What is the inguinal canal. How does it develop embryologically. What are the boundaries and contents of the inguinal canal. Why is the inguinal canal clinically important. How do inguinal hernias form.

The Inguinal Canal: A Vital Passageway in Male Anatomy

The inguinal canal is a crucial anatomical structure in the male groin area. It serves as a conduit for important structures to pass between the abdominal cavity and the external genitalia. This short passage extends inferiorly and medially through the lower part of the abdominal wall, running parallel to and just above the inguinal ligament.

Understanding the anatomy of the inguinal canal is essential for medical professionals, as it is a common site for hernias due to its potential weakness in the abdominal wall. Let’s explore the key aspects of this important anatomical feature.

Embryological Development of the Inguinal Canal

The formation of the inguinal canal is closely tied to the descent of the testes during fetal development. Here’s a breakdown of the process:

• Gonads initially develop in the posterior abdominal wall
• The gubernaculum, a fibrous cord, guides the descent of the testes
• The processus vaginalis, an outpouching of peritoneum, accompanies the descent
• The inguinal canal forms as a pathway for the testes to exit the abdominal cavity
• In females, the ovaries descend to a lesser extent, remaining in the pelvic cavity

Why is the embryological development important? It helps explain the anatomical relationships and potential weak points in the adult inguinal region. For instance, failure of the processus vaginalis to fully degenerate can lead to indirect inguinal hernias or hydroceles later in life.

Anatomical Boundaries of the Inguinal Canal

The inguinal canal has well-defined boundaries that are crucial for understanding its structure and potential weak points. Let’s examine these boundaries in detail:

Walls of the Inguinal Canal

• Anterior wall: Formed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, reinforced laterally by the internal oblique muscle
• Posterior wall: Composed of the transversalis fascia
• Superior wall (roof): Comprised of the transversalis fascia, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles
• Inferior wall (floor): Made up of the inguinal ligament, which is a thickened portion of the external oblique aponeurosis

How do these walls contribute to the canal’s function? The muscular components of the walls play a crucial role in preventing herniation. During periods of increased intra-abdominal pressure, these muscles contract, effectively “clamping down” on the canal to prevent abdominal contents from protruding.

Openings of the Inguinal Canal

The inguinal canal has two openings, known as rings:

1. Deep (internal) ring:
   • Marks the internal opening of the canal
   • Located above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
   • Formed by an invagination of the transversalis fascia
2. Superficial (external) ring:
   • Marks the external opening of the canal
   • Located above and medial to the pubic tubercle
   • Formed by the splitting of the external oblique aponeurosis

Why is the location of these rings important? Their positions relative to other anatomical landmarks help in diagnosing different types of inguinal hernias and guide surgical approaches for hernia repair.

Contents of the Inguinal Canal

The inguinal canal contains several important structures that pass between the abdomen and the external genitalia. These contents differ slightly between males and females:

In Males

• Spermatic cord, which includes:
  • Vas deferens
  • Testicular artery and veins
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Nerves (genital branch of genitofemoral nerve)
• Processus vaginalis (in infants, usually obliterated in adults)

In Females

• Round ligament of the uterus
• Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
• Lymphatic vessels

How do these contents affect the clinical significance of the inguinal canal? The presence of these vital structures makes surgical interventions in this area particularly delicate, requiring careful consideration to avoid damaging reproductive and sensory functions.

Clinical Relevance: Inguinal Hernias

The inguinal canal’s anatomy makes it a common site for hernias, particularly in males. Understanding the types and mechanisms of inguinal hernias is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Indirect Inguinal Hernia

An indirect inguinal hernia occurs when abdominal contents protrude through the deep inguinal ring and into the inguinal canal. This type of hernia is often associated with a patent processus vaginalis, a remnant from fetal development.

Key characteristics of indirect inguinal hernias include:

• More common in males
• Can occur at any age, but often presents in infancy or young adulthood
• Hernia sac enters the inguinal canal lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
• May extend into the scrotum in severe cases

Direct Inguinal Hernia

A direct inguinal hernia occurs when abdominal contents protrude through a weakness in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, specifically in an area known as Hesselbach’s triangle.

