How soon can you take a pregnancy test. What are the earliest signs of pregnancy. Can you have a period while pregnant. How do pregnancy tests work. What should you do when trying to conceive.

The Timing of Pregnancy Tests: When Is It Safe to Check?

Many women eagerly await the moment they can confirm their pregnancy. But when is the right time to take a test? Experts recommend waiting until the first day of a missed period, which is typically about two weeks after conception. This timing ensures the most accurate results.

For those who can’t wait, some highly sensitive tests can detect pregnancy as early as four or five days before a missed period. However, these early results may not be as reliable. To avoid disappointment or confusion, it’s best to exercise patience and wait for the recommended time.

Are Home Pregnancy Tests Reliable?

Home pregnancy tests have come a long way in terms of accuracy. When used correctly, they boast an impressive 97% accuracy rate. However, it’s important to note that false positives can occur, especially if the test is taken too early.

If you receive a negative result but still experience pregnancy symptoms, don’t lose hope. It’s advisable to wait a week and retake the test. This allows time for hormone levels to increase if you are indeed pregnant.

Understanding How Pregnancy Tests Function

Pregnancy tests are designed to detect a specific hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). This hormone is produced by the placenta shortly after the embryo attaches to the uterine wall. HCG can be detected in both blood and urine as early as 10 days after conception.

The test works by either dipping the end of the test strip into a urine stream or collecting urine in a container and then dipping the test strip. The presence of HCG in the urine will trigger a positive result on the test.

Can You Determine the Date of Conception?

While it’s not an exact science, you can estimate the date of conception based on your test results. If you get a positive test on the first day of your missed period, it’s likely that conception occurred about two weeks prior. Some advanced pregnancy tests can even provide an estimation of conception date based on the levels of HCG detected.

Early Pregnancy Symptoms: What to Look Out For

While a pregnancy test is the most reliable way to confirm pregnancy, there are several early signs and symptoms that may indicate you’re expecting. It’s important to remember that every woman’s experience is unique, and you may not experience all or any of these symptoms.

Fatigue and Exhaustion

Feeling unusually tired or exhausted is a common early sign of pregnancy. If you find yourself more fatigued than usual, it could be an indication that you’re pregnant. This tiredness is often attributed to the hormonal changes occurring in your body.

Nausea and Morning Sickness

Nausea and vomiting, often referred to as morning sickness, are perhaps the most well-known pregnancy symptoms. Despite its name, this queasiness can occur at any time of the day or night. For most women, the severity of these symptoms decreases significantly during the second trimester.

Changes in Senses of Taste and Smell

Many women report changes in their senses of taste and smell during early pregnancy. You might experience a metallic taste in your mouth or become more sensitive to certain smells. Some women also find themselves going off foods they previously enjoyed.

Breast Tenderness

Hormonal changes during early pregnancy can cause your breasts to feel sensitive, sore, or swollen. This symptom typically subsides after a few weeks as your body adjusts to the hormonal shifts.

Frequent Urination

If you find yourself making more trips to the bathroom than usual, it could be an early sign of pregnancy. During pregnancy, your body increases blood flow, which causes your kidneys to process more fluid. This leads to more frequent urination.

Menstruation During Pregnancy: Is It Possible?

Many women wonder if it’s possible to have a period while pregnant. While true menstruation doesn’t occur during pregnancy, some women may experience light bleeding or spotting in the early weeks. This is often due to implantation bleeding, which happens when the fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining.

It’s important to note that this bleeding is typically different from a regular period in terms of color, texture, and amount. If you’re unsure or concerned about any bleeding during pregnancy, it’s always best to consult with your healthcare provider.

Preparing for Pregnancy: Essential Steps to Take

If you’re trying to conceive, there are several steps you can take to increase your chances of a healthy pregnancy:

• Start taking folic acid supplements (400 micrograms daily)
• Maintain a balanced and nutritious diet
• Exercise regularly
• Avoid alcohol, smoking, and illicit drugs
• Reduce caffeine intake
• Manage stress levels

One of the most crucial steps is taking folic acid supplements. Even if your diet includes foods rich in folic acid, supplements are still recommended to reduce the risk of neural tube defects like spina bifida in your baby.

