Magnesium Sulfate Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing

Uses

This medication is a mineral supplement used to prevent and treat low amounts of magnesium in the blood. Some brands are also used to treat symptoms of too much stomach acid such as stomach upset, heartburn, and acid indigestion. Magnesium is very important for the normal functioning of cells, nerves, muscles, bones, and the heart. Usually, a well-balanced diet provides normal blood levels of magnesium. However, certain situations cause your body to lose magnesium faster than you can replace it from your diet. These situations include treatment with “water pills” (diuretics such as furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide), a poor diet, alcoholism, or other medical conditions (such as severe diarrhea/vomiting, stomach/intestinal absorption problems, poorly controlled diabetes).

How to use Magnesium Sulfate

Take this product by mouth as directed. Follow all directions on the product package. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

It is best to take magnesium supplements with a meal to reduce stomach upset and diarrhea unless otherwise directed by the product instructions or your doctor.

Take each dose with a full glass (8 ounces or 240 milliliters) of water unless your doctor directs you otherwise. Swallow extended-release capsules and delayed-release/enteric coated tablets or capsules whole. Do not crush or chew extended-release or delayed-release/enteric coated capsules or tablets. Doing so can release all of the drug at once, increasing the risk of side effects. Also, do not split extended-release tablets unless they have a score line and your doctor or pharmacist tells you to do so. Swallow the whole or split tablet without crushing or chewing.

If you are taking the chewable tablets, chew each tablet thoroughly before swallowing.

If you are using a liquid product, use a medication measuring device to carefully measure the dose. Do not use a household spoon because you may not get the correct dose. If you are using a suspension, shake the bottle well before each dose.

Take this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. Remember to take it at the same time(s) each day. Dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment. Do not increase your dose or take it more often than directed on the product package or by your doctor. Too much magnesium in the blood can cause serious side effects.

Tell your doctor if symptoms of low magnesium blood levels (such as muscle cramps, tiredness, irritability, depression) last or get worse. If you think you may have a serious medical problem, get medical help right away.

Side Effects

Stomach upset and diarrhea may occur. Taking this product with a meal helps to reduce these effects. If either of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.

If your doctor has directed you to use this medication, remember that your doctor has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

In the US –

In the US – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.

In Canada – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.

Precautions

Before taking a magnesium supplement, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

If you have the following health problem, consult your doctor or pharmacist before using this product: kidney disease.

Liquids, powders, or some other forms of this product may contain sugar and/or aspartame. Liquid products may also contain alcohol. Caution is advised if you have diabetes, alcohol dependence, liver disease, phenylketonuria (PKU), or any other condition that requires you to limit/avoid these substances in your diet. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about using this product safely.

During pregnancy, this product should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.

It is unknown if this product passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

Interactions

Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor’s approval.

Some products that may interact with this drug are: cellulose sodium phosphate, digoxin, sodium polystyrene sulfonate.

Magnesium can bind with certain medications, preventing their full absorption. If you are taking a tetracycline-type medication (such as demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline), separate the time of the dose from the time of the magnesium supplement dose by at least 2 to 3 hours. If you are taking a bisphosphonate (for example, alendronate), a thyroid medication (for example, levothyroxine), or a quinolone-type antibiotic (such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), ask your doctor or pharmacist about how long you should wait between doses and for help finding a dosing schedule that will work with all your medications.

Check the labels on all your prescription and nonprescription/herbal products (such as antacids, laxatives, vitamins) because they may contain magnesium. Ask your pharmacist about using those products safely.

Does Magnesium Sulfate interact with other drugs you are taking?

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Overdose

If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center. Symptoms of overdose may include slow heartbeat, severe drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, muscle weakness, loss of consciousness.

Lab and/or medical tests (such as magnesium blood levels, kidney function) should be done while you are taking this medication. Keep all medical and lab appointments. Consult your doctor for more details.

Magnesium supplements are available in different forms with different amounts of magnesium. Many are available without a prescription. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for help in selecting the best product for you.

Eat a well-balanced diet. Foods high in magnesium include avocados, bananas, beans, whole grain cereals, green vegetables, and nuts.

If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose. Take your next dose at the regular time. Do not double the dose to catch up.

Store at room temperature away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medications away from children and pets.

Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.

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Selected from data included with permission and copyrighted by First Databank, Inc. This copyrighted material has been downloaded from a licensed data provider and is not for distribution, except as may be authorized by the applicable terms of use.

CONDITIONS OF USE: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. The information is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects, nor should it be construed to indicate that use of a particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else. A healthcare professional should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any diet or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment.

Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects

Epsom salt can be used as a supplement, bath salt, or beauty product. It’s also associated with very few side effects and may offer several potential health benefits.

Epsom salt is a popular remedy for many ailments.

People use it to ease health problems, such as muscle soreness and stress. It’s also affordable, easy to use, and harmless when used appropriately.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of Epsom salt, including its benefits, uses, and side effects.

Epsom salt is also known as magnesium sulfate. It’s a chemical compound made up of magnesium, sulfur, and oxygen.

Despite its name, Epsom salt is a completely different compound than table salt. It was most likely termed “salt” because of its chemical structure.

It has an appearance similar to table salt and is often dissolved in baths, which is why you may also know it as “bath salt.” While it looks similar to table salt, its taste is distinctly different. Epsom salt is quite bitter and unpalatable.

Some people still consume it by dissolving the salt in water and drinking it. However, due to its taste, you probably don’t want to add it to food.

