The Best Herbs for Natural Pain Relief

If you are living with pain, adding herbs to your regimen may help to ease your discomfort, especially when combined with regular exercise, diet, and the practice of relaxation techniques.

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At the root of many pain-causing conditions such as arthritis, back pain, and tendonitis is inflammation, a natural immune response to infection or injury. In addition to causing pain, inflammation—if it becomes chronic—is a risk factor for chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

Here’s a look at six herbs often used for natural pain relief:

White Willow Bark

Containing an aspirin-like compound known as salicin, white willow bark has long been used as a natural remedy for inflammation and pain. It was found to be as effective as conventional medicine in lessening pain among people with mild to fairly severe knee and hip problems in a 2008 study.

White willow bark may also alleviate acute back pain, joint pain, and osteoarthritis. However, like aspirin, the bark may cause stomach upset, affect kidney function, prolong bleeding time, and increase the risk of bleeding. Also, it shouldn’t be used by children.

Boswellia

Sourced from a resin found in the bark of the frankincense tree, Boswellia has been shown to thwart chemical reactions involved in inflammation. Practitioners of Ayurveda have long used Boswellia to treat arthritis.

Devil’s Claw

Traditionally used for rheumatoid arthritis, the South African herb devil’s claw may also soothe pain resulting from osteoarthritis, tendonitis, and back and neck troubles, according to proponents.

In a 2007 study of 259 people with rheumatic conditions, researchers found that 60 percent of study members either reduced or stopped their pain medication after eight weeks of taking devil’s claw. The herb also appeared to improve the participants’ quality of life. 

Bromelain

A type of enzyme extracted from pineapple stems, bromelain reduces levels of prostaglandins, which are hormones that induce inflammation. Bromelain may benefit people with arthritis and conditions associated with musculoskeletal tension (such as TMJ syndrome), as well as those suffering trauma-related inflammation. What’s more, the enzyme may promote healing in muscles and connective tissues.

Turmeric

An ayurvedic spice known to tame arthritis pain, the curry spice turmeric contains an antioxidant compound called curcumin. In an animal-based study published in 2007, scientists discovered that curcumin can overpower pro-inflammatory proteins called cytokines. The compound may also help decrease pain associated with autoimmune disorders and tendonitis.

Ginger

While sipping ginger tea can help relieve cold-related congestion, supplementing with ginger may help to ease the pain. Research indicates that ginger may calm arthritis pain, possibly by lowering your prostaglandin levels.

One 2015 study even suggests that ginger could reduce pain and inflammation as effectively as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as aspirin), although more further research is still needed.

The Takeaway

Although scientific support for the claim that any herb can treat pain is limited, adding certain herbs may help some people who are living with chronic pain, especially if it is combined with other lifestyle changes, such as meditation, deep breathing, an anti-inflammatory diet, and exercise.

If you are considering using herbs, it’s important to talk with your healthcare provider to avoid any adverse reactions. For example, white willow bark, turmeric, and ginger contain natural blood-thinning compounds, so people taking many common medications and supplements and those about to undergo surgery should be particularly cautious.

Herbal Remedies for Natural Pain Relief

Pharmaceutical drugs may not be your only path to pain relief. Natural pain treatments — like herbal medicine, in which parts of a plant are used medicinally to treat health problems — is an increasingly popular way to manage pain as well.

Though research on herbal remedies is still in its early phases, many herbs are thought to provide pain management and decrease inflammation. However, it’s important to exercise caution.

“Herbals or other nutraceuticals that may help in some way — as well as those which may not actually help — do almost universally have the potential to harm through unwanted side effects, allergic reactions, and undesirable interactions with other substances and medicines,” says Sam Moon, MD, MPH, associate director of education at Duke Integrative Medicine, a division of Duke University Medical Center in Durham, N.C. “Relative safety must be very carefully balanced against likely effectiveness.”

Natural Pain Relief: Popular Herbal Options

Here are some common herbal remedies used for natural pain relief:

• Capsaicin. Derived from hot chile peppers, topical capsaicin may be useful for some people in relieving pain. “Capsaicin works by depleting substance P, a compound that conveys the pain sensation from the peripheral to the central nervous system. It takes a couple of days for this to occur,” says David Kiefer, MD, assistant clinical professor of medicine at the Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine.

• Ginger. Though more studies are needed, says Dr. Kiefer, ginger extract may help with joint and muscle pain because it contains phytochemicals, which help stop inflammation. Few side effects have been linked to ginger when taken in small doses.

• Feverfew. Feverfew has been used for centuries to treat headaches, stomachaches, and toothaches. Nowadays it’s also used for migraines and rheumatoid arthritis. More studies are required to confirm whether feverfew is actually effective, but the herb may be worth trying since it hasn’t been associated with serious side effects. Mild side effects include canker sores and irritation of the tongue and lips. Pregnant women should avoid this remedy.

• Turmeric. This spice has been used to relieve arthritis pain and heartburn, and to reduce inflammation. It’s unclear how turmeric works against pain or inflammation, but its activity may be due to a chemical called curcumin, which has anti-inflammatory properties. Turmeric is usually safe to use, but high doses or long-term use may cause indigestion. Also, people with gallbladder disease should avoid using turmeric.

• Devil’s Claw. There is some scientific evidence that this South African herb may be effective in managing arthritis and lower back pain, but more research is needed. Side effects are very rare if taken at a therapeutic dose for the short term, but it’s not advised for pregnant women and those with gallstones or stomach or intestinal ulcers.

Natural Pain Relief: Proceed With Caution

There are many other herbal remedies for natural pain relief, such as boswellia and willow bark. The American Pain Foundation also lists these herbs for pain management:

Since herbal therapies for pain management have yet to be thoroughly studied, be careful when embarking on this treatment path. Regardless of the herb you try, remember that they’re not benign. Research into their safety and efficacy is still limited, and the government doesn’t regulate herbal products for quality. The best course is to talk to a health-care professional before testing out a herbal remedy.

6 Herbal Remedies for Pain Relief – Seattle, WA

6 Herbal Remedies for Pain Relief

Herbal medicine provides alternatives to drugs for pain management. Herbal remedies are being found to lower pain levels and decrease inflammation. This finding is most welcome, considering potential side effects of many pharmaceutical pain killers.

However, just like traditional pain relievers, herbal remedies also have their down sides. These include unwanted side effects like allergic reactions and possible complications with other substances and medicines.

Searching the internet, you are bound to find many herbal remedy treatments. It is important to take all of this information with a grain of salt. What may work for some, may not work for others. Before taking anyone’s word for it, be sure to do your own research and consult your health-care professional. That disclaimer delivered, here are some popular, recommended herbal medicines.

1. Wintergreen Essential Oil – A natural pain reliever used in muscle ache creams.




2. Capsaicin, also sold as Capsicum – Found in hot chili peppers, this natural remedy temporarily desensitizes nerve responders which cause the pain response. It shows promise in reducing back pain and fibromyalgia when applied to the skin, and can provide relief for migraines and cluster headaches.




3. Ginger – is one of the most popular herbal remedies. Its antioxidants can help with joint and muscle pain with very few side effects when taken in small doses.




4. Feverfew – is an herbal remedy with many different uses, including treating headaches, migraines, rheumatoid arthritis, stomachaches, and toothaches. Slight side effects include canker sores and irritation of the tongue and lips. Pregnant women should not use this herbal remedy.




5. Cranberry juice – is considered a great pain reliever for ulcerative colitis. Cranberry juice can kill the pain causing pathogens that attack the lining of your stomach and small intestines.




6. Devil’s Claw – Don’t let the name fool you. It is a blessing in disguise for people with heartburn and liver problems. It can also reduce pain from conditions like arthritis, headaches, and lower back pain.

Natural Pain Relief: Supplements for Chronic Pain

You want your pain to stop. Some natural supplements may help. But first, you need to know what the problem is.

The best thing to do is to check with your doctor. Describe what you feel, when it happens, and how long it’s been going on.

Once you know what the cause is, you can look into all things that would help, which may include physical therapy, exercise, and diet changes, as well as supplements.

Check which supplements are good for which types of pain. Ask your doctor what’s OK for you to try. Some can affect your health or medicines that you take.

Back and Joint Discomfort

Turmeric is a root that’s part of the ginger family. It curbs inflammation, says Eva Selhub, MD, a clinical associate at Massachusetts General Hospital and author of Your Health Destiny.

You can cook with this dark yellow spice or make tea with it. Or take it in capsule form.

Devil’s claw root is an herb that may ease low back pain and common arthritis discomfort. Studies have used 30-100 milligrams of the active compound, harpagoside, per day. If you have a sensitive stomach, stick with a low dose or you might get a mild stomachache.

Capsicum/capsaicin comes from chili peppers. A skin cream with 0.025%-0.075% capsaicin may soothe your back pain. Apply it directly to the area that hurts. Supplement pills may also help with diarrhea and cramps.

Comfrey. If you have lower or upper back pain, you could try a skin cream made with comfrey extract. Use it three times a day. Make sure that you have seen a doctor first to diagnose your pain. Back pain can have many causes, and some can be life-threatening. Comfrey can harm your liver if you take it by mouth, so don’t drink comfrey tea.

Glucosamine may help with joint pain, but the research is conflicting. Chondroitin, which is often sold with glucosamine, may ease pain and give you better joint movement. They are part of what makes up the cartilage in your body.

Many people who take glucosamine and chondroitin combine it with aspirin or other treatments. So it’s hard to say which is effective.

Give it time. It may take up to 4 months to see an improvement.

Headache

You can get a headache for many different reasons. So the best treatment is to find the root of the problem, says Kristine L. Gedroic, MD, founder of the Gedroic Center for Integrative Medicine in Morristown, NJ. Your doctor can help.

Natural remedies include:

White willow bark. “White willow is nature’s aspirin,” Selhub says. It has salicin, which tames inflammation. It’s good for headaches and may ease low back pain.

You can take it as tea or as a capsule. In research studies, people took 120-240 milligrams per day as a capsule.

Avoid high doses if you have a sensitive stomach. Willow bark should not be used in anyone under 18 because of a higher risk of a serious condition called Reye’s syndrome.

Boswellia comes from the boswellia tree. It’s also known as Indian frankincense. In one study, people who often get cluster headaches had milder, less frequent headaches when they took boswellia.

Caffeine. Combining acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or other pain relievers with caffeine may work better than taking them alone for migraine headaches and tension headaches. But caffeine withdrawal is a known cause of headaches as well.

Feverfew and butterbur. These herbs may help prevent and treat migraine pain. There is some research that shows they might work, but more studies are needed.

What Else Helps

Omega-3 fatty acids. These “good fats” lower inflammation. That can help with joint pain and stiffness, back pain, and pain from menstrual cramps.

Experts recommend foods high in omega-3 fatty acids: fatty fish, canola oil, Brussels sprouts, spinach, and foods with added omega-3s like eggs. Or you can take up to 3 grams of fish oil per day as supplements, with your doctor’s permission.

Probiotics. These bacteria live in your gut and help keep you healthy. Probiotics may lessen inflammation. It may also help with irritable bowel syndrome, especially pain and bloating.

Try foods high in probiotics, like some yogurts (look for “live active cultures” on the label), kimchi, kefir, and sauerkraut. You can also take a probiotic supplement.

Arthritis Pain

If you have any type of arthritis, you should keep up with the treatments your doctor recommends. If you want to add a supplement, you might consider:

SAM-e. This is a man-made version of a chemical that your body makes. Early research suggests it may relieve arthritis symptoms as well as some medications do. You can get it in capsule form. Usually, 200 milligrams, three times a day, is used.

Glucosamine/chondroitin. If your osteoarthritis is moderate or severe, glucosamine and chondroitin may help with pain. But the research is mixed. So ask your doctor if it’s OK for you and, if so, what dosage you should take.

Boswellia. Studies suggest this tree resin can reduce osteoarthritis pain. It may also help with rheumatoid arthritis. You can take boswellia as a capsule or tablet.