The Role of HCG in Pregnancy Detection

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) plays a crucial role in pregnancy detection. This hormone is produced by the placenta shortly after the embryo implants in the uterus. HCG levels rise rapidly in the early days and weeks of pregnancy, doubling approximately every 48 hours.

Home pregnancy tests are designed to detect HCG in urine. The sensitivity of these tests varies, with some able to detect very low levels of HCG. This is why some tests can provide results even before a missed period.

How Soon Can HCG Be Detected?

HCG can typically be detected in blood tests about 7-10 days after conception. Urine tests, which are what most home pregnancy tests use, can usually detect HCG about 12-14 days after conception. However, for the most accurate results, it’s still recommended to wait until after a missed period to take a test.

Managing Early Pregnancy Symptoms

While early pregnancy symptoms can be challenging, there are ways to manage them effectively:

1. For fatigue: Rest when you can and maintain a healthy sleep schedule
2. For nausea: Eat small, frequent meals and stay hydrated
3. For breast tenderness: Wear a supportive bra and avoid caffeine
4. For frequent urination: Stay hydrated but limit fluid intake before bedtime

Remember, these symptoms are temporary and usually improve as your pregnancy progresses. If any symptoms become severe or concerning, always consult with your healthcare provider.

The Importance of Prenatal Care

Once you’ve confirmed your pregnancy, it’s crucial to begin prenatal care as soon as possible. Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider can help ensure a healthy pregnancy for both you and your baby.

Prenatal care typically involves:

• Regular check-ups and health screenings
• Monitoring of fetal development
• Nutritional guidance
• Education about pregnancy and childbirth
• Emotional support

Your healthcare provider can also address any concerns or questions you may have throughout your pregnancy journey.

When to Seek Medical Attention

While many early pregnancy symptoms are normal, there are situations where you should seek immediate medical attention. These include:

• Severe abdominal pain
• Heavy bleeding
• Severe headaches or vision changes
• High fever
• Severe vomiting and inability to keep fluids down

If you experience any of these symptoms, don’t hesitate to contact your healthcare provider or seek emergency care.

Emotional Changes During Early Pregnancy

Pregnancy isn’t just about physical changes; it also brings about significant emotional shifts. Many women experience mood swings, anxiety, or excitement during early pregnancy. These emotional changes are normal and are often attributed to hormonal fluctuations.

Some common emotional experiences during early pregnancy include:

• Mood swings
• Anxiety about the pregnancy and future
• Excitement and joy
• Increased sensitivity
• Changes in libido

It’s important to communicate these feelings with your partner, family, or healthcare provider. Emotional support during this time can greatly improve your overall well-being and pregnancy experience.

Coping Strategies for Emotional Changes

If you’re struggling with emotional changes during early pregnancy, consider these coping strategies:

1. Practice relaxation techniques like meditation or yoga
2. Engage in regular physical activity (with your doctor’s approval)
3. Maintain a healthy sleep schedule
4. Communicate openly with your support system
5. Consider joining a pregnancy support group

Remember, it’s okay to seek professional help if you’re feeling overwhelmed. Many healthcare providers offer counseling services specifically for pregnant women.

Nutritional Considerations in Early Pregnancy

Proper nutrition is crucial during pregnancy, especially in the early stages when your baby’s organs are developing. While you don’t need to “eat for two,” you should focus on consuming a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients.

Key nutrients to focus on include:

• Folic acid: Found in leafy greens, fortified cereals, and supplements
• Iron: Found in lean meats, beans, and fortified cereals
• Calcium: Found in dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified foods
• Protein: Found in meat, fish, eggs, and legumes
• Omega-3 fatty acids: Found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts

It’s also important to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day. Your healthcare provider may recommend prenatal vitamins to ensure you’re getting all the necessary nutrients.

Foods to Avoid During Pregnancy

While focusing on nutritious foods, there are also some items you should avoid or limit during pregnancy:

• Raw or undercooked meat, fish, and eggs
• Unpasteurized dairy products
• High-mercury fish like shark, swordfish, and king mackerel
• Raw sprouts
• Excessive caffeine
• Alcohol

Always consult with your healthcare provider about any specific dietary concerns or restrictions during your pregnancy.

