Misdiagnosed as shingles. Shingles Misdiagnosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Look-alike Conditions
What are the key symptoms of shingles. How can shingles be differentiated from other skin conditions. What causes shingles to develop. When should you seek medical attention for a suspicious rash.
Understanding Shingles: A Comprehensive Overview
Shingles, medically known as herpes zoster, is a viral infection that manifests as a painful, blistering rash. This condition affects approximately 1 million people annually in the United States, typically appearing on one side of the body or face. Shingles occurs when the varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox, reactivates after lying dormant in the nervous system for years.
The primary symptoms of shingles include:
- Pain
- Itching
- Tingling sensation
- A painful rash with blistering sores
- Fever and chills
- Headache
- Gastrointestinal disturbances
While shingles is generally not life-threatening, it can cause severe discomfort and lead to long-term complications such as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). This condition, characterized by persistent pain lasting 90 days or more after the rash has healed, affects 10-18% of shingles patients, with the risk increasing significantly with age.
The Progression and Presentation of Shingles
How does shingles typically develop? The infection usually follows a distinct pattern:
- Initial symptoms: Pain, itching, and tingling in a specific area
- Rash development: A painful, blistering rash appears, often in a stripe-like pattern on one side of the trunk
- Blister formation: Blisters form and fill with fluid over 3-5 days
- Crusting and healing: Blisters rupture, form sores, then crust over and heal within 2-4 weeks
In some cases, shingles may present atypically. Disseminated shingles, characterized by a widespread rash, can occur in individuals with weakened immune systems. Additionally, the virus may affect internal organs such as the lungs, liver, brain, or blood vessels, potentially leading to life-threatening complications.
Potential Complications of Shingles
What are the possible complications of shingles? While most cases resolve without significant issues, some individuals may experience:
- Vision loss
- Pneumonia
- Hearing problems
- Encephalitis (brain inflammation)
- Partial facial paralysis
- Polyneuritis (damage to multiple peripheral nerves)
Conditions Commonly Mistaken for Shingles
Given the variability in shingles presentation, it’s not uncommon for the condition to be misdiagnosed. Several skin conditions can mimic the symptoms of shingles, leading to potential confusion:
- Cellulitis
- Chickenpox
- Herpes simplex
- Impetigo
- Folliculitis
- Irritant contact dermatitis
- Insect bites
- Mucosal candidiasis (oral thrush)
How can healthcare providers differentiate shingles from these conditions? While a thorough physical examination and medical history are often sufficient for diagnosis, doctors may sometimes need to take samples of skin, mucus, or blood for laboratory testing to confirm the presence of the varicella-zoster virus.
The Underlying Cause of Shingles
What causes shingles to develop? The root cause of shingles is the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which initially causes chickenpox. After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in their nervous system. Years or even decades later, the virus can reactivate, leading to shingles.
The exact trigger for this reactivation isn’t always clear, but factors that may contribute include:
- Weakened immune system
- Stress
- Advanced age
- Certain medications
- Chronic diseases
Transmission and Contagiousness of Shingles
Is shingles contagious? While you can’t “catch” shingles from someone else, the varicella-zoster virus can be transmitted from a person with active shingles to someone who has never had chickenpox or been vaccinated against it. This transmission occurs through direct contact with the fluid from shingles blisters.
When is shingles most contagious? The virus can spread from the time the blisters appear until they have fully crusted over. During this period, individuals with shingles should avoid contact with:
- Pregnant women who have never had chickenpox or the vaccine
- Premature or low birth weight infants
- People with weakened immune systems
Prevention and Vaccination Against Shingles
How can you prevent shingles? The most effective method of prevention is vaccination. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the Shingrix vaccine, which can provide up to 97% protection against shingles, depending on age and immune status.
Who should get the shingles vaccine? The Department of Health and Human Services advises vaccination for:
- Adults aged 50 years or older
- Individuals 19 or older with weakened immune systems due to health conditions or treatments
- People 19 or older at risk of a weakened immune system due to upcoming treatments
The vaccine is recommended even for those who have previously had shingles, been vaccinated with the older Zostavax vaccine, or are unsure if they’ve had chickenpox. It’s administered in two doses, with the second dose given 2-6 months after the first.
