What are the early signs of skin cancer. How prevalent is skin cancer in the United States. What are the main types of skin cancer and their characteristics. How can you reduce your risk of developing skin cancer. What treatment options are available for different types of skin cancer.

Understanding the Different Types of Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a widespread concern, affecting millions of Americans each year. To better comprehend this condition, it’s crucial to understand the three main types of skin cancer and their characteristics:

• Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
• Melanoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma: The Most Common Form

Basal cell carcinoma accounts for approximately 80% of all skin cancer cases. While it rarely spreads to other parts of the body, it can cause significant damage if left untreated. BCC typically develops in areas frequently exposed to the sun, such as the face, ears, and hands.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Second Most Prevalent

Squamous cell carcinoma makes up about 20% of skin cancer cases. Although highly treatable, it has a higher likelihood of spreading compared to BCC. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent potential complications.

Melanoma: The Most Dangerous Type

Melanoma accounts for only 1% of skin cancer cases but is considered the most dangerous form. It develops in melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing skin pigment. If diagnosed early, melanoma is highly curable. However, if left untreated, it can spread rapidly and become life-threatening.

Recognizing Early Signs and Symptoms of Skin Cancer

Early detection is key to successful skin cancer treatment. Here are some common signs to watch for:

• An open sore that repeatedly bleeds and crusts over
• A pink bump with raised edges and a depression in the center
• Pink, reddish, or brown patches
• A mole that changes in shape, size, or color (particularly for melanoma)

Can skin cancer itch? In some cases, yes. A raised reddish patch may crust or itch, but it usually doesn’t cause pain. Is it possible for skin cancer to resemble a pimple? Basal or squamous cell skin cancer can indeed look like a pimple, but it’s important to note that it’s a pimple that doesn’t heal.

The Rising Prevalence of Skin Cancer in the United States

Skin cancer has become increasingly common in recent years. In the United States, it’s estimated that more than 3.3 million people are diagnosed and treated annually for 5.4 million basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. This alarming trend underscores the importance of awareness and prevention strategies.

Factors Contributing to the Increase in Skin Cancer Cases

Several factors have contributed to the rising incidence of skin cancer:

1. Increased UV exposure due to ozone depletion
2. Longer life expectancy
3. Changes in clothing styles and outdoor activities
4. Improved detection and diagnosis techniques

Understanding the Risk Factors for Skin Cancer

While anyone can develop skin cancer, certain factors increase the risk. These include:

• Excessive exposure to UV radiation (sunlight or tanning beds)
• Fair skin
• History of severe sunburns
• Family history of skin cancer
• Weakened immune system
• Exposure to certain chemicals

Is UV radiation the primary cause of skin cancer? Yes, excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, either from sunlight or indoor tanning devices, is the leading cause of skin cancer. UV radiation can damage the DNA of skin cells, resulting in mutations that lead to the rapid multiplication of abnormal cells, forming malignant tumors.

Prevention Strategies: Reducing Your Risk of Skin Cancer

While some risk factors are beyond our control, there are several steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing skin cancer:

• Use broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30
• Seek shade, especially during peak sun hours (10 am to 4 pm)
• Wear protective clothing, including wide-brimmed hats and sunglasses
• Avoid tanning beds and sunlamps
• Perform regular skin self-examinations
• Schedule annual skin check-ups with a dermatologist

The Importance of Sun Protection in Skin Cancer Prevention

Sun protection plays a crucial role in preventing skin cancer. By limiting your exposure to harmful UV rays, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing skin cancer. Remember to reapply sunscreen every two hours, or more frequently if swimming or sweating.

Treatment Options for Different Types of Skin Cancer

The treatment approach for skin cancer depends on various factors, including the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer. Common treatment options include:

• Surgical excision
• Mohs micrographic surgery
• Cryosurgery
• Radiation therapy
• Topical medications
• Immunotherapy
• Chemotherapy

Surgical Treatments for Skin Cancer

Surgical excision and Mohs micrographic surgery are two common surgical approaches for treating skin cancer. Surgical excision involves removing the cancerous tissue along with a margin of healthy skin. Mohs surgery, on the other hand, involves removing thin layers of skin and examining them under a microscope until no cancer cells are detected.

Non-Surgical Treatment Options

For some cases of skin cancer, non-surgical treatments may be recommended. These can include topical medications, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or chemotherapy. The choice of treatment depends on the specific characteristics of the cancer and the patient’s overall health.

The Role of Regular Skin Examinations in Early Detection

Regular skin examinations play a crucial role in the early detection of skin cancer. By familiarizing yourself with your skin and noting any changes, you can identify potential issues early on. Here’s how to perform a self-examination:

1. Examine your body in a full-length mirror
2. Check hard-to-see areas like your back and scalp using a hand mirror
3. Pay close attention to moles, birthmarks, and other marks on your skin
4. Look for changes in size, shape, or color of existing marks
5. Note any new growths or sores that don’t heal

How often should you perform a skin self-examination? It’s recommended to perform a thorough skin self-examination once a month. Additionally, scheduling an annual skin check-up with a dermatologist can help catch any potential issues that you might have missed.

Advances in Skin Cancer Research and Treatment

The field of skin cancer research and treatment is continually evolving. Recent advances include:

• Improved diagnostic techniques, such as confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography
• Development of targeted therapies for specific genetic mutations
• Advancements in immunotherapy treatments
• Exploration of combination therapies for advanced cases
• Research into preventive strategies and novel sunscreen formulations

The Promise of Immunotherapy in Skin Cancer Treatment

Immunotherapy has shown promising results in treating certain types of skin cancer, particularly advanced melanoma. This approach harnesses the power of the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells. While not suitable for all cases, immunotherapy has provided new hope for patients with previously difficult-to-treat skin cancers.

Can skin cancer be completely cured? The prognosis for skin cancer varies depending on the type and stage at diagnosis. Many cases of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas can be completely cured, especially when detected early. Melanoma, if caught in its early stages, also has a high cure rate. However, advanced cases of skin cancer, particularly metastatic melanoma, can be more challenging to treat and may not be completely curable.

Living with Skin Cancer: Coping Strategies and Support

A skin cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming, but there are various coping strategies and support systems available:

• Educate yourself about your specific type of skin cancer
• Communicate openly with your healthcare team
• Join support groups or online communities
• Practice stress-reduction techniques like meditation or yoga
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle through diet and exercise
• Consider professional counseling if needed

The Importance of Emotional Support

Dealing with skin cancer can be emotionally challenging. It’s important to reach out for support from family, friends, or professional counselors. Many cancer centers offer support services specifically designed for skin cancer patients, providing valuable resources and a sense of community.