Capsaicin. Capsaicin, which gives chili peppers their fiery kick, may ease arthritis pain for a time. It comes in a skin cream, gel, or patch. Apply it three times a day, but stop using it if it irritates your skin.

Other natural aids. Avocado-soybean oil blend, cat’s claw, fish oil, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), and ginger may also help with arthritis pain, but more research is needed.

Fibromyalgia

Vitamin D. If you have fibromyalgia, you may have chronic pain and low levels of vitamin D. A vitamin D supplement may improve your levels and cut your pain.

Old Injury Flaring Up?

You need to find out if it’s injured again and how to take care of it. Your doctor can help you pinpoint the cause and choose the right supplement.

Medicinal herbs in the treatment of neuropathic pain: a review

Abstract

Chronic neuropathic pain is a common significant and debilitating problem that presents a major challenge to health-care. Despite the large number of available drugs, there are no curative conventional treatments for neuropathic pain. Nowadays, more attention has been focused on the herbal formulation in the field of drug discovery. Therefore, we performed an extensive review about herbal drugs and plants that exhibited protective effects on neuropathic pain. In this review, the beneficial effects of each plant in different neuropathic pain model, either in animals or in patients are reported. Moreover, the possible involved mechanisms for the protective effects are discussed. The more common plants which are used for the treatment of neuropathic pain are included as: Acorus calamus, Artemisia dracunculus, Butea monosperma, Citrullus colocynthis, Curcuma longa, Crocus sativus, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Ginkgo biloba, Mitragyna speciosa, Momordica charantia, Nigella sativa, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus, Pterodon pubescens Benth, Rubia cordifolia and Salvia officinalis. Furthermore, the most pathways which are known to be involved in pain relief by means of herbal remedies are anti-oxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, neuroprotective and calcium inhibitory actions. In conclusion, this review suggests that some herbal plants can be suitable candidates for the treatment of neuropathic pain.

Keywords: Analgesic, Antinociceptive, Chronic pain, Herbal medicine Neuropathic pain

Introduction

Pain, an unpleasant sensation and emotional experience that in our daily life, is an alert of tissue injury to prevent further or impending tissue damage (1). Acute pain is a useful biologic purpose and self-limiting in nature that arises in response to a specific injury. Chronic pain, in contrast, may be considered as a disease state. It may outlast the usual duration of recovery, if accompanied with a disease or injury (1, 2). The definition of chronic neuropathic pain is “pain that comes from direct consequence of a lesion or disease which affect the somatosensory system” (3). It may be classified as central or peripheral, depending on the site of the lesion. The most causes of chronic neuropathic pain are metabolic disease, viral, trauma, severe ischemic insults, and autoimmune diseases (4-6).

Neuropathic pain usually does not have effective treatment, because of heterogeneous etiology and complex underlying pathophysiology, moreover, the unwanted side effect profiles limit the use of available drugs (7-9).

Neuropathic pain and underlying mechanisms

Neuropathic pain may be spontaneous or evoked in response to physical stimuli, that may manifest as increased sensitivity to pain (hyperalgesia) or as a pain evoked by a nonpainful stimuli (allodynia) (5, 10). Once injury occurs, inflammation and reparatory processes ensue, leads to a hyperexcitable state known as peripheral sensitization. Many types of peripheral mechanisms have been described, in most patients, this state resolves as healing occurs and inflammation subsides. But, stimulation from ongoing injury or disease lead to persist nociception, then the changes in primary afferent neurons may continue (11). Central changes can result from peripheral nerve lesions, which have been investigated in animals mainly at the spinal cord or sometimes at supraspinal levels (12, 13).

Several types of alterations can induce pathologic activation of central nociceptive neurons: such as neuroplasticity, microglial activation and hyper-excitability (central sensitization) of nociceptive neurons. Central sensitization possibly depends critically on intracellular changing that induced by the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and glutamate metabotropic receptors (12, 13). The stimulation of non-neuronal cells, microglia in central and macrophages in periphery, leads to production of a variety inflammatory cytokines and chemokines which play critical roles in neuropathic pain condition (14, 15).

Neuropathic pain and herbal medicinal products

The usage of natural products, principally herbal medicines is one of the ancient therapies used by humanity (16). During the recent years, people are eager to use herbal medicines due to their lower complications and fewer side effects than synthetic drugs (17). Regarding to the increasing demand for medicinal plants and related compounds the phytopharmaceutical studies and the use of these remedies for the management of painful neuropathy have been growing throughout the world (18).

Animal models and/or pharmacological mechanisms of neuropathic pain

Animal models of neuropathic pain have been essential in the exploration of molecular mechanisms of pain also for the analysis of novel analgesics in the treatment of chronic pain (19). The animal models for studying neuropathic pain and a brief description of each model are as follows:

The streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes

The STZ-induced diabetic neuropathic pain model mimics the diabetic neuropathy. This neuropathy is one of the most frequent peripheral neuropathies associated with hyperalgesia, cold or hot allodynia and hyperesthesia, the high blood glucose level induced oxidative and nitrosative stress which have been proposed to be an essential mechanism of neuronal injury related to diabetic neuropathy (20-22). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) enhanced nociceptors sensitization so that they not only respond more vigorously towards noxious stimuli, but also start to respond towards normally subthreshold stimuli. This peripheral sensitization not only induces pain directly but furthermore induces central sensitization in the spinal cord, which also indirectly contributes to pain (7, 23). In high concentrations superoxide combine with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrite, which is implicated in diabetes accompanied by motor and sensory nerve conduction deficits, in addition to peripheral nerve energy deficiency (7, 24).

High-fat diet

High-fat diet is an important risk factor for nerve conduction velocity deficit and small sensory fiber neuropathy with alimentary obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired glucose tolerance develops neuronal damage resulting from oxidative stress of lipid metabolism and indicate increased sorbitol pathway activity, oxidative-nitrosative stress, and pro-inflammatory changes in peripheral nervous system (PNS) (25, 26). This model has been used in studies on pathophysiology of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes and for development of new treatments (27).

Neuropathy produced by sciatic nerve injury

The experimental model of neuropathy produced by sciatic nerve injury in animals mimic symptoms observed in human beings with nerve injury, and this model is widely used in behavioral examination. In this model, prolonged changes in neurotransmitter and receptor expression, lead to produce central sensitization in response towards the release of numerous inflammatory and pain mediators observed, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of peripheral sensory afferents at the site of injury and also in the CNS (7).

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy is a common side effect of many classes of anti-cancer drugs, the major classes of chemotherapy drugs that induce peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) including the antitubulins (paclitaxel, docetaxel, ixabepilone, and vincristine), platinum analogs (oxaliplatin, carboplatin, and cisplatin), and the proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib and thalidomide. These drugs exert direct and indirect effects on sensory nerves to diminish the amplitude of action potential, slow conduction velocity and induce pain in patients, mainly those who experience nociceptive sensory loss through their cancer treatment (28, 29).

Research methodology

The current search was done in databases of Google Scholar, Medline and Scopus, using the following keywords: neuropathic pain, medicinal plants, phytotherapy and natural products. The search included literatures published as late as 31 April 2017.

In the present review, plants and some constituents of herbal medicine which have the potential to cure neuropathic pain have been discussed alphabetically.

For a summary of the selected experimental and human studies see and .

Table 1

Herbal medicines and their constituents tested for neuropathic pain in human studies

Table 2

Mechanisms of actions of herbal medicines against neuropathic pain in animal models

Substance	Animal model	Mechanisms of actions	References
Pterodon pubescens Benth	Partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) in mice	Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, glutamatergic receptors as well as TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels	(83)
Shanzhiside methylester	Spinal nerve injury (SNI) in rat	Microglial β-endorphin expression via p38 MAPK signaling	(15)
Emblica officinalis	Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rat	Modulation of oxidative–nitrosative stress	(21)
PMI-5011	High-fat diet-induced neuropathy in mice	Inhibition of oxidative nitrosative stress and lipoxygenase activation	(25)
Rubia cordifolia	Paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain in rat	Involvement of GABA or antioxidant mechanism	(90)
EGb 761	SNL in rat	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effect, a platelet activating factor antagonist and a protective effect against NMDA.	(66)
Ocimum sanctum	Vincristine-induced neuropathic pain in rat	Decrement of oxidative stress and calcium levels	(79)
Acorus calamus	Tibial and sural nerve transection (TST) in rat	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective actions	(31)
Acorus calamus	Chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rat	Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and calcium inhibitory actions	(32)
Acorus calamus	Vincristine-induced neuropathic pain in rat	Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and calcium inhibitory actions	(33)
Salvia officinalis	Vincristine-induced neuropathic pain in mice	Anti-inflammatory effects	(95)
Koumine	CCI in rat	Elevated allopregnanolone levels through allosteric modulation of GABAA and by suppressing the release of microglia activation-induced inflammatory cytokines	(118)
Incarvillateine	Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA), SNI and paclitaxel induced neuropathic pain in mice	Activation of the adenosine system	(114)
Curcumin	CCI in mice	Descending monoamine system (coupled with spinal β2-adrenoceptor and 5-HT1A receptor)	(44)
Curcumin	CCI in rat	Decrement the serum level of COX-2	(45)
Phyllanthus amarus	CFA, PSNL in mice	Anti-inflammatory action	(82)
Cannabis sativa	CCI in rat	Mediated by vanilloid receptors TRPV1.	(96)
Momordica charantia	TST in rat	PPAR-gamma agonistic activity, anti-inflammatory, & antioxidative effects.	(72)
lappaconitine	CCI in rat	Regulating the purinergic signaling system at DRG level	(107)
Saffron’s extracts and safranal	CCI in rat	Antioxidant effects.	(48)
MGM-16	PSNL in mice	Opioid agonistic effects	(70)
Nigella sativa and thymoquinone	STZ-induced diabetic in rat	Antioxidant actions	(76)
DA-9801	STZ induced rat/mouse diabetic, db/db mouse model	Increasing the NGF level	(111)
Naringin	STZ induced diabetic in rat	Antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity	(120)
Quercetin	STZ induced diabetic in mice	Modulation of opioidergic system	(123)

Acorus calamus

A. calamus, belongs to Araceae family, it has been used for the management of several inflammatory disorders in Indian traditional medicine (30). The hydroalcoholic extract of A. calamus (HAE-AC) has been shown to significantly attenuate thermal hyperalgesia, thermal allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia on neuropathic pain induced by tibial and sural nerve transection (TST) in rats. Moreover, a significant decrement in the superoxide anion, total calcium levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were also observed (31). Furthermore, HAE-AC decreased superoxide anion, total calcium levels and MPO activity in sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI). It also attenuated CCI induced development of painful behavioral changes including: thermal, radiant, mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal, chemical, tactile allodynia in rats (32). In other study, HAE-AC attenuated the development of painful behavioral (thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia), biochemical (rises in the levels of superoxide anion, total calcium and myeloperoxidase activity) and histological changes in vincristine-induced neuropathy in rats (33). In a further study saponin rich extract of A. calamus (20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly improved CCI-induced nociceptive pain threshold, sciatic functional and electrophysiological changes in rats (34). These effects may have been exerted probably by multiple mechanisms containing antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, calcium inhibitory activity and neuroprotective actions (31-33).

Alstonia scholaris

A. scholaris belongs to Apocyanaceae family, it has been used for treating diarrhea, dysentery, malaria, fever and cardiac diseases as well as rheumatic pains in traditional medicine (35).

Singh et al. in 2017, showed that methanol extract of A. scholaris significantly attenuated heat hyperalgesia, mechanical hyperalgesia and cold allodynia as well as protection against oxidative stress and inflammatory activity in CCI rats (36). They have suggested that the therapeutic effect of this extract may be due to the presence of kaempferol and attributed to inhibit the inflammatory cytokines and ROS production (36).

