What are the most effective antibiotics for treating UTIs. How long should you take antibiotics for a urinary tract infection. Can home remedies provide relief from UTI symptoms. What are the potential side effects of antibiotic treatment for UTIs.

Understanding Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

A urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs when bacteria enter and colonize the urinary system, including the bladder, kidneys, or other parts of the urinary tract. These infections are particularly common in women due to their anatomy. UTIs can cause uncomfortable symptoms such as pain, burning sensation during urination, and an urgent need to urinate frequently.

UTIs are primarily caused by bacteria, with Escherichia coli (E. coli) being the most common culprit. However, other types of bacteria can also lead to UTIs. Understanding the cause and nature of UTIs is crucial for effective treatment and prevention.

Common Causes of UTIs

• Bacteria from the gut entering the urinary tract
• Poor hygiene practices
• Sexual activity
• Use of certain types of birth control
• Hormonal changes, especially during menopause
• Structural abnormalities in the urinary tract

Antibiotic Treatment for UTIs

The primary and most effective treatment for UTIs is antibiotics. These medications are designed to kill the bacteria causing the infection and provide relief from symptoms. The choice of antibiotic and duration of treatment depend on several factors, including the severity of the infection and the patient’s medical history.

Commonly Prescribed Antibiotics for UTIs

• Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)
• Fosfomycin (Monurol)
• Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Macrobid)
• Cephalexin (Keflex)
• Ceftriaxone

The choice of antibiotic depends on whether the infection is classified as uncomplicated or complicated. Uncomplicated UTIs occur in individuals with normal urinary tracts, while complicated UTIs involve patients with structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary system.

Duration of Antibiotic Treatment

The duration of antibiotic treatment varies based on the severity of the infection and the specific antibiotic prescribed. For uncomplicated UTIs, a short course of 2-3 days is often sufficient. However, some cases may require 7-10 days of treatment. Complicated UTIs typically necessitate a longer course of antibiotics, sometimes extending to 14 days or more.

Factors Influencing Antibiotic Selection

When prescribing antibiotics for UTIs, healthcare providers consider several factors to ensure the most effective and safe treatment for each patient.

Key Considerations in Antibiotic Selection

• Pregnancy status
• Age (especially for patients over 65)
• Allergies to specific antibiotics
• Previous side effects from antibiotics
• Severity of the infection
• Results of urine culture tests

In severe cases or when the infection has spread to the kidneys, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous antibiotic administration.

Importance of Completing the Full Antibiotic Course

Patients often experience symptom relief within a few days of starting antibiotic treatment. However, it is crucial to complete the entire prescribed course of antibiotics, even if symptoms improve or disappear.

Reasons to Complete the Full Antibiotic Course

1. Ensures all bacteria are eliminated from the urinary tract
2. Prevents the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
3. Reduces the risk of recurrent infections
4. Maximizes the effectiveness of future treatments

Failing to complete the full course of antibiotics can lead to persistent infections and contribute to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance.

Potential Side Effects of Antibiotic Treatment

While antibiotics are effective in treating UTIs, they can cause side effects in some patients. It’s important to be aware of these potential side effects and to communicate any concerns with your healthcare provider.

Common Side Effects of UTI Antibiotics

• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Rash or allergic reactions
• Headaches
• Yeast infections

If you experience severe or persistent side effects, contact your healthcare provider immediately. They may need to adjust your treatment or prescribe an alternative antibiotic.

Home Remedies and Self-Care for UTIs

While antibiotics are the primary treatment for UTIs, some home remedies and self-care practices can help alleviate symptoms and support recovery. However, it’s important to note that these remedies should not replace medical treatment, especially for severe or recurring UTIs.

Effective Home Remedies for UTI Relief

• Drinking plenty of water to flush out bacteria
• Urinating frequently to help eliminate bacteria
• Using a heating pad on the lower abdomen to relieve pain
• Consuming cranberry juice or supplements (evidence is mixed but may help prevent UTIs)
• Taking over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen
• Avoiding irritants such as caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods

While these remedies can provide some relief, they are not substitutes for proper medical treatment. Always consult with a healthcare provider before relying solely on home remedies, especially if symptoms persist or worsen.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Understanding when to seek medical attention is crucial for effective UTI management. While some mild cases may resolve with home care, certain symptoms warrant immediate medical intervention.

Signs You Should Contact Your Doctor

• Symptoms that don’t improve after a few days of home treatment
• Worsening symptoms despite antibiotic treatment
• Recurrence of symptoms after completing antibiotic treatment
• Severe pain in the lower back or side (may indicate kidney involvement)
• Fever, chills, or nausea accompanying urinary symptoms
• Blood in the urine
• Persistent or bothersome side effects from antibiotics

Prompt medical attention can prevent complications and ensure appropriate treatment, especially for more severe or recurrent UTIs.