For hundreds of years, this salt has been used to treat ailments, such as electrolyte abnormalities, constipation, and eclampsia. Unfortunately, its effects on many other conditions are not well researched (1).

Most of the reported benefits of Epsom salt are attributed to its magnesium, a mineral that a lot of people do not get enough of (2).

You can find Epsom salt online and at most drug and grocery stores. It’s typically located in the pharmacy or cosmetic area.

Summary

Epsom salt — otherwise known as bath salt or magnesium sulfate — is a mineral compound believed to have many health benefits.

When Epsom salt is dissolved in water, it releases magnesium and sulfate ions.

The idea is that these particles can be absorbed through your skin, providing you with magnesium and sulfates — which serve important bodily functions.

Despite claims on the contrary, there is no good evidence that magnesium or sulfates are absorbed into your body through the skin (3).

Yet the most common use for Epsom salt is in baths, where it is simply dissolved in bathwater.

It can also be applied to your skin as a cosmetic or taken by mouth as a laxative or magnesium supplement. However, because of its laxative effects, it might not be an ideal choice as a magnesium supplement if your goal is to prevent deficiency (4).

Summary

Epsom salt dissolves in water and can be added to baths or used as a cosmetic. However, there is no evidence that your body can absorb its minerals through the skin.

Many people, including some healthcare professionals, claim Epsom salt is therapeutic and use it as an alternative treatment for several conditions.

Provides magnesium

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body, the first being calcium (5).

It is involved in more than 300 biochemical reactions that benefit your heart and nervous system (5).

Still, many people do not consume enough magnesium (2).

While magnesium sulfate can be used as a magnesium supplement, some people claim that magnesium may be better absorbed via Epsom salt baths than when taken by mouth.

However, this claim is not based on any available evidence and research shows that magnesium sulfate is very poorly absorbed, even when taken orally (6).

Proponents of this theory point to an unpublished study in 19 healthy people. The researchers claimed that all but three of the participants showed higher blood magnesium levels after soaking in an Epsom salt bath.

However, no statistical tests were performed and the study lacked a control group (7).

Some other studies have also evaluated the effects of Epsom salt baths on blood magnesium levels, but these studies have turned up conflicting results and are of questionable quality (3).

Therefore, while it may be possible for magnesium to be absorbed through the skin, more large, high quality studies are needed (3).

Promotes sleep and stress reduction

Adequate magnesium levels are essential for sleep and stress management, likely because magnesium helps your brain produce neurotransmitters that induce sleep and reduce stress (8, 9).

Low magnesium levels may negatively affect sleep quality and stress. Some people claim that taking Epsom salt baths can reverse these issues by allowing your body to absorb magnesium through the skin. However, this hasn’t been scientifically proven.

It’s also possible that the calming effects of Epsom salt baths are simply due to the relaxation caused by taking hot baths.

Helps with constipation

Magnesium is often used to treat constipation.

It appears to be helpful because it draws water into your colon, which promotes bowel movements (10).

Most often, magnesium is taken by mouth for constipation relief in the form of magnesium citrate, magnesium hydroxide, or magnesium oxide (11).

Taking Epsom salt may also be effective, although it is not as well-studied as other forms. Nevertheless, the FDA lists it as an approved laxative (4, 12).

It can be taken by mouth with water according to the directions on the package.

You should also know that consuming Epsom salt may produce unpleasant side effects, such as bloating and liquid stool (13).

It should only be used occasionally as a laxative, not for long-term relief.

Exercise performance and recovery

Some people claim that taking Epsom salt baths can reduce muscle soreness and relieve cramps — both important factors for exercise performance and recovery.

It is well known that adequate magnesium levels are helpful for exercise because magnesium helps increase the availability of glucose in the blood, muscles, and brain while reducing the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles (14).

While relaxing in a hot bath may help soothe aching muscles, there is no high quality evidence that people absorb bathwater magnesium through their skin (3).

On the other hand, oral supplements can effectively stave off magnesium insufficiency or deficiency.

Athletes are prone to low magnesium levels, so health professionals often recommend that they take magnesium supplements to ensure optimal levels (15).

While magnesium is clearly important for exercise, the use of bath salt to enhance fitness is not well researched. At this point, the supposed benefits are purely anecdotal.

Reduced pain and swelling

Another common claim is that Epsom salt helps reduce pain and swelling.

Many people report that taking Epsom salt baths improves symptoms of fibromyalgia and arthritis.

Again, the magnesium is deemed responsible for these effects, since many people with fibromyalgia and arthritis are deficient in this mineral (16, 17).

One 2015 study in 15 women with fibromyalgia concluded that applying magnesium chloride to the skin may be beneficial for reducing symptoms (18).

However, this study was based on questionnaires and lacked a control group. Its results should be taken with a grain of salt.

Summary

Most of the purported benefits of Epsom bath salts are anecdotal. On the other hand, oral magnesium supplements may benefit sleep, stress, digestion, exercise, and pain in people who are deficient.

While Epsom salt is generally safe, there are a few negative effects that can occur when you take it by mouth.

First of all, the magnesium sulfate in it can have a laxative effect. Consuming it may result in diarrhea, bloating, or upset stomach (4, 13).

If you use it as a laxative, make sure to drink plenty of water, which may reduce digestive discomfort. Furthermore, never take more than the recommended dosage without first consulting a doctor.

In extreme cases, magnesium overdose can lead to heart problems, altered mental status, and death. This is unlikely as long as you take it in appropriate amounts as recommended by a doctor or listed on the package (19, 20).

Contact a doctor if you experience signs of an allergic reaction or other serious side effects.