Artemisia dracunculus

Artemisia species are beneficial herbal remedies with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects (25, 37). A. dracunculus, belongs to Asteraceae family, display anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects (25, 35). PMI-5011, is an ethanolic extract of A. dracunculus. PMI-5011 normalized glycemia, improved nerve conduction slowing and sensory neuropathy, and diminished 12/15-lipoxygenase upregulation and nitrated protein expression in peripheral nervous system in rats with high-fat diet-induced neuropathy of prediabetes and obesity, potentially, by multiple mechanisms that are including the inhibition of oxidative nitrosative stress and lipoxygenase activation (25). Another study demonstrated that A. dracunculus leaf aqueous extract diminished the acute and chronic pain on fructose fed male rats (38).

Butea monosperma

B. monosperma is distributed in deciduous forest and in open areas. It has been used in traditional medicine for various therapeutic effects such as diuretic, anti-diabetic, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, arthritis, wound healing in addition to treating burning sensation of the body (39, 40). Pretreatment with B. monosperma significantly increased the behavioral (i.e. hyperalgesia and allodynic pain sensation) changes and decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total calcium levels besides increased the glutathione (GSH) levels in the sciatic nerve tissue when compared with the normal control group on vincristine-induced neuropathic pain model in rats, that may be due to its potential of neuroprotective, antioxidant and calcium channel inactivation (39). Another study investigated the ameliorative effect of ethanolic extract from leaves of B. monosperma in CCI model. Pretreatment of B. monosperma attenuated CCI induced development of histopathological, biochemical and behavioral alterations dose dependently, which is comparable to that of pregabalin pretreated group. This may be due to its potential anti-oxidative, neuroprotective and calcium channel modulatory effects of B. monosperma (40).

Citrullus colocynthis

C. colocynthis (cucurbitaceae), endemic in Southern Tunisia, in folk medicinal used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents (41). Aqueous extracts of the plant in acetic acid writhing test in mice and the carrageenan-induced paw edema assay in rats had analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects (41). More recently, in a two-arm double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial using a parallel design, sixty painful diabetic polyneuropathy (PDPN) patients were randomly allocated to treat either with a topical formulation of C. colocynthis or placebo, after 3 months the results showed that administration of a topical formulation of C. colocynthis fruit extract diminished pain in patients with PDPN (42).

Curcuma longa

C. longa, a perennial herb of the ginger family, is cultivated widely in south and southeast tropical Asia. It has been used medically for thousands of years (43). As a main constituent of C. longa, curcumin has a variety of pharmacological properties such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities (43, 44). Curcumin improved mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in CCI mice along with increasing spinal monoamine (or metabolite) contents. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) totally abolished the effects of curcumin on mechanical allodynia and p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) completely blocked the antinociceptive influence of curcumin on thermal hyperalgesia. Chronic co-treatment with the β2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551, or by acute co-treatment with the delta-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole blocked the anti-allodynic action of curcumin on mechanical stimuli. However, co-treatment with the irreversible mu-opioid receptor antangonist β-funaltrexamine acutely or with the 5-HT_1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 chronically completely abrogated the anti-hyperalgesic effect of curcumin on thermal stimuli. According to these results, the descending monoamine system (coupled with spinal β₂-adrenoceptor and 5-HT_1A receptor) for antinociceptive properties of curcumin in neuropathic pain is crucial. Delta- and mu-opioid receptors are likely rendered as downstream targets (44). In another study, curcumin reduced mechanical and cold allodynia and attenuated the serum concentration of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in CCI model of neuropathic pain in rats, that may be mediated, at least partially, by reducing the inflammatory effects of COX-2 enzyme activity (45).

Crocus sativus

C. sativus commonly known as saffron, belongs to the Iridaceae family and extensively cultivated in Iran and other countries such as India and Greece (46, 47). It is used traditionally as food and remedy for several disorders including bronchospasm, insomnia, asthma, menstruation problems, pain relief and cardiovascular disorders (48). Chemical studies have shown that most important bioactive constituents of C. sativus are crocin, crocetin, safranal and picrocrocin (49, 50). The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of saffron as well as safranal attenuated the behavioural symptones of neuropathic pain in CCI model in rats (48). Besides, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. sativus attenuated malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased GSH levels in CCI animals (51). Safranal showed an anti-nociceptive effect in chemical (formalin and acid acetic tests) methods of nociception in mice (52). Stigma extracts of C. sativus exerted anti-inflammatory effects (53). A recent study showed that saffron and crocin (30 mg/kg) reduced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, but crocin at lower dose (15 mg/kg) was ineffective to produce protective effects (54). Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. sativus as well as safranal diminished allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by (CCI) of the sciatic nerve, besides C. sativus extracts significantly decreased the lumbar spinal cord contents of MDA and proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6) (55). A more recent study showed that, saffron as an adjunctive therapy in combination with amitriptyline lead to improvement of the therapeutic outcome in the management of neuropathic pain (56).

Elaeagnus angustifolia

E. angustifolia (Elaeagnaceae) is cultivated from the northern areas of Asia to the Himalayas and Europe because of its ability to grow in a wide range of environmental conditions (57, 58). In Iranian traditional medicines, E. angustifolia fruit has been used as an analgesic agent for decreasing of pain in rheumatoid arthritis (59). E. angustifolia showed muscle relaxant (60) and anti-inflammatory (61) activity. Administration of different doses of this fruit showed significant analgesic effect on nerve ligated mice in hot plate test (57). Flavonoids have been considered the most essential components in E. angustifolia that have been related to antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities (62). Recently in a randomized controlled trial study E. angustifolia extract reduced the symptoms of osteoarthritis with an efficacy comparable to that of ibuprofen. It was also safe and well tolerated during the course of trial and no adverse effect was seen (63).

Ginkgo biloba

G. biloba is the popular herb that has shown some neuroprotective effects such as protective activity against transient and permanent focal cerebral ischemia (64) and dementia (65). The most unique constituents of the G. biloba extracts are the terpene trilactones, that are, ginkgolides and bilobalide. In a study, conducted by Kim, et al., administration of G. biloba extract, EGb 761, lead to reduction of the paw withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli and withdrawal frequencies to cold stimuli in the rat model of neuropathic pain induced by spinal nerve ligation (SNL). The beneficial effect of G. biloba extract on neuropathic pain was likely due to a combination of an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effect, a platelet activating factor antagonist and a protective effect against NMDA induced neurotoxicity (66). Administration of EGb 761, a standardized extract of G. biloba, after the third week of STZ administration for 14days reversed diabetes induced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia on STZ-induced neuropathic pain in rats by inhibiting oxidative and nitrosative stress (67).

Mitragyna speciosa

M. speciosa (Korth.) belongs to Rubiaceae family, is endemic to tropical Southeast Asia (68). The leaves of M. speciosa have been used for medicinal purposes such as relieve muscle pain and fever (69), and has long been used in Thailand for its opioid-like effects (70). 7-Hydroxymitragynine is an indole alkaloid and was found to possess the most potent opioid agonistic effects among the components isolated from the traditional herbal medicine M. speciose (70). Matsumoto et al. developed dual-acting µ- and ∆-opioid agonists MGM-15 and MGM-16 from 7-hydroxymitragynine for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. MGM-16 exhibited a higher potency than that of 7-hydroxymitragynine and MGM-15 in in vitro and in vivo assays. Also MGM-16 exhibited a high affinity for µ- and ∆-opioid receptors both in vitro and in vivo tests. Systemic administration of MGM-16 caused antinociceptive effects in a mouse acute pain model and antiallodynic effects in a neuropathic pain model in mice (70). A recent study demonstrated that M. speciosa produced antinociceptive effects similar to the reference opioid agonists (69).

Momordica charantia

M. charantia (Cucurbitaceae) grows in Asia, Africa, and Latin America and is used traditionally as food and remedy for several disorders such as asthma and anaemia (71). Administration of M. charantia significantly attenuated TST induced behavioral alterations including cold, mechanical, and heat hyperalgesia, dynamic mechanical allodynia, and cold allodynia in rats. Furthermore, treatment of M. charantia also prevents TST-induced rise in nerve tissue TNF-alpha and TBARS contents. It is speculated that PPAR-gamma agonistic effect, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative potential is critical for antinociceptive effect of M. charantia in neuropathic pain (72).

Nigella sativa

N. sativa is an annual flowering plant belonging to the Ranunculaceae family (73, 74). It consists of more than 30% fixed oil and 0. 4%-0.45% volatile oil. The volatile oil have 18.4%–24% thymoquinone (TQ) (75, 76). N. sativa and TQ caused a significant reduction in elevated serum glucose and increased the lowered serum insulin concentration. They also increased the level of insulin immunoreactive β-cells. The histologic evaluation of the tissues in diabetic animals treated with TQ and especially N. sativa exhibited fewer morphologic alterations. The results are attributed to its direct and indirect antioxidant actions of TQ and especially N. sativa (76). Another study showed that administration of TQ significantly improved behavioral signs and apoptotic factors also oxidative effects of neuropathic pain in CCI rats (77). In a study conducted by Tewari et al., N. sativa showed significant analgesic effects on cisplatin induced neuropathic pain in rats (78).

Ocimum sanctum

O. sanctum is an indigenous plant commonly found in India and is recommended in the Ayurveda to treat various diseases such as arthritis and painful eye diseases (79). Treatment with O. sanctum attenuated sciatic nerve transection-induced axonal degeneration, decrement of nociceptive threshold and motor in-coordination. Furthermore, it also attenuated axotomy-induced increase in TBARS, total calcium and diminution in GSH levels (80). In another study treatment with O. sanctum and its saponin rich fraction significantly attenuated vincristine-induced increase in the withdrawal duration of the hind paw in response to non-noxious cold stimuli and noxious mechanical stimuli and significantly decreased the vincristine-induced increase in oxidative stress markers and total calcium levels in vincristine-induced neuropathic pain in rats, which may be attributed to diminution in oxidative stress and calcium levels (79). A recent study showed that O. sanctum has potential effects in attenuating painful neuropathic state in CCI-induced peripheral neuropathy, and saponins may be the key chemical class responsible for its useful effect in neuropathic pain. Besides, the authors suggested that the pain relieving effects of O. sanctum and its saponin rich fraction may be via to attenuation of nerve injury inciting agent-induced increased contents of calcium and free radicals (81).

Phyllanthus amarus

The plants belonging to the genus Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) have more than 600 species, which are extensively distributed in most tropical and subtropical countries (82). Several species from the genus Phyllanthus are extensively used in traditional medicine, in several countries, to treat of numerous diseases including flu, dropsy, diabetes, jaundice and bladder calculus (82). The hexanic extract of P. amarus inhibited the mechanical allodynia in mice after the partial ligation of the sciatic nerve, with a quite similar efficacy to that obtained with gabapentin. Administration of hexanic extract inhibited the increase of MPO activity, either following intraplantar injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) or after partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) partly via the anti-inflammatory actions (82). It has been suggested that the antihyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of P.amarus in a model of chronic musculoskeletal inflammatory pain are mediated through spinal or supraspinal neuronal mechanisms, principally by inhibition of PGE2 (73).

Pterodon pubescens Benth.

P. pubescens Benth. (Leguminosae) is a tree native to central Brazil that has been used in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic and analgesic activities (83).

The hexane fraction of the ethanolic extract of the fruits of P. pubescens Benth induced anti-inflammatory effects in two animal models including: carrageenan-induced inflammatory reaction in the pleural cavity and complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis (84). Administration of ethanolic extract from P. pubescens fruits (EEPp) causes significant inhibition of mechanical and thermal (heat and cold) hyperalgesia induced by PSNL in mice (83). Also, oral administration of EEPp diminished nociceptive behavior induced by intrathecal injection of TRPV1 and TRPA1channels activators (capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde, respectively). The treatment with EEPp inhibited the nociceptive behavior responses induced by the following intrathecal injections with glutamate, kainate, NMDA and trans-ACPD. In addition, EEPp also inhibited the nociceptive behavior responses induced by intrathecal injection of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α andIL-1β). These effects may be mediated at least in part, by the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, glutamatergic receptors as well as TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels (83).