Prevention Strategies for UTIs

While UTIs are common, there are several strategies you can employ to reduce your risk of developing these infections. Adopting good hygiene practices and making certain lifestyle changes can significantly lower your chances of experiencing a UTI.

Effective UTI Prevention Techniques

• Drink plenty of water throughout the day
• Urinate frequently and always after sexual activity
• Wipe from front to back after using the bathroom
• Avoid using douches or harsh feminine hygiene products
• Wear breathable, cotton underwear
• Consider switching from baths to showers
• Urinate before and after sexual intercourse
• Consider cranberry supplements or juice (evidence is mixed but may be beneficial)

Incorporating these practices into your daily routine can help maintain urinary tract health and reduce the frequency of UTIs, especially for those prone to recurrent infections.

Special Considerations for Recurrent UTIs

Some individuals experience frequent or recurrent UTIs, defined as two or more infections within six months or three or more within a year. These cases often require a different approach to treatment and prevention.

Management Strategies for Recurrent UTIs

1. Low-dose prophylactic antibiotics: Taking a small dose of antibiotics regularly to prevent infections
2. Post-intercourse antibiotic doses: Taking a single dose of antibiotics after sexual activity
3. Vaginal estrogen therapy for postmenopausal women
4. Investigating underlying urological conditions
5. More frequent urine cultures to identify bacterial patterns
6. Exploring alternative treatments like probiotics or D-mannose supplements

If you experience recurrent UTIs, work closely with your healthcare provider to develop a personalized prevention and treatment plan. This may involve a combination of lifestyle changes, preventive antibiotics, and regular monitoring.

The Role of Urine Culture in UTI Diagnosis and Treatment

Urine culture plays a crucial role in the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of UTIs. This diagnostic tool helps healthcare providers identify the specific bacteria causing the infection and determine the most appropriate antibiotic treatment.

Importance of Urine Culture in UTI Management

• Confirms the presence of a bacterial infection
• Identifies the specific type of bacteria causing the UTI
• Determines antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteria
• Guides the selection of the most effective antibiotic
• Helps monitor treatment effectiveness
• Assists in managing recurrent or complicated UTIs

While empiric treatment with antibiotics may be started based on symptoms, a urine culture provides valuable information for tailoring treatment and ensuring optimal outcomes, especially in cases of recurrent or complicated UTIs.

Emerging Treatments and Research in UTI Management

The field of UTI treatment is continuously evolving, with researchers exploring new approaches to combat these common infections, especially in light of growing antibiotic resistance concerns.

Promising Developments in UTI Treatment

• Vaccines targeting common UTI-causing bacteria
• Novel antibiotic formulations with reduced resistance potential
• Probiotics and prebiotics to promote urinary tract health
• Bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics
• Immunomodulatory therapies to enhance the body’s natural defenses
• Advanced diagnostic tools for rapid and accurate UTI detection

While many of these treatments are still in developmental stages, they offer hope for more effective and personalized approaches to UTI management in the future. Staying informed about these advancements can help patients and healthcare providers make better decisions about UTI treatment and prevention.

Urinary tract infections are common but manageable conditions. With proper diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures, most people can effectively overcome UTIs and reduce their recurrence. Always consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment, especially if you experience severe or recurring symptoms. By staying informed and proactive about urinary health, you can minimize the impact of UTIs on your overall well-being and quality of life.

Treatment for Urinary Tract Infections: Antibiotics & More

A urinary tract infection (UTI) starts when bacteria get into your bladder, kidneys, or another part of your urinary tract. The best way to treat a UTI — and to relieve symptoms like pain, burning, and an urgent need to pee — is with antibiotics.

These medications kill bacteria that cause the infection. It’s important to take them just as your doctor prescribed. A minor UTI can turn into a serious kidney or blood infection if you don’t.

Which antibiotic you get and how long you take it depend on your urine culture results.

Which Antibiotic Will Work Best?

Your doctor will take a urine sample to confirm that you have a UTI. Then the lab will grow the germs in a dish for a couple of days to find out which type of bacteria you have. This is called a culture. It’ll tell your doctor what type of germs caused your infection. They’ll likely prescribe one of the following antibiotics to treat it before the culture comes back:

Which medication and dose you get depends on whether your infection is complicated or uncomplicated.

“Uncomplicated” means your urinary tract is normal. “Complicated” means you have a disease or problem with your urinary tract. You could have a narrowing of your ureters, which are the tubes that carry urine from your kidneys to your bladder, a narrowing in the urethra which transports urine from the bladder out of the body, or, you might have a blockage like a kidney stone or an enlarged prostate (in men). It’s also possible you have a urinary fistula or a bladder diverticulum.

To treat a complicated infection, your doctor might prescribe a higher dose of antibiotics. If your UTI is severe or the infection is in your kidneys, you might need to be treated in a hospital or doctor’s office with high-dose antibiotics you get through an IV.

