How does lysine interact with other substances. What are the potential side effects of lysine supplementation. Who should be cautious when using lysine. What is the recommended dosage for lysine.

What is Lysine and Why is it Important?

Lysine is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in human health. As the body cannot produce lysine on its own, it must be obtained through dietary sources or supplements. Rich sources of lysine include meat, fish, dairy products, and eggs. This vital amino acid serves as a building block for proteins in the body and may also inhibit the growth of the herpes virus.

The importance of lysine extends beyond its role in protein synthesis. It’s involved in various physiological processes, including:

• Calcium absorption
• Collagen formation
• Enzyme production
• Immune system function
• Energy production

Potential Health Benefits of Lysine Supplementation

While lysine is primarily known for its role in protein synthesis, research has explored its potential benefits in various health conditions. The most promising area of study has been in the treatment and prevention of cold sores.

Can Lysine Help with Cold Sores?

Cold sores, caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), are a common concern for many individuals. Research suggests that lysine supplementation may be beneficial in managing this condition. Oral lysine intake has shown promise in preventing cold sore outbreaks and reducing their duration and severity. However, the effectiveness of topical lysine application remains unclear and requires further investigation.

Despite the potential benefits for cold sores, it’s important to note that scientific evidence supporting lysine’s efficacy for other conditions is limited. Some areas of interest include:

• Athletic performance enhancement
• Diabetes management
• Canker sore treatment
• Anxiety reduction

While these applications show promise, more robust research is needed to confirm lysine’s effectiveness in these areas.

Understanding Lysine Safety and Side Effects

When considering lysine supplementation, it’s crucial to be aware of potential side effects and safety concerns. Generally, lysine is considered safe for most people when taken orally in appropriate doses.

What are the Common Side Effects of Lysine?

While lysine is typically well-tolerated, some individuals may experience side effects, particularly when taken in high doses. The most commonly reported side effects include:

• Stomach pain
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Abdominal cramps

These side effects are usually mild and resolve on their own. However, if you experience persistent or severe symptoms, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional.

Is Topical Lysine Application Safe?

When applied to the skin, lysine is generally considered safe for short-term use. However, as with any topical product, it’s important to watch for signs of skin irritation or allergic reactions. If you notice any adverse effects, discontinue use and consult a healthcare provider.

Lysine Precautions and Special Considerations

While lysine is generally safe for most people, certain groups should exercise caution or avoid its use altogether. Understanding these precautions is essential for safe supplementation.

Who Should Avoid Lysine Supplementation?

Certain individuals should be particularly cautious when considering lysine supplementation:

• Pregnant and breastfeeding women: Due to limited research on lysine’s effects during pregnancy and lactation, it’s advisable to avoid supplementation unless directed by a healthcare provider.
• Individuals with lysinuric protein intolerance: This rare genetic disorder affects lysine metabolism. Supplementation in these cases may lead to severe gastrointestinal symptoms.
• People with kidney or liver disease: These conditions may affect lysine metabolism, potentially leading to adverse effects.

Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking medications.

Lysine Interactions: What You Need to Know

Understanding how lysine interacts with other substances is crucial for safe and effective supplementation. While lysine generally has few significant interactions, there are some considerations to keep in mind.

Does Lysine Interact with Medications?

Lysine has been found to potentially interact with certain medications, particularly those affecting gastrointestinal function. Specifically, lysine might reduce the effects of some gastrointestinal drugs known as 5-HT4 agonists. These medications are often used to treat conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation.

Additionally, lysine may interact with:

• Calcium supplements: Lysine may enhance calcium absorption, potentially affecting calcium levels in the body.
• Aminoglycoside antibiotics: Lysine might increase the risk of kidney damage when used with these antibiotics.
• Arginine: High doses of lysine may counteract the effects of arginine supplementation.

It’s important to inform your healthcare provider about all medications and supplements you’re taking to avoid potential interactions.

Optimal Dosage and Administration of Lysine

Determining the right dosage of lysine is crucial for maximizing its benefits while minimizing potential side effects. The appropriate dose can vary depending on the individual and the intended use.

What is the Recommended Dosage for Lysine?

