Anaphylaxis – Better Health Channel

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction and requires immediate medical attention. Within minutes of exposure to the allergen, or ‘trigger’, a person can have potentially life-threatening symptoms such as breathing and/or heart symptoms. There is currently no cure for allergy.

The best way to prevent anaphylaxis is to avoid whatever causes the allergic reaction. When accidental exposure occurs follow instructions on your ASCIA Action Plan for Anaphylaxis (ASCIA Action Plan)External Link.

People at risk of anaphylaxis must always carry their ASCIA Action Plan and their adrenaline autoinjector (EpiPen®) with them at all times.

If you are thought to be at risk of anaphylaxis or you experience anaphylaxis for the first time, your doctor will refer you to a clinical immunology or allergy specialist, who will formally diagnose you and discuss management particular to your needs and circumstances.

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction

Allergy occurs when the immune system overreacts to a substance or ‘trigger’ in the person’s environment that is typically harmless. The substance or trigger is called an allergen. The immune system responds by making an antibody to attack the allergen and this starts off a range of immune system reactions.

Allergies can be mild, moderate or severe. Anaphylaxis is the most severe type of allergic reaction. Hospital admissions for anaphylaxis have increased five-fold in the last 20 years and anaphylaxis from food allergy reactions has doubled in the last 10 years.

Anaphylaxis can occur within minutes. It mostly occurs within 20 minutes to 2 hours after exposure to the allergen. Signs and symptoms may be mild at first, but can rapidly worsen. A small number of people suddenly develop signs and symptoms of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) without any signs of a mild to moderate allergic reaction.

Signs of a mild to moderate allergic reaction include:

• swelling of lips, face, eyes
• hives or welts appearing on the skin
• tingling mouth
• abdominal pain, vomiting (these are signs of anaphylaxis for insect allergy).

Signs of a severe reaction (anaphylaxis) include:

• difficult/noisy breathing
• swelling of tongue
• swelling/tightness in the throat
• difficulty talking and/or hoarse voice
• wheeze or persistent cough
• persistent dizziness or collapse
• pale and floppy (in young children).

Triggers for anaphylaxis

Some of the more common triggers (allergens) that can lead to anaphylaxis include:

• food – any food can be a trigger. However, the foods that account for about 90% of allergic reactions are shellfish (such as lobsters, prawns, crabs, oysters), fish, eggs, milk, wheat, peanuts, tree nuts (such as almonds, cashews, pecans and walnuts), sesame and soy
• insect bites and stings – including bees, wasps, jack jumper ants, green ants and fire ants. Ticks (arachnids) can also trigger anaphylaxis
• medicines – some prescription drugs (such as penicillin), over-the-counter medicines (such as aspirin) and herbal preparations.

Less common triggers include exercise, anaesthetic drugs and latex.

Sometimes, despite many investigations, a person’s trigger allergen/s cannot be identified. These are referred to as ‘unknown triggers’.

Risk factors for anaphylaxis

There are a number of factors that appear to increase the risk and/or severity of anaphylaxis at the time of exposure to the allergen/trigger. These include:

• poorly controlled asthma
• exercise
• alcohol
• fatigue
• posture – standing and walking
• hormonal changes (for example, in women that are premenstrual or menstrual)
• taking a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication such as aspirin or ibuprofen.

Diagnosis of allergy and possible risk of anaphylaxis

If you are thought to have a moderate/severe allergy, are at risk of anaphylaxis or you experience anaphylaxis for the first time, your general practitioner (GP) will:

• record the history of your allergic reaction and suspected trigger/s
• refer you to a clinical immunology/allergy specialist
• inform you about patient support services, such as Allergy & Anaphylaxis AustraliaExternal Link.

A GP cannot provide an individual with an authority prescription for an adrenaline autoinjector (EpiPen®)External Link unless this is done in consultation with a clinical allergy/immunology specialist.

The clinical immunology/allergy specialist will:

• progress investigations
• discuss past history
• formally diagnose you
• discuss management particular to your needs and circumstances
• complete an ASCIA Action Plan for Anaphylaxis/Allergic reactions that outlines emergency management.

Your clinical immunology/allergy specialist may prescribe an adrenaline autoinjector (EpiPen®). Not everyone with a food, insect or other allergy that may be severe is prescribed an adrenaline autoinjector. The specialist will review level of risk. Those with medication allergy are generally not prescribed an adrenaline autoinjector.

You will need regular follow-up visits with an allergy specialist.

Tests used in the diagnosis of allergy may include:

• medical history including detailed questioning about what led up to the event
• physical examination of signs and assessment of symptoms
• blood tests to check for the presence of particular antibodies
• skin prick tests to confirm or rule out suspected triggers
• tests to exclude other medical conditions that can look like an allergic reaction or anaphylaxis.

Some ‘allergy tests’ are not proven

Some ‘tests’ that claim to diagnose allergies are not scientifically or medically proven. Tests that are not proven to provide accurate information on your trigger/s for allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, can be dangerous. Relying on an unproven test may mean you don’t get the medical attention you need. It may also delay you receiving a diagnosis and anaphylaxis management advice. It can also result in unnecessary dietary and lifestyle restrictions.

Some alternative testing methods that may lead to inappropriate or inadequate treatment include:

• Alcat testing
• allergen elimination techniques
• cytotoxic food testing
• kinesiology
• hair or stool analysis
• IgG food antibody testing
• iridology
• pulse testing
• reflexology
• Rinkel’s intradermal testing
• Vega testing.