Key characteristics of direct inguinal hernias include:

• More common in older males
• Often associated with weakening of the abdominal wall muscles
• Hernia sac enters the inguinal canal medial to the inferior epigastric vessels
• Typically does not extend into the scrotum

How can one differentiate between indirect and direct inguinal hernias? The relationship of the hernia to the inferior epigastric vessels is a key diagnostic feature. Additionally, the age of onset and the extent of the hernia can provide clues to its classification.

Surgical Considerations in Inguinal Canal Anatomy

The complex anatomy of the inguinal canal has significant implications for surgical procedures in this region. Here are some key considerations:

• Preservation of the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves to prevent post-operative pain and sensory deficits
• Careful handling of the spermatic cord to avoid damage to the vas deferens and testicular vessels
• Proper identification of the hernial sac and its contents
• Reinforcement of the posterior wall in direct hernias
• Consideration of laparoscopic vs. open surgical approaches based on hernia type and patient factors

Why is a thorough understanding of inguinal canal anatomy crucial for surgeons? It allows for more precise and effective hernia repairs, minimizing the risk of complications and recurrence.

Advanced Imaging Techniques in Inguinal Canal Assessment

While physical examination remains the cornerstone of inguinal hernia diagnosis, advanced imaging techniques can provide valuable additional information in complex cases. Let’s explore some of these modalities:

Ultrasound

Ultrasound is a non-invasive, cost-effective imaging technique that can be particularly useful in the evaluation of inguinal hernias. It offers several advantages:

• Real-time dynamic assessment of the inguinal region
• Ability to detect small or occult hernias
• Differentiation between hernias and other groin masses
• No radiation exposure, making it safe for repeated examinations

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

MRI provides excellent soft tissue contrast and can be valuable in complex cases. Benefits of MRI in inguinal canal assessment include:

• Detailed visualization of the inguinal canal anatomy
• Ability to identify the contents of a hernia sac
• Detection of muscle atrophy or other structural abnormalities
• Useful in planning complex hernia repairs

Computed Tomography (CT)

While less commonly used for routine hernia evaluation, CT can be helpful in certain situations:

• Assessment of large, complex, or recurrent hernias
• Identification of complications such as bowel obstruction or strangulation
• Preoperative planning for extensive hernia repairs

How do these imaging techniques complement clinical examination? They provide objective data to confirm diagnoses, assess the extent of herniation, and guide treatment planning, especially in challenging cases.

Inguinal Canal Variations and Anatomical Anomalies

While the basic anatomy of the inguinal canal is consistent, variations and anomalies can occur. Understanding these differences is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. Let’s explore some notable variations:

Anatomical Variations

• Size and shape of the inguinal canal can vary between individuals
• The course of nerves (ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric) may deviate from typical patterns
• Variations in the attachment and thickness of the inguinal ligament
• Differences in the development and obliteration of the processus vaginalis

Congenital Anomalies

Several congenital conditions can affect the inguinal canal and surrounding structures:

1. Cryptorchidism: Failure of one or both testes to descend fully into the scrotum
2. Patent processus vaginalis: Persistence of the embryonic connection between the peritoneum and scrotum
3. Inguinal canal agenesis: Rare condition where the inguinal canal fails to develop properly
4. Variations in vas deferens anatomy: Can include duplication or absence of the vas deferens

How do these variations and anomalies impact clinical practice? They can affect the presentation of inguinal hernias, influence surgical planning, and sometimes lead to diagnostic challenges. Awareness of these potential differences is essential for healthcare providers working in this anatomical region.

The Inguinal Canal in Comparative Anatomy

The inguinal canal is not unique to humans; it exists in various forms across different mammalian species. Studying comparative anatomy can provide insights into the evolution and function of this structure. Let’s examine some interesting comparisons:

Quadrupedal Mammals

In four-legged mammals, the inguinal canal has some distinct characteristics:

• Generally longer and more horizontally oriented than in humans
• May remain patent throughout life in some species, allowing testes to retract into the abdomen
• Often has stronger muscular components, reflecting the different gravitational stresses

Marsupials

Marsupials have a unique reproductive system that affects their inguinal anatomy:

• Presence of epipubic bones that influence the course of the inguinal canal
• Modified inguinal canals in females to accommodate the pouch and associated structures
• Variations in testicular descent patterns compared to placental mammals

Marine Mammals

Aquatic mammals like whales and dolphins have evolved specialized adaptations:

• Testes remain intra-abdominal throughout life, eliminating the need for a traditional inguinal canal
• Modified thermoregulatory mechanisms for maintaining optimal testicular temperature

What can we learn from these comparative studies? They highlight the adaptability of anatomical structures to different environmental and physiological demands. Understanding these variations can provide valuable insights into human inguinal canal function and potential evolutionary vestiges.