Exercise and Physical Activity in Early Pregnancy

Maintaining an active lifestyle during pregnancy can have numerous benefits for both you and your baby. Regular exercise can help manage weight gain, reduce pregnancy discomforts, and prepare your body for labor and delivery.

Safe exercises during early pregnancy include:

• Walking
• Swimming
• Prenatal yoga
• Low-impact aerobics
• Stationary cycling

Always consult with your healthcare provider before starting or continuing any exercise routine during pregnancy. They can provide personalized recommendations based on your health and pregnancy status.

Precautions for Exercise During Pregnancy

While exercise is generally safe during pregnancy, there are some precautions to keep in mind:

1. Avoid overheating
2. Stay hydrated
3. Avoid exercises that involve lying flat on your back after the first trimester
4. Avoid contact sports or activities with a high risk of falling
5. Listen to your body and stop if you feel uncomfortable

Remember, the goal of exercise during pregnancy is to maintain fitness and well-being, not to reach peak performance levels.

Planning for the Future: Early Pregnancy and Beyond

While early pregnancy is an exciting time, it’s also an opportunity to start planning for the future. This includes considering your maternity leave options, researching childcare, and thinking about your postpartum support system.

Some areas to consider planning for include:

• Financial planning for baby expenses
• Maternity and paternity leave arrangements
• Childcare options
• Postpartum support (family, friends, or professional help)
• Baby gear and nursery preparations

While it might seem early, starting these discussions and plans can help reduce stress later in your pregnancy.

Building a Support System

Pregnancy and parenthood can be challenging, and having a strong support system is crucial. This support can come from various sources:

• Partner or spouse
• Family members
• Friends
• Healthcare providers
• Pregnancy and parenting support groups
• Online communities

Don’t hesitate to reach out and build your support network early in your pregnancy. Having people to turn to for advice, help, or just a listening ear can make a significant difference in your pregnancy experience.

How long does it take to know I’m pregnant? | Pregnancy articles & support

You’re desperate to know but not sure how early you can take a test, or exactly how the ‘weeks’ are calculated. Here’s the info…

How soon you can take a pregnancy test

Step back from the supermarket shelves; you should wait until the first day of a missed period before you do a pregnancy test (Tommy’s, 2017). This is usually about two weeks after you think you conceived. So get your diary out and start counting.

Too keen to wait? Some tests are more sensitive than others and can be taken earlier (American Pregnancy Association, 2018). This might be four or five days before your period is due (NHS Choices, 2018).

If you can though, it’s most reliable to wait for the first day of your missed period. And that way you won’t get any upset from an inaccurate result.

Is a home pregnancy test reliable?

Yep, they’re around 97% accurate when done correctly but sometimes you might get a false positive result. The results can be wrong if a test is done too early. If you get a negative but still have pregnancy symptoms, take another test a week later (American Pregnancy Association, 2018).

Is it better to go to my doctor for a pregnancy test?

You can do a pregnancy test at your GP or chemist but it’s much more common now to buy a home test. This means you’ll get the news in your own bathroom.

The test can be done in two ways. Either dipping the end of the pregnancy test in the stream as you wee or into the wee collected in a container.

How do pregnancy tests work?

Pregnancy tests detect a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropic (HCG) (Tommy’s, 2017) which is an early sign of pregnancy. If you are pregnant, HCG will appear in your blood and wee as early as 10 days after conception (Medline Plus, 2018).

How will I know when I conceived?

If you get a positive test result on the first day of your missed period, it’s probably about two weeks since you conceived. Some pregnancy tests can also give an estimation of when you might have conceived based on the level of HCG too (NHS Choices, 2018).

Can I be pregnant but still have a period?

You definitely could think you’ve had a period. It’s common to experience light bleeding or spotting in the early weeks of pregnancy when the egg implants. But there are likely to be differences in texture, colour or amount of blood (Healthline, 2017).

I am trying to get pregnant, is there anything I could do or should be doing while trying?

You should take folic acid supplements (400 micrograms daily) while you’re trying to get pregnant. Although you might be eating foods with it in, it’s still recommended to take the supplements in order to reduce the risk of having a baby with a neural tube defect like spina bifida (NICE, 2014).

I’m shattered – could this be an early symptom of pregnancy?