Summary

The magnesium sulfate in Epsom salt can produce side effects when taken by mouth. You can prevent these by using it correctly and talking with a doctor before increasing your dosage.

Here are a few of the most common ways to use Epsom salt.

Bath

The most common use is taking what’s called an Epsom salt bath.

To do this, add 2 cups, or about 475 grams (g), of Epsom salt to the water in a standard-sized bathtub and soak your body for at least 15 minutes.

You can also put the Epsom salt under running water if you want it to dissolve more quickly.

While hot baths can be relaxing, there is currently no good evidence for the benefits of an Epsom salt bath in itself.

Beauty

Epsom salt may be used as a beauty product for skin and hair. To use it as an exfoliant, just place some in your hand, dampen it and massage it into your skin.

Some people claim it’s a useful addition to facial wash, since it may help cleanse pores.

Just a 1/2 teaspoon (tsp), or 2.5 g, will do the trick. Simply combine it with your own cleansing cream and massage onto the skin.

It can also be added to conditioner and may help add volume to your hair. For this effect, combine equal parts conditioner and Epsom salt. Work the mixture through your hair and leave for 20 minutes, then rinse.

These uses are entirely anecdotal and unsupported by any studies. Remember that it works differently for everyone and that you may not experience the reported benefits.

Laxative

Epsom salt can be taken by mouth as a magnesium supplement or as a laxative.

Though there are no official guidelines for how much you should take, many brands recommend taking 2–6 tsp (10–30 g) per day, dissolved in water, as a maximum for adults, or around 1–2 tsp (5–10 g) for children.

Consult with a doctor if you need a more individualized dosage or if you want to increase the dose to more than what is listed on the package.

Unless you have the consent of a doctor, never ingest more than the upper limit of intake stated on the package. Taking more than you need could lead to magnesium sulfate poisoning.

If you want to begin taking Epsom salt by mouth, start slowly and gradually increase the dose as needed.

Remember that everyone’s magnesium needs are different. You may need more or less than the recommended dose, depending on how your body reacts and what exactly you are using it for.

Additionally, when consuming Epsom salt, make sure to use pure, supplement-grade Epsom salt that does not have any added scents or coloring.

Summary

Epsom salt can be dissolved in baths and used as a beauty product. It can also be consumed with water as a magnesium supplement or laxative.

Epsom salt may be helpful for easing constipation when taken as a supplement. It can also be used as a beauty product or bath salt.

There isn’t a lot of evidence to support all of its reported benefits. Its positive effects are mostly anecdotal at this point, and more research is needed on its functions.

However, Epsom salt is generally safe and easy to use.

Magnesium in the treatment and prevention of cerebrovascular diseases | Akarachkova E.S.

Introduction

A significant place in practical neurology is occupied by cerebrovascular diseases (CVD). This is a group of brain diseases caused by pathological changes in cerebral vessels with impaired cerebral circulation, which can be transient, acute and progressive chronic.

Cerebral circulation disorders are the second most common cause of death in the group of diseases of the cardiovascular system after coronary heart disease. In 62% of cases, CVDs were the cause of death among the population of the Russian Federation in 2010 [1].

The most common causes of CVD are arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis, leading to impaired cerebral blood flow, which are often associated with diabetes mellitus, smoking, and coronary heart disease. In the last decade, these diseases, as well as others that can have a negative impact on the course of CVD (cardiac arrhythmias, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, endothelial dysfunction, changes in lipid metabolism, platelet aggregation and thrombosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and anxiety and depression), are considered within the framework of magnesium-dependent diseases, in the pathogenesis of which a chronic and long-term deficiency of Mg 9 plays a key role.0011 2+ [2, 3].

Magnesium is a microelement that determines membrane stability at the cellular level (due to natural antagonism with calcium ions) and energy metabolism (due to its key participation in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in mitochondria). These two fundamental properties of a microelement, along with a key role in the work of more than 800 enzymes, the synthesis of DNA and RNA in cells, characterize magnesium as an essential trace element of energy and plastic metabolism [4, 5].

The importance of magnesium dictates the need to include magnesium-containing drugs in the complex therapy of patients with CVD, the purpose of which is to prevent the onset and/or progression of the pathological process, improve cognitive functions and overall functioning. At the same time, the effectiveness of magnesium-containing preparations is determined by the stage of the course of the pathological process [6] (Table 1).

Tactics of the use of magnesium-containing drugs in stroke

In acute cerebrovascular accident (stroke), the degree of damaging effect of ischemia is determined by the depth and duration of the decrease in cerebral blood flow. The area of ​​the brain with the most pronounced decrease in it becomes irreversibly damaged already in the first 6–8 minutes from the onset of ischemia. For several hours, this zone is surrounded by ischemic, but living tissue (zone of “ischemic penumbra” or penumbra), in which energy exchange is sharply disturbed, but still preserved, which allows, with adequate restoration of brain tissue perfusion and the use of neuroprotective agents, to save the area of ​​”ischemic penumbra” “. Therefore, the main therapeutic strategies for acute ischemic stroke include: reperfusion, neuroprotection, prevention and recovery [8].

The key point in the management of a patient with acute stroke is to maintain his hemodynamics at the proper level. On the first day, it is not recommended to reduce blood pressure (BP) by more than 15–20% in order to prevent a decrease in cerebral perfusion [9].