Your doctor will also consider these factors when choosing an antibiotic:

• Are you pregnant?
• Are you over age 65?
• Are you allergic to any antibiotics?
• Have you had any side effects from antibiotics in the past?

How Long Should I Take Antibiotics?

Your doctor will let you know. Typically, for an uncomplicated infection, you’ll take antibiotics for 2 to 3 days. Some people will need to take these medicines for up to 7 to 10 days.

For a complicated infection, you might need to take antibiotics for 14 days or more.

If you still have symptoms after completing antibiotics, a follow-up urine test can show whether the germs are gone. If you still have an infection, you’ll need to take antibiotics for a longer period of time.

If you get UTIs often, you may need a prolonged course of antibiotics. And if sex causes your UTIs, you’ll take a dose of the medicine right before you have sex. You can also take antibiotics whenever you get a new UTI if you’re having symptoms and a positive urine culture.

Side Effects of Antibiotics

There are some, as is the case with any medicines you take. Some of these include:

Why Should I Take the Full Dose?

Antibiotics work well against UTIs. You might start to feel better after being on the medicine for just a few days.

But even so, keep taking your medicine. If you stop your antibiotics too soon, you won’t kill all the bacteria in your urinary tract.

These germs can become resistant to antibiotics. That means the meds will no longer kill these bugs in the future. So if you get another UTI, the medication you take might not treat it. Take the full course of your medicine to make sure all the bacteria are dead.

When to Call Your Doctor

Your UTI symptoms should improve in a few days. Call your doctor if:

• Your symptoms don’t go away
• Your symptoms get worse
• Your symptoms come back after you’ve been treated
• You have bothersome side effects from your antibiotics

Can you treat a urinary tract infection with home remedies?

Always rushing to the bathroom because of a constant need to pee? Does the urine burn on the way out or come with a lower abdomen ache? Uh oh, it might be a urinary tract infection.

Many people will try to relieve their UTI symptoms with self-treatment first, turning to old wives tales or common wisdom. But do home remedies work? Yes and no.

“We always recommend at least giving the physician a call,” Dr. Lauren Giugale, assistant professor at Women’s Center for Bladder and Pelvic Health at Magee-Women’s Hospital of UPMC in Pittsburgh, told TODAY. “Treatment depends on the patient.”

A UTI occurs when bacteria enter the urinary tract and get into the bladder. E-coli is the most common cause of infection, Giugale said, but other bacteria can cause a UTI, too.

“For some reason bacteria from the gut got into in the bladder,” she said. “Urinary tract infections are more common in women because of their anatomy.”

They are very common with more than half of all women experiencing one or more in their lifetimes, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Women in menopause or those who use certain spermicides are at higher risk of developing a UTI.

“Usually they’re kind of random,” Giugale said. “Many women throughout their lifetimes will experience one and it doesn’t mean there is anything wrong. ”

People who want to skip the doctor’s visit and treat their UTI at home most often turn to cranberry juice or pills to clear up the infection. While people believe the tiny fruit packs a huge healing punch, there’s not much evidence to back it up.

“The data has been mixed and a lot of it actually shows that cranberry doesn’t help,” Giugale said. “But, it’s one of those things that is pretty low risk.”

Some try other home remedies, including taking vitamin C or drinking diluted baking soda. But there’s no data on dosage or if they even work.

“High doses of baking soda might be harmful,” Dr. Christine Greves, an OB-GYN at Orlando Health Winnie Palmer Hospital for Women and Babies in Florida, told TODAY.

Drinking it, even diluted, could cause nausea, vomiting and stomach pain. Rare cases of baking soda overdoses can lead to seizures, coma and death — or even stomachs exploding, said Greves.

As for taking vitamin C, people normally urinate most of it out and there’s no proof that it treats a UTI.

While many home remedies have limited or no effect, drinking plenty of water can sometimes help.

“We say the secret to pollution is dilution,” Greves said. “If you are drinking more (water) that results in going to your kidneys, which can in turn hopefully flush out some of those bacteria.”

If people want to try treating their UTI by staying hydrated, taking over the counter NSAIDs like ibuprofen can help alleviate their pain. Warm compresses reduce some UTI discomfort, too. There are some over-the-counter medications specifically to treat UTI pain that numb the urinary tract, but ibuprofen works just as well.

Related

While treating UTIs at home might not be as easy as having a glass of cranberry juice, the experts say women can stop urinary infections from happening. The most basic way to prevent UTIs is to wipe in the right direction after using the toilet — women should always wipe from front to back.

“That’s kind of a common sense thing,” Greves said. “If you wipe from back to front, what if there is fecal material, which has e-coli or other bacteria? They could be introduced to the urinary tract.”

Women also might want to urinate after intercourse.