Treatment for anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency. Emergency treatment includes following instructions on your individual ASCIA Action Plan for Anaphylaxis or First Aid Anaphylaxis PlanExternal Link.

1. Lay the person flat (do not allow them to stand or walk).
2. Give adrenaline autoinjector.
3. Phone ambulance – dial triple zero (000).
4. Phone family/emergency contact.
5. Further adrenaline doses may be given if no response after 5 minutes.
6. Transfer person to hospital for at least 4 hours of observation from time of last dose of adrenaline.

Always give adrenaline autoinjector first, and then asthma reliever puffer if someone with known asthma and severe allergy to food, insect or medication has sudden breathing difficulty, even if no skin signs (hives or welts) are present.

Commence CPR at any time if the person is unresponsive and not breathing normally.

Adrenaline injection

Adrenaline injection is used to treat anaphylaxis. Adrenaline is injected into the muscle of the outer mid-thigh (that is, midway between the knee and hip joints on the outer side of the thigh) using an adrenaline autoinjector (EpiPen®).

Once you are diagnosed at risk of anaphylaxis, it is important to always carry your adrenaline autoinjector and your ASCIA Action Plan for Anaphylaxis, which is completed and signed by your doctor.

In Australia, the only device currently available is EpiPen®. EpiPen® is prescribed on an ‘authority prescription’, allowing people to get 2 government-subsidised devices (on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)). They are also available over the counter at the pharmacy.

The spring-loaded automatic adrenaline autoinjectors are designed to deliver a single pre-measured dose of adrenaline. EpiPen® comes in 2 doses:

• EpiPen® for children over 20kg and adults
• EpiPen Jnr® for children who weigh between 7.5kg and 20kg.

You will be given detailed instructions on how to use your adrenaline autoinjector from your treating doctor or pharmacist. You can also visit Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia to view videosExternal Link on signs and symptoms, and how to use an EpiPen®.

Prevention of anaphylaxis

The best way to avoid anaphylaxis is to:

• avoid triggers – the most important management strategy is to avoid all known triggers (allergens)
• if you have a food allergy, always read food labels and disclose your allergy when eating out (that means letting the staff know about your allergy).

Other recommendations include:

• Complete the free, online ASCIA Anaphylaxis e-training for first aid (community)External Link.
• Tell people about your allergy:
  • Let your workplace know about your allergy, and make a few select work colleagues aware of where your emergency medication is kept, and how to administer it to you.
  • If you have a medication allergy, be sure to always disclose your allergy to every treating doctor and pharmacist.
  • Wear a medical identification bracelet – if you lose consciousness, your medical identification bracelet will advise ambulance officers or hospital staff of your condition.
• If you are finding your food allergy difficult to manage, or if you have multiple food allergies, consider making an appointment with an accredited dietitian.
• Seek information and support from Allergy & Anaphylaxis AustraliaExternal Link – an evidence-based organisation with information, resources and support from trained health educators.

If your child has severe allergies

Suggestions for parents include:

• Educate your child, taking their age and level of understanding into account. If your child has food allergy, stress the importance of only accepting food from trusted adults such as parents or caregivers, never sharing food and washing hands before and after eating.
• Advise the childcare service, kindergarten, school and other carers of your child’s condition.
• Give the organisation a current copy of your child’s ASCIA Action Plan for Anaphylaxis, which includes a recent photograph of your child.
• Make sure you provide an in-date adrenaline autoinjector.
• Work with your child’s school or childcare settingExternal Link to implement a management plan to reduce the risk of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. Confirm whether they have current anaphylaxis training and understand how to identify and respond to an allergic reaction. It is important for the school or childcare setting to raise awareness of severe allergies in the school and the broader community.
• Complete free online anaphylaxis trainingExternal Link.

Long-term outlook for anaphylaxis

Most children grow out of allergies to milk, egg, wheat and soy. However, allergies to peanut, tree nuts, sesame, fish, shellfish and lupin are usually lifelong.

Eating even a small amount of an allergen can cause an allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis, so education on avoidance of food trigger/s is vital.

It is very important to carry an adrenaline autoinjector (EpiPen®) and to not hesitate to use it following instructions on your or your child’s ASCIA Action Plan for Anaphylaxis.

People with insect allergyExternal Link need to always be aware of environments that may increase the risk of insect sting or bite, and do what they can to minimise exposure. People that have experienced anaphylaxis because of insect allergy should discuss immunotherapy or desensitisation with their doctor.

Anaphylaxis training

Anaphylaxis training options include:

• ASCIA Anaphylaxis e-training for first aid (community)External Link – this is online training for members of the community, such as parents, friends, carers, workplace colleagues, students and club members.
• Food allergy trainingExternal Link – starting with the All about allergens course, this series of training (developed as part of the National Allergy Strategy) is for owners and workers in food businesses, including cooks, chefs and camp staff.

Where to get help

• In an emergency, always call triple zero (000)
• Emergency department of your nearest hospital
• Your GP (doctor)
• Allergy & Anaphylaxis AustraliaExternal Link Tel. 1300 728 000
• Anaphylaxis Support Advisory LineExternal Link (Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne) Tel. 1300 725 911
• Dietitians AustraliaExternal Link Tel. 1800 812 942

Anaphylaxis | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Overview

In most cases, people with allergies develop mild to moderate symptoms, such as watery eyes, a runny nose or a rash. But sometimes, exposure to an allergen can cause a life-threatening allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis. This severe reaction happens when an over-release of chemicals puts the person into shock. Allergies to food, insect stings, medications and latex are most frequently associated with anaphylaxis.

