharmacist can explain how the prescribed antibiotic should be taken and what side effects it may have. Some antibiotics must be taken on an empty stomach. Others should be taken with food. Metronidazole Metronidazole and Tinidazole Metronidazole is an antibiotic used to treat pelvic, abdominal, soft-tissue, gum, and tooth infections and abscesses in the lungs or brain. It is also the preferred drug for certain protozoal… read more , a common antibiotic, causes an unpleasant reaction with alcohol. Also, some antibiotics can interact with other drugs that people may be taking, possibly reducing the effectiveness or increasing the side effects of the antibiotic or the other drugs. Some antibiotics make the skin sensitive to sunlight Chemical photosensitivity Photosensitivity, sometimes referred to as a sun allergy, is an immune system reaction that is triggered by sunlight. Sunlight can trigger immune system reactions. People develop itchy eruptions. .. read more .

Antibiotics are sometimes used to prevent infections (called prophylaxis). For example, prophylactic antibiotics may be given to

• People who have been exposed to a person with meningitis to prevent meningitis from developing

• Some people with abnormal or artificial heart valves before dental and surgical procedures to prevent bacteria from infecting the damaged or artificial valves (such procedures can allow bacteria to enter the body)

• People undergoing surgery that has a high risk of introducing an infection (such as major orthopedic or intestinal surgery)

To avoid the development of antibiotic resistance Antibiotic resistance Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms. They are among the earliest known life forms on earth. There are thousands of different kinds of bacteria, and they live in every conceivable… read more in bacteria and side effects in people, doctors usually give preventive antibiotics for only a short time.

Antibiotics may also be given to people who have a weakened immune system Infections in People With Impaired Defenses Many disorders, drugs, and other treatments can cause a breakdown in the body’s natural defenses. Such a breakdown can lead to infections, which can even be caused by microorganisms that normally… read more , such as people with leukemia, people taking chemotherapy for cancer, or people with AIDS, because such people are particularly susceptible to serious infections. They may need to take the antibiotics for a long time.

Generally, antibiotics are used during pregnancy only when the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks. Some antibiotics are safer than others. Penicillins Penicillins Penicillins are a subclass of antibiotics called beta-lactam antibiotics (antibiotics that have a chemical structure called a beta-lactam ring). Carbapenems, cephalosporins, and monobactams… read more , cephalosporins Cephalosporins Cephalosporins are a subclass of antibiotics called beta-lactam antibiotics (antibiotics that have a chemical structure called a beta-lactam ring). Beta-lactam antibiotics also include carbapenems… read more , and erythromycin Macrolides Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that are often used to treat infections in people who are allergic to penicillins. Macrolides include the following: Azithromycin Clarithromycin Erythromycin read more are among the safest antibiotics to use during pregnancy. Tetracyclines Tetracyclines Tetracyclines are a group of antibiotics used to treat many different bacterial infections. Tetracyclines include the following: Doxycycline Eravacycline Minocycline read more are not used during pregnancy. (See also Drug Use During Pregnancy Drug Use During Pregnancy More than 50% of pregnant women take prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter) drugs or use social drugs (such as tobacco and alcohol) or illicit drugs at some time during pregnancy… read more .)

Most antibiotics pass into breast milk in large enough amounts to affect a breastfed baby and sometimes cannot be used in women who are breastfeeding. Sometimes a decision to stop breastfeeding or to not use the drug must be made.

If an infection develops during pregnancy or while breastfeeding, women should talk to their doctor about the benefits and risks of treatment. (See also Drug Use During Breastfeeding Drug Use During Breastfeeding When mothers who are breastfeeding have to take a drug, they wonder whether they should stop breastfeeding. The answer depends on the following: How much of the drug passes into the milk Whether… read more .)

Usually, antibiotics taken outside the hospital are given by mouth. However, some infections—such as many of those involving bone (osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis is a bone infection usually caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, or fungi. Bacteria, mycobacteria, or fungi can infect bones by spreading through the bloodstream or, more often, by… read more ) or the heart (endocarditis Infective Endocarditis Infective endocarditis is an infection of the lining of the heart (endocardium) and usually also of the heart valves. Infective endocarditis occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and travel… read more )—may require antibiotics to be given by vein (intravenously) for a long time, often 4 to 6 weeks. If people have no other conditions that need treatment in the hospital and are feeling relatively well, intravenous (IV) antibiotics may be given at home.