“We often tell people that, but there’s little specific data,” Giugale said, “that says that those things are going to prevent urinary tract infection.”

However, it’s another low-risk way to lower the chance of getting a UTI. Urinating after sex might help the body dispel some bacteria moved around during intercourse.

“Sometimes there can be e-coli involved in it and the thought is to urinate afterwards,” Greves said.

If UTI symptoms don’t dissipate after a few days or women notice blood in their urine it’s time to contact a doctor. Untreated UTIs can become more severe or spread into the kidneys, which might require treatment with intravenous antibiotics.

“The ultimate thing is there’s a bacterial infection growing and festering,” Greves said, “and they need to talk to their doctor to go on some antibiotic and fight this so it doesn’t spread up into the kidney. ”

Urethritis, Infection vs. Chemical (Adult Male)

You have urethritis. This means an inflammation in your urethra. The urethra is the tube that drains the urine out of your bladder through the tip of the penis. Urethritis is most often caused by a bacterial infection. The infection may be from a sexually transmitted infection (STI). But other things can also cause it. These things include irritation from soap, lotion, deodorant, or spermicides. The cause of your urethritis is uncertain.

Women with urethritis often don’t have symptoms. Men are more likely to have symptoms. Symptoms can start within 1 week to a month or more after infection. Symptoms can include:

• Burning or pain when urinating

• Your penis feels irritated

• Pus coming from your penis

• Pain and possible swelling in one or both testicles

Urethritis caused by bacteria is treated with antibiotics. Urethritis may clear up in a few weeks or months, even without treatment. But if you don’t get treatment, the bacteria that cause the infection can stay in the urethra. Even if symptoms go away, you can still have the infection. And you can spread it to others.

Your sex partner or partners also need to be treated. This is true even if they have no symptoms. You can get infected again if they aren’t treated and you have sex with them. Your partner should call his or her healthcare provider to be looked at and treated.

Your urethritis may also be caused by things other than bacteria. These causes include:

• Chemical irritation from a product used in the genital area. This might be soap, lotions, deodorant, or spermicides. Symptoms often get better within 3 days after the last time you used the product.

• Damage to the urethra caused by vigorous sex or masturbation

• Damage to the urethra caused by inserting an object into it. This could happen during surgery in the hospital. A thin, plastic tube (catheter) is put into your bladder to let urine to drain from the bladder during the surgery.

• Long-term (chronic) urethritis that lasts for weeks or months, or goes away and comes back. This kind of urethritis may be caused by a narrowed urethra. Or it can be caused by an untreated bacterial infection. You may need to see a specialist for diagnosis and treatment.

Home care

These guidelines will help you care for yourself at home:

• Stop using any soap, lotions, or other chemicals that may cause irritation.

• If you were given antibiotics, take them until they are all gone, or until your healthcare provider tells you to stop. Finish the antibiotics even if your symptoms go away. This is to make sure the infection has completely cleared up.

• Don’t have sex until both you and your partner have finished all of the antibiotics, and your provider tells you that you can’t pass on the infection.

• You can take acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain, unless you were given a different pain medicine to use.  If you have chronic liver or kidney disease, talk with your provider before taking these medicines. Also talk with your provider if you’ve had a stomach ulcer or GI bleeding or are taking blood thinner medicines.

• Don’t give aspirin (or medicine that contains aspirin) to a child younger than age 19 unless directed by your child’s provider. Taking aspirin can put your child at risk for Reye syndrome. This is a rare but very serious disorder. It most often affects the brain and the liver.

• Learn about safe sex practices and use them. The safest sex is with a partner who does not have an STI and only has sex with you. Condoms can help keep you from getting some STIs. These include gonorrhea, chlamydia, and HIV. But condoms can’t guarantee you won’t get these diseases.

Follow-up care

Follow up with your healthcare provider, or as advised. If an STI culture was taken, call as directed for the result. If you are diagnosed with an STI, follow up with your provider or your local health department. You should have a complete STI screening, including HIV testing. For more information, call the CDC-INFO at 800-232-4636.

When to get medical advice

Call your healthcare provider right away if any of these occur:

• You don’t start to get better after 3 days of treatment

• You can’t urinate because of the pain

• Rash or joint pain

• Painful sores on the penis

• Enlarged, painful lumps (lymph nodes) in your groin

• Testicle pain or your scrotum swells 

Cystitis

What is cystitis?

Cystitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the bladder, usually caused by an infection. It affects women more than men, and can occur at any age.

It is the most common type of urinary tract infection (UTI), particularly in women.

If it’s painful or uncomfortable when you urinate (wee), you could have cystitis. If you don’t treat it, cystitis can lead to serious kidney infection.

Cystitis in children can be serious. If your child has any symptoms, take them to a doctor as soon as possible.

Women with diabetes are more likely to get cystitis. Pregnant women with cystitis are more likely to get kidney infections.