A second anaphylactic reaction, known as a biphasic reaction, can occur as long as 12 hours after the initial reaction.

Call 911 and get to the nearest emergency facility at the first sign of anaphylaxis, even if you have already administered It is one of two chemicals (the other is norepinephrine) released by the adrenal gland. Epinephrine increases the speed and force of heart beats and thereby the work that can be done by the heart. It dilates the airways to improve breathing and narrows blood vessels in the skin and intestine so that an increased flow of blood reaches the muscles and allows them to cope with the demands of exercise. Epinephrine has been produced synthetically as a drug since 1900. It remains the drug of choice for treatment of anaphylaxis.</span>” rel=”tooltip”>epinephrine, the drug used to treat severe allergic reactions. Just because an allergic person has never had an anaphylactic reaction in the past to an offending allergen, doesn’t mean that one won’t occur in the future. If you have had an anaphylactic reaction in the past, you are at risk of future reactions.

Find expert care with an Allergist.

Don’t let allergies or People with asthma have acute episodes or when the air passages in their lungs get narrower, and breathing becomes more difficult. Sometimes episodes of asthma are triggered by allergens, although infection, exercise, cold air and other factors are also important triggers."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":8963,"3":{"1":0},"4":[null,2,16777215],"11":4,"12":0,"16":10}">Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory lung disease characterized by recurrent breathing problems. People with asthma have acute episodes where the air passages in their lungs get narrower, and breathing becomes more difficult. Sometimes episodes of asthma are triggered by allergens, although infection, exercise, cold air and other factors are also important triggers.</span>” rel=”tooltip”>asthma hold you back.

Symptoms

Anaphylaxis symptoms occur suddenly and can progress quickly. The early symptoms may be mild, such as a runny nose, a skin rash or a “strange feeling. ” These symptoms can quickly lead to more serious problems, including:

• Trouble breathing
• Hives or swelling
• Tightness of the throat
• Hoarse voice
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhea
• Dizziness
• Fainting
• Low blood pressure
• Rapid heart beat
• Feeling of doom
• Cardiac arrest

People who have had a severe allergic reaction are at risk for future reactions. Even if your first reaction is mild, future reactions might be more severe. That’s why it’s important to carry self-injectable epinephrine if you are at risk, and 911 should be dialed in the event of a very serious reaction.

The best way to understand anaphylaxis and the things that can trigger this severe allergic reaction is to see an allergist who will help you manage your condition.

Diagnosis

If you have a history of allergies and/or asthma and have previously had a severe reaction, you are at greater risk for anaphylaxis.

Allergists are specially trained to review your history of allergic reactions, conduct diagnostic tests (such as skin-prick tests, blood tests and oral food challenges) to determine your triggers, review treatment options and teach avoidance techniques. Talk with an allergist if:

• You’re unsure whether you have had an anaphylactic reaction.
• Your symptoms are recurring or are difficult to control.
• You’re having trouble managing your condition.
• More tests are needed to determine the cause of your reactions.
• Desensitization or "}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":8963,"3":{"1":0},"4":[null,2,16777215],"11":4,"12":0,"16":10}">Immunotherapy is a form of preventive and anti-inflammatory treatment of allergy to substances such as pollens, house dust mites, fungi, and stinging insect venom. Immunotherapy involves giving gradually increasing doses of the substance, or allergen, to which the person is allergic. The incremental increases of the allergen cause the immune system to become less sensitive to the substance, perhaps by causing production of a particular "blocking" antibody, which reduces the symptoms of allergy when the substance is encountered in the future.</span>” rel=”tooltip”>immunotherapy could be helpful in your case.
• Daily medication is needed.
• You need intensive education on avoidance and anaphylaxis management.
• Other medical conditions complicate your treatment.

Management and Treatment

An anaphylactic reaction should be treated immediately with an injection of epinephrine (adrenaline). Doses, available by prescription, come in an auto-injector that should be kept with you at all times. Two injections may be necessary to control symptoms. Here are some tips for reducing the risk of anaphylaxis:

