What are the primary uses of Magnesium Oxide. How does it affect the body. What are the potential side effects of taking Magnesium Oxide. What is the recommended dosage for Magnesium Oxide. Who should avoid taking Magnesium Oxide. How does Magnesium Oxide interact with other medications. What precautions should be taken when using Magnesium Oxide.

Understanding Magnesium Oxide: A Comprehensive Overview

Magnesium oxide, commonly known by its brand name Mag-Ox 400, is a mineral supplement that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. This compound combines magnesium and oxygen, resulting in a white, powdery substance used in both medical and industrial applications. In the realm of healthcare, magnesium oxide serves multiple purposes, from treating digestive issues to supplementing nutritional needs.

What is Magnesium Oxide?

Magnesium oxide is a compound formed by the ionic bonding of magnesium and oxygen. Its chemical formula is MgO, and it’s known for its high magnesium content, making it a popular choice for supplementation. Despite its widespread use, it’s essential to understand that magnesium oxide has relatively low bioavailability compared to other magnesium forms. This means that while it contains a high percentage of elemental magnesium, the body may not absorb it as efficiently as other magnesium compounds.

Primary Uses of Magnesium Oxide in Healthcare

Magnesium oxide serves several purposes in medical treatment and health maintenance. Understanding its primary uses can help individuals and healthcare providers make informed decisions about its application.

Treating Digestive Issues

One of the primary uses of magnesium oxide is in treating digestive problems. How does it work for digestive issues? Magnesium oxide acts as an antacid, neutralizing stomach acid and providing relief from heartburn, indigestion, and sour stomach. Its ability to increase water in the intestines also makes it an effective treatment for constipation.

Nutritional Supplementation

Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a role in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body. Magnesium oxide supplements can help prevent or treat magnesium deficiency, which can occur due to poor diet, certain medical conditions, or medications that deplete magnesium levels.

Pregnancy and Lactation Support

During pregnancy and breastfeeding, the demand for magnesium increases. Magnesium oxide supplements can help meet these increased needs, supporting fetal development and maternal health. However, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any supplementation during pregnancy or lactation.

Potential Side Effects and Risks of Magnesium Oxide

While magnesium oxide is generally considered safe when used as directed, it can cause side effects in some individuals. Understanding these potential risks is crucial for safe usage.

Common Side Effects

What are the most common side effects of magnesium oxide? The most frequently reported side effects include:

• Diarrhea
• Upset stomach
• Nausea
• Abdominal cramping

These side effects are usually mild and often resolve on their own. However, if they persist or worsen, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider.

Serious Side Effects

While rare, magnesium oxide can cause more serious side effects in some cases. These may include:

• Allergic reactions (hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat)
• Rectal bleeding
• Coughing up blood or vomit that resembles coffee grounds
• Bloody or tarry stools
• Absence of bowel movement after using magnesium oxide as a laxative

If any of these serious side effects occur, it’s crucial to seek immediate medical attention.

Dosage Guidelines for Magnesium Oxide

Proper dosage is essential for the safe and effective use of magnesium oxide. The appropriate dose can vary depending on the individual’s age, health condition, and the reason for taking the supplement.

Standard Dosage Recommendations

What is the typical dosage for magnesium oxide? For adults, the usual dose for dietary supplementation ranges from 250 to 500 mg daily. For treating specific conditions, dosages may vary:

• Constipation: 2-4 tablets (400-800 mg) with a full glass of water
• Indigestion: 1-2 tablets (200-400 mg) as needed
• Magnesium deficiency: Dosage determined by a healthcare provider based on individual needs

It’s important to note that these are general guidelines, and individual needs may vary. Always consult with a healthcare provider for personalized dosage recommendations.

Pediatric Dosing

Magnesium oxide should not be given to children under 6 years old without medical advice. For older children, dosage should be determined by a healthcare provider based on the child’s age, weight, and specific health needs.

Interactions and Precautions with Magnesium Oxide

Understanding potential interactions and necessary precautions is crucial for the safe use of magnesium oxide.

Drug Interactions

Magnesium oxide can interact with various medications, potentially affecting their absorption or effectiveness. Some key interactions include:

• Antibiotics: Magnesium oxide can reduce the absorption of certain antibiotics, particularly tetracyclines and quinolones.
• Bisphosphonates: These osteoporosis medications may have reduced effectiveness when taken with magnesium oxide.
• Diuretics: Some diuretics can increase magnesium excretion, while others can cause magnesium retention.
• Proton pump inhibitors: Long-term use of these medications can lead to low magnesium levels.