Future Directions in Inguinal Canal Research and Treatment

As our understanding of inguinal canal anatomy and pathology continues to evolve, new avenues for research and treatment are emerging. Let’s explore some promising areas of development:

Advanced Surgical Techniques

Innovations in surgical approaches are continually refining inguinal hernia repair:

• Robotic-assisted laparoscopic repairs for enhanced precision
• Development of new mesh materials for better biocompatibility and reduced recurrence rates
• Tissue engineering approaches to strengthen the abdominal wall

Genetic Research

Investigating genetic factors could lead to breakthroughs in understanding and preventing inguinal hernias:

• Identification of genetic markers associated with increased hernia risk
• Study of genes involved in connective tissue development and strength
• Potential for personalized risk assessment and preventive strategies

Non-Surgical Interventions

Research into non-invasive treatments could provide alternatives for certain patients:

• Development of targeted exercises to strengthen the inguinal region
• Exploration of regenerative medicine techniques to enhance tissue repair
• Investigation of pharmacological approaches to prevent or treat early-stage hernias

Improved Diagnostic Tools

Advancements in imaging and diagnostic technologies could enhance early detection and treatment planning:

• Development of AI-assisted imaging analysis for more accurate hernia classification
• Exploration of functional imaging techniques to assess inguinal canal dynamics
• Creation of patient-specific 3D models for surgical planning and education

How might these developments impact clinical practice? They have the potential to improve patient outcomes, reduce surgical complications, and possibly even prevent the development of inguinal hernias in high-risk individuals. As research progresses, we can expect a more nuanced and personalized approach to managing inguinal canal pathologies.

The Inguinal Canal – Boundaries – Contents

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Original Author(s): Oliver Jones
Last updated: September 26, 2022
Revisions: 46

Original Author(s): Oliver Jones
Last updated: September 26, 2022
Revisions: 46

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• 1 Development of the Inguinal Canal
• 2 Mid-Inguinal Point and Midpoint of the Inguinal Ligament
• 3 Boundaries
  • 3.1 Walls
  • 3.2 Rings
• 4 Contents
• 5 Clinical Relevance: Inguinal Hernia
  • 5.1 Indirect Inguinal Hernia
  • 5.2 Direct Inguinal Hernia
• 6 Prosection Images

The inguinal canal is a short passage that extends inferiorly and medially through the inferior part of the abdominal wall. It is superior and parallel to the inguinal ligament.

The canal serves as a pathway by which structures can pass from the abdominal wall to the external genitalia. It is of clinical importance as a potential weakness in the abdominal wall, and thus a common site of herniation.

In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the inguinal canal – its development, borders and contents.

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2023)

Fig 1 – Overview of the inguinal canal. Clinically it is important to note that the opening to the inguinal canal is located laterally to the inferior epigastric artery.

Development of the Inguinal Canal

During development, the tissue that will become gonads (either testes or ovaries) establish in the posterior abdominal wall, and descend through the abdominal cavity. A fibrous cord of tissue called the gubernaculum attaches the inferior portion of the gonad to the future scrotum or labia, and guides them during their descent.

The inguinal canal is the pathway by which the testes (in an individual with an XY karyotype) leave the abdominal cavity and enter the scrotum. In the embryological stage, the canal is flanked by an out-pocketing of the peritoneum (processus vaginalis) and the abdominal musculature.

The processus vaginalis normally degenerates, but a failure to do so can cause an indirect inguinal hernia, a hydrocele, or interfere with the descent of the testes. The gubernaculum (once it has shortened in the process of the descent of the testes) becomes a small scrotal ligament, tethering the testes to the scrotum and limiting their movement.