Diagnosing Shingles: When to Seek Medical Attention
When should you consult a healthcare provider about a possible case of shingles? It’s crucial to seek medical attention promptly if you experience:
- A painful, blistering rash, especially if it appears in a band on one side of your body
- Burning, tingling, or numbness in a specific area before a rash appears
- Symptoms affecting your face, particularly near your eyes
- Fever, chills, or other flu-like symptoms accompanying a rash
Early diagnosis and treatment can help reduce the severity of symptoms and lower the risk of complications. Healthcare providers can typically diagnose shingles based on the characteristic appearance of the rash and associated symptoms. In some cases, they may perform additional tests to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other conditions.
Treatment Options for Shingles
What treatments are available for shingles? While there’s no cure for shingles, several treatment options can help manage symptoms and potentially shorten the duration of the outbreak:
Antiviral Medications
Antiviral drugs are the cornerstone of shingles treatment. These medications work by stopping the virus from multiplying, which can:
- Speed up healing of the rash
- Reduce the severity and duration of pain
- Decrease the risk of complications
Commonly prescribed antiviral medications for shingles include:
- Acyclovir
- Valacyclovir
- Famciclovir
These medications are most effective when started within 72 hours of the rash’s appearance.
Pain Management
Managing pain is a crucial aspect of shingles treatment. Options may include:
- Over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen)
- Topical numbing agents (e.g., lidocaine patches)
- Prescription pain medications for severe cases
- Nerve blocks in some instances
Topical Treatments
Various topical treatments can help soothe the skin and promote healing:
- Calamine lotion to relieve itching
- Cool compresses to reduce inflammation
- Colloidal oatmeal baths to soothe irritated skin
Management of Postherpetic Neuralgia
For individuals who develop postherpetic neuralgia, additional treatments may be necessary:
- Anticonvulsant medications (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin)
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Topical capsaicin cream
- Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
How long does shingles treatment typically last? The duration of treatment can vary depending on the severity of the outbreak and the presence of complications. Antiviral medications are usually prescribed for 7-10 days, while pain management may continue for several weeks or months in cases of postherpetic neuralgia.
Living with Shingles: Coping Strategies and Lifestyle Adjustments
How can individuals cope with the discomfort and lifestyle changes associated with shingles? Here are some strategies to manage symptoms and promote recovery:
Self-Care Measures
- Keep the rash clean and dry to prevent bacterial infections
- Wear loose-fitting, natural fiber clothing to minimize irritation
- Apply cool, wet compresses to the rash to relieve pain and itching
- Take lukewarm baths with colloidal oatmeal or baking soda to soothe the skin
- Use calamine lotion or other soothing gels to reduce itching
Stress Management
Stress can exacerbate shingles symptoms and potentially prolong recovery. Consider incorporating stress-reduction techniques such as:
- Meditation or mindfulness practices
- Deep breathing exercises
- Gentle yoga or tai chi
- Progressive muscle relaxation
Dietary Considerations
While there’s no specific diet for shingles, maintaining a balanced, nutrient-rich diet can support overall health and immune function. Consider including:
- Foods rich in vitamins A, B12, C, and E
- Sources of lysine, such as fish, chicken, and eggs
- Plenty of water to stay hydrated
Activity Modifications
Depending on the location and severity of the shingles outbreak, you may need to modify your usual activities:
- Avoid strenuous exercise during the acute phase of the illness
- Take breaks and rest when needed
- Use assistive devices if shingles affects your mobility
Social Considerations
To prevent transmission of the virus to susceptible individuals:
- Avoid close contact with people who haven’t had chickenpox or the vaccine
- Keep the rash covered when around others
- Wash hands frequently, especially after touching the affected area
Long-Term Outlook and Follow-Up Care for Shingles Patients
What can individuals expect in terms of long-term outcomes after a shingles outbreak? For most people, shingles is a self-limiting condition that resolves within a few weeks. However, some may experience longer-term effects:
Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN)
As mentioned earlier, PHN is the most common complication of shingles. It can persist for months or even years after the rash has healed. Regular follow-up with healthcare providers is crucial for managing this condition effectively.
Recurrence Risk
While it’s possible to develop shingles more than once, it’s relatively uncommon. Studies suggest that the recurrence rate is around 5% within 8 years of the initial outbreak. Vaccination can help reduce this risk.