1. Know your trigger. If you’ve had anaphylaxis, it’s very important to know what triggered the reaction. An allergist can review your medical history and, if necessary, conduct diagnostic tests. The most common triggers are:
   • Food: including peanuts, tree nuts such as walnuts and pecans, fish, shellfish, cow’s milk and eggs.
   • Latex: found in disposable gloves, intravenous tubes, syringes, adhesive tapes and catheters. Health care workers, children with spina bifida and genitourinary abnormalities and people who work with natural latex are at higher-risk for latex-induced anaphylaxis.
   • Medication: including penicillin, aspirin and non-steroidal Although not a drug, immunotherapy (\"allergy shots\") reduces inflammation in both allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":8963,"3":{"1":0},"4":[null,2,16777215],"11":4,"12":0,"16":10}">Anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the symptoms and signs of inflammation. Although not a drug, immunotherapy ("allergy shots") reduces inflammation in both allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma.</span>” rel=”tooltip”>anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, and anesthesia.
   • Insect sting: with bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets and fire ants being the most likely to trigger anaphylaxis.
2. Avoid your trigger. Avoidance is the most effective way to prevent anaphylaxis. An allergist can work with you to develop specific avoidance measures tailored specifically for your age, activities, occupation, hobbies, home environment and access to medical care. Here are some general avoidance techniques for common triggers:
   • Food allergies. Be a label detective and make sure you review all food ingredient labels carefully to uncover potential allergens. When eating out, ask the restaurant how food is prepared and what ingredients are used. If you have a child with a history of anaphylaxis, it’s imperative to make sure that school personnel are informed of the child’s condition and a treatment plan is provided, including the administration of epinephrine.
   • Medications. Make sure all of your doctors are aware of any reactions you’ve had to medications so that they can prescribe safe alternatives and alert you to other medications you may need to avoid. If there are no alternative medications, you may be a candidate for desensitization, a treatment that introduces a small dose of the medication you are allergic to. As your body becomes more tolerant to the medication, the dosage can be increased over time. While the treatment is effective, it’s only temporary and must be repeated if the medication is needed again in the future.
   • Insect stings. To help prevent stinging insects, avoid walking barefoot in grass, drinking from open soft drink cans, wearing bright colored clothing with flowery patterns, sweet smelling perfumes, hairsprays and lotion during active insect season in late summer and early fall. An allergist can also provide a preventative treatment called venom immunotherapy (or venom Symptoms of the allergic diseases may be caused by exposure of the skin to a chemical, of the respiratory system to particles of dust or pollen (or other substances), or of the stomach and intestines to a particular food.</span>” rel=”tooltip”>allergy shots) for insect sting allergy. The treatment works by introducing gradually increasing doses of purified insect venom, and has been shown to be 90 to 98 percent effective in preventing future allergic reactions to insect stings.
3. Be prepared. Prompt recognition of the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis is critical. If you unexpectedly come into contact with your trigger, you should immediately follow the emergency plan outlined by your doctor including the self-administration of epinephrine. If there is any doubt about the reaction, it is generally better to administer the epinephrine. Be sure to keep your epinephrine auto-injector up to date. If an expired auto-injector is the only one available in an emergency situation, administer it promptly anyway. Teachers and other caregivers should be informed of children who are at risk for anaphylaxis and know what to do in an allergic emergency.
4. Seek treatment. If a severe reaction does occur and epinephrine is administered, you should be transported to the nearest emergency facility by ambulance for additional monitoring.
5. Tell family and friends. Family and friends should be aware of your condition, your triggers and know how to recognize anaphylactic symptoms. If you carry epinephrine, alert them to where you keep it and how to use it.
6. Wear identification. Wear and/or carry identification or jewelry (bracelet or necklace) noting condition and offending allergens.
7. See a specialist. Allergists are specially trained to help you take control of your symptoms, conduct diagnostic tests and review treatment options so you can live the life you want.
8. Seek additional resources. Additional information on allergies and anaphylaxis is available on the ACAAI Web site or the Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE) at www. foodallergy.org.
9. In addition, helpful information can be found on the Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Connection Team (FAACT) website www.FoodAllergyAwareness.org.

Be S.A.F.E. Action Guide

Allergists and emergency physicians have teamed up to create the Be S.A.F.E. action guide to help you remember steps to take during and after an allergic emergency.

Seek immediate medical help.

Call 911 and get to the nearest emergency facility at the first sign of anaphylaxis, even if you have already administered epinephrine, the drug used to treat severe allergic reactions. If you have had an anaphylactic reaction in the past, you are at risk of future reactions.

Identify the Allergen.

Think about what you might have eaten or come in contact with – food, insect sting, medication, latex – to trigger an allergic reaction. It is particularly important to identify the cause because the best way to prevent anaphylaxis is to avoid its trigger.

Follow up with a specialist.

Ask your doctor for a referral to an allergist/immunologist, a physician who specializes in treating asthma and allergies. It is important that you consult an allergist for testing, diagnosis and ongoing management of your allergic disease.

Carry Epinephrine for emergencies.

Kits containing fast-acting, self-administered epinephrine are commonly prescribed for people who are at risk of anaphylaxis. Make sure that you carry an epinephrine kit with you at all times, and that family and friends know of your condition, your triggers and how to use epinephrine. Consider wearing an emergency medical bracelet or necklace identifying yourself as a person at risk of anaphylaxis. Teachers and other caregivers should be informed of children who are at risk for anaphylaxis and know what to do in an allergic emergency.

This page was reviewed for accuracy 1/29/2018.

Indoor Allergies, Allergic Rhinitis

Important information for those suffering from “indoor allergies”.

You have noticed that in any room (whether at home or at work) you began to feel worse. Nasal congestion, sneezing or itching of the eyelids, lacrimation appeared. Or maybe you have difficulty breathing or coughing?
It is likely that this is an allergy.