To avoid potential interactions, it’s recommended to take magnesium oxide at least 2 hours before or 4 hours after other medications.

Precautions and Contraindications

Who should avoid taking magnesium oxide? Certain individuals should use caution or avoid magnesium oxide altogether:

• People with kidney disease: Impaired kidney function can lead to magnesium accumulation.
• Those with heart conditions: High doses of magnesium can affect heart rhythm.
• Individuals with gastrointestinal disorders: Magnesium oxide can exacerbate certain digestive issues.
• People with low calcium levels: Magnesium can further lower calcium levels.

Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting magnesium oxide, especially if you have any pre-existing health conditions.

Magnesium Oxide in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

The use of magnesium oxide during pregnancy and breastfeeding requires special consideration. While magnesium is crucial for fetal development and maternal health, the safety and appropriate dosage of magnesium oxide supplements in these situations need careful evaluation.

Pregnancy Considerations

Is magnesium oxide safe during pregnancy? The FDA categorizes magnesium oxide as Pregnancy Category C, meaning that risk cannot be ruled out. While magnesium is essential during pregnancy, the specific effects of magnesium oxide supplementation on the fetus are not fully known. Pregnant women should consult their healthcare provider before using magnesium oxide supplements.

Breastfeeding Considerations

Can magnesium oxide be used while breastfeeding? It’s not clear whether magnesium oxide passes into breast milk or if it could affect a nursing infant. As with pregnancy, breastfeeding mothers should consult their healthcare provider before using magnesium oxide supplements.

Magnesium Oxide vs. Other Magnesium Supplements

Magnesium oxide is just one of several forms of magnesium supplements available. Understanding how it compares to other types can help in choosing the most appropriate supplement for individual needs.

Bioavailability Comparison

How does the absorption of magnesium oxide compare to other forms? Magnesium oxide has a relatively low bioavailability compared to other magnesium supplements. This means that a smaller percentage of the magnesium in magnesium oxide is actually absorbed by the body. Here’s a comparison:

• Magnesium oxide: Approximately 4% bioavailability
• Magnesium citrate: About 16% bioavailability
• Magnesium glycinate: Around 18% bioavailability
• Magnesium chloride: Up to 12% bioavailability

Despite its lower bioavailability, magnesium oxide contains a higher percentage of elemental magnesium, which can make it a cost-effective option for some users.

Specific Uses of Different Forms

Different forms of magnesium supplements may be preferred for specific uses:

• Magnesium oxide: Often used for constipation relief and as an antacid
• Magnesium citrate: Commonly used for its higher bioavailability and gentle laxative effect
• Magnesium glycinate: Often recommended for general supplementation due to good absorption and minimal gastrointestinal side effects
• Magnesium chloride: Sometimes used for topical applications and general supplementation

The choice of magnesium supplement should be based on individual needs, tolerability, and healthcare provider recommendations.

Long-term Use and Monitoring of Magnesium Oxide

While magnesium oxide can be beneficial for many individuals, long-term use requires careful consideration and monitoring to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Long-term Safety Considerations

Is it safe to take magnesium oxide long-term? For most healthy individuals, long-term use of magnesium oxide at recommended doses is generally considered safe. However, prolonged use, especially at high doses, may lead to certain risks:

• Magnesium toxicity: While rare in individuals with normal kidney function, excessive magnesium intake can lead to toxicity.
• Electrolyte imbalances: Long-term use may affect the balance of other minerals in the body.
• Dependence for bowel movements: When used as a laxative, the body may become reliant on magnesium oxide for regular bowel movements.

It’s important to use magnesium oxide under the guidance of a healthcare provider, especially for extended periods.

Monitoring Requirements

What should be monitored during long-term magnesium oxide use? Regular monitoring may include:

• Serum magnesium levels: To ensure magnesium levels remain within the normal range.
• Kidney function tests: Especially important for individuals with a history of kidney issues.
• Electrolyte balance: Checking levels of other minerals like calcium and potassium.
• Bowel habits: Monitoring for any changes in bowel function or dependence on the supplement.

Healthcare providers may recommend periodic blood tests and clinical evaluations to ensure the safe and effective use of magnesium oxide over time.