Individuals with an XX karyotype also have a gubernaculum, which attaches the ovaries to the uterus and future labia majora. Because the ovaries are attached to the uterus by the gubernaculum, they are prevented from descending as far as the testes, instead moving into the pelvic cavity. The gubernaculum then becomes two structures in the adult: the ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2023)

Fig 2 – The descent and embryological development of the testes. Note that the processus vaginalis normally regresses after the descent of the testes

Mid-Inguinal Point and Midpoint of the Inguinal Ligament

These two terms are mentioned frequently in this article, and are often (mistakenly) used interchangeably:

• Mid-inguinal point – halfway between the pubic symphysis and the anterior superior iliac spine. The femoral pulse can be palpated here.
• Midpoint of the inguinal ligament – halfway between the pubic tubercle and the anterior superior iliac spine (the two attachments of the inguinal ligament). The opening to the inguinal canal is located just above this point.

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2023)

Fig 3 – Coronal view of the pelvis, demonstrating the mid-inguinal point and the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

Boundaries

The inguinal canal is bordered by anterior, posterior, superior (roof) and inferior (floor) walls. It has two openings – the superficial and deep rings.

Walls

• Anterior wall – aponeurosis of the external oblique, reinforced by the internal oblique muscle laterally.
• Posterior wall – transversalis fascia.
• Roof – transversalis fascia, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis.
• Floor – inguinal ligament (a ‘rolled up’ portion of the external oblique aponeurosis), thickened medially by the lacunar ligament.

During periods of increased intra-abdominal pressure, the abdominal viscera are pushed into the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. To prevent herniation of viscera into the canal, the muscles of the anterior and posterior wall contract, and ‘clamp down’ on the canal.

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2023)

Fig 4 – The borders of the inguinal canal. The anterior wall of the left inguinal canal has been removed.

DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL

Fig 5 – Sagittal view of the inguinal canal, showing the borders.

Rings

The two openings to the inguinal canal are known as rings. There are two rings – deep (internal) and superficial (external):

• Deep (internal) ring:
  • Marks the internal opening of the inguinal canal
  • Found above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament (lateral to the epigastric vessels).
  • The ring is created by the transversalis fascia, which invaginates to form a covering of the contents of the inguinal canal.
• Superficial (external) ring:
  • Marks the external end of the inguinal canal
  • Lies just superior to the pubic tubercle.
  • It is a triangle shaped opening, formed by the invagination of the external oblique, which forms another covering of the inguinal canal contents.
  • It contains intercrural fibres, which run perpendicular to the aponeurosis of the external oblique and prevent the ring from widening.

Contents

The contents of the inguinal canal include:

• Spermatic cord (biological males only) – contains neurovascular and reproductive structures that supply and drain the testes. See here for more information.
• Round ligament (biological females only) – originates from the uterine horn and travels through the inguinal canal to attach at the labia majora.

• Ilioinguinal nerve – contributes towards the sensory innervation of the genitalia
  • Note: only travels through part of the inguinal canal, exiting via the superficial inguinal ring (it does not pass through the deep inguinal ring)
  • This is the nerve most at risk of damage during an inguinal hernia repair.
• Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve – supplies the cremaster muscle and anterior scrotal skin in males, and the skin of the mons pubis and labia majora in females.

The walls of the inguinal canal are usually collapsed around their contents, preventing other structures from potentially entering the canal and becoming stuck.

Clinical Relevance: Inguinal Hernia

A hernia is defined as the protrusion of an organ or fascia through the wall of a cavity that normally contains it. Hernias involving the inguinal canal can be divided into two main categories:

• Indirect – where the peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal ring.
• Direct – where the peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal though the posterior wall of the inguinal canal.

Both types of inguinal hernia can present as lumps in the scrotum or labia majora.

Indirect Inguinal Hernia

Indirect inguinal hernias are the more common of the two types. They are caused by the failure of the processus vaginalis to regress.

The peritoneal sac (and potentially loops of bowel) enters the inguinal canal via the deep inguinal ring. The degree to which the sac herniates depends on the amount of processus vaginalis still present.