Allergy (hypersensitivity) can manifest itself in different ways. This is due to the fact that the contact of the skin and mucous membranes of a person with allergens, i.e. particles that provoke the onset of allergy symptoms leads to the appearance of an inflammatory process in various organs and tissues of a person. Most people are not allergic and therefore do not notice the presence of these allergens. However, those who have such a predisposition experience significant discomfort, and in some cases suffer from severe allergies.
Here are the most common manifestations of allergies that can be associated with exposure to allergens present in various rooms:

1. Symptoms of allergic rhinitis : nasal congestion, sneezing, itching in the nasal cavity, profuse discharge from the nasal passages, pain in the middle ear, decreased sense of smell. In more severe cases, allergic rhinitis may be complicated by sinusitis or ethmoiditis. Polyps can form in the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses.
2. Symptoms allergic conjunctivitis : lacrimation, redness of the eyes, feeling of “sand in the eyes”, itching of the eyelids. In severe cases of the disease, edema of the eyelids may appear, the addition of a secondary infection.
3. Symptoms of bronchial asthma : attacks of suffocation or shortness of breath, cough. If timely measures are not taken to prevent exacerbations of the disease, then severe complications may develop that affect the function of the lungs and heart.
4. Atopic dermatitis : skin manifestations in the form of rashes, peeling and redness of the skin. With a long course, it leads to the appearance of complications: the addition of a secondary infection, trophic disorders, etc.
5. Possible development of urticaria and angioedema (especially in people with hypersensitivity to fungal allergens when eating certain foods – see below).

In some cases, the same person has not one, but several of the above diseases at once. Symptoms may vary in severity, be present all the time, or be disturbing from time to time. In addition to the above manifestations of allergies, there may be complaints of swelling in the face, headache, weakness, decreased performance, irritability.

Most often, a person suffering from this form of allergy feels a clear connection between their presence in a certain room and the appearance of symptoms. However, in some cases, it is very difficult to assume the “guilty” allergen without an allergological examination, especially if the allergic reaction does not occur immediately (delayed type reactions are possible in the presence of a fungal allergy).

Without special recommendations to eliminate the “guilty” allergens, allergic diseases begin to progress, complications appear, and a need for more serious treatment arises.

“GUY” ALLERGENS

House dust, mites.

One of the main “culprits” of indoor allergies is house dust. An allergy that is associated with exposure to house dust is called household. It should be noted that house dust is not one allergen, but a whole mosaic of allergens – particles of vegetable (wood dust, fabrics – flax and cotton) and animal origin (pet hair, feathers and fluff of birds), fungal spores, fragments of insects, etc. .

But microscopic mites and their metabolic products can be considered as the sources of the most dangerous allergens. According to various sources, from 3 to 30% of people suffer from hypersensitivity to house dust mites. These creatures, invisible to the eye, are present wherever they can find food (descended epidermis). Their number is huge, at least 50 species of mites are present in the dust. Dermatophagoides mites are the most common. Their concentration is especially high where there are animals and birds, as well as things made of wool, down and feathers. The main dwelling places are pillows, blankets, mattresses, feather beds, upholstered furniture, carpets. Optimal conditions for the life and reproduction of ticks – ambient temperature 22-27 ° C, humidity 70-80%. The number of ticks increases significantly in late August – early October, so during this period, allergy symptoms may worsen.

In addition, allergies can be caused by barn mites, which also settle in indoor dust and food products – flour, cereals, cheese, etc.

Signs of allergy to house dust and mites: ;
– symptoms can be both permanent and episodic;
– rather characteristic is the increase in symptoms during cleaning, shaking out old things, when using dust-accumulating things – upholstered furniture, carpets, bedding with natural filler, soft toys, etc .;
– symptoms are aggravated by contact with pets and birds.

Library dust

Library dust is also an allergen! Those who are allergic to paper dust know well that if you spend too much time reading a book or magazine, unpleasant symptoms will immediately appear. The “older” the book, the faster and brighter the disease will manifest itself. In those rooms where books and paper are stored for a long time on open shelves, there is a high concentration of library dust in the air. In addition, it must be remembered that in addition to paper dust in libraries and other rooms where books are stored, there are other allergens in the air – fungal spores.

Signs of an allergy to library dust:

– You develop allergy symptoms from contact with books and other paper products;
– You feel aggravated if you are in rooms where books are stored on open shelves.

Pets and birds.

Wool, feathers, dander, dander, saliva and other waste products from pets and birds are also allergens and can be a serious hazard. In the presence of epidermal allergy, symptoms appear on contact with animals, birds, or particles of animal origin. If animals are constantly present in the house, then the symptoms may not disappear at all. Wearing woolen clothes or using bedding filled with wool and down, the presence of carpets and other wool products in the house or office can lead to an exacerbation of an allergic disease. Most people think that the shorter an animal’s coat, the less likely it is to cause an allergic reaction. However, it is not. The risk of allergies has nothing to do with the length of the coat and the size of the animal or bird itself! It must also be remembered that after the removal of animals or birds from the premises, the smallest particles of wool and feathers can remain in it for a long time (months, and sometimes years).

Signs of allergy to animal and bird waste products :

– Allergy symptoms occur upon direct contact with animals and (or) birds or with their waste products – wool, saliva, etc.;
– Allergy symptoms in the room where animals or birds are (or were) located;
– Allergy symptoms appear when wearing woolen items, using bedding filled with wool and down, while staying in a room where there are carpets and other wool products.

Fungal microorganisms.

Another group of allergens – particles of fungal microorganisms. The world of mushrooms is huge, the number of species studied is in the tens of thousands. Some of the most common are fungi of the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Alternaria. In most cases, the “culprits” of allergies are spores of these microorganisms. Mushrooms can live in almost any environment: in household and library dust, food products, on various surfaces, and even in the human body. They can cause not only plant diseases – rot and mold, but also provoke pronounced allergic reactions (fungal allergies). Moreover, one and the same person may develop hypersensitivity not to one, but to several varieties of fungi at once. The most optimal conditions for the reproduction of many types of fungi are high humidity and ambient temperature – 16-32 ° C.