Psychological Impact
The pain and discomfort associated with shingles can take a toll on mental health. Some individuals may experience:
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Sleep disturbances
- Reduced quality of life
Mental health support may be beneficial for those struggling with the psychological effects of shingles.
Follow-Up Care
After the acute phase of shingles, follow-up care may involve:
- Regular check-ups to monitor for complications
- Adjustment of pain management strategies as needed
- Referral to specialists (e.g., neurologists, pain management experts) if complications arise
- Discussion of vaccination to prevent future outbreaks
By understanding the potential long-term implications of shingles and maintaining open communication with healthcare providers, individuals can better navigate the recovery process and manage any lasting effects of the condition.
Is it shingles? Symptoms vs. other conditions and causes
Shingles, also called herpes zoster, is an infection that causes a painful, blistering rash, often on one side of the body or face. There may also be ongoing neurologic pain.
Shingles happens when the chickenpox virus reactivates, often many years later. It affects about 1 million people each year in the United States. There may also be a fever, chills, headache, gastrointestinal disturbances, and headache.
In most cases, shingles is not a life threatening condition, but it can cause severe pain, and the effects can linger for months or years as postherpetic neuralgia.
Vaccinations against the chickenpox virus and the shingles virus can help prevent shingles.
The first symptoms of shingles are usually:
- pain
- itching
- tingling
Next, the following may start to appear:
- a painful rash of blistering sores, which appears as a single stripe around one side of the trunk
- a rash around the eye
- fever and chills
- headache
- gastrointestinal symptoms
- a rash or ulcers in the mouth, known as oral shingles
The rash from shingles tends to develop in a hallmark pattern, usually on the trunk. People sometimes call it a “shingles band” due to the striped pattern. They appear over 3–5 days.
Pain occurs because the virus causes inflammation in the nerves.
Over the next 7–10 days, the blisters often rupture, form sores, and then crust over and heal. The rash usually disappears in 2–4 weeks.
Disseminated shingles involves a widespread rash. It can affect people with a weakened immune system.
In some people, the rash heals, but the pain continues for 4 weeks or longer. In some cases, there may be severe pain lasting 90 days or more, known as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN).
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), PHN affects 10–18% of people who have had shingles. It rarely affects those under 40 years, but 13% of individuals aged 50 years or over will develop PHN after shingles. By the age of 70, this figure rises to around 75%.
In some cases, shingles can lead to:
- vision loss
- pneumonia
- hearing loss
- encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain
- partial facial paralysis
- polyneuritis, where multiple peripheral nerves become damaged
In some cases, the virus affects the internal organs, such as the lungs, liver, brain, spinal cord, or blood vessels. In this case, it can become life threatening. Having a weakened immune system may increase the risk of internal involvement.
What is internal shingles?
The symptoms of shingles can sometimes resemble those of other conditions, such as:
- cellulitis
- chickenpox
- herpes simplex
- impetigo
- folliculitis
- irritant contact dermatitis
- insect bites
- mucosal candidiasis, or oral thrush
The best way to work out if a rash is shingles is to speak with a doctor. In most cases, a doctor can make a diagnosis according to a person’s medical history, a physical exam, and symptoms. However, they may take a sample of skin, mucus, or blood for testing to confirm the diagnosis.
Anyone who suspects they have shingles needs to seek medical advice. Treatment can help speed recovery and reduce the risk of complications.
What do skin infections look like?
A virus called varicella zoster causes shingles. It also causes chickenpox, which used to be a common childhood illness before health experts developed a vaccine for it.
Once a person has a chickenpox infection, the virus remains in their nervous system, even after they recover. Although the virus stays in the body, doctors consider it latent, meaning it is inactive and does not cause any symptoms.
At some point, the virus can reactivate and cause shingles. The reason the virus reactivates is not entirely clear — it may become active again if a person’s immune system becomes weakened or stressed.
What treatment options are there for shingles?
A person cannot get shingles from another individual, but they can get chickenpox from someone who has shingles if they do not have immunity to chickenpox.
Transmission can occur through contact with the fluid that comes from the blisters.
When is shingles contagious?