How does skin cancer impact quality of life? The impact of skin cancer on quality of life can vary depending on the type, location, and extent of the cancer. While many cases can be treated successfully with minimal long-term effects, some patients may experience physical changes, emotional distress, or ongoing health concerns. However, with proper support and care, many individuals with skin cancer can maintain a high quality of life and continue to engage in their regular activities.

The Global Impact of Skin Cancer: Trends and Challenges

Skin cancer is not just a concern in the United States; it’s a global health issue. Different regions face unique challenges related to skin cancer prevention and treatment:

• Australia and New Zealand have the highest rates of skin cancer globally
• Developing countries often lack resources for early detection and treatment
• Cultural attitudes towards tanning and sun protection vary widely
• Climate change may be contributing to increased UV exposure in some regions

Global Initiatives in Skin Cancer Prevention

Various global initiatives aim to address the rising incidence of skin cancer. These include:

1. Public education campaigns about sun safety
2. Implementation of UV index reporting in weather forecasts
3. Efforts to improve access to skin cancer screening and treatment
4. Research collaborations to advance understanding and treatment of skin cancer

How effective are global skin cancer prevention efforts? While progress has been made in raising awareness about skin cancer prevention, the effectiveness of these efforts varies. Countries with comprehensive sun safety programs, like Australia, have seen some success in stabilizing skin cancer rates. However, challenges remain in changing behaviors and addressing the long-term impacts of UV exposure.

The Future of Skin Cancer Prevention and Treatment

As research continues, the future of skin cancer prevention and treatment looks promising. Some areas of focus include:

• Development of more effective and longer-lasting sunscreens
• Advancements in early detection technologies, including AI-assisted diagnostics
• Personalized treatment approaches based on genetic profiling
• Exploration of novel drug delivery methods for skin cancer treatments
• Investigation into the potential of nanotechnology in skin cancer therapy

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Skin Cancer Detection

Artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a powerful tool in the early detection of skin cancer. AI algorithms can analyze images of skin lesions, potentially identifying cancerous growths with a high degree of accuracy. While these technologies are still being refined, they hold promise for improving early detection rates, particularly in areas with limited access to dermatologists.

What impact will emerging technologies have on skin cancer outcomes? Emerging technologies like AI-assisted diagnostics, advanced imaging techniques, and personalized treatments based on genetic profiling have the potential to significantly improve skin cancer outcomes. These innovations may lead to earlier detection, more precise treatments, and better overall prognosis for skin cancer patients. However, it’s important to note that these technologies are still evolving, and their full impact remains to be seen.

Understanding Rare Types of Skin Cancer

While basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma are the most common types of skin cancer, there are several rare forms that deserve attention:

• Merkel Cell Carcinoma
• Kaposi Sarcoma
• Cutaneous Lymphoma
• Skin Adnexal Tumors

Merkel Cell Carcinoma: A Rare but Aggressive Skin Cancer

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive form of skin cancer that develops in cells found at the base of the epidermis, close to nerve endings. Although it accounts for less than 1% of skin cancers, it has a high risk of metastasizing and requires prompt treatment.

Kaposi Sarcoma: A Cancer Linked to Immune Suppression

Kaposi sarcoma is a cancer that develops in the cells lining lymph or blood vessels. In the United States, it’s most commonly seen in people with HIV/AIDS. KS appears as lesions on the skin, inside the mouth, or elsewhere in the body.

How are rare skin cancers diagnosed and treated? Rare skin cancers often require specialized diagnostic techniques and treatment approaches. Diagnosis typically involves a biopsy and may include additional imaging studies. Treatment can vary widely depending on the specific type of cancer but may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapies. Due to their rarity, these cancers are often best managed by specialists with experience in treating uncommon skin malignancies.

The Importance of Skin Cancer Awareness and Education

Raising awareness about skin cancer is crucial for improving prevention, early detection, and treatment outcomes. Educational efforts should focus on:

• Teaching proper sun protection habits from an early age
• Dispelling myths about tanning and UV exposure
• Promoting regular skin self-examinations
• Encouraging annual skin check-ups with healthcare professionals
• Informing the public about the signs and symptoms of different skin cancers

The Role of Healthcare Providers in Skin Cancer Education

Healthcare providers play a crucial role in educating patients about skin cancer. This includes:

1. Assessing individual risk factors
2. Providing guidance on sun protection and skin self-examinations
3. Addressing patient concerns and questions about skin cancer
4. Staying updated on the latest developments in skin cancer prevention and treatment

How can individuals contribute to skin cancer awareness? Individuals can contribute to skin cancer awareness by sharing accurate information with friends and family, participating in or organizing awareness events, supporting skin cancer research and advocacy organizations, and leading by example in practicing sun-safe behaviors. Personal stories from skin cancer survivors can be particularly powerful in raising awareness and encouraging others to take preventive measures.

Skin Cancer Signs, Symptoms, Treatment and More

Medically Reviewed

Skin cancer is far and away the most common cancer in the United States, affecting an estimated 1 in 5 Americans by the age of 70. (1)

Skin cancer is the rampant growth of abnormal skin cells. The cause is usually excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, either from sunlight or indoor tanning devices.

UV radiation can damage the DNA of skin cells, resulting in mutations (genetic defects). These mutations instruct the abnormal skin cells to multiply at a rapid pace, forming malignant tumors. (2)

Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, the most common types of skin cancer, tend to develop on parts of the body that get a lot of sun exposure, such as the face, ears, neck, lips, and the backs of the hands.

A history of serious sunburns can also raise skin cancer risk.

Melanoma is much less prevalent than other types of skin cancer but more dangerous. It, too, is typically related to overexposure to UV radiation, but can also develop because of inherited genetic factors. (3)

Common Questions & Answers

What are some of the early signs of skin cancer?

Skin cancer is easiest to treat when it is small and has not yet spread. Common early symptoms include an open sore that repeatedly bleeds and crusts over; pink bump with raised edges and a depression in the center; pink, reddish, or brown patches; or, in the case of melanoma, a mole that changes in shape or size.

Does skin cancer itch?

Sometimes. A raised reddish patch will sometimes crust or itch, but usually doesn’t hurt.

Can skin cancer look like a pimple?

Basal or squamous cell skin cancer can look like a pimple, but it’s a pimple that doesn’t heal.

Does skin cancer bleed?

Not until it grows larger. You will usually notice it before it gets to that point.

Can skin cancer kill you?

Yes, some kinds of it. Melanoma is one of the most serious kinds of skin cancer, and kills more than 7,000 Americans on average per year.