How do you get cystitis?

Most cystitis is caused by bacteria that live in the bowel. They are harmless in the bowel but cause problems when they reach the bladder. This can occur during sex, or if you wipe your genital area from the back to the front after a bowel movement (poo).

Other reasons for cystitis include kidney stones and abnormal growths in the urinary tract.

Terms explained

Bladder – the bladder stores urine. When you urinate, the urine goes to the outside of the body through a tube called the urethra.

Bowel – this is the part of the intestine which produces faeces (poo).

Signs and symptoms

• Burning or pain when urinating.
• Needing to urinate a lot.
• A constant, dull ache in the lower belly.
• Urine that smells, contains blood or is cloudy. 

How do I know I have cystitis?

If you think you have cystitis, see your doctor, who will test your urine.

The doctor may also check for other possible causes of the symptoms. This check may include a pelvic examination to ensure the vagina is healthy, or an X-ray or ultrasound of the urinary system.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) often cause infections of the urethra and symptoms similar to cystitis. It’s extra important for people aged under 25 years to be tested for chlamydia.

Treatment of cystitis

Your doctor will probably prescribe antibiotics, rest and plenty of water.

Symptoms should disappear after a few days, but you need to take all the antibiotics to make sure the infection has completely gone. If the antibiotics don’t help, see your doctor again.

If left untreated

If you don’t treat cystitis, you can develop backache, fever or bouts of shivering. See your doctor immediately as this could mean the infection has reached the kidneys, and could cause kidney damage.

Self-help treatments

The following can help, but they will not cure the infection. You still need to see a doctor.

• Drink lots of water (not coffee, tea or alcohol) – at least 2 litres a day.
• Adding a teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda to a glass of water can help. You can get similar, acid reducing powders from the chemist. (Only use these for short periods, and not if you have kidney or heart disease.)
• Take aspirin or paracetamol if you are in pain (follow the directions on the pack).
• Put a hot water bottle or wheat pack on your back, stomach or between your legs.
• Have a warm bath, or rest in a warm bed.
• Some people find drinking cranberry juice helps.

Managing cystitis

If you often get cystitis

• See your doctor.
• Drink lots of water – 2 litres a day.
• Avoid alcohol. It can make urine strong and acidic.
• Always wipe yourself from front to back after going to the toilet.
• Use plain toilet paper. Colours and perfumes can cause irritation.
• Go to the toilet as soon as soon as you feel the urge to urinate.
• Go to the toilet after having sex.
• Use a water-based personal lubricant when having sex.
• Wash your genital area and anus daily with water. Avoid lots of soap and scrubbing.
• Wear cotton underpants. Avoid tight jeans, synthetic pants or nylon tights.
• Get plenty of rest.
• Eat a healthy diet.

Coping with cystitis

People who have cystitis often feel embarrassed, depressed or anxious. Talk about it with your doctor, a counsellor, or others who have the same problem.

Remember

• If it’s painful or uncomfortable when you urinate, you could have cystitis.
• If left untreated, cystitis can lead to serious complications.
• Cystitis in children can be very serious.

Acknowledgements
Public Health

This publication is provided for education and information purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical care. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not imply endorsement and is not intended to replace advice from your healthcare professional. Readers should note that over time currency and completeness of the information may change. All users should seek advice from a qualified healthcare professional for a diagnosis and answers to their medical questions.

Do you feel burning or sharp pain in your bladder or urethra?

by
Yashoda Hospitals | Jun 25, 2016 | General

Painful urination or frequent urination may be a sign of urinary tract infections. A urinary tract infection is caused by the microorganisms, mostly bacteria and is commonly seen more in women.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) may affect any part of the urinary system. It includes kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. When UTI affects the lower urinary tract it is known as cystitis. However, most of the urinary tract infections involve the bladder and urethra only. It is found that women are more prone to urinary tract infections than men. Treatment at the early stage of the infection is helpful if neglected the infection may spread to kidneys and prove to turn complicated. Urinary tract infections are treated with antibiotics, but prevention is considered as preceding all treatments.

CAUSES

Urinary tract infections occur when bacteria enters the urinary tract through the urethra. When the infection spreads to the bladder it is called cystitis, and when it spreads to urethra it is called as urethritis. Sexual intercourse with multiple partners as well as sexually transmitted diseases may cause urinary tract infections.

Consult Our Experts Now

SYMPTOMS

Patients with urinary tract infections experience strong and persistent urge to urinate. There is a severe burning sensation when urinating. The color of the urine may turn red, bright pink or cola colored, which confirms the presence of blood in urine. However, the symptoms may differ with the type urinary tract infection. Of kidneys, the symptoms include fever, nausea and vomiting, shaking and chills, upper back and side (flank) pain. Of Bladder, the symptoms include pelvic pressure, discomfort in the abdomen, frequent urination and blood in urine. Of urethra, the symptoms are evident as burning sensation during urination.