Large herniations are possible in which the peritoneal sac and its contents may traverse the entire inguinal canal, emerge through the superficial inguinal ring, and reach the scrotum.

Direct Inguinal Hernia

In contrast to the indirect hernia, direct inguinal hernias are acquired, usually in adulthood, due to weakening in the abdominal musculature.

The peritoneal sac bulges into the inguinal canal via the posterior wall medial to the epigastric vessels and can enter the superficial inguinal ring. The sac is not covered with the coverings of the contents of the canal.

DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL

Fig 6 – Transverse view of the inferior abdominal cavity. Compares normal anatomy with indirect and direct herniation.

Prosection Images

Suárez-Quian & Vilensky. All in One Anatomy Review – Volume 3: The Abdomen

Prosection 1 – The superficial inguinal ring and contents of the inguinal canal.

Suárez-Quian & Vilensky. All in One Anatomy Review – Volume 3: The Abdomen

Prosection 2 – The spermatic cord and inguinal canal.

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The Spermatic Cord – Course – Fascia – Contents

• 1 Anatomical Course
• 2 Fascial Coverings
• 3 Contents
  • 3. 1 Pampiniform Plexus
  • 3.2 Vas Deferens
• 4 Clinical Relevance: Testicular Torsion

The spermatic cord refers to a collection of vessels, nerves and ducts that run to and from the testes. They are surrounded by fascia, forming a cord-like structure.

This article will look at the anatomy of the spermatic cord – its anatomical course, contents, and clinical correlations.

Anatomical Course

The anatomical course of the spermatic cord is relatively short, beginning in the inferior abdomen and ending in the scrotum.

The spermatic cord is formed at the opening of the inguinal canal, known as the deep inguinal ring. This opening is located laterally to the inferior epigastric vessels.

The cord passes through the inguinal canal, entering the scrotum via the superficial inguinal ring. It continues into the scrotum, ending at the posterior border of the testes. Here, its contents disperse to supply the various structures of the testes and scrotum.

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2023)

Fig 1 – Anatomical course of the spermatic cord.

Fascial Coverings

The contents of the spermatic cord are mainly bound together by three fascial layers. They are all derived from anterior abdominal wall:

• External spermatic fascia – derived from the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.

• Cremaster muscle and fascia – derived from the internal oblique muscle.

• Internal spermatic fascia – derived from the transversalis fascia.

The three fascial layers themselves are covered by a layer of superficial fascia, which lies directly below the scrotal skin.

The cremaster muscle forms the middle layer of the spermatic cord fascia. It is a discontinuous layer of striated muscle that is orientated longitudinally.

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2023)

Fig 2 – The cremaster muscle. Note the looping structure.

The cremasteric reflex can be stimulated by stroking the superior and medial part of the thigh. This produces an immediate contraction of the cremaster muscle, elevating the testis on the side that has been stimulated.

This spinal reflex consists of two parts:

• Afferent (sensory) limb – ilioinguinal nerve (innervates the skin of the superomedial thigh). Fibres from this nerve enter the spinal cord at L1.
• Efferent (motor) limb – genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (innervates the cremaster muscle).

Contents

The spermatic cord conveys several important structures that run to and from the testis.

Pampiniform Plexus

The pampiniform plexus is a network of veins, responsible for the venous drainage of the testes. It has a unique configuration, wrapping itself around the testicular artery

The testes function best at a temperature just below that of the body.  The pampiniform plexus acts as a heat exchanger, cooling the arterial blood before it reaches the testes. As it travels through the inguinal canal, the pampiniform plexus condenses into a single testicular vein.

The right testicular vein drains into the inferior vena cava and the left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein. However, there are also some anastomotic branches that allow communication with other veins, such as the cremasteric, scrotal and internal pudendal veins.

Vas Deferens

The vas deferens is a straight, thick muscular tube that conveys sperm from the epididymis to the ampulla and eventually, to the ejaculatory duct (formed by the convergence of the vas deferens and seminal vesicle duct). From the ejaculatory duct, sperm can pass through to the prostatic urethra.