Three Types of Skin Cells That Can Become Malignant

To understand skin cancer, you need a basic understanding of skin cells. There are three main types in the epidermis (the top layer of skin), all of which have the potential to become malignant.

• Squamous Cells These flat cells are in the outer part of the epidermis. The body continually sloughs off old squamous cells as it makes new ones.
• Basal Cells These cells start in the base of the epidermis and base of the hair follicle. They mature and become larger as they grow into the upper level of the skin (toward the surface) to become new squamous cells.
• Melanocytes These cells produce melanin, a pigment that gives skin its brown or tan color. They act as a natural sunscreen, helping protect layers of skin below the epidermis from UV damage.

   Poll

What’s the Biggest Risk Factor For Skin Cancer?

Most Common Skin Cancers

There are three main categories of skin cancer as well as a number of rare kinds.

• Basal Cell Carcinoma This cancer accounts for about 80 percent of all cases of skin cancer. It is almost always completely curable, rarely spreading to other parts of the body. Left untreated, however, it can destroy skin, deep tissue, and bone, becoming disfiguring or causing functional problems.
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma Accounting for about 20 percent of all skin cancers, this carcinoma is also highly treatable. However, it is more likely than basal cell carcinoma to spread. Although metastatic squamous cell cancer is uncommon, it can be life-threatening.
• Melanoma This form of cancer, which develops in the melanocytes, makes up only about 1 percent of all skin cancers. As with basal and squamous cell carcinomas, it is very curable if diagnosed early. If it is not treated quickly, however, it is more likely than these other skin cancers to metastasize and can prove fatal. (4)

Rare Types of Skin Cancer

The following diseases make up less than 1 percent of all skin cancers.

• Merkel Cell Carcinoma This cancer develops in cells found at the base of the epidermis, close to nerve endings. It is very aggressive, with a high risk of metastasizing. (5)
• Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) A cancer of the cells that line lymph or blood vessels, KS appears as lesions on the skin, inside the mouth, or elsewhere in the body. In the United States, the most common type of KS develops in people who have the HIV virus. (6)
• Cutaneous (Skin) Lymphoma This cancer starts in white blood cells, called lymphocytes, in the skin. (7)
• Skin Adnexal Tumors These cancers start in hair follicles or skin glands.
• Various Types of Sarcomas

How Prevalent Is Skin Cancer?

It’s estimated that in the United States, more than 3.3 million people are diagnosed and treated each year for 5.4 million basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas.

In a troubling trend, the incidence of all types of cancers has been going up for years.

Researchers have found that the number of people receiving a diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma more than doubled between the time spans between 1976–1984 and 2000–2010.

The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma shot up 263 percent over the same periods.

Women had the greatest jump for both basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, with people age 40 and below also showing a disproportionate increase. (1)

Melanoma rates are also rising at an alarming pace. From 2008 to 2018, the number of new cases diagnosed annually increased by 53 percent.

The popularity of indoor tanning beds may help explain these numbers. Researchers believe that indoor tanning devices may be responsible for more than 419,000 cases of skin cancer in the United States each year: 245,000 basal cell carcinomas, 168,000 squamous cell carcinomas, and 6,200 melanomas. (8)

So You’ve Had Skin Cancer. Now What?

Melanoma survivors may well be expected to be alert for a recurrence, but anyone who’s had any type of skin cancer should remain extra vigilant.

This entails being scrupulous about scheduling follow-up visits to the dermatologist (or oncologist), conducting frequent skin self-exams, and limiting UV exposure.

If not removed completely, basal cell carcinoma can grow back on the same place on the skin. People who have had basal cell cancer are at higher risk of developing it again in other areas of the skin, too. (4)

People with squamous cell carcinoma are also at increased risk for recurrence, especially in the same skin area or nearby. Growths on the nose, ears, and lips pose the highest risks. (9)

Studies also suggest that people with basal or squamous cell cancers are at increased risk of developing another type of cancer, particularly melanoma. For women, this risk also includes breast and lung cancer. (10)

Skin Cancer: What Are the Risk Factors?

What Increases Your Risk?

How Psoriasis and Cancer May Be Linked

If you want to lower your risk of skin cancer, the smartest thing you can do is to minimize your exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. Experts blame UV rays for 90 percent of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas and (according to one study) 86 percent of melanomas. Both the UV rays produced by sunlight and those created by indoor tanning devices damage the DNA of skin cells, creating genetic mutations that prompt those cells to multiply wildly and form tumors. Certain physical characteristics can make you especially vulnerable to the harmful effects of UV rays, such as fair skin; blue, green, or gray eyes; and blond, red, or light-brown hair.

Learn More About Causes and Risk Factors

Types of Skin Cancer: Do You Know What They Are?

Risk Factors

Does IBD Put You at Greater Risk of Skin Cancer?

There are three main categories of skin cancer, each affecting a different type of skin cell. Basal cell cancer is the kind you’re most likely to get, accounting for around 80 percent of all skin carcinomas. This cancer grows slowly and is extremely unlikely to spread. If left untreated, however, it can become disfiguring or lead to functional problems. Squamous cell cancer accounts for roughly 20 percent of all skin cancers. It’s more likely to spread than basal cell cancer, but the overall risk remains very low. Melanoma is the least common skin cancer, accounting for less than 1 percent of all skin cancers, but the most likely to spread and to become life-threatening.

Learn More About the Types of Skin Cancer

What Is Melanoma?

Melanoma is, by far, the most deadly type of skin cancer. It is most often a result of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays — whether from the sun, sun lamps, or tanning beds . A melanoma often looks like a mole. It is usually black or brown but it can also be skin-colored, purple, blue, red, pink, or white.

Learn More About Melanoma

Skin Cancer Symptoms: Spot Them Early

Sunburn Relief

6 Home Remedies to Soothe a Sunburn

Some skin cancers closely resemble normal skin or a harmless mole, but there can also be signs of danger. One red flag for basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma is an open sore that repeatedly bleeds and crusts. These cancers could also look like a pink bump with raised edges and a depression in the center; or they can resemble pink, reddish, or brown patches that lie flat against the skin. Melanoma, the most dangerous cancer, has subtle differences that can help distinguish it from a benign mole: It might be asymmetrical, for instance, or have notched edges instead of smooth ones. Knowing these differences — and conducting regular skin checks to identify suspicious growths — can lead to early detection and the best possible outcome after treatment.

Learn More About the Signs and Symptoms of Skin Cancer

Skin Cancer Treatment: Which One Is Right for You?