For general health and wellness, the typical recommended dosage of lysine for adults is:

• Oral supplementation: Up to 3 grams (3000 mg) daily, for up to one year
• Topical application: Varies depending on the product formulation

It’s important to note that these are general guidelines. The optimal dosage may vary based on factors such as age, health status, and specific health goals. For targeted health concerns, such as cold sore prevention or treatment, different dosing regimens may be recommended.

How Should Lysine be Taken?

Lysine supplements are typically taken orally in the form of tablets, capsules, or powders. For best absorption, it’s often recommended to take lysine supplements on an empty stomach, about an hour before meals. However, if gastrointestinal discomfort occurs, taking lysine with food may help alleviate these symptoms.

When using topical lysine products, follow the instructions provided with the specific product. Generally, these are applied directly to the affected area, such as a cold sore, multiple times per day.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Lysine Supplementation

While lysine has shown promise in certain areas, particularly in managing cold sores, it’s important to approach its use with a critical eye. The effectiveness of lysine can vary depending on the individual and the specific condition being addressed.

How Can You Determine if Lysine is Working for You?

Assessing the effectiveness of lysine supplementation involves several factors:

1. Tracking symptoms: For conditions like cold sores, monitor the frequency, duration, and severity of outbreaks.
2. Consistency: Maintain regular supplementation as recommended by your healthcare provider.
3. Time frame: Some benefits may take weeks or months to become apparent.
4. Overall health: Consider other factors that may influence your health and symptoms.

It’s crucial to maintain open communication with your healthcare provider throughout your supplementation journey. They can help you evaluate the effectiveness of lysine and make necessary adjustments to your regimen.

Lysine in the Context of a Balanced Diet

While lysine supplementation can be beneficial in certain cases, it’s important to consider its role within the context of a balanced diet. For most people, obtaining adequate lysine through dietary sources is preferable to relying solely on supplements.

What are the Best Dietary Sources of Lysine?

Incorporating lysine-rich foods into your diet can help ensure you’re meeting your body’s needs for this essential amino acid. Some excellent dietary sources of lysine include:

• Lean meats (chicken, beef, pork)
• Fish (particularly tuna and salmon)
• Eggs
• Dairy products (cheese, yogurt, milk)
• Legumes (beans, lentils, peas)
• Soy products (tofu, tempeh)
• Nuts and seeds (particularly pumpkin seeds)

By incorporating a variety of these foods into your diet, you can help ensure adequate lysine intake without the need for supplementation in most cases. However, individuals with specific health conditions or dietary restrictions may benefit from supplementation under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

In conclusion, lysine plays a vital role in human health, with potential benefits extending beyond its primary function in protein synthesis. While it shows promise in managing certain conditions, particularly cold sores, more research is needed to fully understand its efficacy in other areas. As with any supplement, it’s crucial to approach lysine use with caution, considering potential interactions and side effects. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen to ensure it’s appropriate for your individual health needs and goals.

Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews

Overview

Lysine is an essential amino acid. The human body cannot make lysine, so it must be eaten in the diet. Sources include meat, fish, dairy, and eggs.

Lysine is a building block for making proteins in the body. It might also prevent the herpes virus from growing.

People use lysine for cold sores, canker sores, athletic performance, diabetes, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses.

Uses & Effectiveness ?

Possibly Effective for

• Cold sores (herpes labialis). Taking lysine by mouth might help prevent and heal cold sores. It’s not clear if applying it to the skin helps.

There is interest in using lysine for a number of other purposes, but there isn’t enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

Side Effects

When taken by mouth: Lysine is possibly safe for most people when taken in doses up to 3000 mg daily for up to one year. It can cause side effects such as stomach pain and diarrhea.

When applied to the skin: Lysine is possibly safe for most people when used short-term.

Special Precautions and Warnings

When taken by mouth: Lysine is possibly safe for most people when taken in doses up to 3000 mg daily for up to one year. It can cause side effects such as stomach pain and diarrhea.

When applied to the skin: Lysine is possibly safe for most people when used short-term. Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn’t enough reliable information to know if lysine is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Lysinuric protein intolerance: Lysine supplementation might cause diarrhea and stomachcramps in children who have this rare genetic disorder.