The wall of the vas deferens consists largely of smooth muscle, arranged in three muscle layers:

There is a rich autonomic innervation of these muscle fibres, which permits fast movement of sperm towards the ejaculatory duct. This movement is also facilitated by the inner mucosal layer of the vas deferens – which is lined by cells that possess microvilli. Their seaweed-like movement helps advance spermatozoa through the spermatic tube.

The anatomical course of the vas deferens is as follows:

• It is continuous with the tail of the epididymis.
• Travels through the inguinal canal, as part of the spermatic cord.
• Moves down the lateral pelvic wall close to the ischial spine.
• Turns medially to pass between the bladder and the ureter and then travels downward on the posterior surface of the bladder.
• The inferior narrow part of the ampulla joins the duct from the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct.

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2023)

Fig 4 – Anatomical course of the vas deferens.

Clinical Relevance: Testicular Torsion

Testicular torsion is a surgical emergency, where the spermatic cord twists upon itself. This can lead to strangulation of the testicular artery, resulting in necrosis of the testis.

A common cause of testicular torsion is spasm of the cremasteric muscle fibres which then force the testicle to spin around its own cord. Certain anatomic conditions (e.g. a loose testicle in a large peritoneal sac – tunica vaginalis) may facilitate this movement.

Diagnosis can be confirmed via ultrasound and colour doppler scanning. The main clinical feature of testicular torsion is severe, sudden pain in the affected testis which usually lies higher (due to the torsion of the cord) in the scrotum.

Testicular torsion is an absolute surgical emergency. A few hours delay can lead to testicular necrosis.

Kostis Gyftopoulos MD, PhD

Fig 5 – Testicular necrosis, as a result of testicular torsion.

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Anatomical structure of the male reproductive organs

Organs of the genitourinary system

The term “genitourinary” explains that this system consists of two components: urinary and genital. The combination of these two subsystems into one indicates a close relationship between the organs of this system, and in the male body this relationship is more closely manifested than in the female, since the male urethra (urethra) performs a dual function: urine excretion and ejaculation. Therefore, the urologist deals with the pathology of the male genitourinary system and the female urinary system.

The urinary system includes: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra. Kidneys In their shape, the kidneys resemble beans (or beans). The average size of the kidneys in an adult is 10 x 6 cm. The right kidney is usually located slightly lower than the left, since it is located under the liver. The kidneys are surrounded by fatty tissue, which, along with the surrounding muscles and ligaments, hold them in place. This explains why in thin people, as well as due to sudden weight loss, a disease such as nephroptosis can occur – omission of the kidney.

Kidneys consist of two layers. Superficial – cortical, and deeper – cerebral. On the section of the kidney, you can see the medulla is a system of tubules (tubules). The function of the tubules is to collect and divert urine into the pelvis. The pelvis is a combined collector of all tubules of the kidney. It opens into the gate of the kidney, in which, in addition to the pelvis, there is also an artery and a vein.

The basic unit of the kidney is the nephron. This is such a glomerulus, it consists of the very initial “cup-shaped” end of the tubule, which is entangled with capillaries, through which blood continuously circulates. Due to blood pressure and the membrane properties of the capillary walls, plasma is filtered from the blood into the glomerulus – that is, the liquid part of the blood without erythrocytes, leukocytes and other blood cells, which, normally, do not pass through the membrane, as well as some substances (sugar, protein, etc.) But in certain diseases, these blood components are filtered through the glomerular membrane and are found in the urine.

So, the main function of the kidneys is to “filter” the blood. The kidneys are the main organ that cleanses the blood of all toxins and metabolic products. When they become ill, this filtering function is disturbed, which leads to accumulation in the blood and poisoning of the body with its own metabolic products. It is worth noting that some drugs and their metabolic products are excreted from the body through the kidneys.

Ureters

The ureters are a downward extension of the pelvis and are a tube about 30 cm long. The lumen of the ureter is 5-6 mm. But this width is not constant and the lumen of the ureter narrows in three places – the so-called physiological narrowing. The significance of these narrowings lies in the fact that small kidney stones can get stuck in them. The ureters empty into the bladder.

Bladder

The bladder is an extensible reservoir, the wall of which contains a muscular layer and is lined with a mucous membrane from the inside. The ureters flow into the bladder. The average bladder capacity is 300 to 600 ml.