Yep, feeling tired and fatigue are common early signs of pregnancy. If you’re noticeably more exhausted than usual, it could be a sign that you’re pregnant (Mayo Clinic, 2017; Healthline, 2018).

What about feeling sick in the early stages of pregnancy?

Nausea and vomiting are the most common symptoms of pregnancy (Koren et al, 2002). Although you might have heard friends refer to morning sickness, it can occur at any time during the day or night too. Don’t worry though: for most women, sickness becomes a lot less severe in the second trimester (Healthline, 2018).

My senses of taste and smell are all over the place, could this be an early pregnancy symptom too?

Yep, this is another one. Some women get a strange metallic taste in their mouth during early pregnancy (Patient, 2017). You might be more sensitive to smell, particularly of cooking or certain food or go off certain foods you used to love (Healthline, 2018).

What about tender breasts? I feel as if my breasts are more sensitive.

And this one… In early pregnancy, hormonal changes can make your boobs feel sensitive, sore and swollen. This symptom will usually go away after a few weeks of pregnancy though (Mayo Clinic, 2017; Healthline, 2018).

I have to go to the toilet more often – is that a sign?

Oh yes, dashing to the loo more than often can be early sign that you’re pregnant. During pregnancy your body increases the amount of blood it pumps around the body. That means the kidneys process more fluid than usual which leads to more fluid in your bladder (Healthline, 2018). For more information on early pregnancy signs and symptoms.

Further information

Our support line offers practical and emotional support with feeding your baby and general enquiries for parents, members and volunteers: 0300 330 0700.

We also offer antenatal courses which are a great way to find out more about birth, labour and life with a new baby.

Make friends with other parents-to-be and new parents in your local area for support and friendship by seeing what NCT activities are happening nearby.

The HER Foundation provides information about hyperemesis gravidarum (HG).

Is it normal to have headaches, spotting or cramps in pregnancy? | Pregnancy, Worries and discomforts articles & support

Some pregnancy symptoms are more of a concern than others. Here’s a rundown of which bothersome symptoms are actually normal and which might be a concern.

In this article:

1. Abdominal or stomach pain in pregnancy
2. Bleeding in pregnancy
3. Headaches during pregnancy
4. Leg discomfort in pregnancy
5. Breathlessness and shortness of breath in pregnancy
6. Leg cramps and pain in pregnancy
7. Further information

If there’s one thing you can count on in pregnancy, it’s that you’ll have a few symptoms you weren’t expecting. While the nausea, cravings and tendency to cry as you watch Emmerdale are standard, some symptoms ring a few alarm bells. Here’s what you should keep an eye on.

Is it normal to have abdominal or stomach pain in pregnancy?

Abdominal pain, aches and cramps are common for pregnant women and usually nothing to worry about. The main cause of abdominal pain is ligaments stretching with the pregnancy.

Pain can be eased by lying down on the side opposite to the pain, having a warm bath, using a hot water bottle and moving more slowly (Aguilera, 2015).

When might stomach pain be a concern?

Contact your midwife or GP immediately if your pain doesn’t go away after a few minutes rest or if you also have:

• blood in your wee
• pain or a burning sensation when you wee
• vaginal discharge that seems out of the ordinary
• bleeding
• vomiting
• fever
• chills.

  (Kilpatrick, 2018)

Painful stomach cramps could be a sign of miscarriage if accompanied by bleeding or ectopic pregnancy. They could also be something unrelated to pregnancy.

Is it normal to have bleeding or spotting in pregnancy?

First, don’t panic. Vaginal bleeding in the early stages of pregnancy is common and doesn’t always indicate to problem. (RCOG, 2016; NHS, 2018a)

Early pregnancy bleeding can be down to spotting, cervical changes, miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. (NHS, 2018a) In later pregnancy, vaginal bleeding may be due to cervical changes, vaginal infections, a ‘show’, placental abruption or a low-lying placenta (placenta praevia) (NHS, 2018a).

When might bleeding be a concern?

While bleeding is common, bleeding and/or pain can be a warning sign of a miscarriage or other complications so it is important that you immediately contact your GP or midwife, your local Early Pregnancy Assessment Service, NHS 111 or A&E it’s severe. (RCOG, 2016; NHS, 2018a)

It’s important to find out the cause of bleeding so your doctor or midwife will ask about other symptoms like cramping, pain and dizziness. You may also need to undergo a vaginal or pelvic examination, an ultrasound scan or blood tests to check your hormone levels. (NHS, 2018a)

Is it normal to have headaches during pregnancy?