Rosmarinus officinalis

R. officinalis commonly known as rosemary, belongs to Labiatae family. This plant has been used in traditional medicine for several disorders such as dysmenorrhea and rheumatic pain (85). Rosemary is rich in caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid, carnosic acid and carnosol compounds (86). Administration of rosmarinic acid and ethanolic extract of R. officinalis decreased contents of spinal inflammatory markers comprising matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2), COX2, IL-1b and PGE- 2 in CCI rats (87). The ethanolic extract of aerial parts of R. officinalis significantly diminished the amounts of glial activity, inflammation, and apoptosis markers in CCI rats (88).

Rubia cordifolia

R. cordifolia (Rubiaceae) is an ayurvedic herb. Common names of this plant are Indian madder, majit and manjishtha. It is distributed all over the lower hills of Himalayas in the North and Western Ghats in the Peninsula, Ceylon, South India, Japan, Indonesia, Java and in tropical Africa moist temperate and tropical forests (89). Generally root, leaves, fruits, stem etc. of the plant R. cordifolia are used for their therapeutic properties such as analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities (89). Patel et al. investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant. They showed that methanolic extract of the root of R. cordifolia significantly reduced in the paw edema produced by the carrageenan and increased the reaction time in tail flick test (89). In a further study, administration of alcoholic extract of roots and rhizomes of R. cordifolia significantly decreased withdrawal latency in cold allodynia method and withdrawal latency in the hot plate method in paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain in rats. The results may be because of the involvement of GABA or antioxidant mechanism (90).

Salvia officinalis

S. officinalis (sage, also called garden sage, or common sage) (family: Lamiaceae) can be found worldwide. This plant is suitable to relive of unilateral headaches and headaches with neurological origin (91). The different extracts of S. officinalis in enzyme dependent and enzyme-independent lipid peroxidation systems showed an antioxidant activity (92) and anti-inflammatory properties (28). Qnais and colleagues demonstrated that the aqueous and butanol extracts of S. officinalis increased the latency on hot-plate assay and showed antinociceptive response in both phases of formalin and the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats (93). The hydroalcoholic extract of S. officinalis leaves presents significant anti-inflammatory as well as antinociceptive effects on chemical behavioral models of nociception that involves an opioid mechanism. Furthermore, carnosol and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid contained in this plant appears to contribute for the antinociceptive effect of the extract, probably via a modulatory effect on TRPA1-receptors (94). In another in vivo study the hydroalcoholic extract of S. officinalis elicited anti-inflammatory effects and decreased pain response on vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathic pain in mice (95). Salvigenin (5-Hydroxy-6,7,4’-trimethoxy flavones) is one of the active flavonoids found in this plant. Salvigenin in a dose dependent manner demonstrated a significant analgesic effect like morphine (91).

Constituents of herbal medicine with protective effect against neuropathy

A9-Tetrahydrocannabinol/Cannabidiol (THC/CBD)

Cannabis sativa has a long history of use as a medicinal agent (96). THC/CBD is derived from strains of C. sativa plant developed to produce high and reproducible yields of THC and CBD, with trace quantities of other cannabinoids and terpenes in a solution having ethanol, propylene glycol, and peppermint oil flavoring. THC and CBD contain ≥ 90% of the total cannabinoid content of the extracts (97). THC/CBD display many pharmacologic effects such as anti-inflammatory, appetite stimulant and antiemetic effects (96). THC/CBD has been approved in Canada as adjunctive treatment for the symptomatic improve of neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis (MS) in adults (97). The standardized extract of C. sativa evoked a total relief of thermal hyperalgesia, in CCI model in rat, that was mediated by vanilloid receptors TRPV1 (96). A phase II randomized clinical trial study showed that administration of active cannabis ranging in potency between 1 and 8% D-9-tetrahydrocannabinol significantly reduced neuropathic pain intensity in HIV-associated distal sensory predominant polyneuropathy (DSPN). These results showed that cannabinoid therapy may be an effective choice for pain relief in patients with medically intractable pain due to HIV-associated DSPN with mild and self-limited side effects (98). Moreover, in randomized controlled trials THC/CBD was effective in patients with central neuropathic pain and MS who completed -2 years of treatment with no evidence of tolerance (97). Also Johnson et al. in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial study showed that THC/CBD is a useful adjunctive treatment for relief of pain in patients with intractable cancer-related pain who experience inadequate analgesia despite chronic opioid therapy (99). Same authors in an open-label extension study showed that long-term use of THC/CBD spray relieved cancer-related pain and generally well tolerated in advanced cancer patients. Moreover, patients who kept using the study medication did not seek to increase their dose of THC/CBD spray over time (100). Recently, in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study administration of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain clinically improved their pain, sleep quality and global impression of change in the severity of their condition (101). More recently in a multicenter, open-label, follow-on study THC/CBD spray was beneficial for the majority of patients that have peripheral neuropathic pain associated with diabetes or allodynia. THC/CBD spray was well tolerated during the study period and also patients did not seek to increase their dose over time, with no new safety concerns arising from long-term use (102).

Lappaconitine

Since ancient times, preparations of various species of Aconitum have been widely used. Aconitine and related alkaloids, derived from Aconitum species, had various pharmacological effect such as analgesic and anti-inflammatory (103, 104). Treatment with Aconitum (including both Radix aconite
preparata and Radix aconite kusnezoffii), mixture with Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Tang (i.e., astragalus, cassia twig, white peony root, and spatholobi) in the four diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain subjects, lead to remarkably reduction of pain and the EMG profile was also improved. Adverse reactions were not observed during the therapy (105). Lappaconitine (LA) is aconitum alkaloid that extracted from the root of the plant Aconitum species. LA has been used as analgesic for centuries in the world, especially in China and Japan (106). Administration of LA showed inhibitory effect on the nociceptive behaviors induced by CCI, diminished the expression of the P2X₃ receptors in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and inhibited the fast I_ATP and I_a,β-meATP in the DRG neurons of the CCI rats via regulating the purinergic signaling system at DRG level (107).

DA-9801

DA-9801 is a botanical drug, extracted from Dioscorea species including: D. rhizoma and D. nipponica Makino (108). Many species of Dioscorea have traditionally been used clinically in Asia to treat numerous syndromes associated with metabolic disorders. Besides, the extracts of the Dioscorea species had antidiabetic and antiobesity effects (108-110).

Administration of DA-9801 improved damage produced by diabetic neuropathy by increasing the levels of NGF in plasma and the sciatic nerve and showed improvement on nerve conduction velocity and recovery from neuronal degeneration in STZ rat/mouse diabetic models and in db/db mouse model (111). Another study demonstrated that oral treatment with DA-9801 decreased the blood glucose contents and increased the withdrawal latencies in hot plate procedures. Furthermore, it prevented nerve injury based on increased nerve conduction velocity and ultrastructural changes (108).

Goshajinkigan

In Japan, TJ-107 (Goshajinkigan) is a complex drug containing 10 medicinal herbs that has been commonly prescribed to improve symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy for example numbness, cold sensation, and paresthesias/dysesthesia. In a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, oral administration of TJ-107 had acceptable margins of safety and tolerability and a promising influence in delaying the onset of grade 2 or greater oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity in colorectal cancer patients treated with oxaliplatin (112).

In a randomized open-labeled clinical trial study, long-term administration of Goshajinkigan showed beneficial effects on macrovascular diseases, retinopathy or nephropathy in type 2 diabetic mellitus patients (113).

Incarvillateine

Incarvillea sinensis is a big noniaceae plant distributed in Northern China. It has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for treatment of rheumatism, bruises and wounds. It also is effective in decreasing pain and inflammation in traditional Chinese medicine (114). Incarvillateine is considered the major active constituent of this plant. Administration of incarvillateine attenuated formalin-induced pain in mice with a higher potency than morphine (115). Furthermore, the antinociceptive action of incarvillateine attenuated by non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, non-selective opioid receptor antagonist, and μ and κ opioid receptor antagonists (116). Administration of incarvillateine in a dose-dependent manner decreased acetic acid-induced writhing and also inhibited both thermal hyperalgesia and paw edema, and increased interleukin-1β levels in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant model. Furthermore, incarvillateine reduced mechanical allodynia induced by SNI or paclitaxel. Additionally, incarvillateine-induced antinociception was reduced by theophylline, 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine, and 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine, but not naloxone. It seems the mechanism of antinociceptive effects are mediated by adenosine receptors, but not the opioid receptor system (114).

Koumine

Gelsemium is a genus of the family Loganiaceae, G. elegans Benth. has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine to relieve pain, inflammation, and cancer (117). Koumine is an alkaloid monomer found abundantly in Gelsemium plants (118). Koumine attenuated tactile allodynia, improve sensory nerve conduction, and mitigate the pathology of sciatic nerves in STZ-induced diabetic rats (119). In another study koumine suppressed thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia more potently than gabapentin in CCI rats (118).

Upregulation of allopregnanolone induced significant analgesia, indicating that allopregnanolone in the spinal cord (SC) may be an essential key modulator of neuropathic pain. 3α-Hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (3α-HSOR) is responsible for allopregnanolone upregulation in the SC. The activity of 3α-HSOR in the SC of koumine-treated CCI rats increased by 15.8% as compared to untreated CCI rats. Also, the intrathecal injection of medroxyprogesterone acetate, a selective 3α-HSOR inhibitor, dose-dependently reversed the analgesic effect of koumine on CCI-induced mechanical pain perception. The authors suggested that koumine altered 3α-HSOR-regulated allopregnanolone levels in the SC of rat. Elevated allopregnanolone levels may exert analgesic effects through allosteric modulation of GABA_A and by suppressing the release of microglia activation-induced inflammatory cytokines (118).

Naringin

Naringin, a flavanone-7-O-glycoside derived from grape fruit and related citrus species, has metal-chelating, antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects (120). Administration of naringin increased the level of nociceptive threshold, endogenous antioxidant and membrane bound inorganic phosphate enzyme. It also diminished the oxidative–nitrosative stress level, inflammatory mediators as well as apoptosis in neural cells in STZ induced diabetic neuropathic pain. The results may be due to antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity of naringin (120).

In a recent study naringin in a dose dependent manner reduced the mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia induced by SNL, as well as markedly inhibited peripheral neuropathy-induced activation of glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) (121). Naringin significantly increased PPARγ expression and superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents, reduced MDA contents, and improved the activities of main inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the STZ induced diabetic rats (122).

Quercetin

Quercetin is a phenolic compound extensively distributed in the plant kingdom. It is found in frequently consumed foods, including berries, onions, apples, tea and brassica vegetables. Quercetin has several beneficial effects on human health such as cardiovascular protection and anti-inflammatory effects (123). Administration of quercetin significantly increased in tail-flick latencies in both diabetic and nondiabetic mice. Quercetin-induced increase in nociceptive threshold was reversed by an opioid receptor antagonist (naloxone) in nondiabetic and diabetic mice. The protective effect of quercetin was probably mediated via modulation of opioidergic mechanism in STZ induced diabetic mice (123). Another study showed that quercetin can alleviate high glucose-induced damage to Schwann cells by autophagy (124). In one study, quercetin reduced renal damage including: epithelial desquamation, swelling, intracytoplasmic vacuolization, brush border loss and peritubular infiltration in STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy rats (125). A recent study showed that the effect of quercetin was significantly superior to gabapentin and morphine in terms of improving mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in a rat model of CCI (126).

Many Plants Offer Options for Natural Pain Relief

Much like the marijuana plant, herbs such as arnica, bromelain, and evening primrose oil can also provide pain-relieving effects.

with Ilene Ruhoy, MD, and Nancy Cotter, MD, FACN, CNS

Although cannabis continues to make most of the health headlines, other plant options for pain management may get their day in the sun as more patients seek alternatives to opioids and pharmaceuticals in general.