Vaccination
According to the CDC, the shingles vaccine (Shingrix) is safe and can provide up to 97% protection against shingles, depending on the person’s age and the status of their immune system.
The Department of Health and Human Services advises everyone to have the shingles vaccine if they are:
- are aged 50 years or older
- are aged 19 or older and have a weakened immune system due to a health condition or treatment, such as chemotherapy
- are aged 19 or older and are at risk of a weakened immune system because of upcoming treatments
People should have the vaccine even if they:
- have already had shingles
- have previously been vaccinated with Zostavax, a vaccine that is no longer in use
- are not sure if they have had chickenpox
The vaccine comes in two doses, the second being 2–6 months after the first.
Here are some questions people often ask about shingles symptoms.
What are the first signs of shingles?
Early symptoms include a feeling of pain, burning, and itching in one area of the skin. After this, a rash appears, and fluid-filled blisters form. The rash is painful because the virus causes infection in the nerve cells.
What are the triggers for shingles?
Possible triggers for shingles include:
- emotional stress
- the use of immunosuppressant medications
- having a health condition that affects immunity
Will shingles go away without treatment?
There is currently no cure for shingles, but the rash usually clears up in 2–4 weeks. However, treatment can help manage it. If a person takes antiviral medication soon after the rash appears, it may shorten the duration of the infection and reduce the severity of symptoms.
Over-the-counter pain relief, wet compresses, calamine lotion, and lukewarm baths with colloidal oatmeal may help manage discomfort.
What are some natural treatments for shingles?
How long does shingles last?
The first symptoms of shingles are often pain, tingling, itching, and then a rash. The rash often forms a band around one side of the trunk. In time, blisters can form. These usually heal within 2–4 weeks, but some people have ongoing pain known as postherpetic neuralgia.
The rash can also affect the eyes and mouth, with a risk of vision loss.
Vaccination can help prevent shingles. Health experts recommend it for people aged 50 years and above and those aged 19 and over who have or are at risk of having a weakened immune system.
Is it shingles? Symptoms vs. other conditions and causes
Shingles, also called herpes zoster, is an infection that causes a painful, blistering rash, often on one side of the body or face. There may also be ongoing neurologic pain.
Shingles happens when the chickenpox virus reactivates, often many years later. It affects about 1 million people each year in the United States. There may also be a fever, chills, headache, gastrointestinal disturbances, and headache.
In most cases, shingles is not a life threatening condition, but it can cause severe pain, and the effects can linger for months or years as postherpetic neuralgia.
Vaccinations against the chickenpox virus and the shingles virus can help prevent shingles.
The first symptoms of shingles are usually:
- pain
- itching
- tingling
Next, the following may start to appear:
- a painful rash of blistering sores, which appears as a single stripe around one side of the trunk
- a rash around the eye
- fever and chills
- headache
- gastrointestinal symptoms
- a rash or ulcers in the mouth, known as oral shingles
The rash from shingles tends to develop in a hallmark pattern, usually on the trunk. People sometimes call it a “shingles band” due to the striped pattern. They appear over 3–5 days.
Pain occurs because the virus causes inflammation in the nerves.
Over the next 7–10 days, the blisters often rupture, form sores, and then crust over and heal. The rash usually disappears in 2–4 weeks.
Disseminated shingles involves a widespread rash. It can affect people with a weakened immune system.
In some people, the rash heals, but the pain continues for 4 weeks or longer. In some cases, there may be severe pain lasting 90 days or more, known as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN).
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), PHN affects 10–18% of people who have had shingles. It rarely affects those under 40 years, but 13% of individuals aged 50 years or over will develop PHN after shingles. By the age of 70, this figure rises to around 75%.
In some cases, shingles can lead to:
- vision loss
- pneumonia
- hearing loss
- encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain
- partial facial paralysis
- polyneuritis, where multiple peripheral nerves become damaged
In some cases, the virus affects the internal organs, such as the lungs, liver, brain, spinal cord, or blood vessels. In this case, it can become life threatening. Having a weakened immune system may increase the risk of internal involvement.
What is internal shingles?