Sunburn Risk

Rheumatoid Arthritis Medication: Beware of Sunburn if You Take These Drugs

If you have skin cancer, the treatment you’ll get will depend on a number of things, starting with the type of cancer and its severity. Surgery — usually outpatient, under local anesthesia — is often the first step. For a small, superficial, low-risk basal cell carcinoma, a dermatologist might scrape off the tumor using a device called a curette. A bigger or trickier cancer might call for Mohs surgery, during which the doctor methodically removes the cancer layer by layer, examining each under a microscope for any stray cancer cells. Excisional surgery, in which the doctor uses a scalpel to remove the entire tumor as well as a margin of healthy skin around it, may be the best choice for many patients, with newer techniques resulting in smaller scars.

There are also forms of superficial radiation treatment that are effective for skin cancer. Radiation requires multiple treatments but may help patients at high risk for surgical complications. Radiation may also help prevent surgical scarring in some individuals

Learn More About Skin Cancer Treatment

Help Navigating a Skin Cancer Diagnosis

Taking Care of Your Skin

How to Prevent and Treat 8 Common Skin Problems

Most skin cancers are not life-threatening and not cause for alarm, but you do need to learn about the condition and what your options are, and you still might want to find a network of support to lead you through the maze of treatment and aftercare. Here are our favorite resources.

Resources We Love

Favorite Orgs for Skin Cancer

Skin Cancer Foundation

In addition to providing information about skin cancer prevention, detection, and treatment, the Skin Cancer Foundation’s website has a section called This Is Skin Cancer, where patients share their cancer journeys.

American Academy of Dermatology

The AAD offers information on various types of skin conditions, including skin cancer. We love that their free resources page provides simple, educational handouts that cover topics like how to select a sunscreen, how to spot a cancerous mole, and more.

American Cancer Society

The American Cancer Society is a long-time trusted source for cancer information and resources. One cool feature is their Skin Cancer Quiz, which lets you test your knowledge about this common cancer.

Favorite Online Support and Advocacy Networks

National Council on Skin Cancer Prevention

This organization offers information on preventing skin cancer and what to do if you’re diagnosed. We love that their Get Involved section has easy ways for you to become an advocate and even write to your Congress rep.

Daily Strength

Daily Strength’s skin cancer online support groups are a great way to meet and connect with others who’ve been diagnosed with your same cancer.

Favorite App

SkinVision

Want to perform high-tech skin checks on your mobile device? With this app, you simply snap a picture of your skin spot, and SkinVision will give you a risk score within 30 seconds. So far, the app has identified more than 27,000 skin cancers.

Favorite Site for Products

Skin Cancer Foundation

The Skin Cancer Foundation gives certain products its “seal of recommendation” if they meet specific criteria for effective UV sun protection. You can search for the approved products, including cosmetics, moisturizers, and sunglasses, here.

Favorite Blogs

SkinCancer. Net

Get ready to read inspirational stories told by skin cancer survivors and their loved ones. An editorial team also provides informative blogs. You can easily subscribe to the blog to get the latest entries in your inbox.

Sun and Skin News

This blog, which is featured on the Skin Cancer Foundation’s website, includes true patient stories and other skin-related articles.

Favorite Annual Meetings

World Congress on Cancers of the Skin

Since 1983, the Congress has held this meeting, which allows physicians to learn about breakthrough discoveries on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of all types of skin cancer. The event is held in a different country every two years and is partly sponsored by the Skin Cancer Foundation.

American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting

The AAD’s annual meeting brings the brightest minds in dermatology together for a one-of-a-kind educational experience. The latest advances in dermatology, including skin cancer, are discussed in detail.

By subscribing you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.

Editorial Sources and Fact-Checking

1. Skin Cancer. American Academy of Dermatology. April 22, 2022.
2. Skin Cancer 101. The Skin Cancer Foundation. January 2022.
3. What Causes Melanoma Skin Cancer? American Cancer Society. August 14, 2019.
4. What Are Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancers? American Cancer Society. July 26, 2019.
5. What Is Merkel Cell Carcinoma? American Cancer Society. October 9, 2018.
6. What Is Kaposi Sarcoma? American Cancer Society. April 19, 2018.
7. What Is Lymphoma of the Skin? American Cancer Society. March 29, 2018.
8. Skin Cancer: Facts and Statistics. The Skin Cancer Foundation. May 2022.
9. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Risk Factors. The Skin Cancer Foundation. February 2022.
10. Song F, Qureshi AA, Giovannucci EL, et al. Risk of a Second Primary Cancer after Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer in White Men and Women: A Prospective Cohort Study.  PLoS Medicine. April 23, 2013.

Additional Sources

• What Is Melanoma Skin Cancer? American Cancer Society. August 14, 2019.
• Melanoma: Statistics. Cancer.net. February, 2022.
• Key Statistics for Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancers. American Cancer Society. January 12, 2022.

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What Is Melanoma? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

By Pamela KaufmanMedically Reviewed by Danielle Bello, MD of Melanoma Research Alliance

Reviewed: November 28, 2022

Medically Reviewed

Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer. It is the fifth most common cancer overall, behind breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal. (1)

Melanoma is most often caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. Overexposure to UV rays — whether from the sun, sun lamps, or tanning beds — damages the DNA of genes that control skin-cell growth. These damaged genes (mutations) instruct cells to multiply rapidly and form malignant tumors.

A melanoma often looks like a mole. It is usually black or brown, but it can also be skin-colored, purple, blue, red, pink, or white.

There are visible distinctions between benign and cancerous spots or growths. Knowing those differences and getting to a doctor as soon as you’ve detected something suspicious is vital.

When melanoma is caught early, as four out of five cases are, it is almost always curable. The five-year survival rate for melanoma that has not metastasized is over 98 percent. (1)

But when melanoma goes undiagnosed it can spread to other parts of the body, becoming more difficult to treat, with a higher risk of becoming deadly. (2)

Common Questions & Answers

What is melanoma?

Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer that develops in skin cells known as melanocytes, which contain pigment. In rare cases, melanoma may also occur in the mouth, sinuses, intestines, female genital tract, or eyes.

What does melanoma look like?

Common features of a melanoma skin cancer are encompassed by the letters ABCDE: A for asymmetry in a mole or birthmark; B for an irregular border; C for colors like pink, red, white, or blue; D for diameters of spots more than 1/4 inch across; and E for evolving, meaning a spot that changes size, shape, or color.

Does melanoma itch?

Melanoma can take the form of itchy, crusty, scabbed, or bleeding sores.

What causes melanoma?

It is most commonly caused by exposure to ultraviolet rays in sunlight or tanning beds. Less commonly, there can also be a genetic component or family history of melanoma that may contribute to the development of melanoma.