Neuroprotection is defined as a complex of mechanisms that counteract damaging factors, while neuroplasticity is characterized by constant regeneration processes in cases of natural or pathological damage, which adapts the cell to new functioning conditions. And if earlier it was generally accepted that the structure of the brain remains unchanged after it is formed in childhood, then at present the ideas have changed: most of the modern therapeutic and preventive measures for suffering brain tissue are based primarily on the mechanisms of neuroplasticity, which, as studies of molecular cell biology have shown, is a dynamic phenomenon and determines the ability of the brain to compensate for its activity in various injuries. The processes of brain reorganization occur through the so-called “axonal sprouting” (axonal sprouting), when new nerve endings grow in intact axons, capable of connecting damaged links or connecting with other intact cells, forming new neural pathways to maintain the necessary functioning [8].

Neuroprotection includes protection not only of neurons, but also of other brain cells whose activity is affected during ischemia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia) [8]. The search for neuroprotectors is ongoing. Promising neuroprotective measures include hypothermia, intravenous administration of albumin, magnesium sulfate, and citicoline, which maintains neuroplasticity through nerve growth factor [7].

In stroke, pathological processes are realized primarily at the cellular level. Cerebral ischemia leads to an excess of glutamate and dysfunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the cortex (in severe cases, 90–100%) [10]. Physiological stimulation of NMDA receptors in synapses is known to promote neuronal survival by stimulating neurotrophic and neuroplastic processes. Excessive activation of NMDA receptors, on the contrary, has a detrimental effect on brain cells. Glutamate receptors (NMDA receptors) are blocked by magnesium ions and react to glutamate only when the Mg ion is removed ²⁺ . With a deficiency of Mg ²⁺ , glutamate receptors are excited, the flow of Ca ²⁺ ions into neurons increases, and the development of excitotoxicity is potentiated. Ions Mg ²⁺ are universal natural stabilizers of all subtypes of NMDA receptors, they control the operation of the voltage-dependent ion channel for Ca ²⁺ , Na ⁺ , K ⁺ [4].

Normally, with an excess of glutamate, a feedback signal is activated, aimed at reducing the synthesis and secretion of the neurotransmitter. During ischemia, mechanical damage to individual parts of the neural network occurs. Uncontrollably secreted glutamate concentrates around already dead cells and stimulates the death of neurons that have not yet been affected. Due to massive stimulation of NMDA receptors, Ca ²⁺ enter the cell in excess with a significant loss of Mg ions ²⁺ . The bioenergetic homeostasis of brain tissues is sharply disturbed, conditions of energy deficiency of brain cells are created: ATP synthesis decreases with its simultaneous colossal losses, swelling and necrosis of brain cells occur [11].

It has been established that a sharp imbalance of Ca ²⁺ and Mg ²⁺ ions occurs during a stroke with a shift towards Ca ^{2+ 9 ions. 0012, which significantly reduces the survival of brain cells. Overexcitation or even death of neurons due to an increase in the permeability of the neuron membrane for Ca 2+ ions against the background of a decrease in the mitochondrial pool of Mg 2+ and an increase in the level of free cytosolic Mg 2+ in the neuron are recognized markers of the onset of the apoptosis cascade [12].}

In the acute phase of ischemic cerebral infarction, magnesium deficiency in the blood reaches critical values ​​(below 70-60% of the norm). At the same time, a decrease in magnesium levels determines the severity of brain damage and the severity of neurological deficit: the degree of impairment is much higher in individuals with a low magnesium content. Thus, it is assumed that the level of magnesium affects the severity of neurological status [13].

In the most acute and acute stages of a stroke, as well as in myocardial infarction, conditions are created for severe energy deficiency and subsequent cell death, which determines the need for the use of Mg ²⁺ – a cellular activator of ATP synthesis, a cell membrane stabilizer, a natural antagonist of Ca ²⁺ and NMDA receptors [14]. It has been proven that magnesium, acting on several parallel molecular cascades (glutamate receptors, energy metabolism, apoptosis and signaling cascades of neurotrophic factors) involved in the regeneration and protection of nervous tissue, normalizes the thrombostasis system. In patients with acute cerebral ischemia, magnesium deficiency determines high mortality, since it plays a certain role in the development of acute coronary syndrome and cardiac arrhythmias [15].

Magnesium sulfate (MgSO ₄ ) is used to correct magnesium deficiency in urgent conditions. It is a ready source of ionized magnesium with an established safety and efficacy profile. The FAST-MAG study, unique to date, demonstrated that 4 g Mg ²⁺ (20 ml 20% magnesium sulfate) is reasonable and effective within the first 12 hours of stroke onset. There were no serious adverse events associated with prehospital initiation of therapy. The FAST-MAG study, conducted primarily at the ambulance stage, showed that intravenous magnesium sulfate can be used in a wide range of doses, is reasonable and safe, and also provides the basis for initiating neurorestorative therapy [16].

Considering that prehospital magnesium infusion is carried out mainly by paramedics and paramedics, it may be effective in stopping or slowing the ischemic cascade in most patients during the first crucial 2 hours of onset of a stroke. Intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate quickly raises serum magnesium concentrations to potentially therapeutic levels, is easy to implement, well tolerated, and has no pronounced hemodynamic effects in patients with acute stroke [16].

Published in 2012, the results of a placebo-controlled study demonstrated that intravenous administration of 4 g of magnesium sulfate in the first 15 minutes and then 16 g in the next 24 hours significantly improved the clinical outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke (dynamic assessment was carried out using the NIHSS scale). Thus, it was confirmed that magnesium sulfate can be used as a neuroprotector in ischemic and lacunar types of stroke [14].

