What are penicillins and how do they work. What are the different types of penicillins and their uses. What are the potential side effects of penicillin antibiotics.

Understanding Penicillins: An Introduction

Penicillins are a class of antibiotics derived from the Penicillium fungi. These medicines work by inhibiting the growth of, or killing, certain types of bacteria. Penicillins were first discovered in 1928 by Scottish physician-scientist Alexander Fleming, who observed that a mold contaminating a petri dish of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was causing the bacteria to die.

Types of Penicillin Antibiotics

There are several different types of penicillins, which can be classified into the following categories:

Natural Penicillins

The natural penicillins, such as penicillin G and penicillin V, are effective against most gram-positive bacteria. Penicillin V is more acid-resistant than penicillin G, allowing it to be taken orally.

Semi-Synthetic Penicillins

Modern semi-synthetic penicillins, including ampicillin, carbenicillin, and oxacillin, can be taken orally, have some resistance to beta-lactamase enzymes, and are effective against certain gram-negative bacteria as well.

Antipseudomonal Penicillins

Antipseudomonal penicillins, such as piperacillin and ticarcillin, have additional activity against some hard-to-treat gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, and Klebsiella. They are often used for urinary tract infections caused by susceptible bacteria.

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations

Some penicillins are combined with a beta-lactamase inhibitor, such as clavulanate, sulbactam, or tazobactam. These inhibitors block the activity of beta-lactamase enzymes produced by certain bacteria, extending the effectiveness of the penicillin.

Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins, including oxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin, are naturally resistant to certain beta-lactamase enzymes and can be used to treat infections caused by bacteria that produce these enzymes.

Uses of Penicillin Antibiotics

Penicillins may be used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, such as:

• Dental abscesses
• Ear infections (otitis media)
• Gonorrhea
• Pneumonia
• Respiratory tract infections
• Rheumatic fever
• Scarlet fever
• Skin infections
• Urinary tract infections

Safety and Side Effects of Penicillins

Penicillins are generally considered safe, with low toxicity and good efficacy against susceptible bacteria. However, some people may experience side effects, such as:

• Abdominal pain
• Headache
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Itchy skin
• Rash
• Wheezing
• Swelling around the throat
• Respiratory collapse (in rare cases of true penicillin allergy)

True penicillin allergy is actually quite rare, occurring in only 0.01-0.05% of people who take penicillin.

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Bacteria

One of the key differences between types of penicillins is their spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria have a simpler cell wall structure and are generally more susceptible to antibiotics, while gram-negative bacteria have a more complex cell wall and tend to be more resistant.

The natural penicillins are primarily effective against gram-positive bacteria, while the semi-synthetic and antipseudomonal penicillins also have activity against certain gram-negative bacteria.

Penicillins and Beta-Lactamase Enzymes

Some bacteria produce enzymes called beta-lactamases that can inactivate penicillins. To overcome this, penicillins can be combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors like clavulanate, sulbactam, or tazobactam. These inhibitors block the beta-lactamase enzymes, making the penicillin more effective.

Additionally, some penicillins, such as oxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin, are naturally resistant to certain beta-lactamases and do not require a beta-lactamase inhibitor.

Conclusion

In summary, penicillins are a diverse class of antibiotics with a wide range of uses in treating bacterial infections. Understanding the different types of penicillins, their spectrum of activity, and their potential side effects is crucial for healthcare providers to ensure the appropriate and safe use of these important medications.

List of Common Penicillins + Uses & Side Effects

Penicillins are a type of antibiotic derived from Penicillium fungi. An antibiotic is a type of medicine that inhibits the growth of, or kills, bacteria.

Penicillin G (also called benzylpenicillin) was discovered by accident in 1928. Alexander Fleming, a Scottish physician-scientist was growing a type of bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus on an uncovered petri dish when it became contaminated with mold spores. He observed that the areas of bacteria near the mold were dying. He isolated the substance from the mold that was killing the bacteria and called it penicillin.