Alternative Sources of Magnesium

While magnesium oxide supplements can be beneficial, obtaining magnesium through dietary sources is often preferable. Understanding natural sources of magnesium can help individuals maintain adequate intake without relying solely on supplements.

Dietary Sources of Magnesium

What foods are rich in magnesium? Several foods are excellent sources of magnesium:

• Green leafy vegetables: Spinach, Swiss chard, and kale
• Nuts and seeds: Almonds, pumpkin seeds, and sunflower seeds
• Legumes: Black beans, kidney beans, and chickpeas
• Whole grains: Brown rice, quinoa, and oatmeal
• Fish: Mackerel, tuna, and halibut
• Dark chocolate: Particularly varieties with high cocoa content
• Avocados: Rich in magnesium and healthy fats

Incorporating a variety of these foods into your diet can help ensure adequate magnesium intake without the need for supplements.

Lifestyle Factors Affecting Magnesium Levels

Several lifestyle factors can influence magnesium levels in the body:

• Stress: Chronic stress can deplete magnesium stores
• Alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol intake can increase magnesium excretion
• Physical activity: Intense exercise may increase magnesium needs
• Caffeine intake: High caffeine consumption can interfere with magnesium absorption
• Soil depletion: Modern agricultural practices may reduce the magnesium content in crops

Being aware of these factors can help individuals make lifestyle choices that support healthy magnesium levels.

Magnesium Oxide (Mag-Ox 400) – Side Effects, Interactions, Uses, Dosage, Warnings

uses

What is Magnesium Oxide (Mag-Ox 400) used for?

• Dyspepsia
• Constipation
• Vitamin/Mineral Supplementation during Pregnancy/Lactation

warnings

What is the most important information I should know about Magnesium Oxide (Mag-Ox 400)?

You should not use magnesium oxide if you are allergic to it.

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to use this medicine if you have other medical conditions, especially:

• kidney disease;
• heart disease;
• nausea, vomiting;
• a blockage in your intestines;
• low levels of calcium in your blood; or
• a sudden change in bowel habits for 2 weeks or longer.

It is not known whether magnesium oxide will harm an unborn baby. Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are pregnant.

It is not known whether magnesium oxide passes into breast milk or if it could affect a nursing baby. Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are breast-feeding.

Do not give this medicine to a child without medical advice.

Magnesium oxide should not be given to a child younger than 6 years old.

Side Effects

What are the side effects of Magnesium Oxide (Mag-Ox 400)?

Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Stop using magnesium oxide and call your doctor at once if you have:

• rectal bleeding;
• coughing up blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds;
• bloody or tarry stools; or
• no bowel movement after using magnesium oxide as a laxative.

Common side effects may include:

• diarrhea; or
• upset stomach.

This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding

Can I take Magnesium Oxide (Mag-Ox 400) if I’m pregnant or breastfeeding?

C

Risk cannot be ruled out

Based on FDA pregnancy categories

It is not known whether magnesium oxide will harm an unborn baby. Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are pregnant.

It is not known whether magnesium oxide passes into breast milk or if it could affect a nursing baby. Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are breast-feeding.

Interactions

What drugs and food should I avoid while taking Magnesium Oxide (Mag-Ox 400)?

Magnesium oxide can make it harder for your body to absorb other medicines you take by mouth. Avoid taking other medicines within 2 hours before or 2 hours after you take magnesium oxide. You may need to wait 4 hours to take your other medicines after taking magnesium oxide. Ask your doctor how to best schedule your medications.

Dosage Guidelines & Tips

How to take Magnesium Oxide (Mag-Ox 400)?

Use Magnesium Oxide (Mag-Ox 400) exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.

What should I do if I missed a dose of Magnesium Oxide (Mag-Ox 400)?

Since magnesium oxide is sometimes used when needed, you may not be on a dosing schedule. If you are on a schedule, take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.

Overdose Signs

What happens if I overdose on Magnesium Oxide (Mag-Ox 400)?

Overdose symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, weakness, breathing problems, slow reflexes, weak pulse, extreme drowsiness, and feeling dizzy or light-headed.

If you think you or someone else may have overdosed on: Magnesium Oxide (Mag-Ox 400),  call your doctor or the Poison Control center

(800) 222-1222

If someone collapses or isn’t breathing after taking Magnesium Oxide (Mag-Ox 400), call 911

911

What to Expect

Some studies suggest that magnesium oxide is poorly absorbed by the digestive tract.

