Liver chart. Comprehensive Guide to Liver Anatomy: Understanding the Vital Organ
What are the key components of liver anatomy. How does the liver function within the digestive system. Where is the liver located in the human body. What are the common liver diseases and disorders.
The Liver: An Overview of its Structure and Function
The liver is a vital organ that plays a crucial role in numerous bodily functions. Located in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity, this reddish-brown organ is the largest internal organ in the human body. Its complex structure and diverse functions make it an essential component of the digestive system and overall health.
Key Anatomical Features of the Liver
The liver’s anatomy is intricate and well-organized. It consists of two main lobes – the larger right lobe and the smaller left lobe. These lobes are further divided into segments, each with its own blood supply and biliary drainage. The liver’s surface is covered by a thin capsule called Glisson’s capsule, which helps maintain its shape and protect the delicate internal structures.
- Right lobe: Larger and occupies most of the right upper quadrant
- Left lobe: Smaller and extends into the left upper quadrant
- Caudate lobe: Located on the posterior surface
- Quadrate lobe: Situated on the inferior surface
The liver’s unique dual blood supply system sets it apart from other organs. It receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich blood from the portal vein. This dual circulation allows the liver to efficiently process nutrients and filter toxins from the blood.
The Liver’s Role in the Digestive System
As a crucial component of the digestive system, the liver performs numerous functions that are essential for maintaining overall health. Its strategic location and complex network of blood vessels allow it to efficiently process nutrients and filter toxins from the blood coming from the digestive tract.
Bile Production and Secretion
One of the liver’s primary functions is the production of bile, a greenish-yellow fluid that aids in the digestion of fats. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine when needed. How does bile assist in digestion? Bile acts as an emulsifier, breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets, which increases the surface area for digestive enzymes to act upon.
Nutrient Processing and Storage
The liver plays a crucial role in processing and storing nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract. It converts carbohydrates into glucose, which can be stored as glycogen or released into the bloodstream as needed. Additionally, the liver processes proteins and fats, synthesizing important molecules such as cholesterol and plasma proteins.
Liver Segments and Their Significance
The liver is divided into eight functional segments, each with its own vascular and biliary supply. This segmental anatomy is crucial for surgical planning and interventional procedures. Understanding the liver’s segmental structure allows for precise targeting of specific areas while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.
Couinaud Classification System
The Couinaud classification system is widely used to describe liver segments. It divides the liver into eight functionally independent segments, labeled with Roman numerals from I to VIII. This system is based on the distribution of portal and hepatic veins within the liver parenchyma.
- Segment I: Caudate lobe
- Segment II: Superior lateral segment of the left lobe
- Segment III: Inferior lateral segment of the left lobe
- Segment IV: Medial segment of the left lobe
- Segment V: Anterior inferior segment of the right lobe
- Segment VI: Posterior inferior segment of the right lobe
- Segment VII: Posterior superior segment of the right lobe
- Segment VIII: Anterior superior segment of the right lobe
The Liver’s Vascular System: A Complex Network
The liver’s vascular system is a complex network of arteries, veins, and sinusoids that facilitate its numerous functions. This intricate system allows for efficient nutrient processing, toxin filtration, and hormone regulation.
Hepatic Artery and Portal Vein
The liver receives blood from two main sources: the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The hepatic artery supplies oxygenated blood, while the portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs. This dual blood supply ensures that the liver receives both oxygen and nutrients to support its metabolic functions.
Hepatic Sinusoids and Central Veins
Within the liver, blood flows through specialized capillaries called sinusoids. These sinusoids have fenestrated walls that allow for efficient exchange of substances between blood and hepatocytes (liver cells). The blood then drains into central veins, which ultimately form the hepatic veins that return blood to the inferior vena cava.
The Biliary System: From Liver to Intestine
The biliary system is responsible for the production, storage, and secretion of bile. This network of ducts and organs works in concert to ensure the proper flow of bile from the liver to the small intestine, where it aids in the digestion of fats.
Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
Bile is produced by hepatocytes and flows through a series of increasingly larger ducts. The intrahepatic bile ducts merge to form the left and right hepatic ducts, which then join to create the common hepatic duct. Outside the liver, the common hepatic duct joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct.