RISK FACTORS AND COMPLICATIONS 

The risk of urinary tract infections is always there in women with shorter urethra, which helps the bacteria to reach the bladder, easily. Women who are sexually active, having multiple partners and using spermicidal agents are also at the risk of urinary tract infections. With estrogen decline in the postmenopause stage, women become greatly vulnerable to urinary tract infections.

The complications of urinary tract infections are evident as their occurrence again and again in some men and women. In the advanced stage, urinary tract infection may cause severe damage to the kidneys. In pregnant women, urinary tract infections may lead to birth of low weight and premature infants. Urinary tract infections may also lead to urethral narrowing (stricture) in men, and sepsis, where the infection moves from the urinary tract to kidneys.

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TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS

On a visit to the urologist, questions posed may relate to the frequency of urination, the color of the urine, irritation, and pain in the bladder and lower abdomen region. The doctor may advise for analyzing urine. This will help the doctor to know about the growth of bacteria in the urinary tract and bladder. On confirmation of the urinary tract infection, the doctor may advise for advanced tests that include computerized tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Sometimes, the doctor may perform a cystoscopy which uses a long tube with a lens to see the inside of the urethra and the bladder.

TREATMENTS AND DRUGS

The doctor prescribes antibiotics for mild to severe cases of urinary tract infection (UTI). Pain relievers are prescribed for the treatment of bladder and lower abdominal pain. Vaginal estrogen therapy may be recommended for post-menopausal women with urinary tract infections.

Read more about urinary tract infection symptoms, causes and treatment

If you find any of the above mentioned Symptoms of urinary tract infection then
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90,000 Radiation cystitis – diagnosis, symptoms, causes and treatment at the Medskan clinic

The main symptoms of radiation cystitis

Radiation cystitis is a common consequence of radiation therapy. It is known to many patients who have undergone pelvic cancer treatment. It is not difficult to recognize this problem, the person complains about the following signs:

• Constant pain in the pelvic area;
• Cramps and burning when urinating;
• Frequent and sudden urge to urinate
• Soreness when filling the bladder.

There are several types of this disease. They are distinguished by symptoms, the nature of the lesion. Each form requires a specific approach to treatment. There are the following types of radiation cystitis:

• Catarrhal . The disease can be recognized by frequent urination, which is accompanied by pain and bleeding. Also, with this form, the bladder decreases in size;
• Ulcerous . The number of urges to the toilet increases to 45-50 per day.Urination becomes very painful and blood clots come out with the urine. A feature of this form is the formation of numerous ulcers on the surface of the bladder;
• Inlaid . The frequency of urge to use the toilet also increases. The urine contains not only blood, but also small stones, sand. On the inner surface of the bladder, salt deposits, fibrin clots accumulate, and ulcers are also found;
• Vascular .With this form of radiation cystitis, the blood vessels are predominantly affected. Due to the high blood content in the urine, it turns pink.

Methods for the diagnosis of radiation cystitis

It is very easy to suspect radiation cystitis: it occurs in many patients who have recently received radiation therapy of the bladder. On the basis of a clinical examination and collection of patient complaints, a urologist can make a preliminary diagnosis. Exact survey includes:

• General urinalysis – detects blood, protein, bacteria, leukocytes, epithelial particles;
• Bacterial urine culture – detects urinary tract infections;
• Urine cytology – performed to determine bladder cancer;
• Complete blood count – reflects the level of hemoglobin and platelets in the blood;
• Coagulogram – shows abnormalities in blood coagulation;
• MRI or CT of the bladder – detect a tumor, calculi, fistulas in the organ;
• Biopsy of the bladder walls – allows you to determine the tumor process at the initial stages.

When diagnosing radiation cystitis, the disease must be distinguished from urocystolithiasis, the progression of cancer. CT and MRI are of the greatest clinical importance.

Radiation cystitis treatment

The treatment regimen for radiation cystitis is selected individually. The doctor needs to assess the age and condition of the patient, the severity of the pathological process. With 1 and 2 degrees of radiation cystitis, therapy is carried out only if there are complaints from the patient.If drug therapy does not work and the person suffers from the manifestations of the disease, a cystectomy of the bladder is performed (its radical removal).

Drug therapy

In most cases, drug therapy is sufficient to treat radiation cystitis. With a slight manifestation of the process, the following drugs are prescribed:

• Pain relievers;
• Anticholinergics;
• Fibrinolytics;
• Means for improving blood circulation;
• Alpha 1-blockers;
• Fortifying complexes.

If drug therapy does not work and the patient develops life-threatening conditions, they resort to resuscitation measures. Patients receive a blood transfusion.