The best way to get enough magnesium is to eat a well-balanced diet. Good sources of magnesium include green leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains.

Stop taking magnesium and let your physician know if you experience any unusual side effects.

Secondary Uses

Though its effectiveness isn’t conclusively proven, magnesium oxide is generally safe and well tolerated and is sometimes taken to help treat other conditions, such as migraines or depression.

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Magnesium oxide Uses, Side Effects & Warnings

Generic name: magnesium oxide [ mag-NEE-see-um-OCK-side ]
Brand names: MagGel, Phillips’ Cramp-free, Uro-Mag, Mag-200, Mag-Ox 400, UroMag
Dosage forms: oral capsule (140 mg; 600 mg), oral tablet (250 mg; 400 mg; 420 mg; 500 mg; base 500 mg)
Drug class: Minerals and electrolytes

Medically reviewed by Drugs. com on Apr 18, 2023. Written by Cerner Multum.

What is magnesium oxide?

Magnesium is a naturally occurring mineral. Magnesium is important for many systems in the body especially the muscles and nerves.

Magnesium oxide is used as a supplement to maintain adequate magnesium in the body.

Magnesium oxide is also used as an antacid to treat indigestion, or as a laxative to relieve occasional constipation.

Magnesium oxide may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Warnings

Before you take magnesium oxide, tell your doctor about all your medical conditions or allergies, and all the medicines you are using. Also make sure your doctor knows if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. In some cases, you may not be able to take magnesium oxide, or you may need a dose adjustment or special precautions.

Before taking this medicine

You should not use magnesium oxide if you are allergic to it.

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to use magnesium oxide if you have other medical conditions, especially:

• kidney disease;

• heart disease;

• nausea, vomiting;

• a blockage in your intestines;

• low levels of calcium in your blood; or

• a sudden change in bowel habits for 2 weeks or longer.

It is not known whether magnesium oxide will harm an unborn baby. Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are pregnant.

It is not known whether magnesium oxide passes into breast milk or if it could affect a nursing baby. Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are breast-feeding.

Do not give this medicine to a child without medical advice.

Magnesium oxide should not be given to a child younger than 6 years old.

How should I take magnesium oxide?

Use exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.

Take this medicine with a full glass of water.

When using this medicine as a laxative, it may be best to take your dose at bedtime.

Magnesium oxide may be taken with food if it upsets your stomach.

Call your doctor if your symptoms do not improve after 7 days of treatment, or if symptoms get worse.

Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.

What happens if I miss a dose?

Since magnesium oxide is sometimes used when needed, you may not be on a dosing schedule. If you are on a schedule, take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.

What happens if I overdose?

Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.

Overdose symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, weakness, breathing problems, slow reflexes, weak pulse, extreme drowsiness, and feeling dizzy or light-headed.

What should I avoid while taking magnesium oxide?

Magnesium oxide can make it harder for your body to absorb other medicines you take by mouth. Avoid taking other medicines within 2 hours before or 2 hours after you take magnesium oxide. You may need to wait 4 hours to take your other medicines after taking magnesium oxide. Ask your doctor how to best schedule your medications.

Magnesium oxide side effects

Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Magnesium oxide may cause serious side effects. Stop using magnesium oxide and call your doctor at once if you have:

• rectal bleeding;

• coughing up blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds;

• bloody or tarry stools; or

• no bowel movement after using magnesium oxide as a laxative.

Common side effects of magnesium oxide may include:

• diarrhea; or

• upset stomach.

This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

What other drugs will affect magnesium oxide?

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to take magnesium oxide if you are also using any of the following drugs:

• an antibiotic;

• a diuretic or “water pill”;

• penicillamine;

• a blood thinner–warfarin, Coumadin, Jantoven; or

• medicine to treat osteoporosis or Paget’s disease–alendronate, ibandronate, risedronate, Fosamax, Boniva, Actonel, and others.

This list is not complete. Other drugs may interact with magnesium oxide, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible interactions are listed in this medication guide.

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Patient resources

Other brands

Mag-Oxide, Uro-Mag, Mag-200, MagGel, Phillips’ Cramp-free

Related treatment guides

• Hypomagnesemia
• Constipation
• Duodenal Ulcer
• GERD

Further information

Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed.

