What are liver function tests. How do they work. What do the results mean. When should you get tested. How to interpret abnormal liver test results. What conditions can liver function tests detect. How to maintain optimal liver health.

What Are Liver Function Tests and Why Are They Important?

Liver function tests, also known as liver chemistries, are blood tests used to assess the health and functionality of your liver. These tests measure levels of specific enzymes, proteins, and other substances in your blood that reflect various aspects of liver function. By analyzing these biomarkers, healthcare providers can gain valuable insights into your liver’s overall condition and detect potential issues.

Why are liver function tests so crucial? The liver plays a vital role in numerous bodily processes, including:

• Filtering toxins from the blood
• Producing essential proteins
• Metabolizing nutrients
• Regulating blood clotting
• Storing vitamins and minerals

Given the liver’s critical functions, monitoring its health through regular testing can help identify problems early, guide treatment decisions, and prevent more serious complications.

When Should You Get a Liver Function Test?

Liver function tests are recommended in various situations to screen for potential liver issues or monitor existing conditions. Some common reasons for getting a liver function test include:

• Screening for liver diseases such as hepatitis B and C
• Monitoring the side effects of certain medications
• Assessing the severity of known liver disease
• Evaluating symptoms of liver disorders
• Checking liver health in individuals with risk factors

Who should consider getting a liver function test? Healthcare providers may recommend these tests for individuals who:

• Have a family history of liver disease
• Consume alcohol frequently
• Take medications known to affect the liver
• Have been exposed to hepatitis viruses
• Experience symptoms of liver problems
• Have certain medical conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure

Understanding the Different Types of Liver Function Tests

Several tests are typically included in a comprehensive liver function panel. Each test provides specific information about different aspects of liver health. The most common liver function tests include:

Alanine Transaminase (ALT) Test

What does the ALT test measure? ALT is an enzyme primarily found in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged, ALT is released into the bloodstream, causing elevated levels in blood tests. Higher-than-normal ALT levels can indicate liver damage or disease.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Test

How does the AST test differ from ALT? While AST is also found in liver cells, it’s present in other organs as well, including the heart, muscles, and brain. Elevated AST levels may suggest liver problems, but they’re less specific than ALT. Healthcare providers often compare AST to ALT levels to gain more insight into potential liver issues.

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Test

What can ALP levels reveal about liver health? ALP is an enzyme found in the liver, bile ducts, and bones. Elevated ALP levels may indicate problems with the liver’s bile duct system or certain bone disorders. This test is often performed in combination with other liver function tests for a more comprehensive evaluation.

Albumin Test

Why is albumin important in liver function testing? Albumin is the main protein produced by the liver. It plays crucial roles in nourishing tissues and transporting hormones and other substances throughout the body. Low albumin levels may suggest impaired liver function or other health issues.

Bilirubin Test

What does bilirubin tell us about liver health? Bilirubin is a waste product from the breakdown of red blood cells. The liver processes bilirubin before it’s excreted in stool. Elevated bilirubin levels can indicate liver damage or certain inherited conditions affecting bilirubin metabolism.

Interpreting Liver Function Test Results: What Do They Mean?

Understanding liver function test results can be complex, as abnormal values can have various implications. Here’s a general guide to interpreting common liver function test results:

• ALT: Elevated levels may indicate liver damage or disease
• AST: High levels, especially when compared to ALT, can suggest liver or muscle problems
• ALP: Increased levels may point to bile duct obstruction or bone disorders
• Albumin: Low levels can indicate impaired liver function or malnutrition
• Bilirubin: Elevated levels may suggest liver damage or certain inherited conditions

It’s important to note that interpreting liver function test results requires expertise and consideration of an individual’s overall health context. Always consult with a healthcare provider to understand the significance of your test results.

Common Conditions Detected by Liver Function Tests

Liver function tests can help identify or monitor various liver-related conditions. Some of the most common conditions that may be detected or assessed through these tests include:

Hepatitis

How do liver function tests help diagnose hepatitis? Elevated liver enzymes, particularly ALT and AST, can indicate inflammation of the liver, which is characteristic of hepatitis. These tests can help detect both acute and chronic forms of viral hepatitis, as well as other types of hepatitis caused by alcohol, drugs, or autoimmune disorders.

Fatty Liver Disease

What liver function test patterns are associated with fatty liver disease? Mild to moderate elevations in ALT and AST are common in fatty liver disease, both alcoholic and non-alcoholic forms. The AST:ALT ratio can help differentiate between alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, with a higher ratio typically seen in alcoholic liver disease.