When antibiotics have to be given a long time, the short IV catheters that are inserted into a small vein in the arm or hand (such as those used in most routine hospital procedures) may not be desirable. These catheters last only up to 3 days. Instead, a special type of IV catheter is used. It may be inserted either

• Directly into a large central vein, usually in the neck or chest (called a central catheter)

• Into a small vein in the arm and threaded into a large central vein (called a peripherally inserted central catheter, or a PICC)

Some devices for giving antibiotics IV are simple enough that people and their family members can learn to operate them on their own. In other cases, a visiting nurse must come to the home to give each dose. In either situation, people are carefully supervised to make sure the antibiotic is being given correctly and to watch for possible complications and side effects.

If antibiotics are given at home through an IV catheter, the risk of developing an infection at the site where the catheter is inserted and in the bloodstream is increased. The following may indicate a catheter-related infection:

• Pain, redness, and pus at the catheter insertion site

• Chills and fever (even without problems at the insertion site)

Common side effects of antibiotics include

• Upset stomach

• Diarrhea Gastroenteritis as a Side Effect of Drugs

• In women, vaginal yeast infections Vaginal Yeast Infection (Candidiasis) A vaginal yeast infection (also called candidiasis) is caused by an infectious organism called Candida, usually Candida albicans. A vaginal yeast infection may cause intense itching… read more

Some side effects are more severe and, depending on the antibiotic, may impair the function of the kidneys, liver, bone marrow, or other organs. Blood tests are sometimes done to determine whether these organs have been affected.

Colitis, an inflammation of the large intestine (colon), develops in some people who take antibiotics, especially cephalosporins, clindamycin, fluoroquinolones, or penicillins. This type of colitis, called Clostridioides difficile–induced colitis Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile–Induced Colitis Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile)–induced colitis is an inflammation of the large intestine (colon) that results in diarrhea. The inflammation is caused by toxin produced… read more , results from toxins produced by the bacteria Clostridioides difficile (C. diff). These bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics and grow in the intestines unchecked when other normal bacteria in the intestine are killed by the antibiotics. Clostridioides difficile–induced colitis can be difficult to treat and can be life threatening, especially in older people.

Antibiotics can also cause allergic reactions Allergies to Drugs People sometimes mistake many adverse drug reactions for allergies. For example, people who experience stomach discomfort after taking aspirin (a common adverse reaction) often say they are… read more . Mild allergic reactions may consist of an itchy rash or slight wheezing. Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis Anaphylactic Reactions Anaphylactic reactions are sudden, widespread, potentially severe and life-threatening allergic reactions. Anaphylactic reactions often begin with a feeling of uneasiness, followed by tingling… read more ) can be life threatening and usually include swelling of the throat, inability to breathe, and low blood pressure.

It is important for people to tell health care practitioners if they are allergic to a particular antibiotic and to describe their past reaction when treated with that antibiotic. Many people have side effects when taking an antibiotic, but these effects may not be allergy-related (see Allergies to Drugs Allergies to Drugs People sometimes mistake many adverse drug reactions for allergies. For example, people who experience stomach discomfort after taking aspirin (a common adverse reaction) often say they are… read more ). The distinction is important because people who are allergic to an antibiotic should not be given that drug or an antibiotic closely related to it. That is because allergic reactions may be life threatening. However, people who have experienced only minor side effects can usually take related drugs or even continue taking the same drug. Health care practitioners can determine the significance of any unpleasant reaction people have to an antibiotic.