The symptoms of shingles can sometimes resemble those of other conditions, such as:
- cellulitis
- chickenpox
- herpes simplex
- impetigo
- folliculitis
- irritant contact dermatitis
- insect bites
- mucosal candidiasis, or oral thrush
The best way to work out if a rash is shingles is to speak with a doctor. In most cases, a doctor can make a diagnosis according to a person’s medical history, a physical exam, and symptoms. However, they may take a sample of skin, mucus, or blood for testing to confirm the diagnosis.
Anyone who suspects they have shingles needs to seek medical advice. Treatment can help speed recovery and reduce the risk of complications.
What do skin infections look like?
A virus called varicella zoster causes shingles. It also causes chickenpox, which used to be a common childhood illness before health experts developed a vaccine for it.
Once a person has a chickenpox infection, the virus remains in their nervous system, even after they recover. Although the virus stays in the body, doctors consider it latent, meaning it is inactive and does not cause any symptoms.
At some point, the virus can reactivate and cause shingles. The reason the virus reactivates is not entirely clear — it may become active again if a person’s immune system becomes weakened or stressed.
What treatment options are there for shingles?
A person cannot get shingles from another individual, but they can get chickenpox from someone who has shingles if they do not have immunity to chickenpox.
Transmission can occur through contact with the fluid that comes from the blisters.
When is shingles contagious?
Vaccination
According to the CDC, the shingles vaccine (Shingrix) is safe and can provide up to 97% protection against shingles, depending on the person’s age and the status of their immune system.
The Department of Health and Human Services advises everyone to have the shingles vaccine if they are:
- are aged 50 years or older
- are aged 19 or older and have a weakened immune system due to a health condition or treatment, such as chemotherapy
- are aged 19 or older and are at risk of a weakened immune system because of upcoming treatments
People should have the vaccine even if they:
- have already had shingles
- have previously been vaccinated with Zostavax, a vaccine that is no longer in use
- are not sure if they have had chickenpox
The vaccine comes in two doses, the second being 2–6 months after the first.
Here are some questions people often ask about shingles symptoms.
What are the first signs of shingles?
Early symptoms include a feeling of pain, burning, and itching in one area of the skin. After this, a rash appears, and fluid-filled blisters form. The rash is painful because the virus causes infection in the nerve cells.
What are the triggers for shingles?
Possible triggers for shingles include:
- emotional stress
- the use of immunosuppressant medications
- having a health condition that affects immunity
Will shingles go away without treatment?
There is currently no cure for shingles, but the rash usually clears up in 2–4 weeks. However, treatment can help manage it. If a person takes antiviral medication soon after the rash appears, it may shorten the duration of the infection and reduce the severity of symptoms.
Over-the-counter pain relief, wet compresses, calamine lotion, and lukewarm baths with colloidal oatmeal may help manage discomfort.
What are some natural treatments for shingles?
How long does shingles last?
The first symptoms of shingles are often pain, tingling, itching, and then a rash. The rash often forms a band around one side of the trunk. In time, blisters can form. These usually heal within 2–4 weeks, but some people have ongoing pain known as postherpetic neuralgia.
The rash can also affect the eyes and mouth, with a risk of vision loss.
Vaccination can help prevent shingles. Health experts recommend it for people aged 50 years and above and those aged 19 and over who have or are at risk of having a weakened immune system.
How to diagnose shingles – advice from a dermatologist
How to diagnose shingles – advice from a dermatologist
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How to diagnose shingles: Shingles is an infection that causes a painful skin rash. Primary diagnosis of shingles will require a consultation with a dermatologist.
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Shingles symptoms
The first signs of shingles may be:
- tingling or soreness in the skin;
- headache or general malaise;
- and only a few days later the rash appears.
Shingles usually first appears on the chest and abdomen, but it can develop anywhere on the body, including the face, eyes, and genitals. The rash looks like red spots on the skin on only one side of the body (a rash on both sides of the body is unlikely to be herpes zoster – this is an important sign that helps to differentiate the disease from other conditions). Later, the spots turn into itchy blisters that ooze fluid, and after a few days the blisters dry out and crust over. A rash can also appear around the eye, making it painful and red, and can even affect vision or hearing and make it difficult to move one side of the face. The rash can take up to 4 weeks to heal. The skin may remain sore for several weeks after the crusts have disappeared.
Is shingles contagious?