Is melanoma curable?

When caught early, as happens in four out of five cases, it is almost always curable. If it isn’t caught early, it can spread to other parts of the body and become deadly. Recent advances in immunotherapy have made even advanced cases more treatable.

Understanding the Skin You’re In

There are three main categories of cells in the top layer of the skin, known as the epidermis:

• Squamous cells are flat cells in the surface of the skin. When they wear out, the body sheds and replaces them.
• Basal cells are located just beneath the squamous cells. They continually divide, creating new squamous cells to replace the old ones sloughed off.
• Melanocytes, at the bottom of the epidermis, produce a pigment called melanin that protects the deepest layers of the skin from the sun. These cells create moles, which are usually harmless, but may occasionally become cancerous.

Squamous-cell cancer and basal-cell cancer are much more common than melanoma. In fact, they are more common than any other type of cancer anywhere in the body.

But melanoma is more dangerous than other types of skin cancer because it is more likely to spread. Melanoma metastasis can be fatal. (3)

How Common Is Melanoma?

More than 1.2 million Americans are living with melanoma, with just about 100,000 new cases diagnosed each year.

Melanoma is more common in people with fair complexions. For white Americans, the lifetime risk is 2. 6 percent, versus 0.1 percent (1 in 1,000) for Black Americans and 0.58 percent (1 in 172) for Hispanic Americans.

Rates of melanoma have been rising for the past 30 years. Even in the past decade the number of new cases has been going up. Rates are now increasing by about 1.5 percent annually. (1)

While young people can and do get melanoma — it is one of the most common cancers in young adults, especially women — the average age of diagnosis is 63.

More than 7,000 Americans die of melanoma annually. (4)

   Poll

Melanoma In the Eye: Can It Happen?

Melanomas That Aren’t on the Skin

Melanomas can develop in any part of the body with melanocytes.

Melanoma can also develop in the eye. Around 2,000 new cases of ocular melanoma are diagnosed in the United States each year.

Mucosal melanoma, which is also rare, can occur in any mucous membrane, including nasal passages, the throat, vagina, anus, or mouth. (5)

Keeping skin healthy requires taking some common-sense measures every day to avoid overexposure to UV radiation.

Finding shade, especially during the peak UV hours of 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., is critical.

Other ways to minimize UV exposure include covering up with clothing and a hat, using sunscreen (and reapplying it every two hours, or right away after swimming or heavy sweating), and avoiding tanning beds.

If you don’t succeed in preventing melanoma, you’ll want to catch the cancer early. An annual skin examination by a dermatologist as well as monthly self-exams — which require scrutinizing your skin from scalp to sole, using a hand mirror and a full-length mirror when necessary — can be a lifesaver.

Regular self-exams will help familiarize you with all the moles, spots, and other growths on your body. Having this baseline knowledge will make it easier to detect any changes in color, size, shape, or other traits that may indicate cancer. (6)

Treating — and Surviving — Melanoma

Melanoma caught early can generally be treated with surgery. With the patient under local anesthesia, the doctor cuts the tumor out, along with an area of healthy tissue surrounding it (this is called the margin).

If melanoma cells have spread to the lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body, surgery alone is not enough. In addition to removing the tumor and lymph nodes, the medical team will deploy an arsenal of treatments, often in combination.

Immunotherapy, which stimulates the body’s own immune system to destroy cancer cells, has emerged in recent years as a powerful, front-line treatment for metastatic melanoma.

In 2015, President Jimmy Carter credited a combination of surgery, radiation, and the immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab (Keytruda) with sending his cancer into full remission after melanoma had metastasized from his liver to his brain. (7)

And in 2016, a study of pembrolizumab offered some of the most impressive results ever with advanced melanoma patients. The researchers found that more than 40 percent of the patients were alive three years after starting treatment, with a significant number becoming and remaining cancer-free.

There have also been impressive advances in the field of targeted therapy. This treatment identifies mutations (genetic defects) in certain melanomas that enable scientists to create drugs that can attack specific points of vulnerability.

About half of all melanomas, for instance, have mutations in the BRAF gene. A medication called a BRAF inhibitor can prevent those cancer cells from growing, helping patients live longer. (8)

Prevention of Melanoma

To prevent melanoma, avoiding overexposure to UV rays is the smartest thing you can do.

If you’re outside, shun the sun by wearing a broad-brimmed hat, UV-protective glasses, and garments that cover as much skin as possible. Tightly woven, loose-fitting, and dark or brightly colored clothes are the best UV shields.

A broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 15, 30, or higher is a no-brainer, offering good (though imperfect) protection.

An adult should apply about one ounce of sunscreen (about a shot glass full) at least a half-hour before UV exposure. Repeat at least every two hours or immediately after swimming or heavy sweating.

Studies show that most people use only a quarter as much as they should, getting a lot less protection than they may think. 

Learn More About Preventing Melanoma

Signs and Symptoms of Melanoma

Catching melanoma early, before it has time to spread, is the best way to come away from the experience with just a few stitches.

What’s key is knowing how to distinguish a harmless spot or growth from a potentially harmful one.

Simply put, a malignant spot or growth may just look different than the other ones near it. In a term that bridges storybook and medical lingo, public-health experts call it “an ugly duckling.”

More precisely, a mole may be malignant if it has any of the characteristics in this ABCDE guide:

A) It is asymmetrical.

B) It has an irregular border.

C) It contains more than one color or is an unusual color.

D) Its diameter is unusually big.

E) It evolves, changing size, color, shape, or another trait.

Learn More About the Signs and Symptoms of Melanoma

There’s More Than One Type of Melanoma

There are several types of skin melanoma that differ in key ways — including how common they are, where on the body they tend to develop, and how aggressive they can be.

The most prevalent, accounting for around 70 percent of cases, is superficial spreading melanoma. It typically grows slowly across the top layer of skin before penetrating.

The most aggressive is nodular melanoma, which occurs in about 10 to 15 percent of cases. This fast-growing cancer is usually invasive when it presents or is diagnosed.

Acral lentiginous, while rare, is the most common melanoma for Black Americans and other people of color. It generally appears as a dark mark underneath toenails or fingernails, on the sole of the foot, or on the palm of the hand. (2)

Learn More About the Types of Melanoma

The Stage of a Melanoma Helps Predict Outcome

What’s That Spot?

Melanoma or Age Spots? How to Tell the Difference?

Staging melanoma is a complex, vitally important process that both indicates how severe the cancer is and what kinds of treatment could help most.

Doctors define severity along a continuum that begins with stage 0 (zero) and goes up to stage 4. The later the stage, the more advanced the cancer.