Cirrhosis

How do liver function tests change in cirrhosis? Advanced liver disease like cirrhosis can cause a range of abnormalities in liver function tests. These may include elevated AST and ALT, increased ALP and bilirubin, and decreased albumin levels. The specific pattern can vary depending on the underlying cause and stage of cirrhosis.

Bile Duct Obstruction

What liver function test results suggest bile duct problems? Obstructions in the bile ducts can lead to elevated ALP and bilirubin levels. In some cases, ALT and AST may also be mildly elevated. These patterns can help differentiate bile duct issues from other liver conditions.

Preparing for a Liver Function Test: What You Need to Know

Proper preparation can help ensure accurate liver function test results. Here are some important considerations:

• Fasting: Some liver function tests may require fasting for 8-12 hours before the blood draw. Confirm with your healthcare provider if fasting is necessary.
• Medications: Certain medications can affect liver function test results. Inform your healthcare provider about all medications, supplements, and herbal products you’re taking.
• Alcohol: Avoid alcohol consumption for at least 24 hours before the test, as it can temporarily elevate liver enzyme levels.
• Exercise: Strenuous exercise can affect some liver function test results. Avoid intense physical activity for 24 hours before the test.
• Hydration: Stay well-hydrated before the test, unless instructed otherwise by your healthcare provider.

Always follow your healthcare provider’s specific instructions for test preparation to ensure the most accurate results.

Maintaining Optimal Liver Health: Lifestyle Tips and Recommendations

While regular liver function testing is important for monitoring liver health, adopting a liver-friendly lifestyle can help prevent many liver problems. Here are some tips for maintaining optimal liver health:

Balanced Diet

What foods support liver health? A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can promote liver health. Foods particularly beneficial for the liver include:

• Leafy greens like spinach and kale
• Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and Brussels sprouts
• Berries and other antioxidant-rich fruits
• Fatty fish high in omega-3 fatty acids
• Nuts and seeds

Limit Alcohol Consumption

How does alcohol affect liver health? Excessive alcohol consumption is a leading cause of liver damage. To protect your liver, limit alcohol intake or avoid it altogether. If you choose to drink, follow recommended guidelines: no more than one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men.

Regular Exercise

Can exercise improve liver health? Regular physical activity can help maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of fatty liver disease. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise per week.

Maintain a Healthy Weight

Why is weight management important for liver health? Obesity is a significant risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise can help prevent this condition and promote overall liver health.

Avoid Toxins

How can you protect your liver from environmental toxins? Limit exposure to harmful chemicals and toxins by:

• Using natural cleaning products when possible
• Avoiding unnecessary medications and following dosage instructions carefully
• Not smoking or using illicit drugs
• Being cautious with herbal supplements, as some can be harmful to the liver

Stay Hydrated

Why is hydration important for liver health? Adequate hydration helps the liver function properly and flush out toxins. Aim to drink at least 8 glasses of water per day, adjusting based on your activity level and climate.

When to Seek Medical Attention: Recognizing Signs of Liver Problems

While liver function tests are valuable for detecting liver issues, it’s important to be aware of potential symptoms that may indicate liver problems. Seek medical attention if you experience:

• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Persistent fatigue or weakness
• Unexplained weight loss
• Abdominal pain or swelling
• Dark urine or pale stools
• Nausea or vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Itchy skin

Early detection and treatment of liver problems can significantly improve outcomes and prevent more serious complications.

The Future of Liver Function Testing: Emerging Technologies and Approaches

As medical science advances, new technologies and approaches are being developed to enhance liver function testing and diagnosis. Some promising areas of research include:

Non-Invasive Imaging Techniques

How are imaging technologies improving liver assessment? Advanced imaging techniques such as elastography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are becoming more widely used to assess liver health non-invasively. These methods can provide detailed information about liver structure, fat content, and fibrosis without the need for invasive procedures.

Biomarker Discovery

What new biomarkers are being studied for liver function assessment? Researchers are exploring novel biomarkers that may offer more specific and sensitive indicators of liver health. These include:

• MicroRNAs: Small RNA molecules that can indicate specific types of liver damage
• Metabolomics: Studying patterns of metabolites in blood or urine to detect liver dysfunction
• Proteomics: Analyzing protein profiles to identify liver-specific markers of disease

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

How can AI improve liver function test interpretation? Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms are being developed to analyze complex patterns in liver function test results and other clinical data. These tools may help healthcare providers make more accurate diagnoses and predict disease progression more effectively.

Personalized Medicine Approaches

What role does personalized medicine play in liver health assessment? Advances in genetic testing and understanding of individual risk factors are paving the way for more personalized approaches to liver function testing and treatment. This may involve tailoring testing strategies and interventions based on an individual’s genetic profile, lifestyle factors, and specific risk factors.