Fungal microorganisms do not only live indoors. Throughout the warm period of the year, fungal spores are present in the open air in fairly high concentrations. In this regard, manifestations of an allergic disease can occur not only indoors, but also on the street. Symptoms of a fungal allergy may be present all the time or occur sporadically. Possible seasonal exacerbations of the disease associated with periods of the most active reproduction of fungi.

In some cases, fungal allergy symptoms do not appear immediately, but some time after contact with the allergen, for example, after a few hours. Indoors, fungal microorganisms can colonize paper products, wallpaper, wood, natural fibers, leather, and may be present on rubber products. They can be found in flower pots, trash cans, sinks and wash basins.

The concentration of fungi is especially high in closed damp and poorly ventilated rooms, in broken hay, grass and fallen damp leaves. Their presence is found in products that have undergone fermentation – beer, kvass, sauerkraut, cheese, yeast dough, etc. , in libraries;
– allergy symptoms appear on contact with wet hay, grass, fallen leaves;
– allergy symptoms appear when eating foods that have undergone fermentation – beer, wine, cheese, yeast dough, sauerkraut, kvass, etc . ;
– allergy symptoms may not appear immediately, but some time after contact with the allergen.

Insects.

Insect allergy refers to an allergic reaction associated with contact with insects. This contact can occur in different ways: by stinging, by contact of insects with the skin, by inhalation of particles of bodies and their metabolic products. The most “dangerous” allergens are proteins that make up the integumentary tissues of insects. The list of insects that can cause allergies is very large. Let us dwell only on those that live in the premises.
An allergic reaction in such cases, as a rule, occurs when particles of bodies and waste products of insects are inhaled.

Cockroaches! They not only cause moral damage, but can also damage the health of a person suffering from insect allergies. Cockroach asthma is not uncommon. And the culprit of this disease is the Blattoptera detachment – cockroaches, which can be present in large numbers, both in homes and workplaces, offices.

In addition to cockroaches, very severe allergic reactions can occur through contact with other arthropods. These are bloodworms (Diptera order) and daphnia, which are components of food for aquarium fish Allergy symptoms can occur when inhaled or in contact with scales and body particles of representatives of the Lepidoptera orders – Lepidoptera. The most common indoor insect from this order is the moth.

Bloodworms and daphnia (a favorite food for aquarium fish) can also cause severe allergy symptoms.

Signs of insect allergy occurring indoors:

– allergy symptoms appear in rooms where the above insects are present;
– Allergy symptoms occur on contact with food for aquarium fish;
– there are no clear signs of an “insect” origin of an allergic reaction that occurs indoors.
Therefore, it is rather difficult to independently assume the presence of such an allergy without an allergological examination.

OTHER ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Remember that people with allergies are always more sensitive to various environmental factors: cold air, pollutants (for example, ozone), tobacco smoke, as well as particles that are present in the air and, getting on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract (nasopharynx, bronchi), lead to a worsening of the condition.

In addition, irritating factors include pungent odors – perfumes, fragrances, etc.

HOW TO FIGHT ALLERGIES gene , i.e. stop contact with him. If it is not possible to completely get rid of the allergen, then it is necessary to minimize its negative impact.

The presence of an allergy can only be finally confirmed by a specialist – an allergist who, using specific examination methods, will make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe treatment for you, as well as recommend preventive measures necessary in each specific case of the disease.

You can get more detailed information at the MEDHELP clinic from a specialist allergist-immunologist of the highest qualification category Kisurina G.O.

Acute allergic reactions: symptoms, treatment and prevention

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Acute allergic reactions are dangerous conditions in the body that can develop in response to exposure to allergens. The symptoms can be very varied and require immediate treatment. In the article you will find information about the causes of development, diagnosis and treatment of acute allergic reactions.

An allergy is an organism’s response to certain substances that are not considered dangerous to most people. However, for allergy sufferers, these substances can cause severe allergic reactions, accompanied by severe itching, redness of the skin, fear and other unpleasant consequences.

Severe allergic reactions can be a medical emergency in which you need to seek immediate medical attention. However, many people do not pay due attention to this, or ask for help too late. Next, we will look at the symptoms, treatment and prevention of acute allergic reactions so that everyone can approach this problem more consciously and prevent its occurrence.

Allergic reaction: what is it?

Concept

An allergic reaction is a specific response of the body to an allergen substance that is safe for other people. Upon contact with an allergen, a cascade of reactions occurs in the body, which lead to the release of a huge amount of biological substances. As a result, symptoms develop that can manifest with varying degrees of severity.

Species

Allergic reactions may be immediate or delayed. Instantaneous reactions develop within minutes of contact with the allergen. Delayed reactions appear several hours or even days after exposure to the allergen.

Causes

The causes of allergic reactions can be different: hereditary predisposition, poor quality food, poor air quality, etc. It is important to note that an allergic reaction does not occur the first time. Usually the body has time to develop immunity to the allergen, but with repeated contact, a reaction occurs.

What are acute allergic reactions?

Acute allergic reactions can be of different types and severity. Some of the more common types of reactions include:

• Urticaria – skin rash appears, which is very itchy and swollen.
• Allergic rhinitis – irritation of the nasal mucosa, which is manifested by profuse runny nose and nasal congestion.
• Angioedema – swelling of the lips, face and neck. In some cases, it can lead to suffocation.
• Anaphylaxis is a serious and potentially fatal reaction that can cause respiratory failure, hypotension, and unconsciousness.