The results of experimental and clinical studies have proven the need to administer magnesium sulfate on the first day of a stroke, when there is an urgent need to quickly saturate the blood with magnesium. However, after a day, the effectiveness of magnesium sulfate decreases sharply [16, 17]. Therefore, for the subsequent saturation of tissues with magnesium, other forms are required. Suitable for these purposes are recognized bioorganic salts of magnesium, which have a high degree of availability of the trace element. Magnesium orotate can be considered the most acceptable in the most acute and acute periods of a stroke. Orotate not only increases the absorption of magnesium from the gastrointestinal tract by tissues, but also has independent significance, since it compensates for the deficiency of orotate, which develops sharply in stroke, as well as in myocardial infarction [18].

The biological role of orotate is that it is a natural source of nucleotides involved in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, which primarily determine the synthesis and activity of DNA and RNA cells necessary to restore lost cell organelles and membranes, in other words, the reconstruction of the cytoskeleton. Orotate also stimulates ATP synthesis. And since 90% of intracellular magnesium is associated with ATP, the increase in intracellular ATP depot through orotate is another prerequisite for fixing magnesium inside the cell [19].

The source of orotate is nonessential orotic acid, which is synthesized in the human body from the food consumed. However, in situations of massive cell and tissue death, such as stroke or myocardial infarction, the need for orotate increases sharply, which leads to its subsequent deficiency. After 6-8 weeks. after a cardiovascular catastrophe, the balance of plastic and anabolic metabolism will be restored, the content of orotate will be sufficient. But for this period, cells and tissues must be provided with building material and energy, which is possible with the help of metabolic therapy with magnesium orotate [19, 20] (see Table 1).

The tactics of using magnesium-containing drugs in the recovery period after a stroke and in chronic cerebral ischemia

Maintaining stable hemodynamics and neuroprotection remain relevant in a patient who has had a stroke. Any therapeutic and rehabilitation measure in CVD is based on pathogenetic mechanisms for maintaining the energy supply of the nervous tissue, which is possible with the help of oral forms of magnesium-containing drugs. Ions Mg ²⁺ have a natural powerful effect on energy metabolism, creating the basis for ATP synthesis, as well as an antagonistic effect on Ca ions ²⁺ , which manifests itself clinically in multidirectional action [4].

Due to the antagonistic relationship with calcium, magnesium has an independent hypotensive effect. Magnesium intake from 500 to 1000 mg/day, on average, leads to a decrease in systolic blood pressure by more than 5 mm Hg. Art., diastolic blood pressure – by 2.5 mm Hg. Art. At the same time, the combination of antihypertensive drugs and increased intake of magnesium and potassium against the background of a decrease in sodium intake is more effective in lowering blood pressure than taking only antihypertensive drugs. It has been proven that magnesium increases the effectiveness of all classes of antihypertensive drugs [21, 22].

A negative consequence of magnesium deficiency in CVD is increased platelet aggregation and an increased risk of thromboembolic complications. Against the background of magnesium deficiency, the imbalance of Ca ²⁺ and Mg ²⁺ ions leads to excessive thrombus formation. At the cellular level, Mg ²⁺ inhibits the formation of an arterial thrombus by inhibiting platelet activity, thereby potentiating the anticoagulant effects of acetylsalicylic acid and minimizing its dose. A synergistic effect is achieved by combining magnesium-containing drugs and pentoxifylline or medicinal plants with an antiplatelet effect (dansena, Ginkgo biloba leaf extract, etc.) [4] (see Table 1).

In patients with CVD, it is impossible to ignore the problem of comorbid emotional and affective disorders, the addition of which increases the risk of death, as well as the occurrence of more significant impairments in daily activity and cognitive functions, worsening of the course of concomitant somatic diseases and the clinical outcome of stroke. It is known that the changes that occur in stroke and unipolar depression are very similar and mutually potentiating [23]. The negative impact of psychopathology is explained by dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system with an increased level of sympathoadrenal activity, which causes heart rhythm disturbance, increased blood pressure, increased risk of thrombosis, myocardial ischemia, increased blood cholesterol levels and a higher risk of atherosclerosis due to impaired lipid metabolism (content free fatty acids and steroid production are increased, glucose utilization is reduced) [24]. Antidepressants (primarily selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: escitalopram, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, paroxetine) are included in the standards of treatment for ischemic stroke [25].

In recent years, the psychotropic effects of magnesium have been of clinical interest. It has been proven that, with long-term use, magnesium-containing drugs have anxiolytic and antidepressant effects comparable to the effects of benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants, which makes it possible to include magnesium-containing drugs in long-term (up to a year) complex therapy of anxiety and post-stroke depression in patients with CVD [26, 27]. For long-term use of bioorganic magnesium salts, magnesium citrate and pidolate are most suitable. The latter is the drug of choice if the patient has impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome.

Magnesium-containing drugs in prevention CVZ

In 2011, guidelines for the prevention of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attacks were summarized and published. The working group focused on the fact that primary and secondary prevention of CVD includes mandatory lifestyle changes and drug treatment of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia [28]. It is important that for the prevention of recurrent stroke, an indispensable factor is the modification of risk factors. Over the years, primary prevention studies have shown that antihypertensive drug treatment reduces the risk of a first stroke by 32%. But the same patterns were found for recurrent strokes: a decrease in blood pressure in stroke survivors is associated with a significant (up to 30%) reduction in the risk of recurrent stroke [29].