While myriad considerations go into staging melanoma, there are three fundamentals:

1. The first focuses on the tumor itself. Doctors measure its thickness and determine whether the skin above it has ulcerated, meaning it has broken down microscopically (a danger sign).
2. The second involves examining the lymph nodes nearest the tumor to find out whether cancer cells have spread there.
3. The third requires searching for cancer cells that have metastasized to more distant sites in the body, such as the lung. These generally have the lowest survival rate.

Learn More About Melanoma Stages

Treatment and Medication Options for Melanoma

Melanoma caught early, before it has time to spread, is typically fairly easy to treat: A doctor might simply excise it — cut it out — as an office or outpatient procedure.

Newer surgical methods do a much better job at sparing healthy tissue around the tumor, resulting in fewer stitches and a smaller scar.

Metastatic melanoma has traditionally been very difficult to treat. But advances in the fields of immunotherapy and targeted therapy have completely changed the game.

Immunotherapy involves triggering the body’s own immune system to fight disease. Medication is already adding months and years to many people’s lives, and even appears to be sending some patients into long-term remission.

Researchers are exploring how novel combinations of existing treatments might increase survival, with fewer side effects. 

Learn More About Melanoma Treatment

Metastatic Melanoma: When the Cancer Has Spread

Study Shows

Combination Immunotherapy Extends Survival in Half of Patients With Metastatic Melanoma

The majority of melanomas are caught at an early stage, when the cancer is still localized. When the cancer has spread beyond the site of its origin, it has metastasized. Metastatic melanoma is more difficult to treat than localized melanoma. Treatment options for metastatic melanoma include immunotherapy and targeted therapies.Learn More About Metastatic Melanoma

Resources We Love

Favorite Orgs for Melanoma

Melanoma Research Foundation

MRF is the largest independent organization devoted to melanoma. Check out their unique peer-to-peer support plan designed to connect melanoma patients or caregivers with survivors or family members who have “been there.” Volunteers listen, share experiences, and provide emotional support and advice.

The American Melanoma Foundation

The mission of AMF is to raise public awareness about melanoma, while providing education, support, and advocacy opportunities. Their Memorials page allows you to post a heartfelt biography of a loved one who has passed away from melanoma.

Melanoma Research Alliance

The mission of the Melanoma Research Alliance is to end suffering and death due to melanoma by helping to accelerate research, advance cures, and prevent future cases. You can search for the latest melanoma clinical trials via their website.

American Cancer Society

The American Cancer Society is a go-to source for people dealing with cancer. They offer the latest in cancer news, information, and resources. We like their short and simple guide that explains the basics of melanoma.

Favorite Online Support Networks

AIM at Melanoma Foundation

Want to bond with others or talk to an expert? AIM at Melanoma Foundation makes it easy to stay connected by joining an in-person or online support group. You can also speak with a melanoma expert who can answer your top questions.

Daily Strength

Daily Strength’s skin cancer support group page allows patients and loved ones to discuss their experiences, connect with others, and find support online.

Favorite Online Store for Melanoma Products

IMPACT Melanoma

IMPACT Melanoma provides education, prevention, and support for people battling melanoma. Check out their shop, which includes a variety of sunscreen dispensers and other skin protection products.

Favorite App

SkinVision

This innovative app lets you perform high-tech skin checks on your mobile device. Simply snap a picture of your skin spot, and SkinVision will give you a low-, medium-, or high-risk score within 30 seconds. So far, the app has identified more than 27,000 skin cancers.

Favorite Blog

Melanoma Research Alliance

We love that the Melanoma Research Alliance features real-life stories of melanoma survivors on their blog page. The blog also covers information on clinical trials and new treatments.

Favorite Annual Meetings

International Congress of the Society for Melanoma Research

Want to hear about the latest breakthroughs in melanoma treatment? This is the leading conference for cutting-edge data on melanoma, with over 1,000 healthcare professionals in attendance, including researchers, oncologists, dermatologists, and surgical oncologists.

By subscribing you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.

Editorial Sources and Fact-Checking

1. Cancer Stat Facts: Melanoma of the Skin. National Cancer Institute.
2. Melanoma Overview. The Skin Cancer Foundation. January 2022.
3. What Is Melanoma Skin Cancer? American Cancer Society. August 14, 2019.
4. Key Statistics for Melanoma Skin Cancer. American Cancer Society. January 12, 2022.
5. Types of Melanoma. Cancer Treatment Centers of America. May 27, 2022.
6. Skin Cancer Prevention. The Skin Cancer Foundation.
7. Jimmy Carter’s Melanoma Appears to Respond to Immunotherapy. American Association for Cancer Research.
8. Melanoma Treatment. The Skin Cancer Foundation. January 2022.

Show Less

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Most people who develop melanoma are diagnosed at an early stage, while the cancer is still localized. Metastatic melanoma — cancer that has spread — …

By Pamela KaufmanJanuary 23, 2023

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With melanoma, catching it in the earlier stages increases the chances of survival, so quickly determining severity helps doctors determine the best course…

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With melanoma, early detection is key. That’s why knowing the symptoms is vital. So grab a partner, learn your ABCDEs, and start hunting ugly ducklings…

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The appearance of palpable painful indurations: description of the disease, causes, symptoms, cost of treatment in Moscow

Array ( [0] => Phlegmon; [1] => Sepsis; [2] => Meningitis; [3] => Brain abscess; [4] => Osteomyelitis.)

Description of the disease

Painful lumps that appear behind the ear or in the nose area not only cause discomfort, but in some cases can be a serious danger. It is strongly not recommended to leave the phenomenon without attention and treatment, since these disorders can turn out to be a malignant neoplasm or a serious abscess.

A lump behind the ear, in the earlobe or in the nose can appear at any age. Gender, as well as age, does not affect the likelihood of developing pathology. In the event that the seal does not go away within 5 days, and also if it grows rapidly and there are symptoms of general intoxication, such as fever and general weakness, you should immediately visit a doctor.

For help, you can initially contact an ENT doctor or general practitioner. After examination, if necessary, the patient will be referred to a surgeon or oncologist. In most cases, treatment is carried out by an otolaryngologist.