Another naturally occurring penicillin, penicillin V, was later isolated from the same mold. All other penicillins are semi-synthetic (made by modifying the structure of the original naturally occurring penicillins). Modification extends their spectrum of activity, allows them to be taken orally, and increases their resistance against penicillinase, an enzyme produced by some bacteria that inactivates penicillin.

Penicillins work by preventing the cross linking of amino acid chains in the bacterial cell wall. This does not affect pre-existing bacteria, but newly produced bacterial cells have weak cell walls that easily rupture.

What are penicillins used for?

Penicillins may be used to treat a wide range of infections caused by susceptible bacteria, such as:

• Dental abscess
• Ear infections (eg, otitis media)
• Gonorrhea
• Pneumonia
• Respiratory tract infections
• Rheumatic fever
• Scarlet fever
• Skin infections
• Urinary tract infections.

What are the differences between penicillins?

The natural penicillins (penicillin G and penicillin V) are only active against gram-positive bacteria (see below for an explanation). Penicillin V is more acid-resistant than penicillin G, which means it can be taken orally.

Modern semi-synthetic penicillins include ampicillin, carbenicillin (discontinued), and oxacillin. These can be taken orally, have some degree of resistance to beta lactamase, and are effective against some gram-negative bacteria. Most bacteria can be classified as gram-positive or gram-negative based on differences in their cell wall structure, which can be distinguished under a microscope using a type of dye. One of the most important differences between these two types of bacteria is that gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotics while gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics.

Antipseudomonal penicillins, such as piperacillin and ticarcillin (discontinued) are penicillins that have additional activity against some hard-to-kill types of gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Klebsiella. They are useful for urinary tract infections caused by susceptible bacteria because they concentrate in the urine.

Some penicillins are combined with a beta-lactamase inhibitor. A beta-lactamase inhibitor blocks the activity of beta-lactamase enzymes but tends to have little antibiotic activity on its own. Some penicillins (such as oxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin) are naturally resistant to certain beta-lactamases and are called penicillinase-resistant penicillins. Others, such as amoxicillin, ampicillin, and piperacillin can have their activity extended by combining them with a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Clavulanate, sulbactam, and tazobactam are all beta-lactamase inhibitors.

Common penicillins available in the U.S.

Aminopenicillins

Spectrum of activity:

• Most gram-positive bacteria, some gram-negative bacteria (such as E. coli and H. influenzae).

Antipseudomonal penicillins

Spectrum of activity:

• Most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
• Antipseudomonal and antiprotozoal activity
• Usually given with a beta lactamase.

Beta-lactamase inhibitors

Spectrum of activity:

• Effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria including those that produce beta-lactamases (eg, bacteroides sp. , enterococcus sp., staphylococcus sp.)

Natural penicillins

Spectrum of activity:

• Effective against most gram-positive bacteria and a limited number of gram-negative bacteria.

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

Spectrum of activity:

• Effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
• Naturally resistant to beta-lactamase.

Are penicillins safe?

Penicillins are generally safe, with low toxicity and good efficacy against susceptible bacteria.

Many people believe that they are allergic to penicillin. However, true penicillin allergy is rare, and only occurs in 0.01-0.05% of people who take penicillin. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, itchy skin, rash, wheezing, swelling around the throat, and respiratory collapse.

What are the side effects of penicillins?

Penicillins generally cause few side effects. The most common side effects reported include abdominal pain, headache, rash, diarrhea, and taste perversion.

Penicillins may cause anaphylaxis in those allergic to penicillin, but the overall incidence of anaphylaxis is rare (0.01-0.05%).

Rarely, some people may develop a super-infection due to overgrowth of a naturally occurring bacterium called Clostridium difficile, following use of any antibiotic, including penicillins. Symptoms may include severe diarrhea.

Uncommonly, an overgrowth of the yeast, Candida albicans, may occur following penicillin use, resulting in the symptoms of thrush.