Generic Name	Select Brand Names
vancomycin	FIRVANQ, Vancocin, Vancocin Powder, VANCOSOL
erythromycin	A/T/S, Akne-mycin, E. E.S., Emcin Clear , EMGEL, E-Mycin, ERYC, Erycette, Eryderm , Erygel, Erymax, EryPed, Ery-Tab, Erythra Derm , Erythrocin, Erythrocin Lactobionate, Erythrocin Stearate, Ilosone, Ilotycin, My-E, PCE, PCE Dispertab , Romycin, Staticin, T-Stat
azithromycin	Azasite, Zithromax, Zithromax Powder, Zithromax Single-Dose , Zithromax Tri-Pak, Zithromax Z-Pak, Zmax, Zmax Pediatric
aztreonam	Azactam, Cayston
linezolid	Zyvox, Zyvox Powder, Zyvox Solution
tedizolid	SIVEXTRO
clindamycin	Cleocin, Cleocin Ovules, Cleocin Pediatric, Cleocin T, CLIN, Clindacin ETZ, Clindacin-P, Clinda-Derm , Clindagel, ClindaMax, ClindaReach, Clindesse, Clindets, Evoclin, PledgaClin, XACIATO
daptomycin	Cubicin, Cubicin RF
fosfomycin	Monurol
lefamulin	Xenleta, Xenleta Solution
metronidazole	Flagyl, Flagyl ER, Flagyl RTU, MetroCream, MetroGel, MetroGel Vaginal, MetroLotion, Noritate, NUVESSA, Nydamax, Rosadan, Rozex, Vandazole, Vitazol
mupirocin	Bactroban, Centany, Centany AT
nitrofurantoin	Furadantin, Macrobid, Macrodantin, Urotoin
tigecycline	Tygacil

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What are antibiotics? – article on the website Aptechestvo, Nizhny Novgorod

Antibiotics are a group of drugs that are used in the treatment of bacterial infections. Bacteria are living microorganisms that, having penetrated into the human body, begin active life and reproduction. The effect of antibiotic therapy is the direct destruction of the pathogen, as well as slowing down the reproduction of pathogens. In connection with these antibacterial drugs are divided into 2 large groups: bactericidal – destroying the bacterium itself, as well as bacteriostatic, inhibiting their growth. In addition, antibiotics have a narrow and broad spectrum of action. Narrow-spectrum drugs destroy the infection selectively, while broad-spectrum drugs destroy most of the microorganisms, including those that benefit humans. What antibiotics to take for the treatment of various diseases should be decided by the doctor after the diagnosis. Taking such drugs at your own discretion is fraught with complications.

Fluoroquinolones

They suppress the activity of enzymes involved in the formation of bacterial DNA, as a result of which the infection dies. The drugs are available in the form of tablets, injections, ophthalmic drops. Indications for appointment:

This group of drugs:

• Ciprofloxacin;

• Ofloxacin;

• Pefloxacin;

• Norfloxacin.

Aminoglycosides

Broad-spectrum agents that kill most types of Gram-negative aerobic and facultative bacteria. The active substance disrupts the process of protein synthesis, as a result of which the pathogen is destroyed and dies.

Aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed when taken orally, so, as a rule, they are prescribed as intravenous or intramuscular injections. Members of this group:

• Amikacin;

• Gentamicin;

• Kanamycin;

• Neomycin;

• Plazomycin;

• Streptomycin.

As a rule, these drugs are used in combination with other antibiotics to treat such infectious diseases:

Tetracyclines

Bacteriostatic antibiotics that retard the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, but do not completely destroy them. As a result, the reproduction of the infection stops, and it gradually dies.

Tetracyclines have a wide spectrum of activity, with pronounced activity against aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Tetracyclines are not prescribed for children under 8 years of age, since long-term use causes a number of serious complications.

The drugs of this group can be prescribed in tablet forms and in the form of injections. For the treatment of ophthalmic infections, ointments are produced, the active substance of which is tetracycline.

Medicines:

• doxycycline;

• minocycline;

• Tetracycline;

• Oxytetracycline.

Diseases for which tetracyclines are prescribed:

Macrolides

They suppress vital activity and prevent the reproduction of anaerobic and aerobic gram-positive bacteria. Preparations of this group are used in the treatment of bronchopulmonary infections, tonsillitis, otitis, scarlet fever, intestinal infections. Medicines that are included in this group:

• Erythromycin;

• Azithromycin;

• Clarithromycin;

• Spiramycin.

Penicilli

A group of antibiotics produced by the fungus Penicillium. Penicilli are active against most Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria. This group of drugs:

• Amoxicillin;

• Augumetin;

• Amoxiclav;

• Flemoxin Slutab.

Cephalosporins

These are bactericidal beta-beta-lactam antibiotics that interfere with cell protein synthesis. There are 5 generations of cephalosporins. The active substance penetrates well into most body fluids, having a pronounced bactericidal effect. Cephalosporins are used for uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections caused by staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria. This group of drugs:

• Ceftriaxone;

• Cefodox;

• Cefix;

• Tsepefim.