Headaches are common during pregnancy but they usually improve or stop in the second and third trimester. You can take paracetamol if you need to but get advice from a pharmacist, midwife or GP about how much to take and for how long (NHS, 2018a).

To help prevent more headaches:

• drink plenty of fluids
• get enough sleep
• rest and relax. (NHS, 2018a)

Although most pregnancy headaches are innocent, they can be more serious or indicate an underlying heath condition like pre-eclampsia (RCOG, 2014).

When might headaches be a concern?

Call your midwife, GP or NHS 111 immediately if you get any of the following symptoms as they could be symptoms of pre-eclampsia:

• a very severe headache
• a problem with vision such as blurring or flashing lights in your eyes
• severe pain just below ribs
• vomiting
• sudden swelling in your face, hands or feet.

  (NHS, 2018a)

Is it normal to have swelling in pregnancy?

Gradual swelling in the legs, ankles, feet and fingers (oedema) is normal during pregnancy and isn’t harmful (though it can be uncomfortable).  Swelling is usually caused by more water staying in your body than usual. Swelling tends to get worse further into your pregnancy and at the end of the day, when water has gathered in the lowest parts of the body.

Here are some tips to avoid swelling.

• Avoid standing for long stretches of time.
• Choose comfortable footwear.
• Put your feet up.
• Drink plenty of water.
• Do foot exercises. Sitting or standing, bend up then point down your foot 30 times, and circle each foot eight times in each direction.

  (NHS, 2018c)

Is it normal to have shortness of breath in pregnancy?

Breathlessness is a common problem in pregnancy that may start in the first or second trimester. You are more likely to feel breathless if you have gained a lot of weight or are expecting more than one baby. Breathlessness can last until you are nearly ready to give birth. It won’t harm your baby but can be annoying for you. Try these tips to help ease your breathlessness:

• Keep in an upright position.
• Do light exercise such as walking or swimming.

When might shortness or breath be a concern?

If you’re suffering from tiredness and palpitations as well as breathlessness, it can be a sign of low iron levels in your blood. Make sure you discuss these symptoms with your midwife.

Is it normal to have leg cramps in pregnancy?

You’ll know you’re suffering from leg cramps if you get a sudden, sharp pain, usually in your calf muscles or feet. It will often happen at night and in the later stages of pregnancy but no-one quite knows why (NHS, 2017; NHS, 2018d).

Usually, cramps go away on their own but stretching and massaging the muscle might help the pain to lessen (NHS, 2017). You could also try pulling your toes hard up towards the ankle or rubbing the muscle hard (NHS, 2018d).  

Regular gentle exercises in pregnancy involving ankle and leg movements will help with circulation and might prevent cramp. See the foot exercises above (in the swelling section) and repeat on both feet (NHS, 2018d).

This page was last reviewed in March 2018

Our support line offers practical and emotional support with feeding your baby and general enquiries for parents, members and volunteers: 0300 330 0700.

We also offer antenatal courses which are a great way to find out more about birth, labour and life with a new baby.

Make friends with other parents-to-be and new parents in your local area for support and friendship by seeing what NCT activities are happening nearby.

References

Aguilera PA. (2015) Pregnancy, round ligament pain. Available from: www.emedicinehealth.com [Accessed 1st March 2018].

Kilpatrick CC. (2018) Approach to acute abdominal pain in pregnant and postpartum women. UpToDate. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-acute-abdominal-pain-in-p… [Accessed 1st March 2018].

RCOG (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists). (2014) Information for you: premature labour. Available from:  www.rcog.org.uk [Accessed 1st March 2018].

NHS. (2017) Leg cramps. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/leg-cramps/ [Accessed 1st March 2018].

NHS. (2018a) Vaginal bleeding in pregnancy. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/vaginal-bleeding-pregnant/ [Accessed 1st March 2018].

NHS. (2018b) Headaches in pregnancy. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/headaches-pregnant/ [Accessed 1st March 2018].

NHS. (2018c) Swollen ankles, feet and fingers in pregnancy. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/swollen-ankles-feet-pregnant/ [Accessed 1st March 2018].