As these technologies continue to develop, they may complement or even replace some traditional liver function tests, offering more precise and comprehensive assessments of liver health.

Liver Function Tests in Special Populations: Considerations and Adaptations

While liver function tests are broadly applicable, certain populations may require special considerations or adaptations in testing and result interpretation. Understanding these nuances is crucial for healthcare providers and patients alike.

Pediatric Liver Function Testing

How do liver function tests differ in children? Liver function test reference ranges can vary significantly in children compared to adults, often depending on age and developmental stage. Interpretation of results must take these factors into account. Additionally, some liver conditions are specific to pediatric populations, requiring tailored testing approaches.

Pregnancy and Liver Function Tests

What changes occur in liver function during pregnancy? Pregnancy can cause normal physiological changes that affect liver function test results. For example, alkaline phosphatase levels typically increase during pregnancy due to placental production. Healthcare providers must be aware of these normal variations to avoid misdiagnosis of liver problems in pregnant women.

Elderly Patients

How does aging impact liver function and test results? Aging can affect liver function and metabolism, potentially influencing liver function test results. Factors such as decreased liver blood flow, reduced liver mass, and increased prevalence of chronic diseases in elderly populations must be considered when interpreting test results.

Patients with Chronic Diseases

What considerations are necessary for liver function testing in patients with chronic diseases? Certain chronic conditions, such as heart failure, kidney disease, or thyroid disorders, can impact liver function test results. Healthcare providers must consider these underlying conditions when interpreting results and may need to adjust testing strategies accordingly.

Individuals with Genetic Liver Disorders

How do genetic factors influence liver function testing? Some individuals may have genetic variations that affect liver enzyme levels or metabolism, leading to atypical liver function test results. Genetic testing may be necessary to identify these variants and ensure accurate interpretation of liver function tests in affected individuals.

By considering these special populations and adapting testing and interpretation strategies accordingly, healthcare providers can ensure more accurate assessments of liver health across diverse patient groups.

Liver Function Tests: Purpose, Procedure, and Results

Liver function tests are blood tests that can be used to monitor the health of your liver. Ask the doctor what you need to do to prepare. In some cases you may need to avoid food or certain medications before the test.

Liver function tests, also known as liver chemistries, help determine the health of your liver by measuring the levels of proteins, liver enzymes, and bilirubin in your blood. They can also monitor the progression or treatment of an existing disease.

Depending on the test, either higher- or lower-than-typical levels of these enzymes or proteins can indicate a problem with your liver.

Some of the reasons liver function tests may be performed include screening for diseases such as hepatitis, monitoring the side effects of your medications, and examining the severity of liver disease.

In this article, we take a look at when you might need a liver function test, the different types of tests used, and how to interpret results.

A liver function test is often recommended in the following situations:

• to check for damage from liver infections, such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C, especially if it’s suspected you were exposed to a virus that causes hepatitis
• to monitor the side effects of certain medications because some medications are known to affect the liver, including:
  • NSAIDs
  • statins
  • antibiotics
  • antiseizure medications
  • tuberculosis drugs
• if you already have liver disease, to monitor the disease and how well a particular treatment is working
• if you’re experiencing the symptoms of a liver disorder or have a family history of a liver disease, such as fatty liver disease
• if you have certain medical conditions, such as:
  • high triglycerides
  • diabetes
  • high blood pressure
  • anemia
• if you drink alcohol frequently
• if you have gallbladder disease

Certain tests can reflect different aspects of liver function. For example, elevated alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase disproportional to bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels often indicates liver disease.

Liver function tests are used to measure specific enzymes and proteins in your blood.

Having atypical results on any of these liver tests usually requires a follow-up to determine the cause of the atypical characteristics. Even mildly elevated results can be associated with liver disease.

Common liver function tests include:

Alanine transaminase (ALT) test

Alanine transaminase (ALT) is used by your body to metabolize protein. If the liver is damaged or not functioning properly, ALT can be released into the blood. This causes ALT levels to increase. A higher result than what’s typical on this test can be a sign of liver damage.

It’s estimated that about 10 percent of people in the United States have elevated ALT levels.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) test

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in several parts of your body, including your:

• heart
• brain
• pancreas
• liver
• muscles

When the liver is damaged, AST can be released into the bloodstream. A high result on an AST test might indicate a problem with the liver or muscles.

Since AST levels aren’t as specific of a marker for liver damage as ALT, it’s usually measured together with ALT to check for liver problems. For example, a high AST:ALT ratio may indicate alcoholic liver disease.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in your bones, bile ducts, and liver. An ALP test is typically ordered in combination with several other tests. An ALP test can be used to evaluate the bile duct system of the liver.