Bacteria are organisms that do not live long, but in order to restore their population, they multiply rapidly, and, accordingly, quickly mutate, adapting to new living conditions. Microorganisms that survive after taking antibiotics become resistant to them. Their offspring also become immune to a particular drug.

Antibiotic resistance is a common problem of modern man, which causes serious complications. A person who has tried many antibiotics, that is, self-medicated, is at risk for patients with antibiotic resistance. Very often they die before a specialist can pick up a drug that works against a specific pathogen. Therefore, it is important to follow the recommendations of the doctor and take antibacterial agents strictly according to an individual scheme.

8 groups of antibiotics and a list of the best

Contents

• 1 8 groups of antibiotics, a list of the best drugs for fighting bacteria
  • 1.1 Antibacterials: groups and best examples
  • 1.2 Group of beta-lactam antibiotics 90 014
  • 1.3 Macrolide antibiotic group
  • 1.4 Tetracycline antibiotic group
  • 1.5 Aminoglycoside antibiotic group
  • 1. 6 Quinolone antibiotic group
  • 1.7 Glycopeptide group
  • 1.8 Lincosamide group
  • 1.9 Polymyxin group
  • 1.10 Antibacterial drug Azithromycin
  • 1.11 Antibacterial drug Amoxicillin
  • 1. 12 Antibacterial drug Levofloxacin
  • 1.13 Related videos:

Explore the list of 8 groups of antibacterial drugs and get detailed information about the best antibiotics that will help get rid of various infections with a high level of effectiveness and safe for health. The use of antibiotics should be carried out under the recommendation of a doctor who will determine the dosage, duration of the course and the specific drug depending on the type of infection.

Antibacterials are medicines used to treat various infectious diseases caused by bacteria. There are several groups of antibiotics, each of which is aimed at suppressing certain types of bacteria.

One of the main tasks of an infectious disease doctor is to choose the right drug for a particular patient, taking into account the type of infection, age, the presence of allergic reactions and other factors. Listed below are the 8 groups of antibacterial drugs most widely used in medicine.

1. Penicillins are the oldest group of antibiotics that were first discovered in the middle of the 20th century. They act on a wide range of bacteria and are highly effective in the treatment of many infections.
2. Cephalosporins are a group of antibiotics that act on bacteria that cause infections in the respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin and teeth. They are also widely used in surgery to prevent postoperative infections.
3. Macrolides are a group of antibiotics used to treat infections of the upper respiratory tract, skin and soft tissues. They are often prescribed for allergies to penicillins.
4. Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that act on bacteria that cause severe urinary tract, lung, bone and joint infections. They are often used to treat patients in hospitals.
5. Lincosamides is a group of antibiotics used to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria. They can also be used as an alternative to macrolides in the treatment of respiratory or skin infections.
6. Fluoroquinolones are a group of antibiotics that act on bacteria that cause urinary tract, genital, lung and skin infections. They are often prescribed as a treatment for urogenital infections.
7. Tetracyclines are a group of antibiotics that act on bacteria that cause respiratory, urinary, and skin infections. They are also used to treat sexually transmitted infections.
8. Carbapenems are a group of antibiotics that act on bacteria that cause severe infections, including bone, lung and hospital infections. Carbapenems are used as a last line of treatment when other antibiotics do not work.

Antibacterials: groups and best examples

There are 8 groups of antibiotics, which are classified according to their mechanism of action and chemical structure. Each group has its own specific activity and is used to treat certain infections.

The second group is cephalosporins. They are more stable in acidic environments and are more widely used for more serious infections. Particularly effective are cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefepime.

The third group is macrolides. These antibiotics act on the bacterium, preventing it from multiplying. These include erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin.

The fourth group is tetracyclines. They are widely used in the treatment of various infections, including respiratory and genitourinary infections. A famous example is doxycycline.

Fifth group – aminoglycosides. These antibiotics are powerful bactericidal and are used to treat severe infections such as sepsis and pneumonia. Gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin are the most widely used.

Sixth group – lincosamides. They are also used to treat severe infections and have anti-inflammatory effects. These include lincomycin and clindamycin.

Seventh group – carbapenems. They are powerful antibiotics and are widely used to treat infections caused by many different bacteria, including those resistant to other groups of antibiotics. Of these, the best known are imipenem and meropenem.

Eighth group – fluoroquinolones. They are effective in treating a variety of infections, including acute and chronic bronchitis, bacterial diarrhea, and urinary tract infection. These include ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin.