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

Antibiotic medications – penicillin derivatives | Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Penicillin derivatives include:

Aminopenicillins

• Amoxicillin (Amoxicot, Amoxil, Moxilin, Trimox, and Wymox)
• Ampicillin (Principen)

Beta-lactamase inhibitors

• Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Potassium (Augmentin, Augmentin XR, Amoclan, and Augmentin ES-600)
• Ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn)
• Piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn)
• Clavulanate/ticarcillin (Timentin)

Natural penicillins

• Penicillin V Potassium (Suspen, Truxcillin, and Veetids)
• Penicillin g benzathine (Bicillin L-A)
• Procaine penicillin (Wycillin)

Depletions

Good Bacteria

Taking penicillin derivatives may deplete good bacteria.

There are many types of good bacteria that live in your intestine. They help keep your digestive system healthy. Two of these bacteria are Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum.

Good bacteria help you to:

• Fight against infections and diseases
• Digest food

Use of some medicines may deplete good bacteria.  If you do not have enough probiotics in your gut, you may have:

• Gas
• Stomach problems
• Diarrhea
• More serious infections in your intestine
• Increased risk of allergies

Some foods called probiotics contain good bacteria, and can help return your gut to normal.

Editorial Note

The information presented here covers some of the nutrients that may be affected when you take certain medicines. If you have any of these signs and symptoms, it does not always mean you have low levels of these nutrients.

Factors that affect the level of nutrients are:

• Your medical history
• Diet
• Lifestyle
• How long you have been taking the medicine

Please talk to your health care provider. They can best address your health care needs and see if you are at risk for low levels of any nutrients.

Supporting Research

Chen LA, Sears CL. Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds.
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 3.

Gold Standard Drug Database: Drug Monograph: Amoxicillin, 2016.
www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/drug_monograph/6-s2.0-31
. Accessed July 7, 2016.

Gold Standard Drug Database: Drug Monograph: Amoxicillin; Clavulanic Acid 2016.
www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/drug_monograph/6-s2.0-32
. Accessed July 7, 2016.

Gold Standard Drug Database: Drug Monograph: Ampicillin 2016.
www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/drug_monograph/6-s2.0-34
. Accessed July 15, 2016.

Gold Standard Drug Database: Drug Monograph: Ampicillin; Sulbactam 2016.
www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/drug_monograph/6-s2.0-35
. Accessed July 15, 2016.

Gold Standard Drug Database: Drug Monograph: Penicillin G Benzathine 2016.
www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/drug_monograph/6-s2.0-3421
. Accessed July 15, 2016.

Gold Standard Drug Database: Drug Monograph: Penicillin G Procaine 2016.
www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/drug_monograph/6-s2.0-3422
. Accessed July 15, 2016.

Gold Standard Drug Database: Drug Monograph: Piperacillin; Tazobactam 2016.
www. clinicalkey.com/#!/content/drug_monograph/6-s2.0-491
. Accessed July 15, 2016.

Gold Standard Drug Database: Drug Monograph: Ticarcillin; Clavulanic Acid 2016.
www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/drug_monograph/6-s2.0-612
. Accessed July 15, 2016.

Harrison GJ. Probiotics. In: Cherry JD, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, Steinbach WJ, Hotez PJ, eds.
Feigin and Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 242.

Shenkin A, Roberts NB. Vitamins and trace elements. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE, eds.
Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:chap 31.

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Antibiotics of the penicillin group – description and medicinal properties

Contents

• Properties of penicillin and its discovery
• List of drugs and classification of penicillins
• Antibiotics of the penicillin group for children
• Recommendations for patients

Penicillin antibiotics are the first drugs created from waste products of certain types of bacteria.

In the general classification, penicillin antibiotics belong to the class of beta-lactam preparations. In addition to them, non-penicillin antibiotics are also included here: monobactams, cephalosporins and carbapenems.

The similarity is due to the fact that these preparations contain a four-membered ring. All antibiotics of this group are used in chemotherapy and play an important role in the treatment of infectious diseases.

The properties of penicillin and its discovery

Before the discovery of antibiotics, many diseases seemed simply incurable, scientists and doctors around the world wanted to find a substance that could help defeat pathogenic microorganisms, while not causing damage to human health. People died from sepsis, wounds infected with bacteria, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia and other dangerous and serious diseases.