Albumin test

Albumin is the main protein made by your liver. It performs many important bodily functions.

For example, albumin nourishes your tissues and transports hormones, vitamins, and other substances throughout your body. An albumin test measures how well your liver is making this particular protein.

Bilirubin test

Bilirubin is a waste product from the breakdown of red blood cells. It’s ordinarily processed by the liver. It passes through the liver before being excreted through your stool.

A damaged liver can’t properly process bilirubin. This leads to an atypically high level of bilirubin in the blood. Certain inherited diseases can raise bilirubin levels, even when liver function works as expected.

The following table shows what liver function tests may indicate in terms of higher or lower results than typical. Following any liver function test, you should have a discussion with your doctor about your test results and what they mean for you.

Problems with the liver can make a person very sick and can even be life threatening. Approximately 4.5 million adults in the United States have chronic liver disease.

Symptoms of a liver disorder include:

• weakness
• fatigue or loss of energy
• weight loss
• jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
• fluid collection in the abdomen, known as ascites
• discolored bodily discharge (dark urine or light stools)
• nausea
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• abdominal pain
• atypical bruising or bleeding

Your doctor may order a liver function test if you’re experiencing symptoms of a liver disorder.

Liver function tests can also monitor the progression or treatment of a disease and test for the side effects of certain medications.

Your doctor will give you complete instructions on how to prepare for the blood sample portion of the test.

Certain medications and foods may affect levels of these enzymes and proteins in your blood. Your doctor may ask you to avoid some types of medications, or they may ask you to avoid eating anything for a period of time before the test. Be sure to continue drinking water prior to the test.

You may want to wear a shirt with sleeves that can easily be rolled up to make it easier for the medical expert to collect the blood sample.

You may have your blood drawn in a hospital or at a specialized testing facility. To administer the test:

1. The healthcare technician will clean your skin before the test to decrease the likelihood that any microorganisms on your skin will cause an infection.
2. They’ll likely wrap an elastic strap on your arm. This will help your veins become more visible. They’ll then use a needle to draw samples of blood from your arm.
3. After the draw, the technician will place some gauze and a bandage over the puncture site. Your blood sample will be sent to a laboratory for testing.

Potential risks of a liver function test

Blood draws are routine procedures and rarely cause any serious side effects. However, the risks of giving a blood sample can include:

• bleeding under the skin, or hematoma
• excessive bleeding
• fainting
• infection

Was this helpful?

After the test, you can usually resume everyday activities. However, if you feel faint or lightheaded during the blood draw, you should rest before you leave the testing facility.

The results of these tests may not tell your doctor exactly which condition you have or the degree of liver damage, but they might help your doctor determine the next steps. Your doctor will call you with the results or discuss them with you at a follow-up appointment.

In general, if your results indicate a problem with your liver function, your doctor will review your medications and your past medical history to help determine the cause.

If you drink alcohol frequently, then you’ll need to stop drinking it. If your doctor identifies that a medication is causing the elevated liver enzymes, they’ll advise you to stop the medication.

Other diagnostic tests

Your doctor may decide to test you for hepatitis, other infections, or other diseases that can affect the liver. They may also choose to do imaging tests, like an ultrasound or CT scan.

In addition, they may recommend a liver biopsy to evaluate the liver for fibrosis, fatty liver disease, or other liver conditions.

Liver function tests are blood tests used to help determine the health of your liver. Changes in certain levels of proteins or enzymes can alert doctors of potential problems such as liver cancer, fatty liver disease, or hepatitis.

Liver function tests can also help determine if certain medications are damaging your liver or help you monitor the progression of liver disease.

After you get a liver function test, your doctor can help you interpret the results and discuss what the results mean for you. If they suspect you have liver disease, you may need to undergo other tests such as imaging or a liver biopsy.

Alanine transaminase (ALT) blood test Information | Mount Sinai

SGPT; Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase; Alanine transaminase; Alanine aminotransferase

The alanine transaminase (ALT) blood test measures the level of the enzyme ALT in the blood.

Blood is drawn from a vein (venipuncture), usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. A needle is inserted into the vein, and the blood is collected in an air-tight vial or a syringe. Preparation may vary depending on the specific test.

How the Test is Performed

A blood sample is needed.

How to Prepare for the Test

No special preparation is needed.

How the Test will Feel

When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a slight bruise. This soon goes away.

Why the Test is Performed

ALT is an enzyme found in a high level in the liver. An enzyme is a protein that causes a specific chemical change in the body.