NHS. (2018d) Common health problems in pregnancy. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/common-pregnancy-problems/ [Accessed 1st March 2018].

RCOG. (2016) Bleeding and/or pain in early pregnancy. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/patients/patient-information-leaflets/pregnancy/pi-bleeding-and-or-pain-in-early-pregnancy.pdf [Accessed 1st March 2018].

RCOG. (2014) Healthcare professionals must be aware of the signs, symptoms and appropriate response to rarer causes of headaches. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/ [Accessed 1st March 2018].

Information you can trust from NCT

When it comes to content, our aim is simple: every parent should have access to information they can trust.

All of our articles have been thoroughly researched and are based on the latest evidence from reputable and robust sources. We create our articles with NCT antenatal teachers, postnatal leaders and breastfeeding counsellors, as well as academics and representatives from relevant organisations and charities.

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Mood swings

Menopause

Climax

14879

25-th of August

Mood is usually called a stable emotional state of a person, which determines his perception of reality.

A stable positive attitude is the basis for health, and frequent mood swings disrupt not only the mental, but also the physiological activity of a person.

Human emotions are diverse, and their occurrence is regulated by several hormones:

• serotonin, or the hormone of pleasure, is responsible for a good mood, increases optimism and revives hope;
• dopamine, or the hormone of motivation and joy, contributes to the feeling of pleasure;
• adrenaline, a stress hormone, causes rage, anger, tension and fear;
• endorphins – hormones of joy and euphoria;
• Phenylethylamine is responsible for falling in love and romantic experiences;
• for confidence in victory – testosterone;
• Oxytocin, the hormone of trust and tenderness, which plays an important role during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, causes tender attachment to relatives in the human heart.

The production and metabolism of hormones entail a chain of complex sequential reactions that enable a person to make certain decisions. A number of hormones have a serious impact on the functioning of the brain.

Any failure in the “hormone-brain” circuit can lead to uncontrolled mood swings and cause unmotivated behavior.

Possible causes

Sudden and unreasonable mood swings can be caused by physiological and pathological factors.

Physiological reasons. If we consider hormonal fluctuations as the causes of mood swings, then a person is exposed to them throughout life: during growth, maturation, in the reproductive and post-reproductive periods. These are physiological cycles of development, and the body independently copes with hormonal changes.

The first period of powerful hormonal adjustment becomes adolescence . At this moment, the production of sex hormones increases sharply, which can cause unjustified aggression in boys, a desire to lead and prove the right to their own opinion. In girls, the production of estrogens, which affect mood swings, occurs cyclically and may be associated with the irregularity of menstruation during puberty. Psychological factors affecting the mood of adolescents are associated with difficulties in adequately perceiving one’s body: a changed figure can cause irritation, despondency, and shame. This reaction is typical for girls. A change in testosterone levels in adolescents of both sexes contributes to the development of an unmotivated sense of protest, increased demands on others, emotional overexcitation, and reduced criticism of one’s own actions.

It is very important during this period not to miss the signs of latent depression, which is difficult to diagnose because of the variety of its forms and symptoms.

When diagnosing depressive conditions, somatic symptoms come to the fore, that is, complaints about a state of health disorder, problems in the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, as well as a sharp change in mood. Sometimes mood swings get out of control and cause an emotional overreaction.

After the establishment of a regular menstrual cycle, monthly fluctuations in hormonal levels can cause premenstrual syndrome , which is manifested by a deterioration in well-being and a sharp change in mood.

A pronounced premenstrual syndrome negatively affects the daily activity of a woman, causes physical and emotional problems, and reduces the quality of life.

The main manifestations of premenstrual syndrome include fluid retention in the body and swelling due to increased levels of prolactin, mood swings, irritability, tearfulness, and fatigue due to impaired serotonin metabolism. Increased production of prostaglandins leads to headache, swelling and swelling of the mammary glands.

During pregnancy , especially in the first trimester, a woman’s mood and health are directly dependent on hormonal balance. During this period, the main complaints are irritability, resentment, and sudden mood swings. After the fourth month of pregnancy, the woman’s emotional background stabilizes.

Big troubles are brought by postpartum depression , which can be accompanied not only by a depressed emotional state, but also by suicidal attacks.