The key moment in medical history is 1928 – it was in this year that penicillin was discovered. Millions of human lives for this discovery are due to Sir Alexander Fleming. The accidental appearance of mold on the nutrient medium of the Penicillium notatum group in Fleming’s laboratory and the observation of the scientist himself gave a chance to fight against infectious diseases.

After the discovery of penicillin, scientists faced only one task – to isolate this substance in its pure form. This case turned out to be quite complicated, but in the late 30s of the 20th century, two scientists Ernst Cheyne and Howard Flory managed to create a drug with an antibacterial effect.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group properties

The antibiotic penicillin inhibits the emergence and development of such pathogenic organisms as:

• meningococci,
• gonococci,
• streptococci,
• staphylococci,
• tetanus bacillus,
• pneumococci,
• anthrax,
• botulism stick,
• diphtheria bacillus, etc.

This is only a small list of those pathogenic bacteria in which penicillin and all drugs of the penicillin series suppress vital activity.

The antibiotic action of penicillin is either bactericidal or bacteriostatic. In the latter case, we are talking about the complete destruction of pathogenic organisms that caused the disease, most often acute and extremely severe.

For mild diseases, antibiotics with a bacteriostatic effect are used – they do not allow bacteria to divide.

Penicillin is a bactericidal antibiotic. Microbes in their structure have a cell wall in which the main substance is peptidoglycan.

This substance gives the bacterial cell resistance, preventing it from dying even in very unsuitable conditions for life. By acting on the cell wall, penicillin destroys its integrity and disables its work.

In the human body, cell membranes do not contain peptidoglycan, and therefore antibiotics of the penicillin group do not have a negative effect on our body. Also, we can talk about a small toxicity of these funds.

See also: Pus in the nose, symptoms and treatment

Penicillins have a wide range of dosages used, this is safer for the human body, since it makes it possible for a particular patient to choose a therapeutic dosage with minimal side effects.

The main part of penicillin is excreted from the body by the kidneys with urine (more than 70%). Some antibiotics of the penicillin group are excreted using the biliary system, that is, they are excreted with bile.

List of drugs and classification of penicillins

The chemical compound of the penicillin group is based on the beta-lactam ring, therefore they belong to beta-lactam drugs.

Since penicillin has been used in medical practice for more than 80 years, some microorganisms have developed resistance to this antibiotic in the form of the beta-lactamase enzyme.

The mechanism of the enzyme’s work is the combination of the hydrolytic enzyme of a pathogenic bacterium with the beta-lactam ring, which in turn facilitates their binding, and as a result, inactivation of the drug.

Today, semi-synthetic antibiotics are most often used: the chemical composition of a natural antibiotic is taken as a basis and subjected to useful modifications.

Due to this, humanity is still able to resist various bacteria that constantly develop different mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics.

This is the current classification of penicillins in the FDA.

Short-acting natural antibiotics

Natural antibiotics do not contain beta-lactamase inhibitors, therefore they are never used against diseases caused by staphylococcus aureus.

Benzylpenicillin active during treatment:

• lobar pneumonia,
• anthrax,
• bronchitis,
• pleurisy,
• peritonitis,
• sepsis,
• diseases of the genitourinary system,
• meningitis (in adults and in children from 2 years old),
• skin infections,
• wound infections,
• ENT diseases.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group have side effects. For all of them, the main side effect is an allergic response of the body in the form of urticaria, anaphylactic shock, hyperthermia, Quincke’s edema, skin rashes, nephritis. Possible failures in the work of the heart. During the introduction of significant dosages – convulsions (in children).

Restrictions on use and contraindications: hay fever, allergy to penicillin, impaired kidney function, arrhythmia, bronchial asthma.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group with prolonged action

Benzylpenicillin benzathine is used in cases of:

• inflammation of the tonsils,
• syphilis,
• wound infections,
• scarlet fever.

It is also used to prevent complications after surgery.

Side effects: anemia, allergic response, abscess at the injection site, headache, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia.

Contraindications: hay fever, bronchial asthma, tendency to allergies to penicillin.