The Gallbladder: Storage and Concentration of Bile
The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver. Its primary function is to store and concentrate bile produced by the liver. When fatty foods enter the small intestine, the gallbladder contracts, releasing concentrated bile to aid in digestion.
Common Liver Diseases and Disorders
Despite its remarkable regenerative capabilities, the liver can be affected by various diseases and disorders. Understanding these conditions is crucial for early detection and treatment.
Hepatitis: Inflammation of the Liver
Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by viral infections, alcohol abuse, or autoimmune disorders. The most common types of viral hepatitis are hepatitis A, B, and C. Each type has different modes of transmission and potential long-term effects on liver health.
Cirrhosis: Scarring of the Liver
Cirrhosis is a late-stage liver disease characterized by extensive scarring of liver tissue. This scarring, or fibrosis, disrupts the liver’s normal structure and function. What causes cirrhosis? Common causes include chronic alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Fatty Liver Disease: Accumulation of Fat in Liver Cells
Fatty liver disease occurs when excess fat accumulates in liver cells. There are two main types: alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is becoming increasingly common, often associated with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
Liver Function Tests: Assessing Liver Health
Liver function tests are a group of blood tests that provide valuable information about the health and functionality of the liver. These tests measure various enzymes, proteins, and other substances produced or processed by the liver.
Common Liver Function Tests
- Alanine transaminase (ALT)
- Aspartate transaminase (AST)
- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
- Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
- Bilirubin
- Albumin
- Prothrombin time (PT)
These tests can help diagnose liver diseases, monitor liver function in patients with known liver conditions, and assess the effectiveness of treatments. Elevated levels of liver enzymes, for example, may indicate liver damage or inflammation.
Interpreting Liver Function Test Results
Interpreting liver function test results requires considering multiple factors, including the patient’s medical history, symptoms, and other diagnostic tests. Abnormal results don’t always indicate liver disease, as some medications and other conditions can affect these values. Healthcare providers use these tests in conjunction with other diagnostic tools to make accurate diagnoses and treatment plans.
Liver Regeneration: A Remarkable Ability
One of the liver’s most fascinating characteristics is its ability to regenerate. This unique capacity allows the liver to recover from injury and maintain its essential functions even after significant tissue loss.
The Process of Liver Regeneration
When the liver is damaged, remaining healthy liver cells begin to divide rapidly to replace lost tissue. This process is triggered by various growth factors and cytokines. In most cases, the liver can regenerate to its original size and function within a few weeks to months, depending on the extent of the damage.
Factors Affecting Liver Regeneration
Several factors can influence the liver’s regenerative capacity. These include the extent of liver damage, the presence of chronic liver diseases, nutrition, and overall health status. Chronic conditions like cirrhosis can impair the liver’s ability to regenerate effectively, highlighting the importance of maintaining liver health and addressing liver diseases promptly.
Understanding the liver’s anatomy, functions, and common disorders is crucial for maintaining overall health. By recognizing the signs of liver problems and seeking timely medical attention, individuals can help preserve this vital organ’s function and support its remarkable regenerative abilities. Regular check-ups, a balanced diet, and a healthy lifestyle can go a long way in maintaining optimal liver health and function.
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Anatomy of the Digestive System Laminated Wall Chart with Digital Download Code
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Learn all about the Digestive System with Body Scientific International’s provides you with this digestive system chart depicting close-ups of the oral cavity, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and duodenum; and cross sections of the digestive lining…
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Learn all about the endocrine system from this beautifully illustrated Body Scientific International wall chart. Included are the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, hypothalamus and pituitary gland; liver, adrenal gland and kidney; uterus, thymus, bone…
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The Liver Laminated Anatomical Chart
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Shows location of liver on the body and provides antero-visceral view of the organ. Illustrates distribution of vessels and ducts, duct system with gallstones in common sites, and two views of liver segments: visceral view with biliary draining areas and.
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..Liver Anatomical Chart
9781587791758
Anatomical Chart Company
ISBN/ISSN:
9781587791758
9781587791758
This chart on The Liver concentrates on general anatomy of the liver with clearly labeled and concise illustrationsThe large central .