Instillation into the bladder

In the absence of the effect of drug therapy for radiation cystitis, infusion of solutions directly into the bladder cavity is indicated. The following drugs are commonly used:

• Hyaluronic acid .It promotes the production of immune complexes, neutralizes neutrophils, endothelial cells. The effect of hyaluronic acid is similar to that of chondroitin sulfate;
• Aminocaproic acid . Promotes the production of fibrin, due to which the blood coagulation process is normalized;
• Formalin . It is a tissue retainer that cleans the surface of the bladder from the urothelium layer. Treatment is accompanied by severe pain, which is why analgesics are used;
• Aluminum salts .The drug promotes the deposition of protein in the cells of the interstitial space, due to which it is possible to stop bleeding;
• Placental extract . It is used if ulcers appear in the bladder, it is effective in epithelialization of erosions.

Surgical treatment

The lack of effect from drug therapy and instillations into the bladder indicates the need for surgical intervention. Both percutaneous and endoscopic operations are performed.Most often, with radiation cystitis, perform:

• Administration of botulinum toxin A . The drug is used if the use of anticholinergics does not work. A drug is injected into the wall of the bladder, due to which the volume of the organ increases. As a result, the patient gets rid of the constant urge to use the toilet;
• Imposition of percutaneous nephrostomy drainage . The operation allows to accelerate the regeneration of the urothelium in the lower parts of the urinary tract.The essence of the intervention is the diversion of urine from the renal CSF. For 3-6 months, the body restores the anatomically correct outflow of urine;
• Endoscopic sclerotherapy . In patients with hemorrhagic cystitis, this helps to stop the bleeding;
• Vascular embolism . The essence of the intervention is to cauterize the damaged vessels. It is also aimed at stopping bleeding;
• Palliative cystectomy .It is carried out when other methods of treatment have failed or the patient has numerous complications (constant pain, fistulas). The bladder is removed, and the urine itself is drained through the colon.

Physiotherapy

Physiotherapy shows high efficiency in the treatment of radiation cystitis. Patients are often prescribed oxygenation – hyperbaric oxygen therapy. With its help, it is possible to mobilize stem cells, normalize angiogenesis, stop bleeding and ischemia.The procedure is painless and does not cause any side effects.

Forecast and prevention

With timely diagnosis of radiation cystitis, the prognosis for its further course is favorable. If all the doctor’s recommendations are followed, the patient will be able to get rid of all the signs that worry him. Despite this, there are still complications with radiation cystitis. Patients may encounter:

• Bladder tamponade – develops due to blood clotting in the bladder, leading to urinary retention;
• Formation of fistulas between the bladder and the vagina – occurs due to ulceration of the walls of the bladder;
• Formation of calculi in the bladder – stones damage its walls, which causes bleeding.Acute urinary retention also develops;
• Shrinking of the bladder – leads to chronic renal failure.

It is impossible to completely protect yourself from radiation therapy. Disease prevention involves the development of an individual radiation plan: it is necessary to reduce the volume of non-target tissues. An excellent result is shown by brachytherapy, in which a capsule with a radioactive drug is placed near the tumor. If you have the first signs of radiation cystitis, or if you cannot get rid of it for a long time, contact the Medskan medical center.Experienced doctors will carry out the necessary diagnostics and develop an individual treatment regimen.

Ureteral Stent Placement | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

This information explains what a ureteral stent is. It also explains what to expect during your ureteral stent placement at Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK).

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About ureters and ureteral stent

The ureters are the tubes in your body that drain urine from your kidneys into your bladder.If one of the ureters is blocked, urine will not drain properly. When this happens, the kidney fills with urine and swells up. This is called hydronephrosis. It can be caused by a tumor that presses on the ureter, kidney stones, or scar tissue. If the kidney block continues for a long time, it can damage the kidney. If both ureters are blocked, it will weaken both kidneys and may put you at risk of developing kidney failure. In case of kidney blockade, the placement of a ureteral stent is required.

A ureteral stent is a thin tube that is inserted into the ureter and helps drain urine from the kidney (see Figure 1). One end of this tube is in the kidney and the other in the bladder.

Figure 1. Ureteral stent

Ureteral stents can be placed for weeks, months or years. They are used for:

• restoration of urine flow through a blocked ureter;
• keeping the ureter open.

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Before procedure

Before your procedure, your nurse will tell you what to expect during a ureteral stent placement. You will also be given information on how to prepare for this procedure. Be sure to follow all instructions given. Call your healthcare provider if you have any questions.

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During procedure

On the day of your procedure, your nurse will give you an intravenous (IV) line into one of your veins.You will be given fluids through an IV line. You will also be given medication to help you feel more comfortable during the procedure.

To place a stent, your healthcare professional will first insert a cystoscope (a thin metal tube with a camera) through your urethra (a small tube that drains urine from your bladder outside) and then into your bladder. The cystoscope is used to find the opening through which the ureter connects to the bladder.Once the hole is located, the healthcare professional will pass the stent into the ureter through the cystoscope. Once the stent has been inserted, the cystoscope will be removed.