Benzylpenicillin procaine is used in the treatment of:

• septic endocarditis,
• acute inflammatory diseases of the respiratory organs,
• osteomyelitis,
• meningitis,
• processes of inflammation of the biliary and urinary tract,
• peritonitis,
• eye diseases,
• dermatoses,
• wound infections.

See also: Treatment of noise in the ears and head

It is used for relapses of erysipelas and rheumatism.

Side effect: convulsions, nausea, allergic reaction.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity to procaine and penicillin.

Antistaphylococcal agents

Oxacillin is the main representative of this group of antibiotics. The result of treatment is similar to benzylpenicillin, but unlike the second, this drug can destroy staphylococcal infections.

Side effects: skin rash, urticaria. Rarely – anaphylactic shock, edema, fever, digestive disorders, vomiting, nausea, hematuria (in children), jaundice.

Contraindications: allergic reactions to penicillin.

Broad-spectrum preparations

Ampicillin is used as an active substance in many antibiotics. Used to treat acute infections of the urinary and respiratory tract, infectious diseases of the digestive system, chlamydial infections, endocarditis, meningitis.

List of antibiotics containing ampicillin: Ampicillin sodium salt, Ampicillin trihydrate, Ampicillin-Inotec, Ampicillin AMP-Forte, Ampicillin-AKOS, etc.

Amoxicillin is a modified derivative of ampicillin. It is considered the main antibiotic, which is taken orally only.

Used for meningococcal infections, acute respiratory infections, Lyme disease, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. It is used to prevent anthrax in women during pregnancy and children.

List of antibiotics that contain amoxicillin: Amoxicillin Sandoz, Amoxicar, Amoxicillin DS, Amoxicillin-ratiopharm, etc.

Side effects: dysbiosis, dyspeptic disorders, allergies, candidiasis, superinfection, CNS disorders.

Contraindications for this group of penicillins: hypersensitivity, mononucleosis, abnormal liver function. Ampicillin is prohibited for newborns up to one month.

Antipseudomonal antibiotics

Carboxypenicillins contain an active component – carbenicillin. In this case, the name of the antibiotic is the same as the active ingredient.

Used in the treatment of diseases caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Today, they are almost never used in medicine due to the availability of more powerful drugs.

Ureidopenicillins include: Azlocillin, Piperacillin, Mezlocillin.

Side effect: nausea, eating disorders, urticaria, vomiting. Possible headache, drug-induced fever, superinfection, impaired renal function.

Contraindications: pregnancy, high sensitivity to penicillin.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group for children

The use of antibiotics in children’s treatment is constantly given great attention, since the child’s body has not yet fully formed and most organs and systems are not yet fully functional.

Therefore, the choice of antibiotics for infants and growing children must be treated with great responsibility by doctors.

Penicillin in neonates is used for toxic diseases and sepsis. In the first years of life in children, it is used to treat otitis, pneumonia, meningitis, pleurisy.

With angina, SARS, cystitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, as a rule, children are prescribed Flemoxin, Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Amoxiclav. These antibiotics in relation to the child’s body are the least toxic and the most effective.

See also: Farmadipin – indications for use, reviews

Dysbacteriosis is one of the complications of antibiotic therapy, since beneficial microflora in children dies simultaneously with pathogenic microorganisms.

Therefore, antibiotic treatment must be combined with the intake of probiotics. A rare side effect is an allergy to penicillin in the form of a skin rash.

In infants, the excretory function of the kidneys is not sufficiently developed and the accumulation of penicillin is likely in the body. The result of this is the appearance of seizures.

Recommendations for patients

Treatment with any antibiotics, even the latest generation, always has a significant impact on health. Naturally, they relieve the main infectious disease, but overall immunity is also significantly reduced.

Since not only pathogenic bacteria die, but also healthy microflora. Therefore, it will take some time to restore the protective forces. If side effects are pronounced, especially those associated with the gastrointestinal tract, then a sparing diet is necessary.

It is recommended to consume a lot of fermented milk products, which have a positive effect on the intestines and stomach. Spicy, salty, fatty foods should be temporarily limited for a period of approximately 10-14 days.