Urethra (urethra)

The urethra is a hollow tube that carries urine out of the bladder. The urethra in men and women is different: in men it is long and narrow (30 cm long, about 8 mm wide), while in women it is short and wide (3-4 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide). These structural features of the urethra in women are the main reason that they often develop inflammatory diseases of the bladder – cystitis, since the infection easily enters the bladder through the short female urethra. The lumen of the urethra is covered with a mucous membrane. Inflammation of this membrane – urethritis – occurs as a result of infection, both non-specific (conditionally pathogenic) and specific (gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, etc.).

Reproductive system. Male reproductive organs

Male internal genital organs

• Deferent ducts
• spermatic cords
• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate
• Bulbourethral gland

Male external genitalia

• Male urethra
• Scrotum
• Testicles
• Peritoneum of the pelvic cavity

Prostate (prostate gland)

The prostate is located directly under the bladder at its neck and covers the urethra, i. e. the urethra passes through it. This is the so-called prostatic urethra. Both the ducts of the prostate and the ducts of the seminal vesicles open into it. The prostate is a glandular organ, meaning most of its tissue is glandular. In shape and size, the prostate resembles a chestnut.

The main function of the prostate is the production of a special transparent liquid – prostatic secretion (prostate juice), which is part of the semen. The composition of sperm is quite complex. Sperm is a mixture of secretions from a number of glands. In particular, in addition to spermatozoa, semen contains secretions of the prostate gland, seminal vesicles and glands of Littre and Cooper.

The secretions of the prostate gland attached to the seed have an alkaline reaction and an opalescent appearance, contain licitous grains, prostatic bodies, epithelial, granular cells and spermine, which gives the seed a translucent milky appearance and a specific smell. The discharge of the seminal vesicles is odorless, sticky, colorless, consists of epithelial cells, single leukocytes and formations similar to sago grains.

Secrets of the prostate and seminal vesicles liquefy thick semen, ensure the viability of spermatozoa and give them the necessary mobility.

Sperm has the appearance of a cloudy, gelatinous, stretchy liquid, and the white color is due to the presence of spermatozoa in it. The secretion of the testicles consists of spermatozoa and phosphate crystals.

Seminal vesicles

Seminal vesicles are peculiar convoluted sacs along the posterolateral surface of the bladder. The main function of the seminal vesicles is a reservoir of seminal fluid. In the seminal vesicles, the seminal fluid also undergoes some changes in order to become a full-fledged sperm. During sexual intercourse, during ejaculation, seminal fluid is ejected from the seminal vesicles through the ducts into the urethra, and, mixing with the juice of the prostate and the secret of other glands, is ejected through the external opening of the urethra.

The vas deferens

The vas deferens are thin tubes that lead from the testicles and empty into the seminal vesicles. Through them, the seminal fluid from the testicles enters the seminal vesicles.

Testicles

The testicles are a paired organ. They are located in the scrotum. In them, the formation and maturation of spermatozoa occurs. In addition, the testicles are the main organ in which the main male sex hormone, testosterone, is produced. It should be noted such an interesting fact that usually the left testicle is located slightly lower than the right one.

As already noted, the main function of the testicles is the production of spermatozoa. Spermatozoa are produced in them by special cells – Sertolli cells. In addition to these cells, there are also Leydig cells in the testicles, these are hormone-active cells that produce testosterone.

Each testicle consists of lobules filled with convoluted seminiferous tubules. On top of each testicle is an appendage that passes into the vas deferens. The functions of the testis are under the control of the anterior pituitary gland. It is worth noting the fact that such an arrangement of the testicles – the main, from the point of view of reproduction, genital organs – is associated with a special temperature regime, which is necessary for the maturation of spermatozoa in them. Those. for normal maturation of spermatozoa, a temperature of several degrees below body temperature is required. Therefore, such an important organ, from the point of view of storing and transmitting the genetic information of a species, is located in a not very reliable place – outside. However, many animals have a muscle that, in case of danger, raises the testicle and draws it into the abdominal cavity. In humans, it is underdeveloped.