Causes of appearance

Seals in the ear or nose can appear for many reasons. It is very important to establish them before starting treatment, as this is a guarantee that further therapy will be as effective as possible. Seals may form for the following reasons:

1. development of a malignant process in mucous tissues, soft tissues or a lymph node;
2. inflammation of the lymph node – a painful induration behind the ear, which causes intoxication of the body;
3. chronic inflammatory diseases of the ears;
4. chronic inflammatory diseases of the nasopharynx – seals in the nose appear with prolonged absence of treatment;
5. blockage of the sebaceous gland, due to which its contents cease to stand out and a seal develops;
6. fibroma – usually appears as a small ball in the earlobe;
7. serious hormonal changes in the body – often cause hardening;
8. proliferation of lymphatic tissue of the adenoids – leads to the appearance of seals and bumps in the nasal cavity;
9. a sharp decrease in the activity of the immune system;
10. traumatic injury, after which internal inflammation develops. A lump appears in the earlobe, a large inflammation behind the ear or in the nose;
11. infection during ear piercing due to insufficient sterility of the instrument – may occur when piercing the earlobe or its upper part for inserting earrings. At the same time, the seal in the ear lobes hurts and fester. The skin turns red;
12. the beginning of the formation of a boil;
13. foreign body in tissues;
14. benign neoplasms;
15. malignant tumors.

Only a doctor can determine exactly what caused the problem and how to treat it after examining the patient and, in some cases, additional examination using modern devices and conducting the necessary tests.

Types of seals

Seals that appear in the tissues behind the ear, in the earlobe or in the nose area are divided into several types. Depending on which of them the diagnosed compaction belongs to, the necessary therapy is also prescribed. An error at this stage of diagnosis will cause treatment to be ineffective or even worsen the patient’s condition.

1. Atheroma is a thickening that occurs due to blockage of the sebaceous gland and is accompanied by mild pain. Such a seal can appear in any part of the body, but most often affects the earlobe, the area behind the ear and the skin near the wings of the nose. To the touch, the formation is perceived as a small ball filled with liquid, which overflows when pressure is applied to it. The degeneration of this seal into a malignant one is impossible.
2. Lipoma (wen). Soreness with this seal appears due to pressure on the tissue. Education is benign, having a large size. In rare cases, a lipoma can degenerate into a malignant tumor, which is why it must be removed without fail.
3. Polyp – a bump in the nose of a child and an adult appears not infrequently and is benign.
4. Fibroma. This is a hard bump that causes pain only due to squeezing the surrounding tissues. Against this background, any touch causes pain. The phenomenon is hereditary. This is a benign neoplasm.
5. Lymphadenitis. With a problem, inflammation of the lymph node occurs. In this case, the seal behind the ear is quite painful and is accompanied by reddening of the skin, itching and burning. There may also be general signs of intoxication. When a bump behind the ear hurts a lot in children, they can comb it, aggravating the disease.
6. Mastoiditis. The problem arises as a consequence of otitis media that has not been treated correctly. As a result, the infectious fluid fills the pores of the bone and leads to the appearance of a hard, very painful lump behind the ear, which quickly increases in size. With such a violation, severe weakness appears, the temperature rises, and the general well-being of the patient is seriously impaired. With a problem, a seal appears under the ear.
7. Malignant neoplasms. Depending on the species, they may have different manifestations, but for the most part they are all prone to rapid growth and are accompanied not only by pain, but also by a slight increase in temperature. At the same time, the seal in the earlobe hurts, the tumor ball has an unpleasant color and immediately attracts attention. Treatment is required urgently. The prognosis is relatively favorable if the seal is detected in a timely manner.
8. Furuncle. Purulent-necrotic inflammation of the hair follicle, which is caused by pathogenic bacteria against the background of a decrease in the activity of the immune system. At the stage of infiltration, it manifests itself only as a very painful seal, which gradually turns into a characteristic abscess. This often results in a lump in the nose.
9. Consequences of bruises. After damage, seals in the tissues, which are accompanied by soreness, can last up to 10 days. Bruising is also often observed.
10. Consequences of tick infestation. If the tick was removed poorly, due to which its head remained in the tissues, then after their overgrowth, internal suppuration may develop, as a result of which a soft, painful seal appears. It can grow in size.

Whatever type of lump it is, it must be shown to a doctor. Pain can be eliminated only after the necessary therapy. Seals themselves are extremely rare, and should not be counted on.

Diagnosis

At the initial visit of the patient, the doctor asks him about the time of detection of the induration and the possible presence of provoking factors, and also examines and palpates the problem area. After that, if possible, a primary diagnosis is made or diagnostic tests and examinations are prescribed. If a malignant process in the tissues of the patient is suspected, the patient is referred for a consultation with an oncologist. For an accurate diagnosis, the following diagnostic methods and tests are used:

1. rhinoscopy – in the presence of seals inside the nose;
2. computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the skull;
3. Ultrasound of the lymph nodes – without fail is carried out with compaction in their area;
4. Ultrasound compaction – necessary to determine its exact size, content and connectivity with surrounding tissues.

If cancer is suspected, a biopsy is indicated. Also, the patient may be prescribed blood tests and a general examination of the body to exclude the presence of metastases. Nose and ear lumps are not often cancerous.

Performed by

Makhmudova Aza Dzaindievna

Otorhinolaryngologist

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Oncolikbez: how to distinguish a wen from a sarcoma and why it is important not to get bumps in this matter Is there even one person who has never had a bump? What if she showed up out of the blue? In the next issue of oncoliqbez, we understand what a sarcoma is, why it is dangerous and why it should not be touched.

Sergey Kuvaev, an oncologist-surgeon of the abdominal department of the Chelyabinsk Regional Center for Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, answers all questions.

– Sergey Vladimirovich, is sarcoma also cancer? How often does it occur?

– Sarcoma is an oncological pathology, but not cancer, it is a completely different tumor. They have only properties in common: locally destructive invasive growth, the possibility of germination in organs and tissues, and metastasis. Moreover, sarcomas are characterized by a hematogenous way of metastasis – not to the lymph nodes closest to the site of the tumor along the lymphatic pathways, but with the blood flow to the lungs, liver, and so on.

This is a fairly rare group of malignant neoplasms: the incidence is only two cases per 100 thousand of the population and is less than a percent in the overall structure of incidence. But there are certain subtleties that make it possible to consider this pathology interesting for studying in terms of improving the quality of the situation both with patients and with the general medical network.

— Cancer develops from epithelial cells, but sarcoma?

– If you imagine the human body at the earliest stages of formation in the womb, then the embryonic germ has three leaves. The outer one is used to form skin, mucous membranes, etc., the inner one is the digestive tract, but the middle layer is used to form cartilage tissue, muscle, fibrous tendons, for example. Here soft tissue tumors, which are called sarcomas, originate here. They have nothing to do with cancer in their development.