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This chart on The Liver concentrates on general anatomy of the liver with clearly labeled and concise illustrations
The large central illustration is an antero-visceral view of the liver and surrounding organs .
Smaller detailed illustrations show:
location of the liver in the chest cavity and surrounding organs
distribution of vessels and ducts
duct system with gallstones in common sites
liver segments visceral view with biliary draining areas
liver segments posterior view
portal system
liver lobule
cirrhosis
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Available in the following versions :- 20″ x 26″ heavy paper laminated with grommets at top corners ISBN 9781587791758
- 20″ x 26″ heavy paper ISBN 9781587791765
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Liver elastography – prices for fibroelastography in Moscow at the medical center “SM-Clinic”
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Elastography (fibroelastography) is a modern non-invasive technique for examining the liver, which makes it possible to determine the degree of fibrosis with a high level of reliability.
Fibrosis is a pathological condition in which healthy organ cells (hepatocytes) are replaced by fibrous tissue. This diagnostic option also helps to identify signs of steatosis – the presence of extraneous fat vacuoles in hepatocytes. Elastography is by far the fastest, most informative and safest way to assess the state of one of the most important human organs.
In Moscow, liver elastography can be done quickly and without waiting in line at the SM-Clinic multidisciplinary center: we provide high-quality medical services at affordable prices.
Benefits of Liver Elastography Fibroscan at SM-Clinic
Expert class diagnostics
We use modern ultrasound equipment – the latest version of the FibroScan device, which simultaneously diagnoses the degree of compaction (fibrosis) and the presence of fatty changes (steatosis) in the liver.
Highly qualified specialists
Elastography specialists are experienced diagnosticians who have been trained and certified to work on the FibroScan 530 Compact device, which allows them to professionally evaluate pathological processes in the liver.
Individual approach to each patient
We practice an individual approach and develop a treatment regimen based on the results of the examination and the patient’s health status.
Purpose
The technique is based on determining the elasticity (in other words, stiffness) of tissues. Depending on the results obtained, the degree of fibrosis and steatosis of the liver is determined.
Unlike biopsy, which is a surgical method of diagnosis and involves penetration into the tissues of an organ, elastography is devoid of such difficulties, and therefore is completely safe.
A study is performed using a fibroscan with the CAP function – an innovative method for determining the degree of change in the cells of an organ, which allows you to analyze the dynamics of pathological processes.
The prognosis of the patient’s condition and the tactics of treating liver diseases, metabolic syndrome and other pathologies largely depend on the exact determination of the severity of liver damage.
This is the main goal of diagnostic ultrasound with liver elastography and gives specialists the opportunity to prescribe adequate therapy in time, prevent further progression of the disease and prevent dangerous complications.
Indications for liver elastography
The study is prescribed by an observing specialist if the patient has:
hepatitis of any origin;
cholangitis – inflammation of the bile ducts;
steatohepatitis of alcoholic and non-alcoholic origin – a condition in which inflammatory processes occur in the organ against the background of fatty degeneration of healthy cells;
cytolysis – the process of disintegration of hepatocytes;
cirrhosis of the liver;
metabolic syndrome;
various disorders of fat metabolism.
It is rational to carry out elastography also in cases of suspected oncological lesions of the liver, in the case of fibrous disease, in autoimmune diseases.
It is advisable to regularly undergo a study for people who are at risk for liver disease. These include patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, alcohol dependence, obesity. It will not be superfluous to be checked for those who have an elevated level of cholesterol in the blood, as well as for patients who are forced to take medications for a long time, which can have a toxic effect on the liver.
How liver elastography is performed in SM-Clinic
Duration of the examination
15 minutes
Preparation of the conclusion
10-15 minutes
Result:
doctor’s report on the condition of the liver
The procedure is performed in a specially equipped room. The patient is informed about the order of all manipulations, laid on the couch in the supine position so that the abdomen and right hypochondrium are freely accessible to the diagnostician. The patient will need to place the palm of the right bow under the head to stretch the muscles and skin for ease of examination.