“I don’t think anyone can argue with the state of pharmacologic analgesia today,” says Ilene Ruhoy, MD, PhD, a neurologist and founder of the Center for Healing Neurology in Seattle, Washington. “The opioid crisis is one thing — 130 people a day die from opiate overdose in the United States,”  she says, “but even with non-opiate type medications, some are still habit-forming, many have a suboptimal response, and almost all have side effects, some of which can persist. It is important to note plants have been used for generations for a wide range of medicinal purposes including pain.”  

Dr. Ruhoy gave a presentation on plant-based pain relief at the 2019 annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN). Her discussion included some plants that have been the subjects of clinical studies for pain relief but are not yet approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)—see details below.

“I was happy about how excited a large group of my fellow neurologists were at learning about plant-based analgesia overall,” Dr. Ruhoy says. “I have been practicing integrative neurology for several years now and was really inspired by others at the annual meeting. There was quite a bit of interest in cannabis since it is such a hot topic these days, but many were interested to discuss an overall plan of combination of plants instead of reliance on just cannabis,” she notes.

Evening primrose oil has been shown to help repair nerve damage, thus relieving certain types of relieve pain. (Source: 123RF)

Besides Marijuana, What Plants Can Help Relieve Pain?

Different plants have shown some ability to relieve specific types of pain, according to Dr. Ruhoy’s AAN talk. Arnica, for example, is an herb with a long history as an ingredient in topical pain relief products. Bromelain, an enzyme extracted from pineapple juice, has been used to treat pain and muscle spasms, while capsaicin, the ingredient that makes hot peppers hot, also has been used for pain relief. Devil’s claw, an herb related to sesame, has shown some effectiveness for relieving arthritis pain, as well as fever and indigestion. Evening primrose oil, extracted from the seeds of the evening primrose plant, has shown success in repairing nerve damage.

Of note, turmeric, the common cooking spice related to ginger and similarly ground from a root, has drawn attention in the rheumatology community as a treatment for the pain associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Turmeric is one of the few plant pain products that has been studied in multiple clinical trials, and a meta-analysis published in the Journal of Medicinal Food showed that approximately 1,000 mg/day of curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, was effective for relieving arthritis pain. Read more about turmeric for arthritis.

Plant-Based Pain Relief: How to Get Started

Individuals living with chronic pain who want to explore plant-based pain treatments can keep it simple, says Dr. Ruhoy. “Patients should ask their doctors about recommendations of non-pharmacologic options for pain control. Questions should include what plants work best for their type of pain, what plants work synergistically for optimal effect, and how they can best to be used.”

While she has seen patients benefit from using plant-based medicines under her supervision, she hopes that more randomized, controlled trials will be conducted to provide doctors with reliable evidence so they can feel more confident about plants as pain relievers. “These types of studies are large, costly, and often burdensome, but they are so important in medicine,” she emphasizes, noting that she, among others, who incorporate plant-based medicine have taken courses over the years to learn more of herbal preparations and that provides a comfort level when recommending use to patients.

Appropriate use is the key if you are considering plant-based medicine for pain, agrees Nancy Cotter, MD, FACN, CNS. Remember that “natural” is not the same as “safe,” says Dr. Cotter, the physician lead for integrative health at the Veterans Administration (VA) and an assistant clinical professor of physical medicine and rehabilitation at Rutgers’ New Jersey Medical School.

Consult with a medical professional when you are dealing with a significant health condition, she emphasizes, “It is important to know about synergy [that is, the combined effects] among ingredients, side effects, and drug-nutrient interactions.” Even patients simply seeking pain relief should get advice from a nutritionist, physician, or another healthcare provider, says Dr. Cotter. “They can save you time in terms of sequencing and combining treatments, and using quality nutrients from quality sources.”

When patients are able to find the right fit, the benefits of plant-based medicines include “significant reduction in pain, increased vitality, and return to wellbeing,” Dr. Cotter says.

However, she points out that supplements are just that—supplemental—to a supportive diet and lifestyle. “The most successful approach in chronic pain is a multimodality plan, including nutrition, movement, mind-body and structural approaches,” she advises. 

Helpful Resources

The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) at the National Institutes of Health cites nonpharmacologic management of pain as one of its top research priorities, and their HerbList mobile app offers users the latest science-based information on herbs and herbal products. The NCCIH website offers fact sheets on a range of herbs, as well as a place to download the app(nccih.nih.gov/health/herbsataglance.htm).

For more information about plants for pain relief, Dr. Ruhoy also suggests the website of  Tieraona Low Dog, MD (drlowdog.com), as well as Natural Medicines (Naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com), a subscription-only site that allows users to search herbs and natural supplements for information about effectiveness and potential interactions with other medications.

More on avocado soy and turmeric for inflammation and joint pain

More on medical marijuana and CBD for pain

Updated on: 07/08/19

Turmeric: The Key to Inflammatory & Arthritis Pain?

Natural Pain Management | Yellow Emperor

Introduction

While people may choose natural and alternative medicine for countless different health conditions and reasons, it is becoming very common to seek alternative treatments for pain management. Unlike other health issues, pain is extremely common and happens to everyone in different forms throughout their lifetime. Since pain is so common, many people may not want to put chemicals into their bodies each time they want to heal some type of pain. Additionally, healthcare can be very expensive, so it is not always worth the cost to see a doctor, especially when the pain is relatively mild. Pain medication can also be very addictive, and have other harmful side effects, so natural treatments can seem like a safer option. Depending on an individual’s needs, there are various different types of alternative pain treatments including herbal remedies, acupuncture, and home remedies such as stretching or applying heat.

Herbal Remedies 

While there are alternatives to conventional pain medication, one of the most popular natural pain treatment option is herbal remedies. Below is a list of herbs that are commonly used to treat pain:

• Capsaicin: derived from hot chili peppers, used topically, works by depleting “substance P” which is a compound that conveys the pain sensation from the peripheral to the central nervous system
• Ginger: contains phytochemicals that help stop inflammation
• Feverfew: has been used for centuries to treat headaches, stomachaches, and toothaches
• Turmeric: a spice that is used to relieve arthritis pain and heartburn, and reduces inflammation. It contains the active ingredient, curcumin, which is an antioxidant
• Ginseng: used for fibromyalgia
• Kava kava: to treat tension headaches
• Valerian root: muscle spasms and cramps
• Saint John’s Wort: sciatica, arthritis, and neuropathic pain
•  Willow bark: eases inflammation, reduces fever
•  Cloves: contains the active ingredient, eugenol, which is a natural pain reliever often used in over the counter topical pain treatments.

The majority of these herbs are consumed in a tea, tincture, or in their dried form. Furthermore, some herbs can be made into topical remedies. For example, many athletes, or people who suffer from muscle pain might use an arnica cream to topically treat their pain. Arnica is a perennial yellow-orange flower that grows in the mountains of Europe and Siberia. The flower is made into creams and ointments to treat muscle soreness and aches, bruising, joint pain and swelling, and inflammation (Healthline, 2017).

Alternative Therapies

In addition to herbal treatments, people can seek the help of a natural medicine practitioner such as an acupuncturist. Acupuncture has been practiced for thousands of years in China, and is now practiced regularly all over the world. The practice involves the science of pressure points in which the acupuncturist inserts needles into specific parts of the body in order to relieve pain (National Institute of Health 2016). Scientific studies have been performed suggesting that acupuncture is a very effective method of treating and easing chronic pain in the lower back, neck, and knees. It is also often used to treat nausea from morning sickness during pregnancy as well as other stomach issues and headaches.

There are also natural pain remedies that can be performed at home. For example, there is research that shows yoga can be used to treat and prevent pain, or hot and cold compresses can be applied to reduce soreness.  Other types of exercise may be recommended for pain management and while it may seem counterintuitive, avoidance of exercise can actually be detrimental.

Cost of Pain in USA

According to a 2008 study performed by the Institute of Medicine Committee, over 100,000 adults in the US suffer from chronic pain. These statistics only account for diagnosable chronic pain, and do not include the number of people who seek treatment for mild or temporary pain. The total cost of healthcare due to pain is around $200-300 billion per year, which is higher than the cost of heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. When including days of work missed, hours of work lost, and lower wages, the total cost of pain to society is closer to $635 billion (National Institute of Health). This number also does not measure the emotional pain and distress that can come from having pain, and the physical toll pain medication can have on the body.

Not only does pain treatment cost a significant amount of money, but treating pain can lead to severe personal and societal effects. Many pain medications are highly addictive, so even people who are treating a short-term or acute condition can ultimately suffer lifelong consequences because of addiction. Studies have shown that prescription drug addiction can often lead to the use of hard drugs such as heroin. In fact, 86% of people seeking help for heroin addiction reported having used prescription pain killers in the past (NIC 2014). Heroin and prescription opioids have similar chemical properties, so they produce very similar effects. Therefore, people who are addicted to prescription pain medication may begin using heroin instead because it is cheaper and more accessible.

Conclusion

Regardless of the reason for choosing an alternative treatment for pain, it is clear that there is a need within the natural products industry to create products intended for pain management. The use of prescription pain medication can lead to immediate health and financial problems, but can also very easily cause bigger issues such as heroin addiction. Sometimes prescription drugs are the best option for pain treatment because of level of pain, circumstance, or personal choice, but natural remedies are available and should be considered. Therefore, it is important for the natural products industry to recognize the effects of prescription drugs and provide accessible alternatives.

Sources:

https://nccih.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/introduction#hed2

https://www.everydayhealth.com/pain-management/natural-pain-remedies.aspx

https://www.healthline.com/health/pain-management/arnica

https://www.healthline.com/health/pain-relief/surprising-natural-pain-killers

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92521/

https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/relationship-between-prescription-drug-heroin-abuse/prescription-opioid-use-risk-factor-heroin-use

90,000 7 herbs for pain

Are you suffering from back pain? Have you worked all weekend and wake up with back pain on Monday morning? Do you prefer to avoid expensive and sometimes dangerous prescription drugs? Then this article is for you, we will describe the most effective herbs that are used to relieve pain.

There are many causes of back pain, the most common of which are obesity, poor posture and lack of exercise.

The use of herbs for the treatment of pain has been used by mankind for many centuries, thousands of studies have been carried out on this topic, but still do not forget to discuss, if possible, with your doctor the upcoming herbal and spice treatment in order to avoid any adverse interactions on the body.For example, because turmeric and ginger have blood thinning properties, for those who are going to have surgery, the use of such herbs is simply dangerous.

7 herbs for pain relief

Willow bark

The bark of the white willow (Salix alba) was used to treat pain by the ancient Greeks over 2,400 years ago. American Indians throughout North America used it as a pain reliever even before the arrival of European colonists. Research into salicin, the pain reliever found in willow, led to the discovery of aspirin in 1899.The most important active ingredient in willow bark is salicin, but other anti-inflammatory ingredients in willow also have analgesic effects.

White willow is recommended for use as it contains the maximum amount of anti-inflammatory components, but other types can also be used.

Clove oil

This is a popular home remedy for toothache. Apply a drop or two of this excellent anti-inflammatory directly to the aching tooth or cavity.

Ginger root

Ginger is used to treat various types of pain in traditional medicine in China and India. It is an important pain reliever in modern Arabic medicine. Ginger contains 12 different aromatic anti-inflammatory compounds capable of relieving pain and has virtually no contraindications.

Rosemary

Drinking rosemary tea is a pain reliever used in modern Hispanic folk medicine in Mexico and Latin America.Rosemary leaves also contain four anti-inflammatory substances – calnosols, oleanolic acid, rosmarinic acid, and ursolic acid. Kalnozols acts on anti-inflammatory processes like steroids and aspirin (this substance is still little studied and there is practically no mention of it in the domestic literature).

Oregano Herb

Oregano (Oregano), Rosemary (Medicinal Rosemary) and Thyme are herbs that are used as spices, do not hesitate to add them to your dishes when cooking.These spices have the following properties: pain relieving, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory. (Oregano alone has 32 anti-inflammatory components in its chemical composition.) By the way, Rosemary and Oregano have proven themselves very well as an addition to tea.