Injury to the liver results in release of ALT into the blood.

This test is mainly done along with other tests (such as AST, ALP, and bilirubin) to diagnose and monitor liver disease.

Normal Results

The normal range is 4 to 36 U/L.

Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or may test different samples. Talk to your health care provider about the meaning of your specific test results.

What Abnormal Results Mean

An increased ALT level is often a sign of liver disease. Liver disease is even more likely when the levels of substances checked by other liver blood tests have also increased.

An increased ALT level may be due to any of the following:

• Scarring of the liver (cirrhosis)
• Death of liver tissue
• Swollen and inflamed liver (hepatitis)
• Too much iron in the body (hemochromatosis)
• Too much fat in the liver (fatty liver)
• Lack of blood flow to the liver (liver ischemia)
• Liver tumor or cancer
• Use of drugs that are toxic to the liver
• Mononucleosis (“mono”)
• Swollen and inflamed pancreas (pancreatitis)

Risks

There is little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.

Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include:

• Excessive bleeding
• Fainting or feeling lightheaded
• Multiple punctures to locate veins
• Hematoma (blood collecting under the skin)
• Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)

Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, alanine transaminase, SGPT) – serum. In: Chernecky CC, Berger BJ, eds. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures. 6th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:109-110.

Daniels L, Khalili M, Goldstein E, Bluth MH, Bowne WB, Pincus MR. Evaluation of liver function. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 22.

Pratt DS. Liver chemistry and function tests. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 73.

Last reviewed on: 1/24/2021

Reviewed by: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

How to decipher a biochemical blood test: the norm of indicators

November 11, 2020

Likbez

Health

This is a quick way to check your liver, kidneys, blood sugar and metabolism.

Why do we need a biochemical blood test

The meaning of a biochemical blood test (BAC) can be explained in a nutshell. If a general blood test (CBC) gives an idea of ​​the state of the body as a whole, then the BAC adds details – it tells whether specific organs and systems are healthy.

A biochemical blood test helps to detect liver, kidney, diabetes and other ailments.

In addition, the LHC allows you to find out if everything is in order with the level of sugar in the blood, metabolism and what important vitamins, micro and macro elements, hormones, enzymes the body lacks for normal operation.

What the biochemical blood test shows

The laboratory assistant will take a few milliliters of blood from your vein. This must be done on an empty stomach – 8-12 hours after the last meal. The sample taken is then examined for several key components. They are divided into groups.

Glucose

Or blood sugar. Glucose is a source of energy for body cells. The body regulates its amount in the blood with various hormones (such as insulin) and enzymes. If there is too much or too little sugar, then something is wrong with the endocrine or excretory system.

Proteins

• Albumin . It is a protein that is produced by the liver. Blood plasma is approximately 60% albumin.
• Total protein . There are several dozen different proteins in the blood. Total protein is the average total of them.
• Specific proteins . These are separate types of blood proteins, a change in the level of which may be associated with serious diseases. Specific ones include, in particular, C‑reactive protein (it signals an acute inflammatory process in the body), ferritin (needed for normal absorption of iron), myoglobin (creates the necessary supply of oxygen in muscles, including the heart), rheumatoid factor (antibodies that are produced only in case of serious diseases: infectious, muscular and connective tissues, autoimmune, oncological and others). Analysis for specific proteins is not always included in the standard LHC. If the doctor wants to find out the content of a particular substance in the blood, he will write about it in the direction for the study.

Lipids

The so-called lipid panel allows you to check the level of various types of cholesterol.

• High density lipoproteins (HDL) . This is the so-called good cholesterol, which removes harmful substances from the blood and helps the liver break them down.
• Low density lipoproteins (LDL) . We are talking about “bad” cholesterol, which causes the formation of plaques in the vessels and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
• Total cholesterol . The sum of the values ​​of “good” and “bad”.

Liver tests

This is the name given to the assessment of the level of certain enzymes associated with the state of the liver.

• Total bilirubin . It is an orange-yellow pigment that is formed when hemoglobin is broken down. Bilirubin is toxic, so normally the liver quickly removes it from the body. But if hemoglobin is destroyed too actively or the liver cannot cope with normal volumes of bilirubin, the level of pigment in the blood rises sharply. This is often manifested externally – yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice).
• Alanine aminotransferase (AlAt, ALT) . Liver enzyme necessary for amino acid metabolism. Its level rises with liver damage.
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AsAt, AST) . Another enzyme that is released into the blood during serious disorders in the liver.
• Alkaline Phosphatase . This is an enzyme involved in phosphorus metabolism. Its increase is also a marker of liver problems.