Soft tissue sarcomas are most commonly found in the extremities. Another part can appear in the abdominal cavity, in the mediastinum, there are even such rare things as heart sarcoma, uterine sarcoma. But mostly these are visual localizations – a bump appears somewhere on the body and begins to grow rapidly, while it can compress the nerve trunks, the underlying vessels. From this, all the clinical symptoms follow – pain can join, inflammatory phenomena begin in the sarcoma itself, changes in the skin over the tumor. But the most striking symptom is, of course, a rapid growth of up to five centimeters or more.

Operations using new methods allow saving the patient not only life and health, but also limbs.

– Yes, these sarcomas are from adipose tissue. Being overweight doesn’t make any difference. For some reason, at one point, fat cells begin to develop according to a malignant variant.

— How fast will the tumor grow? How long will it take for these five centimeters to grow?

— Depends on the histological (tissue) variant of the sarcoma. If the tumor has low cell differentiation, then it grows very quickly – in six months it can increase by ten centimeters.

Sarcomas are distinguished by rapid growth, pain, the presence of a tumor in some soft tissues and manifestations associated with invasive growth. For example, if the sarcoma grows in the places of the lymphatic tracts on the lower extremities, or in the abdominal cavity at the confluence of these lymphatic outflow tracts from the lower extremities, then edema of the lower extremities may develop.

– And how will a sarcoma differ from the same lipoma, or, as people say, a wen?

— And now we can talk about the so-called sarcoma masks!

— So she is also disguised?

— And how! At first, the sarcoma may look like a lipoma or like a hematoma, an accumulation of blood after some kind of microtrauma. Sometimes people very clearly associate the occurrence of a sarcoma with a previous injury to this area, although it has been proven that these events are absolutely unrelated. A purely psychological phenomenon – a person pays attention to an injury, remembers its location, because it hurt there.

There are such statistics that anyone is starting to treat sarcomas, but not oncologists – general surgeons, traumatologists, dermatologists. They undertake to treat, prescribe physiotherapy, try to cut out under local anesthesia in a non-oncology department. The result is a lot of errors and recurrences of these tumors. Because this is another of the features of sarcoma – a tendency to local recurrence. If it is not properly removed, it will grow in the same place again.

– And how big is this probability?

— We conducted a study, took 49 patients, of which 28 were initially operated on by us, and only one had a tumor recurrence. The remaining 21 were operated on by surgeons of other specialties not with us. All 21 relapsed, with the first in 11, the second in five, the third in two, and the fourth in three. It happens that doctors of other specialties operate on such patients several times, until it occurs to them to perform a histological examination and understand that it is a sarcoma, and refer them to us.

So, it has been proven that if a sarcoma is removed by a general medical surgeon who does not know the principles of removing a malignant tumor, then in almost one hundred percent of cases the sarcoma will grow again. And then it will be much more difficult to treat it, because the anatomical relationships in this area will be violated, it will be much more difficult to operate them later. We get more relapses.

Sergey Kuvaev is sure that only an oncologist should treat sarcoma

Photo: Ilya Barkhatov

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— Is it possible to lose an arm or leg due to sarcoma?

— Until the 1970s, the only treatment was a mutilating operation, amputation of a limb, even if the sarcoma was less than five centimeters in size. It was believed that the most correct thing was to immediately cut off the entire limb. At the same time, it was not taken into account that sarcoma, even at an early stage of its development, can metastasize to distant organs with blood flow.

Today, the situation has changed radically, and priority is given to organ-preserving operations – in the treatment of sarcomas, case and block removal is used. For example, if the sarcoma grows in one of the heads of the biceps muscle of the shoulder, then the entire head of this biceps muscle is removed within the fascial spaces. That is, the tumor should be removed in one block, it should not be fragmented. Ideally, the surgeon should not see the sarcoma when he operates on it.

— Is sarcoma treatment just surgery?

– No, as the treatment of any oncological disease involves the use of both radiation therapy – both in the preoperative and postoperative period, and chemotherapy. With initially inoperable large sarcomas that grow into large vascular trunks, with the use of radiation and chemotherapy, it is sometimes possible to achieve resectability of the tumor – the ability to perform an organ-preserving operation.

– Is there a chance to cure?

– Each subsequent relapse is associated with the risk of metastasis with blood flow to other organs, and then the prognosis is unfavorable. If a patient with sarcoma immediately goes to oncologists, then the risk of relapse is extremely small. When using postoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy, it is possible to achieve a complete cure. In the Southern Urals, about 700 people are registered with a diagnosis of sarcoma, of which 65 percent are five or more years old.

Sometimes patients are too careless about their health and grow huge tumors

Photo: Ilya Barkhatov

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— Does the risk of getting sick depend on age?

— Not exactly. We can say that there is no tendency to increase the incidence with increasing age. Sarcomas affect either in childhood or evenly after 30 years and older.

– What can cause the disease?

– This is mainly genetics – violations in the connective tissue cell at a certain stage of its development. Until now, the issue has not been studied, because pathology is very rare, so there is not much experience in its observation and treatment. Scientists do not exclude the influence of harmful factors of influence on the occurrence of these tumors, but this is already in the field of occupational hazards.

— How many sarcoma patients do you operate on per year?

— 25. We try to send all this flow to our cancer center. These patients should be treated by those institutions that have a diagnostic service, including the possibility of CT and MRI studies and the availability of a three-component therapy by at least three specialists: an oncologist-surgeon, a radiotherapist, a chemotherapist. Any treatment of sarcoma must be planned, and the doctor must initially know what he is going for: how much tissue will be removed in order to avoid the consequences of recurrence of these tumors.

— Is it possible to determine by eye whether it is a sarcoma or just a lump?

– If you have experience with treatment, then yes. And if the local therapist is only after graduation, then no. This is advice not only to patients, but also to a doctor in the general medical network: if he sees something like this, then do not prescribe physiotherapy, but immediately refer him to an oncologist.

— Is physiotherapy dangerous?

– It can accelerate the development of sarcoma several times.

Thus, they complicate the task of recovering both for themselves and for the doctor

Photo: Ilya Barkhatov

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— How difficult is the treatment for the patient?

– As a rule, a soft tissue block is removed, and it all depends on where the tumor was located. In my practice, there were cases when I had to completely cut the sciatic nerve, which is responsible for the innervation of the entire lower limb. And despite this, patients were discharged and left on their own feet. Sometimes some functions may be lost – sensitivity, motor function in individual segments of the limb, but in general, the quality of life is absolutely satisfactory. If the size is small, then even the same as before the disease.

— What advice would you give to patients? How to behave ideally?

– It can be advised to pay attention to any soft tissue seals in the trunk and limbs that appear out of the blue, pay attention to a rapid increase and contact a doctor without delay.