Peppermint

Menthol and camphor compounds are found in many pain medications. Menthol is a natural constituent of almost all types of mint, especially peppermint. Camphor can be found in lavender, hyssop, and coriander.

Feverfew

Maiden chamomile as it is popularly called – from the herb of feverfew, a good remedy for headaches and periodic female pains is obtained, it has one drawback, feverfew is very bitter.

Herbs and plants can be bought in our store.

More Articles on Pain Management: The Healing Properties of Fennel Seeds | Reducing labor pain with dill research.

Available herbs 2017

Medicinal plants

Herbal treatment is an ancient art, rooted in the depths of centuries.Even 6000 years ago, in ancient Mesopotamia, they were treated with medicinal tinctures and herbal decoctions. The very first official data on the use of miraculous plants was found in China, around 2700 BC. There is an opinion that herbal tea or tincture can be used for treatment, but the list of medicinal products that can be prepared from medicinal plants is much wider. It can be oil, ointment, balm, extract, secret. Each medicinal plant is unique, it gives us the forces of nature itself.But it is important to know from which disease which herbs can be used.

Antiparasitic agents:

• Special tonic chanterelle for helminthiasis
• Sesame oil
• Wormwood
• ASD-2 candles
• Capsules (suppositories) Chanterelle rectal 10 x 0.8 gr. Sashera
• Herbs: Knotweed (Highlander bird), Tansy, Wormwood, Pumpkin seeds

Allergy:

• Alfit No. 15 Antiallergic 60 brick
• Apricot oil
• ASD-2 fraction
• ASD-2 candles

Varricose:

• Alfit No. 18 Thrombophlebitis 60 brick
• Two lines venokrepin phytogel for feet 125 ml
• Resin with pollen 100 ml
• Thais Slavyanskaya 240 ml / cream
• Peanut butter 100 ml

Vitamins and Minerals:

• Stone oil (Brakshun) 30 gr.
• Healing Herbs: Hibiscus
• Flint 150 gr. Natural Healer
• Shungite

Hemorrhoids:

• Stone oil (Brakshun) 30 gr.
• Mummy rectal-vaginal 10 pcs. 1.0 gr.
• Thais Slavyanskaya 240 ml / cream
• Phytol 5 hemorrhoid cream 75 gr.
• Hemp oil capsules 100 pcs.
• Sesame oil
• Herbs: Poplar buds

Longevity and Rejuvenation:

• Dan`Yu Pa-Vli Root of life, capsules No. 20, 0.5 g each.
• Cedar oil

Stomach and intestines (various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, gastritis, stomach ulcer):

• Alfit No. 14 Gastrointestinal 60 brick
• Cedar resin with stone oil 100 ml
• Bee propolis (purified tabletted 70%) 15 gr
• Stone oil (Brakshun) 30 gr
• Apricot oil
• Peanut butter 100 ml.
• Hemp oil capsules 100 pcs
• Sesame oil
• Sea buckthorn oil
• Milk thistle oil
• Rosehip oil capsule
• Ivan-tea
• Cedar oil
• Herbs: Chaga, Calamus, St. John’s wort, Calendula, Oregano, Yarrow, Elecampane, Medium starweed (wood lice), Dandelion root, Peony dodging root
• Flower pollen (bee pollen), Senna leaf
• ASD-2 fraction
• ASD-2 candles
• Amaranth oil

Women’s diseases (thrush, cyst, cystitis, inflammation, discomfort, itching):

• Alfit No. 09 Mastopathy para-bank
• Zhivitsa with boron uterus 100 ml
• Drops “Beaver’s Secret” with a red brush for women 50 ml
• Mummy rectal-vaginal 10 pcs.1.0 g each
• Tampons for women Beautiful Life 1 piece
• Phytol 1 mastopathic cream 75 gr.
• Alfit No. 13 Climatic 60 brick
• Dan`Yu Pa-Vli Oil for candidiasis 50 ml
• Sea buckthorn oil
• Medicinal herbs: Borovaya uterus, Grushanka, Red brush, Knotweed (bird’s Highlander), Meadowsweet (Labaznik).
• ASD-2 fraction
• ASD-2 candles
• Amaranth oil
• Gynecological herbal tea

Diseases of the ENT organs (ear, throat, nose, sinusitis, sore throat, painful swallowing, pneumonia, tonsillitis, acute respiratory viral infections, acute respiratory infections, flu, ear diseases, ear inflammation, nasopharynx):

• Vetom Nozdrin probiotic spray bottle 10 ml.
• Dan’Yu Pa-Vli Green cosmetic oil, with ODS (internal / external) 12 ml
• Propolis tincture (12%) 50ml
• Bear fat 100 ml
• Biofar extract “Siberian fir Sibex” 100 ml
• Vetom Nozdrin Probiotic spray bottle 10 ml
• Medicinal herbs: Oregano, Angelica officinalis, Medium starweed (wood lice), Narrow-leaved fireweed, Clover (grass), Lespedetsa kopeckchnikovaya, Violet grass
• Drops Organello Master-Nose 10 ml.Sashera,
• Propolis tincture
• Dog fat

Skin, hair, nails health (improvement, strengthening, healthy hair, nails, skin):

• Vitaprinol hair mask with honey 250 ml
• Mival cream 100 ml. + Florasilik 150 ml
• Gum with aloe 100 ml
• Peanut butter 100 ml.
• Watermelon oil 100 ml
• Mival cream
• Grape seed oil
• Wheat germ oil 100 ml
• Hemp oil capsules 100 pcs
• Sesame oil
• ASD-2 fraction
• Mink fat
• ASD-2 candles
• Vitaprinol hair mask with honey 250 ml
• Propolis ointment 20% with mummy
• Herbs: Mother-and-Stepmother, Root Peony, Tripartite Train

Vision (vision aids, eyes, visual acuity, improve vision, myopia, hyperopia):

• Resin with pollen 100 ml
• Pankov’s balm drops for eyes 10 ml
• Amaranth oil
• Drops Organello Master-Gene for eyes
• Herbs: Blueberry shoots, Ochanka

Teeth and gums:

• Dan “Yu Pa-Vli Cosmetic green.oil 12 ml
• Gum with St. John’s wort 100 ml
• Propolis tincture (12%) 50ml
• Amaranth oil
• Herbs: Plantain

Immunity:

• Alfit No. 01 Immunomodulating 60 brick
• 30% cedar resin with cedar oil 100
• Flower pollen (bee pollen) 100 gr
• Peanut butter 100 ml.
• Grape seed oil Walnut oil
• Wheat germ oil 100 m
• Rosehip oil capsule
• Peanut butter 100 ml.
• Black cumin oil
• Altai mummy purified “Mountain Grace” 100g
• Organello Drops Master-Immunity 10 ml. Sashera
• Kedrovitin
• Dehydroquercetin
• Spirulina
• Herbs: Kuril tea, Echinacea purple herb, Ginseng, Sagan Daila

Bones and joints (diseases of bones and joints, arthritis, arthrosis, osteoparosis, osteomyelitis):

• Alfit No. 07 Joints 60 brick
• Cedar resin with mummy 100 ml
• Zhivitsa with saber 100 ml
• Sustarad Kartemia, capsules No. 30, 0.5 g each
• Sustarad cream 150 ml
• Altai mummy
• Dan`Yu Pa-Vli Root of Life, capsules No. 20, 0.5 g each
• ASD-2 fraction
• Amaranth oil
• Sustarad cream
• Herbs: Sabelnik, Tavolga (Labaznik)

Lungs and bronchi (various diseases of the pulmonary system: bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pneumonia):

• Zhivitsa with badger fat 100 ml
• Cedar resin with propolis 100 ml
• Bee Perga 100 gr
• Bee propolis (purified tabletted 70%) 15 gr
• Badger fat
• Hemp oil capsules 100 pieces
• Sesame oil
• Peach oil
• Cedarwood oil
• Tea Yixuan Bronchodilator
• Biofar extract “Siberian fir Sibex” 100 ml
• ASD-2 fraction
• Herbs: Mother and stepmother, Licorice, Marshmallow root, Eucalyptus, Pine buds, Lavender, Thyme, St. John’s wort, Icelandic moss (Cetraria)

Genitourinary system:

• Watermelon oil 100 ml
• Hemp oil capsules 100 pcs
• Milk thistle oil
• ASD-2 fraction
• ASD-2 candles
• Castokrin beaver jet capsules 56 * 0.5 gr
• Healing herbs: Hanging birch, Golden rod grass, Nettle leaf, Aspen bark, Poplar buds

Male diseases (prostatitis, dysfunction, pain, adenoma)

• Alfit No. 20 Prostatic 60 brick
• Zhivitsa with beaver stream 100 ml
• Materia BPC Kastokrin beaver jet capsules 56 * 0.5 gr
• Bee perga 100 gr
• Watermelon oil 100 ml
• Wheat germ oil 100 ml
• Androgeron capsules (potency) 6 cap
• ASD-2 fraction
• ASD-2 candles
• Castokrin beaver jet capsules 56 * 0.5 gr
• Herbs: Echinacea purpurea herb

Nervous system (anxiety, anxiety, stress):

• Resin with pollen 100 ml
• Bee Perga 100 gr Apricot oil
• Peanut butter 100 ml.
• Watermelon oil 100 ml
• Wheat germ oil 100 ml
• Hemp oil capsules 100 pcs
• Healing herbs: Ginkgo biloba, Angelica officinalis, Melissa medicinal herb, Peppermint, Mistletoe, Peony evading root, Cyanus blue (herb), Chicory root

Cleansing the body of toxins, toxins, detox:

• Bee perga 100 gr
• Wheat germ oil 100 ml
• Sesame oil
• ASD-2 candles
• Biotechnology Konjac capsules 60 * 350 mg.

Liver and pancreas (cholecystitis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, dyskinesia):

• Zhivitsa with artichoke 100 ml
• Bee perga 100 gr
• Dan’Yu Pa-Vli Root of life, capsules No. 20, 0.5 g each
• Peanut butter 100 ml
• Watermelon oil 100 ml.
• Sesame oil
• Sea buckthorn oil
• Milk thistle oil
• Rosehip oil capsule
• Cedar oil
• Amaranth oil
• Herbs: Sandy immortelle, Corn stigmas, Calendula, Strawberry leaf, Burrow, Milk thistle, Mint, Tansy, Chamomile, Wormwood, Oregano, Golden hair, Medium starweed (wood lice), Nettle leaf, Agrimony grass ordinary
• ASD-2 fraction

Kidneys (various diseases, pyelonephritis, inflammation, bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, stones, urolithiasis):

• Zhivitsa with artichoke 100 ml
• Flower pollen (bee pollen) 100 gr
• ASD-2 candles
• Apricot oil
• Watermelon oil 100 ml
• Grape seed oil
• Sesame oil
• Peach oil
• Amaranth oil
• Rosehip oil capsule
• Medicinal herbs: Horsetail, Plantain, Sea buckthorn, Black currant leaf, Burdock, Knotweed, Strawberry leaf, Lingonberry leaf, Lespedetsa kopeckychnikovaya, Sunflower root, Bearberry

Psoriasis:

• Dan`Yu Pa-Vli Oil for psoriasis 12 ml
• Cream “Psorikon” 100 gr
• Sea buckthorn oil
• Cedar oil
• ASD-2 fraction
• Healing herbs: Golden rod herb, Clover (herb)

Diabetes mellitus:

• Alfit No. 10 Diabetic 60 brick
• Zhivitsa with artichoke 100 ml
• Apricot oil
• Walnut oil
• Sesame oil
• Sea buckthorn oil
• Cedar oil
• Herbs: Fenugreek, Licorice, Agrimony, Jerusalem artichoke, Stevia, Aspen bark, Meadowsweet (Meadowsweet), Jerusalem artichoke, Echinacea purple grass

Heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular diseases, arrhythmia, tachycardia, dystonia, high, low blood pressure):

• Alfit No. 31 In case of stroke and heart attack 60 brick
• Altai mummy purified “Mountain Grace” 100g
• Bee perga 100 gr
• ASD-2 candles
• Apricot oil
• Peanut butter
• Grape seed oil
• Wheat Germ Oil
• Sesame oil,
• Sea buckthorn oil
• Peach oil
• Rosehip oil capsule
• Cedar oil
• Healing herbs: Eleutherococcus, Hawthorn, Fennel, Cumin, Rowan, Viburnum, Astragalus woolly, Sophora fruit
• Blood-thinning herbs: Melilot, St. John’s wort, Celandine, Wormwood
• Herbal tea “Heart”

Slim figure, slimming:

• Biotechnology Konjac capsules 60 * 350 mg
• Purple tea 25 g
• Sea buckthorn oil
• Biotechnology Konjac capsules 60 * 350 mg.
• Herbal tea “Fat burning”

Endocrine system (thyroid gland, thyroid diseases, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus):

• Alfit No. 04 Thyroid 60 brick.
• Flower pollen (bee pollen) 100 gr
• Phytol 6 thyroid cream 75 gr.
• Apricot oil
• Sesame oil
• Herbs: White Cinquefoil

Energy and tone:

• Biofar extract “Siberian fir Sibex” 100 ml
• Lemongrass juice energy-tonic

All of the above preparations are products of Mother Nature! Nevertheless, for greater efficiency, we recommend to undergo an examination in our medical center “Doctor Ryadom” and get a doctor’s recommendation on the use of certain phyto-drugs for the treatment and prevention of diseases!
I wish you health and longevity!