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After procedure

Hospital

After your surgery, you will be transferred to a recovery area called the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU). The nurse will measure your heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure regularly. If pain occurs, your healthcare provider may prescribe pain medication to help you feel more comfortable.

You will be in the awakening chamber until you fully come to your senses. When you are awake, the nurse will go over the patient recommendations with you after you are discharged, and then you can go home.

Houses

During the first 24 hours after the procedure, it is important to drink more water than usual. Drink 8-10 glasses (8 oz. (240 ml)) of water.

During the first 24 hours, do not perform any activities that require a lot of effort.Examples of such activities include lifting objects heavier than 15 pounds (6.8 kg) and any activity that involves the abdominal muscles (abs). You can return to your usual lifestyle 24 hours after the procedure.

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While you have a stent installed

After placing the stent, you may feel a “pull” while urinating. You can also get:

• frequent urination, ie the need to urinate more often than usual;
• violent, sudden urge to urinate combined with discomfort in the bladder;
• pelvic pain, i.e.That is, in the lower abdomen (belly).

These symptoms usually resolve over time. Your healthcare provider will talk with you about what symptoms you might have. Your healthcare professional can give you medicine to relieve symptoms in your bladder.

While you have a stent in place, you may occasionally see blood in your urine. This can happen as long as the stent is in place. This sometimes happens after increased activity or a long car ride.If you notice blood in your urine, drink more fluids than usual until the blood disappears.

Replacement stent

The stent will need to be replaced every 3–6 months. Your healthcare provider will tell you when to do this. Leaving the stent for a longer period can result in:

• obstruction of the ureter;
• the formation of kidney stones;
• infection;

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When should you contact your healthcare provider?

Call your healthcare provider if you have:

• chills.
• Temperature 101 ° F (38.3 ° C) or higher
• burning sensation when urinating;
• cloudy urine;
• urine has an unpleasant odor;
• pain on one or both sides of the abdominal region, or in the region of the kidneys;
• have any questions or concerns.

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90,000 Cystitis in women – Symptoms and treatment – Make an appointment

From the metro Nakhimovsky prospect (5 minutes walk)

From the Nakhimovskiy Prospekt metro station, exit to Azovskaya Street, then after 250-300 meters turn left onto Sivashskaya Street, then after 40-50 meters turn right into the courtyard.

From the children’s clinic and maternity hospital in Zyuzino (10 minutes walk)

From the children’s clinic and maternity hospital in Zyuzino, you need to go to Azovskaya street, then turn to Bolotnikovskaya street and, before reaching the narcological clinical hospital N17, turn left into the courtyard.

From metro Nagornaya (15 minutes)

From the Nagornaya metro station you can get to our medical center in 15 minutes, having traveled 1 metro stop.

From Varshavskaya metro station (19 minutes walk)

From the Varshavskaya metro station, it is convenient to take trolleybuses 52 and 8 from the stop “Bolotnikovskaya ulitsa, 1” to the stop Moskvoretsky Rynok, then 550 meters on foot

From metro Kakhovskaya (19 minutes walk)

From the Kakhovskaya metro station, go to Chongarskiy Boulevard, follow Azovskaya Street, turn right onto Bolotnikovskaya Street, then after 40-50 meters (behind house number 20, turn to the left into the courtyard)

From the metro Chertanovskaya district Chertanovo (20 minutes)

From Chertanovo district to our medical center can be reached from Metro Chertanovskaya in 20 minutes or on foot in 35-40 minutes.

From the Profsoyuznaya metro station (25 minutes)

Exit from the Profsoyuznaya metro station to Profsoyuznaya street. Further from Nakhimovsky Prospekt, from the Metro Profsoyuznaya stop, drive 7 stops to the Metro Nakhimovsky Prospekt stop. Further along Azovskaya street 7 minutes on foot.

From Kaluzhskaya metro station (30 minutes)

From the Kaluzhskaya metro station, you can take trolleybus 72 in 30 minutes. Exit from the metro to Profsoyuznaya street, from the Kaluzhskaya metro stop proceed to the Chongarskiy boulevard stop, then 7 minutes walk along Simferopol boulevard

From the prefecture of the SOUTH-WEST (YUZAO) district (30 minutes on foot)

From Sevastopolsky Avenue, turn onto Bolotnikovskaya Street, not reaching the narcological clinical hospital N17 100 meters, turn left into the courtyard.

From the metro station Novye Cheryomushki (40 minutes)

Exit from the Novye Cheryomushki metro station on the street. Gribaldi, then at the stop on Profsoyuznaya Street “Metro Novye Cheryomushki” by trolleybus N60 proceed to the stop Chongarsky Boulevard, then 7 minutes walk along Simferopol Boulevard

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