Kidney tests

• Creatinine . This is a waste product that is formed in the muscles. It is excreted from the blood by the kidneys, so the level of creatinine is a good indicator of the work of this paired organ.
• Uric acid . Formed in the liver and again excreted from the blood by the kidneys. If they fail (or, on the contrary, are unhealthy active), the level of uric acid in the blood rises (or falls).
• Urea . It is also formed in the liver, where proteins are broken down, and excreted from the blood by the kidneys.

Inorganic substances (minerals, electrolytes) and vitamins

• Calcium . One of the most important minerals in the body. Without it, the normal functioning of muscles, nerves, and heart is impossible. In addition, it is critical for bone development and repair.
• Sodium . Responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses and helps to absorb calcium.
• Magnesium . Like sodium, it is actively involved in the transmission of nerve impulses.
• Chlorine . Helps to regulate the amount of fluid in the body and maintain acid-base balance.
• Potassium . Critical to the normal functioning of the heart.
• Iron . Necessary for the delivery of oxygen to organs and tissues.
• Phosphorus . The nervous, muscular and skeletal systems are in great need of it.
• Folic acid . Participates in a huge number of processes in the body – from the absorption of amino acids and glucose to the production of blood.
• Vitamin B12 . It is essential for the production of red blood cells – erythrocytes.

What are the norms of blood parameters in LHC

The form with the results of a biochemical blood test, as a rule, is a table of three columns. The first contains the name of the indicator, the second contains the range of its normal values, and the third contains your result.

To check the norm, first of all, be guided by the numbers indicated on the form issued to you. The fact is that laboratories conduct tests on different reagents and under different conditions. Therefore, the optimal value ranges may vary slightly depending on the organization that processed your analysis. Only one thing is important for you: to check whether the result falls within the limits of the norms established by a particular laboratory.

The figures below are indicative for the most common indicators.

901 47

Indicator	Norm for an adult
Glucose	3, 9-5.6 mmol/l
Albumin	34-54 g/l
Total protein	60–83 g/l
HDL cholesterol	40 mg/dl and above for men; 50 mg/dl and above for women
LDL cholesterol	Less than 100 mg/dL
Total cholesterol	125–200 mg/dL
Total bilirubin	1.71–20.5 µmol/l
Alat , ALT	4–36 U/L
AsAt, AST	8–33 U/L
Alkaline Phosphatase	20-140 U/L
Creatinine	74 –107 µmol/L
Uric acid	3. 5-7.2 mg/dl
Urea	2.5-7.1 mmol/l
Calcium 90 151	2.2-2.7 mmol/l

How to decode a biochemical blood test

This can and should be done only by the doctor who issued you the referral for the analysis. For the reason that many different factors affect blood biochemistry.

Thus, an elevated blood glucose level can be both a symptom of prediabetes or diabetes, and a sign that you were irresponsible about the analysis and, let’s say, drank sweet coffee before it.

There are other examples. Elevated liver function tests are a marker of hepatitis and sometimes cirrhosis. But at the same time, ALT and AST can rise if you are being treated for a bacterial infection by taking antibiotics and other medications. A low urea level is a sign of serious liver damage. Or banal malnutrition if you are on a strict diet.

In general, let’s repeat it again. Only the doctor observing you should decipher the LHC. It is unacceptable to analyze the results of the tests on your own, and even more so to start self-treatment based on them.

Read also 💊💉💊

• How to test for allergens correctly
• What is genetic analysis and who needs it
• Why people have different blood types and what it affects
• How to recognize a lack of hemoglobin and increase it
• What tests and vaccinations are needed at different periods of life

Biochemical blood test

Biochemical blood test is aimed at assessing metabolic processes in the body and is recommended for everyone
to a person. Biochemical indicators characterize the level of metabolism and the functional activity of systems
organs.

Most often, a biochemistry test is given together with a general blood test. Basic requirements before delivery
are, as before the delivery of hormonal studies:

1. Refusal to eat within 8-12 hours before the study;
2. Quit smoking at least 2 hours in advance;
3. Lack of physical and psycho-emotional stress in the next day;

Basic indicators and transcript of biochemical research:

1. Proteins: total and individual fractions (albumin)

Total protein – a combination of albumins and globulins contained in blood plasma. Protein is involved in maintaining
oncotic pressure, and also provides transport of organic and inorganic substances. normal
the content of total protein in the blood plasma of an adult is considered to be in the range from 60 to 85 g / l.
Protein is synthesized in liver cells and consists of amino acids (AA), which enter the body with protein
food. A change in the amount of total protein can be observed for various reasons. So, its increased content in
plasma may be associated with the development of an infectious and inflammatory process, an autoimmune disease, with
the appearance of malignant neoplasms, as well as with increased physical activity or dehydration
organism. A downward deviation in the amount of protein may indicate cirrhosis or other problems with
liver, insufficient intake of protein from food, impaired absorption of proteins due to problems with the gastrointestinal
tract, with increased protein loss due to kidney disease.