Each allergic reaction has its own symptoms and severity. It is especially important to quickly identify anaphylactic shock and take urgent measures to treat it. An effective way to prevent acute allergic reactions is to avoid contact with the allergen and take all necessary precautions. Even small contact with an allergen can cause a serious reaction, so you should be especially careful and vigilant.

Symptoms of acute allergic reactions and their severity.ReactionSymptomsSeverity

Symptoms of acute allergic reactions

If you have experienced allergies, you know that symptoms can manifest themselves in different ways. But the main sign is the rapid and unexpected appearance of a reaction to some substance. An acute allergy attack may occur immediately or within minutes of contact. Symptoms can appear on the skin, respiratory system, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system.

Cardiovascular reaction is manifested by a sharp drop in blood pressure and is especially common in anaphylactic shock. Anaphylactic shock is the most severe form of an allergic reaction and can cause loss of consciousness and even death.

1. Urticaria and redness
2. Swelling and itching of the skin
3. Severe breathing problems
4. Eye and stomach problems
5. Convulsions and dizziness in anaphylactic shock

90 250 Diagnosis of acute allergic reactions

Diagnosis of acute allergic reactions is aimed at assessing symptoms and identifying the source of the allergen. Patients with complaints of an allergic reaction undergo a comprehensive examination, including blood tests for the presence of antibodies and specific immunoglobulins.

In some cases, the diagnosis of acute allergic reactions may require the consultation of specialized specialists, such as an allergist and an immunologist.

It is important to know that correct diagnosis is a key factor for successful treatment and prevention of future allergic reactions.

How are acute allergic reactions treated?

Doctors use different methods to treat acute allergic reactions, depending on their type and severity.

Antihistamines may be prescribed for mild to moderate allergic reactions. These drugs help reduce allergy symptoms such as itching, redness, and swelling of the skin.

If the allergy is severe and causes anaphylactic shock, the doctor may use epinephrine. This drug can stop the development of an antigen-antibody reaction and relieve allergy symptoms.

Treatment of allergies may also include the use of glucocorticosteroids such as prednisolone. These medications reduce inflammation and swelling, which is often the cause of allergy symptoms.

• In the treatment of acute allergic reactions, the doctor may recommend the following measures:
• avoid allergenic foods and other possible allergens;
• take medicine prescribed by a doctor correctly and in a timely manner;
• use special medical devices such as Epipen allergy syringes in case of anaphylactic shock.

In any case, do not self-medicate with acute allergic reactions. If you experience signs of an allergy, seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Which medicines can be used for acute allergic reactions?

Acute allergic reactions can manifest as urticaria, angioedema, anaphylactic shock, etc. To prevent a health-threatening condition, medical measures must be taken immediately. Antihistamines, quick-acting agents, and anti-inflammatory drugs may be used as first aid.

• Antihistamines. This is a group of drugs that reduce the release of histamine, a substance responsible for causing allergic reactions. These include Suprastin, Loratadin, Fenkarol, Fenistil, Diazolin, etc. The action of antihistamine drugs appears 15-20 minutes after ingestion, the effect lasts 4-6 hours.
• Fast action products. These are hormonal preparations that are used in acute allergic reactions. They relieve swelling and inflammation at the site of the lesion, eliminate dyspnea, fever and other allergy symptoms. Within a few minutes after the administration of the drug, the patient becomes better. These drugs include Hydrocortisone, Dexamethasone, Prednisolone and others.
• Anti-inflammatory drugs. They reduce inflammation and fight allergic manifestations. These drugs include Nurofen, Aspirin, Ketanov, Diclofenac, etc.

Immediate treatment of an acute allergic reaction contributes to a rapid recovery of health and helps to avoid serious complications.

Important: Before using any medicine, you should consult your doctor, especially if you have concomitant diseases.

Anaphylaxis: a danger to health and life

What is anaphylaxis?

Anaphylaxis is an acute, life-threatening allergic reaction that can begin within minutes of exposure to an allergen. The first sign of anaphylaxis is the rapid onset of a severe allergic reaction, which can be described as a “second stage response.” In particular, as a result of a reaction with a toxic substance, the patient may experience shock, airway closure and angioedema. Signs of anaphylaxis vary from person to person, but in general, most people experience severe symptoms within minutes of being exposed to an allergen.

How to treat anaphylaxis?

There are three parts to the treatment of anaphylaxis. First of all, it is necessary to perform an immediate reaction and interrupt contact with the allergen. Then the doctor may prescribe antiallergic drugs to the patient to avoid repeated exposure to the allergen on the organs and body systems. And thirdly, as needed, various procedures may be required, such as the introduction of glucocorticosteroids, distension of the airways and other types of medical care. It is important that at the first signs of anaphylaxis, the patient should contact a medical facility to provide prompt assistance and prevent possible complications.

Doctors also recommend that patients with allergic reactions carry autoinjectable epinephrine with them at all times to use at the first sign of anaphylaxis until medical attention is available. Special drugs or immunotherapy may also be used to prevent anaphylaxis. However, a timely appeal to medical institutions is necessary for the diagnosis of allergies and fair planning of further treatment.

Several symptoms of anaphylaxis may include:

Skin symptoms: burning, itching, urticaria, reddening of the skin;

Respiratory symptoms: shortness of breath, rapid breathing, chest wheezing, cough, chest pressure;

Gastrointestinal symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea;

Systemic symptoms: dizziness, fainting, fever, arrhythmia.