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Herbal analgesics and pain relieving herbs

Despite the fact that medicine is at a high level in 2021, in the fight against pain, people continue to use herbal analgesics – medicinal herbs.This is due to the fact that synthetic drugs have not become a panacea: they are addictive, and long-term use leads to various diseases, which is confirmed by research. The benefits of natural analgesics are undeniable – there are practically no contraindications, and they have a much milder effect on the body. In terms of effectiveness, plants are not inferior to medicines, but the latter give relief faster.

The benefits of medicinal plants

Scientific studies of pain relievers such as ibuprofen or diclofenac have led scientists to conclude that the harm from their use is greater than the relief.They disrupt the work of the heart (the risk of heart attacks, strokes, blood circulation increases), the gastrointestinal tract (gastritis and ulcers are exacerbated), liver and kidneys. Of course, if the day is just beginning, and you have a headache, it is better to take a pill, and not experience suffering. But some people have to constantly use drugs because chronic diseases are often associated with pain.

The use of natural analgesics helps to avoid the risk of developing a number of problems and effectively get rid of the pain syndrome, and for a longer period of time.They can either complement or completely replace drug therapy, which is recognized by a number of specialists. In addition, medicinal herbs have a beneficial effect on the human body, relax, give strength and have a general healing effect.

Description of natural analgesics

Many plants have an analgesic effect, each of them has its own instructions for use, as well as useful properties and specific features that you should learn about before you start using.

It is worth remembering that herbal therapy is a process that will take time and patience. It may take several days or a whole course for the remedy to work.

But if you do it, the process will bring decent results.

Phytotherapy: What Does It Help From?

Analgesics of plant origin help to cope with a whole range of problems associated with disruption of the functioning of the systems of the human body.The effectiveness of herbal remedies is provided by their special composition – substances that have an antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effect.

1. For joints

There is a list of medicinal plants that can help cope with joint pain. It is recommended that you try several options to find the most effective one for yourself.

• Warm sea buckthorn compresses. It is necessary to knead 100 grams of berries (only fresh ones give the effect), apply a compress to the disturbing place, add a warm bandage on top and keep it all night.This will ease the pain almost immediately, and a two-week course can completely get rid of the problem;

tablets for joints

• Healing ointment. Eucalyptus essential oil is mixed with peach oil (in a ratio of 1 drop to 1 teaspoon), and then rubbed into the skin. Thanks to the action of eucalyptus, the edema subsides and the pain sensations decrease in a short time.

For people who prefer decoctions, the following cooking recipes are suitable:

• The washed sunflower root must be chopped into 1 cm pieces, add 3 liters of water, bring to a boil and keep on fire for a couple of minutes.The cooled broth is used instead of tea for 3 days;

• 1 st. l. celery roots are poured into 0.5 liters of water and infused for 4 hours. The resulting broth should be taken in 2 tablespoons. before meals, twice a day. After a few weeks, the pain should completely disappear;
• A decoction of 1 tbsp is prepared in a water bath. l. mint and chamomile, for 10 minutes. It is consumed in 100 ml, twice a day, for 3-4 weeks.

These recipes are suitable for rheumatoid arthritis and osteochondrosis.The usual drug therapy in these cases is long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which lead to more problems than they solve. Folk remedies, coupled with therapeutic exercises, become in this case the only way to maintain health.

2. For oncology

People with cancer often experience severe pain. Medicinal herbs come to the rescue, which relieve pain and improve well-being. Natural analgesics are used in the form of tinctures, decoctions, compresses and extracts.
The following herbs and recipes are used in traditional medicine:

• Celandine It inhibits the growth of neoplasms and reduces nervous tension. At 4 st. l. herbs account for 4 cups of boiling water, after which it is necessary to let it brew. Drink a spoonful before meals, 2-3 times a day. Effective and lotions on the disturbing place;
• Calendula petals. Reduces inflammation and growth of neoplasms, promotes relaxation. For infusion, pour a spoonful of herbs into half a liter of water and wait 12 hours.You need to drink a decoction of 100 ml before each of the 3 meals;

• Hemlock flowers. Until 1902 – a classic medical analgesic. This is one of the few remedies that can completely get rid of oncology in the last stages. Freshly picked flowers are used. They are filled with alcohol and infused for about a month. The course is quite long. From the 1st to the 20th day, one drop is added daily to 20 drops, and from the 20th to the 40th day, on the contrary, 1 drop is used less until the number again reaches 20.
• Burdock root. It is used in many medicines. Asparagine in the composition prevents the formation of tumors. There are many essential oils and trace elements at the root. It strengthens the immune system and promotes the elimination of toxins. You can use both fresh and dried rhizomes. For 500 ml of boiling water, add 3 tablespoons of the root, the mixture should boil for a quarter of an hour. The strained infusion is drunk 3 times a day before meals, half a glass each;

• Marsh calamus – used for liver and gastrointestinal cancer.It has a strong calming effect on the body. The broth is prepared from 1 tbsp. rhizomes and a liter of water, cook for 25 minutes. It is recommended to drink 100 ml in the morning and evening shortly before meals.

Effective in the treatment of cancer and barberry, sandy immortelle, tartar, thyme, agave, cocklebur. Decoctions are also made on their basis. Extracts from these plants are used as a basis for the creation of anticancer drugs.

Herbs strengthen the immune system and protect the body, but the main treatment for cancer remains surgery and chemotherapy.However, the pharmacological use of herbs once again confirms their effectiveness in the fight against cancer.

3. For back pain

Suffering from back pain, people reach for another pill, not thinking about the consequences for the stomach. Natural analgesics help to avoid side effects. To eliminate back pain, the following recipes are suitable:

• At 1 st. l. Yarrow herbs add 200 ml of hot water. The broth should be allowed to brew for about an hour.The filtered broth is taken three times a day before meals, 1 tbsp. l .;
• “St. John’s wort oil” is being prepared, which is rubbed into the sore spot. For 500 ml of any oil add 150 grams of St. John’s wort flowers, all this is cooked for a quarter of an hour. The cooled and strained solution can be rubbed into the disturbed area for 10 days.

tablets for back pain

Back pain may appear due to menstruation. But the advantage of herbal remedies is that they affect the body as a whole; it is not required to identify the exact nature of the pain.

With menstruation , an infusion of St. John’s wort flowers helps, which can be brewed in a thermos in a proportion of 1 tbsp. l. per liter of water, and replace them with tea. Similarly, you can infuse chamomile flowers, oak bark, horsetail, calendula petals. They not only relieve suffering, but also work on the causes of painful periods.

The nutritional value and caloric content of herbal preparations tends to zero, ranging from 1 to 2 kcal per 100 grams (depending on the specific inflorescences, roots and leaves of plants), proteins, fats and carbohydrates are correlated as 0/0 / 0.2 g.

For a similar problem – pain in the appendages , the following herbal remedies will help:

• Elecampane – 1 st. l. grated fresh root add 200 ml of water, and boil for about 15 minutes. The broth is infused up to 4 hours and taken in a tablespoon before meals.
• Walnut leaves are also brewed.

For kidney pain , which also radiates to the back, thyme is usually used, which has a diuretic and sedative effect, as well as chamomile and calendula flowers, sage, St. John’s wort and horsetail.

4. For toothache

If you are concerned about pain in the teeth, it is recommended to prepare a healing herbal infusion and use it for rinsing three times a day. For these purposes, herbs such as chamomile flowers, sage, willow bark, marsh calamus, plantain are suitable.
A mixture of fresh ginger and red pepper containing capsaicin, a pain reliever, can be applied to the site of pain. This will help stop inflammation.

tablets for toothache

5.For pain in the intestines

Dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract leads to a number of unpleasant consequences. Diarrhea, fatigue, poor assimilation of nutrients in the body appear, which becomes a threat to bones, hair, nails and skin. Medicinal herbs come in handy.

An infusion of St. John’s wort, chamomile, anise and yarrow, as well as specialized multivitamin preparations, help to cope with pain in the gastrointestinal tract.

tablets for intestinal pain

Summing up, it should be noted that natural anesthetics have a very wide range of applications.Complete or partial replacement of medicines with them will help maintain health and get rid of pain without negative consequences. Healing infusions can also be used for the prevention of diseases.

It remains to highlight the issues of the acquisition, cultivation and storage of herbs.

Where to buy medicinal herbs?

When it comes to dry herbs, they are usually bought in pharmacies or herbal shops. Can be purchased from a private individual if you are well versed in herbs and are confident about the collection point.

As for freshly cut plants, don’t forget about the vast possibilities of the Internet achieved by 2021. In the vastness of the network, you can find almost any tool, regardless of the season.

How to store herbs?

Proper storage of medicinal herbs is not difficult. A dry, dark place with enough air and an average temperature of up to 20 degrees is required. Plants are best kept separate from each other. You can use sealed dishes – glass, ceramic, wood or tin, and store herbs in bunches, woven bags or wicker trays.

It is recommended to write the time of collection or purchase of herbs. The average shelf life is 2-3 years, sometimes up to 5 years. It is better to inquire about the shelf life when buying, since the old collection will not give the results of the fresh one.

How to plant medicinal plants?

This information is relevant for those who have the opportunity to grow herbs on their own land. A small, sunny, and not windy area is suitable. Taller plants are best positioned in the center and shorter ones at the edges so that the sun is evenly distributed.Healing herbs are unpretentious, it is enough to provide them with timely watering, having found out in advance how hygrophilous each of the species selected for planting is.

Medicinal herbs: how to harvest?

Since the growing season of grasses will differ depending on the climatic zone, we will give general recommendations.

Harvesting begins in May and ends in mid-summer.

In spring, leaves, flowers and rhizomes of plantain, horsetail, celandine, nettle, dandelion, burdock and bark of oak and willow are harvested.

Leaves and flowers are usually picked by hand at the time of flowering, so as not to damage the plant.

The bark is cut at the beginning of spring, simultaneously with sap flow.

There are no agreed terms for the roots of plants, so you can dig it up at any time during the warm season.

90,000 We treat kidneys with herbs. Herbal medicine for kidney disease. (Part 1)

One in ten people in the world suffer from kidney disease.This is a very serious statistic.

The kidneys are responsible for cleansing the body of toxins, maintaining blood pressure, regulating acid-base balance. If the functions of the main filter are disrupted, serious complications arise. In addition to medications, doctors often recommend single or multicomponent herbal preparations.