The above groups of antibiotics are the main ones, but there are other groups of antibacterial drugs on the market.

Group of beta-lactam antibiotics

Beta-lactam antibiotics are one of the most widely used groups of antibiotics. Their basis is the beta-lactam ring fragment in their chemical structure.

Beta-lactam drugs fall into four main categories:

• Penicillins
• Cephalosporins
• Carbapenems
• Monobactams

Penicillins are widely used to treat infections caused by various bacteria, including pneumococci, streptococci, and staphylococci. Cephalosporins are also widely used to treat infections and are usually an alternative if penicillins are ineffective or cannot be used. Carbapenems are strong antibiotics often used in the hospital to treat severe infections caused by various bacteria, including Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Monobactams are a relatively new class of antibiotics used to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Haemophilus influenzae.

Some examples of beta-lactam antibiotics: Penicillin drugs Cephalosporin drugs 0282

Ceftriaxone Amoxiclav Cefepime

Group of macrolide antibiotics

Macrolide antibiotics are one of the most widely used groups antibiotics. They are used to treat various infections such as respiratory, genitourinary, gastroenterological, skin and other types of infections. The macrolide group includes drugs such as azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and others.

The mechanism of action of macrolide antibiotics is based on the fact that they block the synthesis of proteins in the bacterial cell, which leads to its death. Also, macrolides have the properties of immunomodulators, helping to suppress inflammation and increase immunity.

The advantage of macrolides over other antibiotics is their relative safety and broad spectrum of activity. They are well tolerated by patients and usually do not cause serious side effects. However, like other antibiotics, macrolides can cause allergic reactions and intestinal dysbiosis.

• Azithromycin is considered the most effective and widely used in this group of drugs, due to its long duration of action and the fact that it can be used to treat bacterial infections of any location.
• Erythromycin is more active against gram-positive bacteria than azithromycin, but less effective against bacteria that cause urinary tract infections.
• Clarithromycin has the added benefit of better tissue and vascular penetration than other macrolides, making it more effective against respiratory tract infections.

Tetracycline antibiotic group

Tetracycline antibiotics are a group of medicines that are used to fight many types of bacteria. These antibiotics have a wide spectrum of activity and are used to treat infectious diseases such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, skin infections, etc.

Some of the most commonly used tetracycline antibiotics include tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline and oxytetracycline.

Like all antibiotics, tetracyclines can cause side effects and it is important to check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking these medicines. Tetracyclines are not recommended for children under 12 years of age, pregnant women and nursing mothers.

Examples of tetracycline antibiotics Available as…

Tetracycline	Tablets, capsules
Doxycycline	Tablets, capsules , syrup
Minocycline	Tablets, capsules
Oxytetracycline	Tablets, capsules

Aminoglycosis group

Aminoglycoside antibiotics are a group of bactericidal drugs that act on bacterial cells by interfering with protein synthesis. They can also produce effects on certain types of cells and tissues, but are more often used only as antibacterial drugs.

Aminoglycosides are often used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Including pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Aminoglycosides have a number of typical representatives: gentamicin, kanamycin, amikacin, streptomycin and others. Each of them has its own characteristics, designed to defeat certain types of bacteria.

Thus, aminoglycoside antibiotics remain an important group of drugs for the treatment of severe infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Their use requires special care and only after a careful assessment of the side effects in a particular case.

Quinolone antibiotic group

Quinolone antibiotics are a group of bactericides used to treat infectious diseases. They have a wide spectrum of activity and are well tolerated by patients.

Quinolones act on bacteria by inhibiting their ability to synthesize DNA, which leads to their death. Thus, they can be used to treat infections caused by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

• Examples of quinolone antibiotics:
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Ofloxacin
  • Levofloxacin
  • Norfloxacin
  • Moxifloxacin

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  Quinolones can be used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin infections, infections of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as to prevent infections in immunocompromised states.

  Group of glycopeptides

  Glycopeptides is a group of antibiotics that are intended for the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Usually used to treat pathogens that cause infections of the skin, respiratory tract, bones and purulent blood infections. They are relatively new drugs that have become available for use only recently.

  Preparations of the glycopeptide group:

  • Vancomycin is one of the most commonly used representatives of the glycopeptide group. It is widely used to treat infections caused by bacteria resistant to other types of antibiotics. It is recommended to be used if other drugs have no effect.
  • Telavancin – effective against most gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci. It has a fast action and a wide spectrum of action.
  • Oritavancin – is prescribed for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections, as well as pneumonia in patients suffering from chronic diseases. It is well tolerated and has minimal side effects.