After the doctor prepares the patient and the equipment, the main phase begins: the specialist applies a contact gel to the skin and reads the necessary information with the help of a maniple, which the doctor moves in the right direction. During the study, the diagnostician not only examines the organ in real time, but also, focusing on the position of the liver, records readings at different points.
After the end of the procedure, the patient is given disposable wipes to remove the remnants of the gel and indicate the waiting time for the results.
Preparation for elastography
There are no strict restrictions and compliance with any special rules. The main condition for obtaining reliable data is to conduct a study strictly on an empty stomach. To do this, the patient will have to refuse to eat at least 6 hours before the procedure, and even better – choose the morning time of the visit to the clinic and not eat the day before.
It is also advisable to temporarily exclude from the diet products that increase gas formation, in particular, milk and its derivatives, legumes, fresh vegetables, pickled and canned foods, 3-4 days before elastography.
Liver elastography results
When assessing the state of the liver with the FibroScan apparatus, we use an indicator of fibrosis and steatosis of the organ. Based on the results obtained, we determine to what extent there are changes in its structure. The latest software, which is equipped with our equipment, captures the results of the patient’s examination qualitatively and in detail. The equipment allows not only to view the diagrams of the results, but also gives a detailed conclusion.
After assessing the condition of the liver tissue, you will receive a detailed report with complete information about the analysis. The favorable prognosis for the treatment of liver steatosis fibrosis (a disease of our century) depends on the stage at which the disease was detected. Using the method of elastography, the doctors of the SM-Clinic diagnose the disease at the very initial stages. Therefore, if indicated, it is necessary to undergo an examination as soon as possible, which will allow you to start treatment on time and prevent the development of serious complications, such as cirrhosis of the liver and other life-threatening conditions.
You will receive the result of the examination (graph and results) within 10–15 minutes. You can get all the necessary information on fibroelastography, including the cost of the service, by calling SM-Clinic in Moscow or by ordering a call back.
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Useful information
Elastography is a safe method of research, to which there are almost no contraindications. The restriction on manipulation applies only to:
Patients with built-in pacemakers, which can cause equipment failure during the examination;
patients with severe ascites, since a large amount of fluid in the abdominal cavity will not allow the diagnostic wave to carry out a point targeted measurement;
people with too narrow intercostal spaces;
pregnant women and patients under 7 years of age.
Temporary contraindications can be acute respiratory infections, a period of exacerbation of chronic pathologies, and other conditions that in any way can affect the reliability of elastography or the patient’s well-being.
Center for Hepatology “SM-Clinic”
The Center for Hepatology operates on the basis of the “SM-Clinic” on Simferopol Boulevard, which provides services for the diagnosis and treatment of all types of liver damage.
The Hepatology Center has all the possibilities for early diagnosis of liver damage and detection of such pathologies as hepatitis of various etiologies, liver steatosis and steatohepatitis, metabolic disorders, drug-induced liver damage, autoimmune liver damage, and hereditary diseases.
The Hepatology Center provides consultations for both adults and children. Reception is conducted by gastroenterologists, hepatologists with extensive work experience, infectious disease doctors.
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Fibroscan – liver diagnostics
Appointment for liver elastography
Early detection of liver diseases will give you the opportunity to get rid of the pathology in a short time and prevent complications.
You can find out the details of the procedure, the price of liver elastography and sign up for a consultation with a specialist by phone:
+7 (495) 292-39-72
Request a call back
Book online
Liver elastography prices
Repeated appointment (examination, consultation) with a gastroenterologist | 2 100 rub |
Primary appointment (examination, consultation) with a gastroenterologist | 2 500 rub |
Departure of a gastroenterologist at home | from 6 000 rub |
Liver elastography with determination of steatosis | 3 000 rub |
Liver elastography with fibrosis | 4 100 rub |
Liver elastography with fibrosis and steatosis (F+S) | 5 600 rub |
Medical services are provided on the basis of a contract.
All of them are based on blood serum studies and do not require a biopsy. Only blood is taken from a vein and the subsequent computer processing of the results is carried out.
Attention! Based on the results of the SteatoScreen study, FibroMax (FM-R) or FibroTest (FT-R) calculation tests can be recommended.