Mandatory use of probiotics and prebiotics (Bifidumbacterin, Linex, Bifiform, Acipol, etc.). The beginning of the reception must occur simultaneously with the start of the use of an antibacterial agent.

At the same time, after a course of antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics must be used for about 14 more days to populate the stomach with beneficial bacteria.

When antibiotics are toxic to the liver, the use of hepatoprotectors may be recommended. These drugs will protect healthy liver cells and repair damaged ones.

Since the immune system is reduced, the body is particularly susceptible to colds. Therefore, you need to take care of yourself and not overcool. Use immunomodulators, while it is desirable that they be of plant origin (purple Echinacea, Immunal).

If the disease is of viral etiology, then in this case antibiotics of the penicillin group are powerless, even the latest generation and a wide spectrum of action. They can only serve as a prophylaxis in joining a bacterial viral infection. Antivirals are used to treat viruses.

In order to reduce the use of antibiotics and get sick, you need to lead a healthy lifestyle. The most important thing is not to overdo it with the use of antibacterial agents in order to prevent the development of bacterial resistance to them.

Otherwise it will not be possible to cure any infection. Therefore, always consult your doctor before using any antibiotic.

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Antibiotics of the penicillin series: names, list, instructions, reviews

Antimicrobials of the penicillin series are characterized by low toxicity, as well as a wide spectrum of influence. They have an antibacterial effect on a large number of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

The effect of antimicrobial agents of the penicillin series is determined by their ability to provoke the death of pathogenic microflora. Penicillin antibiotics act bactericidal, entering into association with bacterial enzymes, disrupting the synthesis of the bacterial wall.

Proliferating bacterial cells are considered to be the target for such antimicrobials. For humans, these drugs are safe because the membranes of human cells do not have bacterial peptidoglycan.

Classification

There are two main groups of penicillins:

• natural;
• semi-synthetic.

A number of natural antibiotics of the penicillin series, which are obtained from the microfungus Penicilla, are not resistant to bacterial enzymes that have the ability to break down beta-lactam substances. Because of this, the spectrum of action of the natural penicillin series is reduced compared to the group of semi-synthetic agents. What names of antibiotics belong to the penicillin series?

Spectrum of action of penicillins

Natural antimicrobial agents of this group show increased activity against the following bacteria:

1. Staphylococci.
2. Streptococcus.
3. Pneumococcus.
4. Listeria.
5. Bacilli.
6. Meningococcus.
7. Gonococcus.
8. Ducray-Unna stick.
9. Clostridia.
10. Fusobacteria.
11. Actinomycetes.
12. Leptospiram.
13. Borrelia.
14. Pale spirochete.

The spectrum of influence of semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotics is somewhat wider than that of natural ones.

Penicillin analogues. Antibiotics of the penicillin group: indications, …

Antimicrobials from this list are classified according to the spectrum of action, as:

• not active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
• antipseudomonal drugs.

When is penicillin prescribed?

Antimicrobial agents of this group are used to eliminate:

1. Pneumonia (acute inflammation of the lungs, usually of infectious origin, which affects all elements of the structure of the organ).
2. Bronchitis (a lesion of the respiratory organs, in which the bronchi are involved in the inflammatory process).
3. Otitis (inflammatory process in different parts of the ear).
4. Angina (an infectious and allergic process that affects the pharyngeal lymphoid ring).
5. Tonsillopharyngitis (acute infection of the pharynx and palatine tonsils).
6. Scarlet fever (an acute illness characterized by intoxication of the body, rashes all over the body, as well as fever and redness of the tongue).
7. Cystitis (bladder disease).
8. Pyelonephritis (non-specific inflammation with damage to the tubular system of the kidney).
9. Gonorrhea (a venereal disease that provokes damage to the mucous membranes of organs).
10. Syphilis (chronic lesions of the skin, as well as mucous membranes, internal organs).
11. Skin infections.
12. Osteomyelitis (an infectious disease that affects not only the bone and bone marrow, but the entire body).
13. Blennorrhea of ​​newborns (a disease characterized by purulent conjunctivitis, hyperemia of the eyelids and suppuration from them).
14. Bacterial lesions of mucous membranes, connective tissue.
15. Leptospirosis (an acute infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira).
16. Actinomycosis (a chronic disease from the group of mycoses, which is characterized by the formation of granulomatous foci).
17. Meningitis (a disease that is caused by damage to the membranes of the brain and spinal cord).