  Contraindications and side effects:

  Preparations of the glycopeptide group have several contraindications and possible side effects. Some of them can be toxic to the kidneys and/or liver, which can lead to serious complications. Allergic reactions, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur.

  It is necessary to consult a doctor before starting treatment with drugs of the glycopeptide group. In addition, the recommended dose and duration of treatment should not be exceeded.

  Lincosamide group

  Lincosamides are a group of antibiotics that are active against gram-positive bacteria, including staphylococci, streptococci and pneumococci. They are synthesized by microorganisms that produce them as a defense against other bacteria. Lincosamides are used to treat infections caused by these bacteria, including infections of the skin, respiratory tract, and urogenital system.

  The main member of the group is erythromycin, which has a wide spectrum of action and is often used to treat upper respiratory tract infections. Also in the group of lincosamides are clarithromycin, which has greater activity against gram-negative bacteria, as well as azithromycin, which has a long half-life and can be taken once.

  • Benefits of lincosamides:
  • broad spectrum;
  • good tolerance;
  • choice of dosage and formulation;
  • few side effects.

  Disadvantages:

  1. High price compared to some other groups of antibiotics;
  2. Development of resistance to this group of antibiotics.

  Polymyxin group

  Polymyxin is a group of antibiotics that were discovered in 1947 year. They have a broad spectrum of activity and are active against many Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

  Polymyxins may be used to treat pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, skin infections, and other infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.

  Despite their toxicity, polymyxins remain an important tool in the fight against infections caused by many Gram-negative bacteria that have become resistant to other antibiotics. They should only be used after other antibiotics have been tried and failed or cannot be used for other reasons.

  Antibacterial Azithromycin

  Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat a variety of infections caused by bacteria, including pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, urinary tract infections, skin infections, and other conditions. This drug has a wide spectrum of action and is considered one of the most effective antibiotics.

  Azithromycin is available in several forms: tablets, capsules, suspension and powder for intravenous solution. The main advantage of this drug is its short course of treatment – usually it is enough to take tablets or capsules for 3-5 days. It is also generally well tolerated and has few side effects.

  It is important to remember that azithromycin is an antibiotic and should only be taken with a doctor’s prescription. Do not exceed the recommended dose and duration of the drug. If side effects occur, you should immediately consult your doctor.

  • Benefits:
  • Broad spectrum;
  • Short course of treatment;
  • Minimum number of side effects.
  1. Purpose:
  2. Treatment of infections of the respiratory tract, genitourinary system, skin infections, etc.

  Antibacterial drug Amoxicillin

  Amoxicillin is an antibacterial drug that belongs to the group of semi-synthetic penicillins. It is widely used to treat various infections caused by bacteria.

  The mechanism of action of amoxicillin is based on the fact that it destroys bacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of their cell walls. The drug is active against many types of bacteria, including staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, salmonella, shigella and others.

  Amoxicillin is taken orally, in one dose or divided into several doses. The dosage and duration of the course of treatment depend on the type of infection and its severity, as well as on the age and weight of the patient.

  Side effects of amoxicillin include allergic reactions, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. In addition, the drug may interact with certain other drugs.

  • Amoxicillin is one of the most common and most effective antibacterial drugs.
  • The drug can be prescribed to adults and children, including newborns.
  • Although highly effective, amoxicillin cannot treat infections caused by viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

  If you are being treated with amoxicillin, follow your doctor’s instructions and do not stop treatment prematurely, even if the symptoms of the infection have gone. This will help prevent recurrence of the infection and reduce the risk of developing bacterial resistance.

  Antibacterial drug Levofloxacin

  Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat infections caused by susceptible organisms. It penetrates into bacterial cells and disrupts their viability by blocking DNA synthesis.

  Levofloxacin is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including Gram-positive, Gram-negative, weather-resistant and anaerobic organisms.

  Levofloxacin is most commonly used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, genitourinary system, skin, soft tissues, and bones. It also has an anti-inflammatory effect, so it can be used to treat acute bronchi and exacerbations of chronic lung diseases.

  • Levofloxacin is not recommended for children under 18 years of age, pregnant or lactating women, or patients with kidney or liver problems.