Adequate treatment of arterial hypertension, the No. 1 risk factor for the development of CVD, cannot currently be considered without assessing the impact of magnesium and its deficiency. Evidence-based medicine and epidemiological studies have summarized numerous data that nutritional magnesium deficiency significantly increases the risk of developing hypertension. This is due to the participation of magnesium in the mechanisms of blood pressure regulation and its antagonism with calcium ions at the cellular level. This natural antagonism in magnesium deficiency is significantly reduced, which determines an increased intracellular calcium concentration, which leads to the activation of phagocytes, the opening of calcium channels, the activation of NMDA receptors and the renin-angiotensin system, increased free radical tissue damage, as well as an increase in lipids and can contribute to the development hypertension and vascular disorders [2, 30].

In the 21st century The European Epidemiological Study on Cardiovascular Disease identified hypomagnesaemia as an important risk factor for mortality from stroke and cardiovascular disease. Plasma magnesium levels below 0.76 mmol/l are considered as a significant risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction [4].

In Japan, a 15-year follow-up of 58,615 healthy individuals aged 40–79 years showed that low dietary magnesium intake was associated with high CVD mortality [31].

In 2012, data were obtained showing that high magnesium intake is associated with a reduced risk of ischemic stroke (odds ratio: 0.88; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80–0.98) [32].

Epidemiological evidence suggests that magnesium deficiency is associated with an increased risk of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus. There is a significant inverse relationship between magnesium intake and diabetes risk (relative risk: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.52–0.91; p<0.01) [11]. Almost all patients with diabetes mellitus have hypomagnesemia, of which 30% of patients have magnesium deficiency [33]. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a significant decrease in intracellular ionized Mg ²⁺ and a reciprocal increase in ionized Ca ²⁺ were proven compared to persons without diabetes. Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia contribute to increased urinary excretion of magnesium, which, in turn, depletes its reserves in the body and serves as a cofactor in the development of insulin resistance. Restoration of the level of intracellular magnesium is accompanied by the restoration of the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin and a decrease in the level of glycemia. Magnesium, when combined with insulin, puts the hormone into an active state, thereby modulating the transmembrane current of glucose to muscles, hepatocytes, neurons, placental cells and other energy-intensive, mitochondrial-saturated cells of the body, which prevents the formation of insulin resistance. Therefore, many researchers recommend a magnesium-enriched diet for diabetic patients [34].

It should be remembered that magnesium enters the body only with food and water. The average daily requirement for an adult is 300–400 mg of magnesium. When drawing up nutritional recommendations, one should take into account not only the quantitative content of magnesium in foods, but also its bioavailability. So, fresh vegetables, fruits, herbs (parsley, dill, green onions, etc.), new crop nuts have the maximum concentration and activity of magnesium. When preparing products for storage (drying, drying, canning, etc.), the concentration of magnesium decreases slightly, but its bioavailability drops sharply. Therefore, in summer, when there are a lot of fresh fruits, vegetables and herbs on the menu, the frequency of occurrence and the depth of magnesium deficiency decrease. It is also important to pay great attention to the composition of the water consumed. The applied methods of drinking water purification in many cities of Russia adversely affect the balance of essential microelements. At the same time, mineral water rich in magnesium exists in nature: in Kavminvody (Lysogorsk, Batalinsk, Pyatigorsk and Kislovodsk Narzans), Slovenia (Donat), Transbaikalia, Crimea [4].

Patients with advanced peripheral arterial atherosclerosis have low serum magnesium levels, indicating a high risk of neurological complications and requiring urgent magnesium supplementation. It has been proven that against the background of magnesia therapy with magnesium orotate, the sensitivity of endotheliocytes to vasoconstrictor effects decreases, normal vascular reactivity and blood pressure are restored, and the lipid spectrum improves [35, 36].

Conclusion

Thus, the problem of magnesium deficiency and its role in the pathogenesis of many diseases determines the widespread use of magnesium-containing drugs in clinical practice. These drugs play an important role in the treatment and prevention of arterial hypertension and CVD due to the universal multiple effect of magnesium on the processes of neuroprotection, neuroplasticity, and vasoprotection [37]. Magnesium sulfate is an integral part of therapy at the pre-hospital stage and during the acute period of stroke, providing the brain with potentially protective agents and creating the basis for further neurorestorative therapy. Subsequently, the inclusion of magnesium orotate in the complex treatment and prevention of stroke makes it possible to achieve stable positive clinical results [38].

Magnesium sulfate in solution 25%: use in hypertension

Contents

• 1 ​​Magnesium sulfate: effective treatment of hypertension in the form of a solution with a mass fraction of 25
  • 1.1 Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of hypertension 901 58
  • 1.2 What is hypertension disease
  • 1.3 Action of magnesium sulfate in hypertension
  • 1.4 Methods of using magnesium sulfate
    • 1.4.1 By mouth
    • 1.4.2 Injections
    • 1.4.3 Topical application
    • 1.4.4 Trays
  • 25
  • 1.7 Contraindications when using magnesium sulfate
    • 1.7.1 Allergic reaction to magnesium sulfate
    • 1.7.2 Kidney problems
    • 1.7.3 Cardiovascular problems
    • 1.7.4 Nervous system problems
    • 1.7.5 Problems with the liver and biliary tract
  • diseases with magnesium sulfate
  • 1.11 Additional measures to improve the state of hypertension
    • 1. 11.1 Observe the regime of the day
    • 1.11.2 Eat right
    • 1.11.3 Stop smoking and drinking
    • 1.11.4 Monitor your stress levels
  • 1.12 Related videos:
  • 1.13 Q&A:
    • 9015 4
    • 1.13.0.1 What is magnesium sulfate used for?
    • 1.13.0.2 In what form is magnesium sulfate used for hypertension?
    • 1.13.0.3 How does magnesium sulfate affect the body in hypertension?
    • 1.13.0.4 What are the side effects of magnesium sulfate?
    • 1.13.0.5 Can magnesium sulfate be used during pregnancy?
    • 1.13.0.6 How long can magnesium sulfate be taken to treat hypertension?