Aminopenicillins

Antibacterial agents from the list of aminopenicillins show increased effectiveness against a large number of infections that are provoked by enterobacteria bacteria, as well as Helicobacter pylori and Haemophilus influenzae. Names of penicillin antibiotics, list of drugs:

Penicillin analogues. Antibiotics of the penicillin group: indications,…

1. “Ampicillin”.
2. “Amoxicillin”.
3. “Flemoxin Solutab”.
4. Ospamox.
5. “Amosin”.
6. Ecoball.

The action of antibacterial drugs from the list of ampicillins and amoxicillins, the effects of these drugs are similar.

Antimicrobials of the ampicillin series have much less effect on pneumococci, but the activity of “Ampicillin” and its generics with the following names of drugs – antibiotics of the penicillin series “Ampicillin Akos”, “Ampicillin trihydrate” is somewhat stronger in eliminating shigella.

The amoxicillin series is more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but some members of the group are eliminated by bacterial penicillinases.

List of names of antibiotics of the penicillin series

The most effective drugs in the fight against ailments:

1. “Oxacillin”.
2. Dicloxacillin.
3. Nafcillin.
4. Methicillin.

Drugs show resistance to staphylococcal penicillinases, which eliminate other drugs of this series. The most popular is considered – “Oxacillin”.

Antipseudomonal penicillins

Preparations of this drug group have a broad spectrum of action, they are effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which provokes cystitis, as well as tonsillitis and skin infections. What names are included in the list of drugs?

Penicillin antibiotics (names):

1. “Carbetsin”.
2. Piopen.
3. “Timentin”.
4. “Securopen”.
5. “Picillin”.

Combinations

Inhibitor-protected penicillins include drugs that contain an antibiotic and a component that blocks the activity of bacterial beta-lactamase.

Penicillins: classification of antibiotics, description of pharmacological…

Inhibitors are:

• clavulanic acid;
• tazobactam;
• sulbactam.

As a rule, the following names of penicillin antibiotics are used to eliminate respiratory and genitourinary infections:

1. Augmentin.
2. “Amoxiclav”.
3. “Amoxil”.
4. “Unazin”.

The drugs of combined effect include the antimicrobial drug “Ampioks” and its generic “Ampioks-sodium”, which contains “Ampicillin” and “Oxacillin”.

Ampiox is available in tablet and injection powder form. The drug is used in the treatment of children and adult patients from sepsis, as well as septic endocarditis.

Drugs for adults

In the list of semi-synthetic drugs that are good used for tonsillitis, as well as otitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis and pneumonia, diseases of the genitourinary system tablets and injections:

1. “Hykoncil”.
2. Ospamox.
3. “Amoxiclav”.
4. Amoxicar.
5. “Ampicillin”.
6. Augmentin.
7. “Flemoxin Solutab”.
8. “Amoxiclav”.
9. Piperacillin.
10. “Ticarcillin”.

These antimicrobials are not used against prostatitis because they do not enter the prostate tissue. In case of allergic manifestations to penicillins, the patient may develop nettle rash, anaphylaxis, and during cephalosporin therapy.

“Ampicillin”

The drug inhibits the connection of bacterial cell walls, which is due to its antimicrobial effect. The drug affects coccal microorganisms and a large number of gram-negative bacteria. Under the influence of penicillinase, “Ampicillin” is destroyed, so it is not effective against penicillinase-forming pathogens.

“Flemoxin Solutab”

People who are prone to drug allergies should have a sensitivity test before therapy. The drug is not prescribed to patients who have already had intense adverse reactions to penicillin.

Treatment must be completed. Interruption of therapy ahead of time can lead to the development of resistance of pathogens to the active substance and the transition of the disease to the chronic stage.