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

Medical Disclaimer

Copyright 1996-2023 Cerner Multum, Inc. Version: 4.01.

discovery story, the subtleties of the production of oxide from the mineral

Zirconium oxide appeared on the dental market in 2004. It has won the trust of dentists due to its transformation hardening mechanism and high strength. It began to be actively used for prosthesis frameworks, root pins, lock fasteners, pin-stump inlays, fixed splints, as well as dental implant suprastructures. Over time, it became clear that the material is quite difficult to process and requires further study.

The history of the discovery of zirconium oxide

Two hundred years ago, zirconium oxide was isolated from its mineral. More than three thousand years ago, the mineral was used on the island of Ceylon as an imperfect diamond – for making jewelry. There are several versions of the appearance of the name. For example, according to one source, in 1776 the German scientist Bruckner called it “zarkun”, that is, “mineral”. The first to isolate zirconium oxide from the mineral zircon was the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klapron, in 1789.

Zircon and zirconium

The mineral zircon is a zirconium silicate with impurities of copper, iron, calcium, zinc, uranium, thorium, hafnium and titanium. It occurs in nature in the form of prismatic crystals, aggregates, grains, differs in color and transparency. Pure zirconium oxide is refractory, has a low thermal conductivity, is slightly soluble in water, and is resistant to chemical reagents.

Zirconium is an element of group IV of the periodic table with an atomic mass of 91.224. It exists in two forms – crystalline and amorphous. The highest concentration of the substance is in alkaline rocks. It occurs in nature in combination with silicate oxide – the mineral zircon or as free zirconium oxide – the mineral baddeleyite.

Production and production of zirconium oxide

Zircon and baddeleyite minerals contain impurities of various metals that give them their characteristic color, as well as impurities of uranium and thorium radionuclides that make them radioactive. Therefore, they cannot be used in the primary form in dentistry. Zirconium oxide is produced chemically and is of high purity. After complex purification from impurities, it becomes suitable for use as a ceramic biomaterial.

Zirconium oxide exists as monoclinic, tetragonal and cubic crystalline phases. When heated, it is converted from one phase to another with a decrease in volume. To stabilize the state, stabilizing oxides of calcium, magnesium, cerium, yttrium are added to it.

Exceptional physical and mechanical properties are observed in ceramics based on zirconium oxide, partially stabilized with yttria. Such material has record bending strength and excellent crack resistance.

For the industrial production of zirconium crowns in orthopedic dentistry, a powder of partially stabilized highly purified zirconium oxide is used. There are two options for processing it.

• Cold isostatic pressing.

The result is chalk-like, unfired ceramic blocks of high density (95% of theory). They can be heat-treated again in an oxygen atmosphere in a special unpressurized furnace to obtain blocks in a pre-sintered state (“soft” zircon). For a fully sintered state, or “solid” zircon, the processing temperature should not be 1000, but 1500 °C.

• Hot isostatic pressing.

The result after sintering is ceramic blocks with a density of 100%. The removal of residual porosity takes place at a pressure of 1000 bar and a temperature that is 50 °C lower than the sintering temperature. The blocks are greyish-black in color, so additional oxidation is carried out to restore whiteness. These blocks are more durable.

The mechanism of transformation hardening of ceramics

The high strength of ceramics is explained by the mechanism of transformation hardening. Particles of tetragonal zirconium oxide are transformed into a monoclinic phase when cracks appear in the metal due to compressive stresses. At the front end of the crack, the volume increases by 3-5% – this provokes compressive stresses in the opposite direction and suppresses crack propagation. This principle can be compared to the principle of the airbag in a car.

Magnesium Oxide Magnesium Oxide Ceramic Supplies

Magnesium oxide is used as a refractory material under severe conditions. Because its melting point (3098K) is the highest in oxide, and it has excellent thermal conductivity (60W・m-1・K-1).
Magnesium oxide has excellent corrosion resistance in molten metal. Magnesium oxide can be used for many metals compared to alumina. Particularly suitable for calcining lead zirconate titanate (PZT).
Tateho manufactures various shapes of magnesium oxide ceramic products such as setters, crucibles and saggers in a continuous process from raw materials to products.

​

Due to its properties, magnesium oxide is the most suitable material for the manufacture of cartridge heaters, heating elements, thermocouples, cartridge and tubular heaters.

Our company HERMES TK delivers finished products from magnesium oxide, you can also buy products from us according to individual drawings.

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200.0±0.10

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