Learn how to use Magnesium Sulfate Solution 25 wt% for hypertension. It is a safe and effective drug that will help lower your blood pressure and improve your health.

Hypertension is one of the most common diseases among the world’s population, and more and more people are turning to medical institutions for help in the treatment of this disease.

Magnesium sulphate, a solution of 25% by mass, can become one of the important components in the treatment of hypertension. This drug has the ability to dilate blood vessels and reduce blood pressure, which makes it effective in the treatment of this disease. Its action is aimed at reducing the cardiac load and reducing the heart rate.

Magnesium sulfate may reduce the risk of heart disease and death in patients with hypertension. It should be borne in mind that there are many preparations based on magnesium sulfate, and it is recommended that you read the instructions before using them. Any medication should be taken under medical supervision.

Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of hypertension

Hypertension is a chronic disease characterized by a constant increase in blood pressure. Magnesium sulfate is one of the drugs used to treat this condition.

Magnesium sulphate is a crystalline substance that dissolves well in water. It has many useful properties that allow it to be used in medicine. Magnesium sulfate has an antispasmodic effect, i. it is able to reduce muscle contractions, including vascular walls, which can lower blood pressure.

For the treatment of hypertension, magnesium sulfate is used as an intravenous solution. Usually the drug is used in droppers. The mass fraction of magnesium sulfate in solution can range from 10 to 25%. Depending on the severity of the condition and other factors, the dosage may be different.

Magnesium sulfate may also be used in combination with other drugs in the treatment of hypertension. This allows you to enhance its action and achieve the best result.

What is hypertension

Hypertension (AH) is a chronic disease associated with high blood pressure. HD can lead to serious complications such as stroke, heart attack, kidney damage and vision damage.

GB symptoms can be quite varied, including headaches, dizziness, some visual disturbances, weakness or shortness of breath. However, GB can go away without obvious symptoms for a long time, so regular measurement of blood pressure is an important prevention and control to detect the disease.

Management of HD includes lifestyle changes (eg, diet control, exercise) and medication. One way to control GB can be the use of magnesium sulfate in the form of a solution with a mass fraction of 25%. This drug, given intravenously, can lower blood pressure and help the patient maintain normal health.

The action of magnesium sulfate in hypertension

Magnesium sulfate , contained in a solution with a mass fraction of 25%, is an effective remedy for lowering blood pressure in hypertension. The action of magnesium sulfate is based on its ability to dilate blood vessels and reduce the resistance of peripheral blood flow.

Magnesium sulfate also has a calming effect on the nervous system, which can lead to a reduction in patient stress and anxiety. This property is especially important in hypertension, which is often accompanied by psycho-emotional disorders.

Please note: The dosage of magnesium sulfate must be strictly controlled, as its increased use can cause digestive disorders and hypotension. Before using magnesium sulfate, you should consult with your doctor and clarify possible contraindications to its use.

Methods of using magnesium sulfate

By mouth

Magnesium sulfate in the form of a solution with a mass fraction of 25 can be taken orally as a medicine for hypertension. To do this, dilute 20 g of magnesium sulfate in 200 ml of water. Take one glass tablet once daily for 10 days.

Injection

In some cases, magnesium sulfate may be used for injection. For this procedure, a solution with a mass fraction of 25 is diluted in saline in a ratio of 1:5. Injections are carried out under the supervision of medical personnel in accordance with the doctor’s prescription.

Topical application

Magnesium sulfate can be used for topical application in the form of compresses. To do this, a solution with a mass fraction of 25 is diluted in a ratio of 1:10 and gauze is moistened with it. Compresses are applied to diseased areas of the body, such as swollen joints.

Baths

Magnesium sulfate can be added to bath water. To do this, dilute 500 g of magnesium sulfate in hot water and allow the solution to cool to an acceptable temperature. The bath can be taken no more than 20 minutes.

Attention! The use of magnesium sulfate should be carried out only after consulting a doctor and observing the dosage!

Dosage of magnesium sulfate for the treatment of hypertension

Magnesium sulfate in the form of a solution with a mass fraction of 25 is widely used for the treatment of hypertension. It is able to lower blood pressure and reduce the load on the heart and blood vessels.

The dosage of magnesium sulfate for the treatment of hypertension depends on the specific characteristics of the patient: his age, weight, degree of development of hypertension, etc. But in general, the recommended dosage for adults is 4-5 grams of magnesium sulfate per day, divided into several doses. For children, the dosage is prescribed based on their weight.

It is important to remember that magnesium sulfate is a drug and should only be used as directed by a physician. Taking magnesium sulfate can be accompanied by side effects such as nausea, vomiting, weakness and dizziness, so you should consult a doctor if they occur.

• The dosage of magnesium sulfate for the treatment of hypertension depends on the characteristics of the patient, but is usually 4-5 grams per day.
• Magnesium sulfate is a drug and should only be used on the prescription of a physician.
• Magnesium sulfate can cause side effects, so you should contact your doctor if they occur.

Benefits of using 25 wt solution

Lowering blood pressure: 25 wt magnesium sulfate solution is used in the treatment of hypertension due to its ability to lower blood pressure. This solution has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, which makes it possible to achieve stability in pressure indicators.