“Amoxiclav”

The drug also contains amoxicillin, which is considered an antibiotic of penicillin, its molecule contains a beta-lactam ring. It is active against many bacteria, and also has a bactericidal effect due to disruption of cell wall synthesis. “Amoxiclav” is a new antibiotic of the penicillin series.

Penicillin analogues. Antibiotics of the penicillin group: indications,…

To preserve the activity of the antimicrobial agent in the preparation, the second active ingredient is clavulanic acid. This compound irreversibly neutralizes the enzyme β-lactamase, thereby making such pathogens sensitive to amoxicillin.

“Augmentin”

The drug has a prolonged action, which differs significantly from other drugs based on amoxicillin. With this medication, it can be used to eliminate pneumonia that is resistant to penicillins.

After ingestion, the active ingredients – amoxicillin and clavulanic acid – quickly dissolve and are absorbed into the stomach and intestines. The maximum pharmacological effect is manifested in the situation if the patient consumes the drug before meals.

The content of the active ingredients of the drug is evenly distributed throughout all organs and systems – the chest and abdominal cavity, as well as tissues, penetrates into the bile, is found in pathological secretions, purulent secretions.

Penicillins for the treatment of children

Penicillin antibiotics are practically non-toxic, which is why they are usually recommended for children with infectious diseases. In most cases, preference is given to inhibitor-protected penicillins, which are intended for oral use.

The list of penicillin antimicrobials intended for the treatment of children includes Amoxicillin and generics, Augmentin, Amoxiclav, as well as Flemoxin and Flemoklav Solutab. Medicines in the form of dispersible tablets act no less effectively than injections and cause fewer problems in treatment.

From birth, Ospamox and a number of its substitutes are used to treat children, which are available in soluble tablets, as well as granules and powder for suspension. The appointment of dosing is done by the doctor, based on the age and body weight of the child.

In children, the accumulation of penicillins in the body is possible, which is provoked by an anemia of the urinary system or kidney damage. An increased content of an antimicrobial substance in the blood has a toxic effect on nerve cells, which is manifested by spasms. If such signs occur, therapy is stopped, and the penicillin antibiotic is replaced with a drug from another group.

“Ospamox”

The drug is produced in two dosage forms – tablets and granules. Dosing of the drug according to the instructions for use depends on the localization of the infectious process. Ospamox is a modern penicillin antibiotic for children.

The daily concentration is divided into several uses. Duration of therapy: until the symptoms disappear plus five days. To make a suspension, the bottle with granules is filled with water, then shaken. Dosing of the drug to “Ospamox” will be as follows:

• Infants under one year of age are given a suspension at a concentration of 125 mg/5 ml – 5 milliliters (1 scoop) twice a day;
• for babies from one to six years old – suspension from 5 to 7.5 milliliters (1-1.5 spoons) twice a day;
• children 6 to 10 years of age – suspension 7.5 to 10 ml twice a day;
• patients from ten to fourteen years old are already prescribed a tablet form of the drug – 1 tablet of 500 milligrams twice a day;
• adolescents – 1.5 tablets of 500 mg twice a day.

Contraindications and side effects

Restrictions for use include allergy to penicillin antibiotics. If rashes, itching occur during therapy, it is necessary to stop using the medication and consult a doctor.

Allergy can be manifested by Quincke’s edema, anaphylaxis. The list of adverse reactions in penicillins is small. The main negative phenomenon is the inhibition of beneficial intestinal microflora.

Diarrhea, thrush, skin rashes are the main negative reactions when using penicillins. The following effects are less common:

1. Nausea.
2. Vomiting.
3. Migraine.
4. Pseudomembranous colitis.
5. Edema.

The use of benzylpenicillins, as well as carbenicillins, can provoke an electrolyte imbalance with the development of hyperkalemia or hypernatremia, which increases the likelihood of a heart attack, an increase in blood pressure.

Extensive list of negative effects of “Oxacillin” and substitutes:

1. Appearance of blood in urine.
2. Temperature.
3. Gagging.
4. Nausea.

To prevent the occurrence of negative effects, it is important to follow the instructions for use, as well as use the drug in the dosage prescribed by the doctor.