A person cannot pass shingles to other people. But people who haven’t had chickenpox before can catch it from a sick person, because shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Therefore, in order to prevent the spread of the disease, the patient should avoid contact with:
- pregnant women who have not previously had chickenpox;
- patients with a weakened immune system;
- infants less than 1 month old.
Also, do not go to work or school if fluid is still coming out of the rash, or until the rash is dry. A person cannot get shingles from chicken pox.
Shingles and pregnancy
If a pregnant woman develops shingles, it does not pose a risk to her pregnancy and unborn child. But you should still see a dermatologist, as she may need antiviral treatment.
Herpes zoster vaccine
Herpes zoster vaccine is available free of charge for people over 70 years of age. This helps reduce the risk of developing the disease. If a patient develops shingles after vaccination, the symptoms may be much milder.
Herpes zoster treatment
The patient may need medication to help speed recovery and avoid longer problems. Therapy works best if started within 3 days of the first rash. The patient can make independent attempts to alleviate his condition:
- take paracetamol to relieve pain;
- keep the rash clean and dry to reduce the risk of infection;
- wear loose clothing;
- use a cool compress (a bag of frozen vegetables wrapped in a towel or damp cloth) several times a day;
- prevent dressings or patches from sticking to the rash;
- do not use antibiotic cream – this will slow down healing.
Author: Makarova Ksenia Nikolaevna
Specialization: Dermatologist
Where does the appointment: Mirramed Aesthetic Medicine Center
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Kurbanbayeva Gozel Bakhtiyarovna
Specialization: Dermatologist
Medical experience: since 2018
Where does the reception: SM-Clinic on Marshal Zakharov, SZTSDM on Bogatyrsky, LIK Cosmetology Center (LIK)
Lukyanchuk Maxim Vladimirovich
Specialization: Dermatologist
Medical experience: since 2017
Where does the appointment: SM-Clinic on Malaya Balkanskaya, Desir on Kolomyazhsky, Desir Clinic on Moskovsky
Mozgova Olga Viktorovna
Specialization: Dermatologist
Medical experience: since 1981
Where does the reception: SM-Clinic on Udarnikov
Romanova Alena Olegovna
Specialization: Dermatologist
Medical experience: since 2015
Where does the appointment: SM-Clinic on Vyborgsky, Clinic A-media
Semyachkov Sergey Viktorovich
Specialization: Dermatologist
Medical experience: since 2010
Where does the appointment: SM-Clinic on Vyborgsky, Podology Center on Petrogradskaya
Utkina Natalya Aleksandrovna
Specialization: Dermatologist
Medical experience: since 2003
Where does the reception: SM-Clinic on Vyborgsky
Khramovich Anastasia Vladimirovna
Specialization: Dermatologist
Medical experience: since 2011
Where does the reception: SM-Clinic on Malaya Balkanskaya
Shurkus Inna Vladimirovna
Specialization: Dermatologist
Medical experience: since 1989
Where does the reception: SM-Clinic on Danube
Literature:
- Kostritskaya, SS Characteristics of the clinical course of herpes zoster in young people / SS Kostritskaya, VN Koryagin // Health is the basis of human potential: problems and ways to solve them. – 2012. – No. 2. – S. 778-779
- Makarova, I.V. Clinical and immunological characteristics of herpes zoster in HIV-infected patients. / I.V. Makarova, E.A. Ioannidi. // Bulletin of the Volgograd State Medical University. – 2012. – no. 2. – S. 51-53.
- A new approach to the diagnosis of Varicella zöster virus infection using real-time PCR. / H.F. Fam, A.V. Sidorov, A.V. Milovanova [et al.] // Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention. – 2016. – V.15, No. 5(90). – S. 52-58.
- Filatova, E.G. Herpes zoster and herpes-associated pain. / E.G. Filatova // Attending physician. – 2011. – No. 5. – S. 24-27.
- Drakina, S. A. Neurological aspects of herpes zoster / S. A. Drakina // Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of skin venereal diseases: Proceedings of the third congress of dermatologists and venereologists of the Republic of Belarus. – Minsk, 1996.-S. 153.
Latest diagnostic articles
Polymorphic light eruption
Polymorphic light rash is a fairly common skin rash caused by exposure to sunlight or artificial ultraviolet (UV) light.