Interactions ?

Minor Interaction

Be watchful with this combination

• Lysine might reduce the effects of some gastrointestinal drugs called 5-HT4 agonists.

Dosing

Lysine has most often been used by adults in doses up to 3 grams daily for up to 1 year. It’s also available in different topical products such as creams. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what type of product and dose might be best for a specific condition.

View References

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CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.

This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.
© Therapeutic Research Faculty 2020.

Possible Interactions with: Lysine | Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Amino Acid K; L-Lysine; Lysine

If you are currently being treated with any of the following medications or supplements, you should not use lysine supplements without first talking to your health care provider.

Arginine
— Arginine and lysine share common pathways in the body. Therefore, excess arginine may lower lysine levels in the body.

 

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Lysine.

Great Russian Encyclopedia

Chemical compoundsChemical compounds

Lysine (α,ε-diaminocaproic acid, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, common abbreviations Lys, K, Lys) (name from Greek λύσις – dissolution), aliphatic α -amino acid with pronounced basic properties, H ₂ N(CH ₂ ) ₄ CH(NH ₂ )COOH. Contains an asymmetric carbon atom, has optical activity, exists in the form of two enantiomers – L-lysine and D-lysine. The L-form of lysine predominates in nature. Molar mass 146.19 g/mol. t _pl 224–225 °C (with decomposition). Lysine was first isolated from casein (1889, F. G. E. Drexel). In 1902, E. Fischer and F. Weigert synthesized lysine.

L-lysine is a proteinogenic α-amino acid, encoded by triplets starting with AA (AAA, AAG), present in all proteins (frequency of occurrence 5.05), biologically active peptides. L-lysine is involved in the formation of the active center of a number of enzymes. Post-translational modification of L-lysine allows regulation of protein-protein interactions, stability, localization and enzymatic activity of proteins.

L-lysine is an essential amino acid for humans and must be ingested in sufficient quantities with food, the WHO recommended intake of L-lysine for humans is 30 mg per 1 kg of body weight.

Physical and chemical properties

Lysine is a colorless crystalline substance, very soluble in water, acids, alkalis, sparingly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in diethyl ether.

Like other amino acids, lysine exists in crystals and polar solvents as a zwitterion. Its isoelectric point is 9.82. The acid dissociation constants (pK _a ) are 2.18 for the carboxyl group (α-COOH), 9.12 for the amino group (α-NH ₃ ⁺ ) and 10.53 (ε-NH ₃ ⁺ ).

Lysine reacts with acids and alkalis, forms complexes with metals, enters into reactions characteristic of carboxylic acids and amines, namely: esterification reactions, interaction with amines, decarboxylation, reactions with nitrous acid, oxidative deamination, transamination, N-alkylation , N-acylation, peptide bond formation. Lysine forms insoluble salts with picric and phosphotungstic acids.

Preparation methods

L-lysine is prepared by microbiological synthesis. The volume of the domestic lysine market is estimated at almost 150 thousand tons. Of these, about 90 thousand tons are produced by existing Russian enterprises: Premix Plant No. 1 and JSC AminoSib.

In a number of countries (Japan, USA, etc.) to obtain L-lysine, a chemical-enzymatic method is used based on the enzymatic conversion of α-amino-ε-caprolactam to lysine, which is chemically obtained from cyclohexene.

Participation in metabolism

In nature, there are two pathways for the biosynthesis of L-lysine: diaminopimelic (from aspartic acid via diaminopimelic acid) and aminoadipic (from acetate and α-ketoglutarate via α-aminoadipic acid). The first is characteristic of prokaryotic organisms and plants, the second is found in yeasts, higher fungi and protozoa.

The end product of lysine catabolism is an acylated derivative of coenzyme A, however, it is obtained not as a result of classical transamination with α-ketoglutaric acid, but due to the pathway implemented mainly in the liver, reverse to the aminoadipine pathway of L-lysine synthesis.

L-lysine is a part of protein molecules (up to 15% in cytochrome C, up to 10% in casein, globins, albumins) and peptides of all organisms, while the ε-amino group of L-lysine can also participate in the formation of the structure (for example, in bacitracin A).