Improved metabolism: Magnesium sulfate is a source of magnesium, which is an essential element for the proper functioning of our cells. When using a solution with a mass fraction of 25, the body receives the necessary amount of magnesium, which improves metabolic processes and optimizes the functioning of organs and systems.

Low toxicity: Unlike some other drugs, magnesium sulfate has low toxicity, making it safe to use in the treatment of hypertension. In addition, this solution does not adversely affect the digestive system, which makes it more acceptable for most patients.

Widely used: Magnesium sulfate in the form of a solution with a mass fraction of 25 has found wide application in medical practice. It can be used alone or in combination with other medicines, depending on the patient’s condition. Moreover, this drug does not require special storage conditions, which makes it more accessible for use in various conditions.

Effective action: Magnesium sulfate solution with a mass fraction of 25 has a pronounced effect of lowering blood pressure and improving metabolic processes in the body. Rapid results of treatment and low toxicity of the drug make it an effective tool in the fight against hypertension.

Contraindications for the use of magnesium sulfate

Allergic reaction to magnesium sulfate

One of the contraindications for the use of magnesium sulfate is an allergic reaction to this drug. If a patient has a sensitivity to magnesium sulfate or known cases of allergic reactions when using this drug, its use should be interrupted.

Kidney problems

The use of magnesium sulfate may not be appropriate for patients with kidney problems. In these patients, kidney function may deteriorate, which can lead to the development of serious health complications. Before starting the use of magnesium sulfate, it is necessary to consult with a specialist and consult about the possibility of using this drug.

Cardiovascular problems

Magnesium sulfate may interfere with the cardiovascular system and may not be suitable for patients with heart disease. The specialist must necessarily consider this factor when prescribing this drug and draw an appropriate conclusion about the possibility of using magnesium sulfate.

Nervous system problems

This drug can affect the nervous system in humans and may be dangerous for people with nervous system problems. If the patient has previously had problems with the nervous system (for example, Parkinson’s disease), the use of magnesium sulfate may worsen his condition, therefore, in this case, care must be taken and this drug should be used only under medical supervision.

Liver and biliary problems

For people with liver and biliary problems, the use of magnesium sulfate may not be desirable, as this drug can increase the level of bile acids in the blood. For such patients, it is necessary to discuss the possibility of using this drug with a doctor.

ContraindicationsHow it manifestsWhat to do

ic disease that requires proper treatment. Doctors often recommend the use of a 25% magnesium sulfate solution to increase the effectiveness of the treatment.

But be aware that side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, dizziness or weakness may occur when using magnesium sulfate solution. These symptoms can be unpleasant and adversely affect the patient’s quality of life.

As with all medicines, it is important to follow the correct dosage regimen and not exceed the recommended dose. Tell your doctor about all medications and other dietary supplements you are taking so he can develop the best treatment for you.

1. Do not exceed the recommended dosage
2. Follow the instructions for use of the drug
3. Tell your doctor about any side effects
4. Follow the correct regimen
5. Tell your doctor about all medications and supplements you are taking

Following these simple rules will help you avoid unwanted side effects and improve the effectiveness of your hypertension treatment.

Duration of magnesium sulfate therapy for hypertension

Magnesium sulfate is one of the most popular drugs for hypertension. Its use can lower blood pressure, improve the condition of the cardiovascular system and reduce the risk of complications.

The duration of magnesium sulfate therapy may vary depending on the patient’s condition and the severity of the disease. On average, the course of treatment lasts from several days to several weeks.

To achieve the maximum effect, it is necessary to strictly observe the prescribed dosage and regimen. If necessary, the course of therapy can be extended or repeated after a break.

• For the treatment of mild hypertension, a course of 7-10 days is usually sufficient.
• If the disease is severe, the course of treatment may last up to 3-4 weeks.
• With relapses of their resilient hypertension, the course can be repeated periodically, but not more than 2 times a year.

Before starting a course of therapy, it is necessary to consult a doctor and undergo all the necessary examinations. Compliance with the recommendations of a specialist will help to achieve the maximum effect of treatment and prevent possible complications.

The effectiveness of the treatment of hypertension with magnesium sulfate

Hypertension is a chronic disease characterized by a constant increase in blood pressure. It is one of the most common pathologies of the cardiovascular system and requires constant monitoring and treatment.

When treating hypertension with magnesium sulfate, all the characteristics of the patient should be taken into account and the state of his health should be carefully monitored. To achieve maximum effectiveness of treatment, it is necessary to follow all the recommendations of the doctor and take the drug strictly as directed. It is important to remember that magnesium sulfate is not a panacea and requires an integrated approach to the treatment of hypertension.

In general, magnesium sulfate is one of the most effective and safe drugs for the treatment of hypertension. Its proper use can help not only lower blood pressure, but also improve the functioning of the heart and blood vessels, which will significantly improve the patient’s quality of life.

Additional measures to improve hypertension

Keep a daily routine

This may include getting enough sleep, daily physical activity and a daily dose of relaxation. A well-rested body controls blood pressure levels better. Remember that abrupt transitions from rest to activity can significantly increase blood pressure.

Eat right

Limiting your intake of fat and salt can significantly reduce pressure in your arteries. Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables also has a positive effect on blood pressure.

Smoking and alcohol cessation

Smoking and drinking permanently set aside long-term negative health effects, including on the heart and arteries. They can also contribute to the development of hypertension.

Monitor your stress level

Stress is one of the main causes of high blood pressure. The best way to deal with stress is to make sure you have enough time to rest and relax. Meditation, breathing exercises, and yoga can help manage stress and improve overall health.