• There is no universal fee, so it is important to choose the option that works best in each case.

Herbal tea for the kidneys relieve painful symptoms, restore health and help the body return to normal life.

Medicinal herbs contain biologically active substances with a therapeutic effect: alkaloids, glycosides, organic acids and mucus, phytoncides and essential oils. These chemical compounds cause diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antimicrobial effects.

What is important to know before starting herbal medicine?

• The main principle in any method of treatment – do no harm.
• Use quality raw materials. It is advisable to select herbal ingredients individually and not ignore the doctor’s recommendations.Be patient and listen to your body. Some herbs work quickly, while others work slowly, and in this case, the result will manifest itself over time.
• Diuretic infusions and decoctions are not consumed after 17 hours. It is not recommended to use them for more than ten days, since in this case the electrolyte metabolism in the body is disturbed and there is a loss of minerals necessary for the normal functioning of the body.
• When taking diuretics, potassium-rich foods are introduced into the diet, dried fruit compote is drunk.
• Infusions and decoctions are used on an empty stomach.
• Diuretic charges for renal failure are used with extreme caution and only under the supervision of the attending physician.
• When treating herbs, it is necessary to consider the level of their compatibility with pharmaceuticals that are taken during this period.
• The course of phytotherapeutic treatment lasts from ten days to six months, with interruptions. Its duration is influenced by the diagnosis and the severity of the course of the disease, the characteristics of plant materials and the individual reaction of the body.
• It is recommended to carefully observe the dosage of herbal raw materials, and before starting the course, undergo an examination and repeat it a month after the end to evaluate the result.

Indications and contraindications for herbal treatment

Phytotherapy is prescribed for urolithiasis, inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract, chronic and acute forms of pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis, nephro-oncology. When treating the kidneys with medicinal plants, remember the contraindications.

The power of medicinal herbs is capable of healing and destroying.

• It is not recommended to carry out phytotherapy in the presence of allergic reactions to herbal remedies, during the period of exacerbation of diseases, with large diameter of kidney stones, during the period of the chemotherapy session.
• Pregnant women and children are prescribed herbal medicine only if there are direct indications, after prior consultation. Some plants are toxic during pregnancy and cause premature birth, negatively affect the child’s body.
• Herbal treatment for urolithiasis can be carried out under medical supervision and ultrasound control.

Herbal medicine is not a panacea, but it belongs to the old and proven methods of fighting kidney disease.

• When choosing a type of herbal medicine, give preference to safe herbal remedies, periodically undergo laboratory tests, then herbal treatment will be beneficial, help to cope with the symptoms of the disease and improve the quality of life.
• Always consult a doctor.

Plants for which buds will be grateful

• Bear ears, or bearberry, are respected by traditional and official medicine. Bearberry is prescribed for inpatient treatment, as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent, and among the people it has long been used as a diuretic and anti-inflammatory, tight-fitting to the kidneys, means: add 0.5 liters of water to one glass of raw materials, soak in a water bath for 15 minutes, drink 100 ml 3 times a day.
• Calendula officinalis is a plant that is used for medicinal purposes for the preparation of complex herbal preparations with horsetail, beans, St. John’s wort and licorice root. The collection has an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect in pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis. Calendula contains flavonoids, due to which spasms are eliminated. St. John’s wort improves the cleansing function of the kidneys.
• Delicious fruit drink is made from lingonberry berries. It has excellent anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties, and it removes toxins from the body well.For cooking, take 1 kg of lingonberries and a glass of sugar for 5-6 liters of water. Pre-mash the berries, squeeze the juice, boil the pomace for a couple of minutes, cool, then combine with the juice. Lingonberry leaf is brewed at the rate of 2 tbsp. spoons per 1 liter of boiling water, insist and drink half a glass a day.
• The composition of the Tibetan cleansing collection includes an immortelle, which removes toxins from the body. To prepare such an infusion, you need to take 15 g of grass per 200 ml of pre-boiled cold water, leave for 6-8 hours, take 100 ml, 3-4 times a day.
• Chamomile officinalis enjoys enduring popularity and is often included in diuretic preparations. It eliminates spasms in renal diseases, removes toxic compounds from the body. A decoction of chamomile inflorescences is prepared as follows: 4 tablespoons of raw materials for one glass of boiling water, soak for 20 minutes in a water bath, take 50 ml, 3 times a day.

Be healthy!

Author: valeologist of the Department of Prevention M. Vereshchagin

The most useful medicinal herbs | Marie Claire

Nettle owes its original name and sad popularity among children to the stinging hairs that cover its stems and leaves.In theory, we all know from early childhood that we cannot touch the nettle with our hands, because you can get burned or “stained”, but in practice, the benefits of nettles significantly exceed its snide property of all “sting” (except for the nettle tree native to New Zealand, touching which not only burns, but, in principle, is life-threatening).

In Russia, you can find only two types of nettles – stinging nettle and stinging nettle. Nettle contains carotene (there is more of it than in carrots and sorrel), ascorbic acid, calcium, magnesium, potassium, nickel, sodium, copper, titanium, manganese, boron, iodine, phosphorus, iron, as well as vitamins A, B1 , B2 and PP, and in terms of vitamin C content, nettle surpasses even lemon.Nettle is often used in various herbal teas for medicinal purposes, but its leaves can also significantly brighten the flavor of many soups in cooking.

Benefits

• purifies the blood

• increases the level of hemoglobin in the blood

• promotes the treatment of skin diseases (boils, acne, eczema)

• has hemostatic and healing effect 9002 the body quickly recovers after childbirth

• relieves PMS and menopause symptoms

• helps to increase the tone of the cardiovascular system, improves heart function

• helps in the treatment of rheumatism, sciatica, relieving muscle pain

• suitable for hair and scalp care, reduces hair loss

• improves the functioning of the digestive system, has a choleretic and laxative effect

• normalizes blood sugar levels in diabetes

90 002 Contraindications

Nettle is contraindicated in pregnancy, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, atherosclerosis.

description, composition, useful properties, use of the herb

Description

Marsh cinquefoil ( Comarum palustris L. ) is a perennial shrub of the pink family, 30-100 cm high, pubescent, with a creeping rhizome and a recumbent stem rooting at the nodes. The leaves are dark green, gray tomentose below, with stipules. The lower leaves are odd-pinnate, with 5-7 leaflets; the upper ones are trifoliate.Leaves are oblong, sharp-serrate. The flowers are dark red, with subdivision, collected in a brush. The fruit is a polyspermous seed that breaks down into flattened achenes with threadlike columns. Blooms in May – July. For medicinal purposes, the herb and rhizome are harvested.

Composition

Sabelnik contains organic acids, vitamin C, carotene, saponins, tannins, catechins, flavonoids, phenolcarboxylic acids and their derivatives, as well as essential oils, mucus, resins, and gums.

Properties

The inhabitants of the Far North make tea from the leaves and rhizomes of the cinquefoil, which has an astringent, anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic and hemostatic effect. It treats rheumatism, gastrointestinal and colds, acts as an antipyretic. Alcohol extracts are used to treat inflammatory processes in the joints and with salt deposition.

Application

Fresh medicinal plant is used externally as a wound healing and anti-inflammatory.Chopped and brewed herb in the form of a compress is used for bruises, rheumatism, radiculitis, mastitis for glandular tumors and hemorrhoids. A decoction of a mixture of flowers, leaves, stems and rhizomes is used to rinse the mouth with loosening of the gums and toothache.

An aqueous infusion of herbs and rhizomes is used for diarrhea, bleeding, rheumatism, metabolic disorders, diseases caused by lifting weights.

A decoction of the whole cinquefoil plant (rhizomes and ground part) is recommended for tuberculosis, thrombophlebitis, jaundice, neuralgic pain, hypotension, cholecystitis.Decoction gargle with sore throat.

Cinquefoil herb is used for metabolic disorders, rabid dog bites, uterine bleeding. Outwardly, the cinquefoil is used in the form of rinsing for loosening the gums and toothache, and freshly harvested crushed cinquefoil grass is applied to festering wounds.

The rhizomes of the cinquefoil are popular in folk medicine as a means of treating osteoarticular diseases: salt deposits in the joints of the arms and legs, dislocations and sprains.In addition, they treat gastrointestinal and other internal bleeding, tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, hemorrhoids, are used as an astringent for diarrhea, diuretic and choleretic, the plant is considered an analgesic and antipyretic. Outwardly, cinquefoil is used as a wound healing and anti-inflammatory agent in the form of rinsing with weak gums, inflammatory processes in the oral cavity

Part of the following preparations:

FITO CHAIN ​​No. 7 “For headaches” (from the series “The Power of Russian Herbs”)

Ingredients: St. John’s wort herb, peppermint leaves, fireweed herb, valerian rhizomes, hawthorn fruits, cinnamon rose hips, motherwort herb, thyme herb, calendula flowers, chamomile flowers, wild strawberry leaves, stevia leaves.

Treatment-and-prophylactic action

Improving brain function, protecting the nervous and cardiovascular systems from the negative effects of stress, mental and physical overload, herbal tea No. 7 “For headaches” with regular and long-term use:

• Has a sedative effect, normalizes sleep, improves the functional state of the central and autonomic nervous systems (psychoemotional stress, accompanying nervous tension and insomnia are one of the main factors in the onset of headache). Reducing the excitability of the central nervous system and improving the quality of sleep, the herb of fireweed, leaves of wild strawberry, stevia and peppermint, fruits of hawthorn and cinnamon rosehip, rhizomes of valerian officinalis, motherwort and thyme herbs, calendula flowers and chamomile (these ingredients of tea are rich in flavonoids with sedative properties, and also contain B vitamins, magnesium, manganese, selenium, zinc, copper, chromium, iodine necessary for the full functioning of the central nervous system.The herb St. John’s wort (due to the hypericin contained in it) has antidepressant properties.
• Helps to eliminate headaches of various etiologies, improves blood flow to the brain, eliminates dizziness. Such components of herbal tea No. 7 as herbs St. John’s wort, fireweed and thyme, leaves of strawberry and peppermint, chamomile flowers have analgesic properties. The flavonoids and magnesium present in all herbal tea components, as well as vitamin B3 (which are the richest in strawberry and peppermint leaves, valerian rhizomes, hawthorn and cinnamon rosehips), vitamin C (the high content of which is distinguished by the herb of fireweed and the fruits of cinnamon rose hips) and asparagine (a substance that is part of the flowers of chamomile).In the relief of a migraine attack, the most effective ingredients of herbal tea No. 7 are St. John’s wort, peppermint leaves, valerian rhizomes and motherwort herb.
• Eliminates nausea accompanying severe headache (peppermint leaves, thyme herb, chamomile flowers help to suppress nausea)
• Normalizes intracranial pressure
• Improves coronary blood circulation, helps to reduce high blood pressure, restores normal heart rhythm and enhances the strength of myocardial contractions. This hypotensive-cardiotonic effect of herbal tea No. 7 “For headache” is largely due to the presence in its composition of the fruits of hawthorn and cinnamon rose hips, motherwort herb, valerian roots and wild strawberry leaves contributes to the diuretic properties of peppermint leaves, fireweed herb, thyme herb, calendula flowers and stevia leaves).

Indications for the use of herbal tea No. 7 “For headache” are:

• Headache of various origins (tension headache (caused by psycho-emotional stress, physical or mental fatigue), headache resulting from a concussion or other traumatic brain injury or arising from increased or decreased intracranial pressure, headache, caused by arterial hypertension, infectious and inflammatory diseases of the brain or ENT organs, migraine provoked by impaired blood supply to the brain or neurovascular disorders)
• Hypertensive type vegetative-vascular dystonia
• Cerebral and coronary circulation disorders
• Neuroses, neurasthenia, depression, chronic fatigue syndrome
• Vasomotor and psycho-emotional disorders characteristic of the premenstrual period or menopause

Method of application

1 filter bag of herbal tea pour 200 ml of boiling water (1 glass) and leave for 15 minutes.