Large amounts of L-lysine residues are present in histones (the relative content of lysine and arginine formed the basis of their classification) and protamines (fish sperm proteins). In plant proteins, the content of L-lysine is low, which reduces their nutritional and feed value (for comparison: in wheat flour, it accounts for 1.9% in terms of dry weight, and in beef – 10%).

L-lysine is involved in the formation of the active center of a number of enzymes [eg, aminotransferases (EC 2.6)].

In a number of proteins, certain L-lysine residues undergo post-translational modification by methylation (for example, to form monomethyl- and dimethyllysine residues in some muscle proteins, cytochrome C), these modifications allow regulation of protein-protein interactions, stability, localization and enzymatic protein activity.

Hydroxylation of L-lysine residues in collagen is necessary for the normal formation of collagen fibers, disturbances in the functioning of the lysyl hydroxylase enzyme (EC 1.14.11.4) lead to the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, which includes a heterogeneous group of hereditary connective tissue lesions.

Applications

L-lysine is used as feed additives, in the synthesis of peptides, mixed with other amino acids in the preparation of culture media. In medicine, L-lysine is used as part of parenteral nutrition and treatment of renal failure.

Food content

9 0073

mg L-lysine/100 g of product and fish products

9

9

90 073

460

90 073

Apples

No.		Product name	Chum/sturgeon caviar	2352/2312
Tuna	2106
2016
2	Meat 9 0076	Lamb	1890
		Veal	1755
		Beef	1742
		Pork	3	Turkey	1930
Chicken	1700
Chicken eggs 4	Milk and dairy products	Hard cheeses		1530–1900
Low-fat cottage cheese		9	261
5 9 0076		Cereals and legumes	Soybeans	2090
	Lentils		1720
	Peas		1550
	Buckwheat
	Wheat		360
6	Oil seeds	Soy	2183
		Mustard	1267
		Sunflower	710
7	Vegetables	Karto fel	135
		White cabbage	61
		Eggplant	56
8	Fruits and berries 002 Strawberry (garden )	33
		Pears	25
		18

Chemistry Publication date: May 18, 2022 at 23:09 (GMT+3)

#Amphoteric compounds

Amphoteric compounds

900 02 #Essential amino acids

Essential amino acids

#Gluco -ketogenic amino acids

Gluco-ketogenic amino acids

#Nitrogen-containing compounds

Nitrogen-containing compounds

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2016,
VOLUME 16,
NUMBER 4 (
July-August)

ISSN 2226-1494 (print), ISSN 2500-0373 (online)

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Vladimir Olegovich
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doi: 10. 17586/2226-1494-2016-16-4-716-724

Popova E.V., Shavykin O.V., Neelov I.M., Learmakers F.

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Article language – Russian

Citation: Popova E.V., Shavykin O.V., Neelov I.M., Learmakers F. Molecular dynamics simulation of the interaction between lysine dendrimer and Semax peptides // Scientific -technical bulletin of information technology, mechanics and optics. 2016. V. 16. No. 4. S. 716–724. doi: 10.17586/2226-1494-2016-16-4-716-724

Abstract

The possibility of complex formation between Semax therapeutic peptides and a dendrimer was studied by molecular modeling methods. Dendrimers are often used to deliver drugs and biological molecules (eg, DNA, peptides, and polysaccharides). Since lysine dendrimers are less toxic than conventional synthetic dendrimers (for example, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dedrimer), we chose them and studied two systems containing this dendrimer and a different number of Semax peptides. The study was carried out using the method of molecular dynamics. It was found that stable complexes are formed in both cases. The equilibrium structures of these complexes have been studied. These complexes can be used in the future in the treatment of various diseases, since Semax peptides have a significant antioxidant, antihypoxic and neuroprotective effect.

Keywords: lysine dendrimers, Semax peptides, computer simulation, molecular dynamics method

Acknowledgments. The work was done using the resources of the supercomputer complex of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov. This work was supported by RF Government grant 074-U01 and RFBR grants 16-03-00775 and 15-33-20693mol_a_ved.

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