Albumin is the main plasma protein (more than 50% of all proteins), therefore, the deviation of its content from the norm and
violation of the ratio with other proteins suggests a particular pathology. Increased albumin levels
is not diagnostic, except in patients with signs of dehydration. Hypoalbuminemia can
be observed for the same reasons as a decrease in the total amount of protein, as well as physiologically during pregnancy
and lactation and in young children.

2. Glucose

Glucose is a measure of carbohydrate metabolism. Optimal fasting glucose levels at normal
work of the pancreas and the absence of insulin resistance 3.5-6.0 mmol/l. Increase in glucose levels
observed quite often and can be regarded as prediabetes or diabetes mellitus, depending on the magnitude
indicator. Hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) is much less common and may develop
due to starvation, or in patients taking insulin when the required dosage is exceeded.

3. Cholesterol, low and very low density lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL) and high density lipoproteins
   (HDL)

Cholesterol is a lipid substance involved in the formation of cell membranes and serving as a substrate for
formation of steroid (sex, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids) hormones. In addition, from cholesterol
Under the action of UV radiation, vitamin D is formed in skin cells. Cholesterol is insoluble
substance, therefore, for circulation in the human body, it forms complexes with carrier proteins with the formation
lipoproteins of various densities. LDL and HDL differ from each other in the degree of affinity of the protein with cholesterol
and, as a consequence, the solubility of the compound. The higher the solubility, the better, since excess cholesterol
removed from the body and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques is prevented.

Therefore, an increase in LDL and VLDL relative to HDL is a poor prognostic sign for development
atherosclerosis and vice versa.

An increase in the level of total cholesterol may be associated with the consumption of large amounts of animal fat,
smoking, lack of physical activity, taking hormonal drugs.

4. Bilirubin: total and direct

Bilirubin is a breakdown product of red blood cells. Immediately after the destruction of the erythrocyte, an orange-yellow substance
called indirect bilirubin, which then binds to glucuronic acid and becomes direct
(related). Both fractions are constantly present in the body in a certain amount. Increase in total bilirubin
can occur by increasing any of the fractions, or both at once. The reasons for the increase in the level of direct
bilirubin are hepatitis and other liver diseases, violations of the outflow of bile in tumors and gallstone
illness. An isolated increase in indirect bilirubin is caused by increased hemolysis of erythrocytes due to
various problems – tumors, infectious processes, etc. With a serious increase in the level of bilirubin, the
color of the skin and mucous membranes, the color of urine and feces may change.

5. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

AST and ALT are markers of liver dysfunction. Among other things, AST is found not only in the liver, but also in
cells of the heart muscle and skeletal muscles and its increase to a greater extent will characterize precisely
heart problems. When liver cells are damaged, these enzymes are released into the blood, which
suggests diseases associated with the destruction of hepatocytes (hepatitis, cirrhosis).

6. GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase) and alkaline phosphatase (OA)

GGT and ALP are also enzymes of liver cells. Their increase indicates problems with the liver and bile ducts.
ways. Alcohol abuse, infectious processes, and taking certain medications can all
affect hepatocytes and be reflected in the analyzes.

7. Urea

Urea is the end product of protein breakdown and is normally excreted by the kidneys. Increased nitrogen content
substances in plasma characterizes the disruption of the urinary system and requires its further
examinations. The level of urea can decrease with a reduced intake of protein and impaired liver function.

8. Creatinine

This substance is produced in a reaction that occurs in the muscles and serves as a marker that evaluates the work of the kidneys. By
the level of creatinine is calculated by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Increasing its plasma level
indicates a decrease in the filtration capacity of the kidneys.

9. Minerals (electrolytes)

Minerals are used to maintain water and electrolyte balance and are responsible for cell function. So,
changes in potassium levels cause heart rhythm disturbances and neurological disorders – convulsions, decreased
muscle tone.

An excess of sodium leads to edema, dry skin, confusion. With hyponatremia, it is possible
nausea, vomiting, dizziness.

A high chlorine level is one of the signs of dehydration, characteristic of metabolic acidosis, which
is a consequence of diabetes (there is an accumulation of lactate and ketone bodies), renal failure. decline
chloride levels – a sign of alkalosis that occurs against the background of prolonged vomiting, diuretics and a decrease in the level
potassium.