Each testicle is covered with membranes in its half of the scrotum. There are seven in total. Sometimes, in case of accumulation between the layers of the testicles, dropsy (hydrocele) occurs.

Penis

The male penis is used for sexual intercourse and makes fertilization possible, as well as in the thickness of his spongy body passes the urethra, through which urine or semen is excreted. Those. the penis has a dual function: urination and procreation. The penis has a complex structure. In the upper part of it there are two cavernous bodies, and under them – a spongy body. The cavernous bodies are covered with a connective tissue protein membrane.

Cavernous bodies got their name for their special cellular structure, which looks like a cave. Such a structure is necessary to ensure an erection and sexual intercourse. Studies show that an erection occurs as a result of the expansion of the arteries that bring blood to the penis, the spasm of the veins through which this blood departs from the penis, and the relaxation of the cells of the cavernous bodies of the penis. Arteries, veins and cells of the corpora cavernosa are composed of smooth muscles. These muscles are affected by the so-called neurotransmitters – substances that are released during stimulation of the nerves that control the erection process.

After appropriate sexual stimulation, these substances lead to relaxation (relaxation) of the smooth muscles of the cavernous bodies of the penis, expansion of their arterial cells, which is manifested by a powerful increase in blood flow to the penis. Then the cells fill with blood, expand and compress the veins through which the blood drains, which leads to a further increase in intracavernous pressure, thereby causing an erection.

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Anatomy and physiology of the male genitourinary system

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Men’s epilation of intimate areas: deep bikini, description of the procedure, men’s epilation of intimate areas in Moscow

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In recent years, such a treatment as men’s epilation of intimate areas is gaining popularity. The stronger sex, as well as women, today take care of their skin and strive to look elegant and aesthetically pleasing. Since the hair in the bikini area of ​​men is coarser, and the vegetation is more intense, it is not always advisable to use a razor. Using a razor will not completely get rid of vegetation, hair growth will not stop, and there is always a danger of getting irritated or cut.

Men’s epilation of intimate areas with modern methods provides complete smoothness of the skin for up to three weeks. At the same time, the vegetation is reduced, and the hair does not grow in as after shaving.

Methods for male epilation of intimate areas

Today, cosmetologists offer the following methods for getting rid of hair in the bikini area:

• Waxing. In this case, the hair is removed using a special cosmetic warm wax against the direction of hair growth. The master uses special non-woven strips to remove the composition.

• Men’s waxing. Soft, slightly warmed sugar paste is used. Hair is removed in the direction of its growth, which eliminates their ingrowth into the skin.

• Skin’s polymer depilation. With the help of a special viscous composition, the hair is easily removed from the skin. The technique eliminates the occurrence of burns and other injuries. Skins – epilation can be performed even on short hairs.

Types of male epilation of intimate areas

Depending on the preferences of a man, the master can choose the optimal hair removal scheme:

• Total deep bikini with treatment of intergluteal cavities;

• Classic bikini with pubic treatment;

• Neat intimate haircut.

In many cases it is advisable to use a thick sugar paste rather than wax for male hair removal. It is she who captures hard hair in the best way, without breaking it off in the root zone.

How do I prepare for male intimate area waxing?

Experts recommend following these guidelines before your upcoming wax or sugar depilation:

• Do not shave your hair. The razor can provoke excessive growth of hard hair, infection, irritation, cuts;

• Do not expose the skin to prolonged sun exposure;

• Make hair 1-1. 5 cm long;

• Take a warm shower a few hours before the procedure.

Contraindications for male epilation of intimate areas

Absolute contraindications are:

• Any damage to the skin;

• Diabetes of any type;

• Low pain threshold;

• Predisposition to allergies and edema;

• Neoplasms on the skin;

• Acute infections.

Skin care after epilation of intimate areas

It is very easy to care for the skin and prolong the effect of depilation in the bikini area:

• In the first days, treat the skin with an antiseptic;

• Avoid any thermal effects on the treatment area;

• Use skin care creams and lotions;

• Do not shave between total hair removal treatments;

• Avoid untested and aggressive cosmetics;

• Use a scrub to exfoliate dead skin.

Does it hurt?

Men’s epilation of intimate areas usually does not cause strong discomfort, passes quickly and almost painlessly.