How are acute allergic reactions prevented?

Acute allergic reactions can be life-threatening, so prevention is important. First of all, it is necessary to establish the allergen causing the reaction. To do this, you can conduct allergy tests with a specialist.

If allergy is known, contact with the allergen should be avoided. Some foods, along with medicines, may contain ingredients that can cause allergies, so it is extremely important to read labels and take into account all the necessary information.

If an allergic reaction has already occurred, seek immediate medical attention. Often, people who are known for their allergies have epinephrine syringes that they must carry with them at all times. This is a special drug that can eliminate an allergic reaction and prevent anaphylactic shock.

• A healthy lifestyle also plays an important role in preventing acute allergic reactions. Protecting our body’s immune system will help it fight off allergies. In addition, exercise and moderate alcohol consumption can help reduce the risk of allergic reactions.
• Some medications, such as antihistamines, may be taken to reduce the chance of an allergic reaction. However, before using them, you should consult your doctor.

In general, the prevention of acute allergic reactions is to know your allergies, avoid contact with allergens, but if the reaction does occur, you should immediately seek medical help.

Care after an acute allergic reaction

Medical monitoring and monitoring

After an acute allergic reaction, it is important to monitor the patient’s condition and carry out medical monitoring. The doctor may order re-hospitalization in some cases, observation of immediate symptoms, and a control allergen test to determine possible allergic reactions in the future.

Pharmacotherapy and diet

Treatment after an acute allergic reaction may include pharmacotherapy, including drugs to treat symptoms, and epinephrine to treat anaphylaxis. It is also recommended to follow a diet, excluding foods that cause allergies.

Prevention and education

An important aspect of care after an acute allergic reaction is prevention. This includes instructing the patient on how to avoid possible allergens, what to do in the event of a recurrent allergic reaction, and how to administer epinephrine. It is also recommended to carry an epinephrine injector with you and to provide such injectors for patients who are at risk of an acute allergic reaction.

Symptoms of an acute allergic reactionFirst aid measures

Complications of acute allergic reaction

Anaphylactic shock

One of the most serious complications of an acute allergic reaction is anaphylactic shock. It can happen instantly and lead to death. In this case, immediate medical attention and the introduction of adrenaline are necessary.

Quincke’s edema

Quincke’s edema is a characteristic swelling of the skin and mucous membranes. It can occur as part of anaphylactic shock, but also separately. This type of edema can lead to airway obstruction and air retention in the lungs.

Asthma

An acute allergic reaction may cause an asthma attack. This happens when the bronchi become very constricted and people have difficulty breathing. A severe case of asthma can lead to respiratory failure and death.

Angioedema

Angioedema is the rapid spread of swelling in the soft tissues, which can lead to breath holding and suffocation. It usually appears on the lips, eyes, tongue, and throat, and can occur within minutes or hours of exposure to the allergen.

Urticaria

Urticaria is the first symptom of an acute allergic reaction. These are usually characteristic red patches on the skin that are often itchy. In most cases, hives disappear within a few hours of onset.

How to communicate with people suffering from an acute allergic reaction?

Every day we meet people who suffer from an acute allergic reaction. To communicate with them correctly and not harm, you need to know a few simple rules.

• Clean your hands before interacting.
• Do not make an appointment in places where there are many allergens, such as a flower shop.
• Ask if the person has an allergic reaction to certain foods or materials.
• Don’t bring cosmetics, flowers, or sweets unless you know if they might cause an allergic reaction.
• Tell me if you are allergic to something.
• If you are giving advice on treatment, home improvement, product selection, consider the characteristics of the person’s disease.

It is also very important to respect allergic reactions, not to criticize or deny them. To take attention away from an acute attack of allergies, to tell fortunes about memorable habits – this is not only insulting to the patient, but can lead to dangerous consequences.

By following these guidelines, you will be able to communicate with people who are suffering from an acute allergic reaction in a way that respects their health and well-being.

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Q&A:

What symptoms can occur in an acute allergic reaction?

Symptoms of an acute allergic reaction may include: hives, swelling of the throat or tongue, difficulty breathing, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, low blood pressure, loss of consciousness. In the event of such symptoms, it is urgent to call an ambulance.

How can an acute allergic reaction be treated?

Treatment of an acute allergic reaction may include the use of epinephrine, antihistamines, glucocorticosteroids, oxygen, and fluid therapy. Epinephrine is the main drug for quickly relieving the symptoms of anaphylaxis.

Can an acute allergic reaction be prevented?

Yes, you can prevent an acute allergic reaction by following your doctor’s instructions, avoiding contact with allergens, and wearing an epinephrine auto-injector if you are allergic to a certain substance. It is also necessary to study the labels on products to exclude the presence of harmful substances.

How can you quickly know if an ongoing reaction is an acute allergic reaction?

An acute allergic attack is often accompanied by urticaria, swelling and itching. But this is optional. In some cases, anaphylactic shock can occur, which can lead to respiratory failure, loss of consciousness, and even death. If you suspect an acute allergic reaction, seek immediate medical attention or call an ambulance.

What is the proportion of the population with an acute allergic reaction?

Approximately 1-2% of the population suffers from an acute allergic reaction. The risk of developing allergies may be increased if you have a genetic predisposition, other allergic reactions, or if you live in cities with high levels of air pollution.