Phosphorus and calcium are tested to evaluate possible osteoporosis.

In addition to the above indicators, there are many studies that help evaluate other
biochemical processes in the body. If necessary, investigate creatine kinase (CPK) and troponin if suspected
for myocardial infarction. C-reactive protein and procalcitonin as markers of inflammation. ferritin, transferrin and
iron in the diagnosis of anemia.

Hormones are biologically active substances that are produced in the body in small amounts by glands.
internal secretion and regulate metabolism. Even small fluctuations in hormones can cause disturbances in
body work. The analysis is carried out only in cases where there is a suspicion of any violation in order to
diagnosis and further treatment of the disease.

Groups of hormones and interpretation of hormonal studies:

1. Thyroid hormones (thyroid gland) and affecting its work

One of the most frequently studied groups of hormones is thyroid hormones. These include T3 (triiodothyronine)
and T4 (thyroxine). Both of these hormones are iodine-containing and are involved in the regulation of metabolism. thyroxine
most preferable for assessing the work of the thyroid gland. An increase in the level of the active substance (hyperthyroidism) is characterized by
increased irritability, increased metabolism – weight loss, increased sweating,
insomnia, increased heart rate, tremor, increased thyroid gland – goiter, protrusion of the eyes from the orbits. Hypothyroidism manifests itself
reverse symptoms – fatigue, dry skin, weight gain, hair loss.

Hyperthyroidism can be caused by: Graves’ disease, thyroid inflammation, thyroid nodules, pituitary tumors, and
thyroid. Hypothyroidism may result from Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, congenital thyroid insufficiency, and
removal of the gland.

However, in addition to the study of the hormones of the gland itself, first of all, an analysis of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is carried out
pituitary. It is TSH that regulates the production of T3 and T4, so changes in its amount in the event of a violation will
identified earlier. TSH is associated with thyroid hormones on the principle of negative feedback. With a large amount of TSH
thyroxine begins to be produced and thereby ensures a decrease in the production of TSH. In hypothyroidism, its amount
will be much higher than normal.

2. Sex hormones

Sex hormones are divided into male and female. Both are present in the human body. Female
the body assumes the predominance of female sex hormones over male ones, and male vice versa.

The main male sex hormone is testosterone. With its decrease in men, erectile dysfunction is observed,
decrease in muscle mass, female sexual characteristics appear (gynecomastia, fat deposition on the thighs, etc.)
due to estrogen dominance. The increase in men is not so noticeable, however, an increased level
testosterone in the female body is manifested by secondary sexual characteristics according to the male type (hair, growth
mustache and beard, increase in muscle mass).

Female sex hormone – estradiol. Changes in hormone levels may be associated with ovarian tumors in women.
With a high level of extragens in men, the development of secondary female sexual characteristics occurs – an increase
mammary glands, voice timbre change, fat deposition, etc. In addition to estrogen, an important sex hormone,
The hormone of pregnancy is progesterone. Its increase may be associated with tumors and pathological
processes in the adrenal cortex. With a decrease, it is necessary to check the condition of the ovaries.

3. Adrenal hormones

The adrenal glands secrete the medulla and cortex, each of which produces hormones.
The cells of the medulla produce catecholamines – adrenaline and norepinephrine. They affect the functioning of the heart and
vessels. An increase in the level is accompanied by tachycardia.

The cortex is divided into three zones in which androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone) are produced,
glucocorticosteroids (cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone). Cortisol is a stress hormone that affects
carbohydrate-fat and protein metabolism. A decrease in cortisol levels (with elevated ACTH levels) characterizes
Addison’s disease is manifested by hyperpigmentation, muscle weakness, weight loss. Increasing hormone levels
accompanied by an increase in blood pressure, central obesity, mood swings, etc.

Aldosterone is a hormone that regulates water-salt balance and affects blood pressure. Under its action, absorption occurs
water and sodium in the tubules of nephrons and increased pressure. With excessive production of the hormone (Kohn’s syndrome)
blood pressure rises, which is not reduced by antihypertensive therapy, the level of potassium in the blood decreases.
A drop in hormone levels is accompanied by low blood pressure, weakness, and an increase in plasma potassium levels.

Dehydroepiandrosterone is a precursor of testosterone. With its insufficiency, dementia occurs, a decrease
immunity, osteoporosis, decreased libido.

4. If necessary, a pituitary hormone test is performed. These hormones affect the cells of other organs and
   contribute to the further production of hormones in target organs, acting most often on the principle of negative
   feedback.

There are a lot of reasons that affect the level of hormones in the blood, so each analysis is important for an accurate statement.