If mood swings disturbed a woman in the first trimester of pregnancy, the likelihood of postpartum depression increases significantly.

Menopausal syndrome is another emotional period in a woman’s life when mood can be determined by changes in hormonal levels. Vegetovascular manifestations (hot flashes, sweating, blood pressure surges) may be associated with endocrine diseases (metabolic syndrome, thyroid disease) and emotional and mental disorders (mood swings, tearfulness, irritability, fatigue).

In men, age-related hormonal changes can also be accompanied by emotional instability: they become more irritable and aggressive. Mood swings in men tend to be less pronounced.

Pathological causes . A hormonal imbalance that causes sudden mood swings can occur with thyroid diseases, most often with thyrotoxicosis. In this case, an excess of the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T4 and T3) leads to malfunctions in the body. Diseases that cause increased production of thyroid hormones include diffuse toxic goiter, multinodular toxic goiter, etc. The instability of the emotional background in thyroid pathologies is accompanied by symptoms of cardiovascular diseases (arrhythmias, increased blood pressure), pathologies of the musculoskeletal system (muscle atrophy , osteoporosis), impaired functioning of the nervous system.

Along with increased excitability and anxiety, patients with hyperthyroidism complain of emotional instability, rapid mood swings, irritability and tearfulness.

Sleep disorders can be both a cause and a consequence of a sudden change in mood and psychological instability.

Mental disorders are often accompanied by emotional instability. A striking example is bipolar affective disorder .

Bipolar disorder is characterized by a sudden change in mood, from intense arousal to depression.

The causes of this disease are not fully understood, but experts prefer the genetic theory. With age, the mental disorder worsens, the duration of periods of depression increases.

Unmotivated mood swings can be observed in persons suffering from psychopathy (most often hysterical), and in people with borderline personality disorder . In these cases, a sharp change in mood is accompanied by other signs of altered behavior (theatricality, a tendency to lie, exaggeration).

Drug dependence on hormones and psychoactive substances taken is another cause of severe mood swings.

With the regular use of alcohol and drugs, the joy and excitement after their use is suddenly replaced by depression or anger.

An unmotivated change in mood can be observed with hormonal therapy for oncological diseases and .

Which doctors to contact

Mood swings due to physiological causes do not require medical intervention. If depression persists or is accompanied by other symptoms, you should first consult with
the therapist who will determine the plan for the diagnostic search.

If the cause of emotional instability is associated with hormonal changes in the female body, consultation is recommended
gynecologist-endocrinologist, and if a man experiences these symptoms –
urologist-andrologist. If thyroid disease is suspected, visit
endocrinologist. If the patient’s hormonal background is not disturbed, consultation is necessary
neurologist or psychoneurologist.

Diagnosis and examination

Finding the cause of extreme mood swings is quite difficult. With the cyclical repetition of episodes of emotional instability and their coincidence with the onset of menstruation or menopause, the diagnosis can be made on the basis of the results of tests for sex hormones: estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, anti-Mullerian hormone.

Estradiol (E2, Estradiol)

Synonyms: Blood test for estradiol. 17-beta-estradiol.
Brief description of the analyte Estradiol
Estradiol is a steroid hormone with maximum estrogen…

Up to 1 business day

Available with home visit

715 RUB

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Progesterone

Synonyms: Progestin; Gestagen. P4; Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione.

Brief description of the analyte Progesterone

Progesterone is produced in the ovaries and in a small…

Up to 1 business day

Available with home visit

705 RUB

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Luteinizing Hormone (LH, Luteinizing Hormone, LH)

Synonyms: Glycoprotein gonadotropic hormone; luteotropin; Lutropin. luteinizing hormone; LH; Lutropin; Interstitial cell stimulating hormone; ICSH.

Brief characteristic determined …

Up to 1 business day

Available with house call

715 RUB

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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Synonyms: Blood test for FSH; Follitropin. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone; follitropin; FSH.

Brief description of the analyte Follicle-stimulating hormone

…

Up to 1 business day

Available with home visit

715 RUB

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Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH, Mullerian Inhibiting Substance, MIS)

Synonyms: Blood test for AMH; Müller inhibitor.

Anti-Müllerian hormone; AMH; Müllerian inhibiting factor; MIF; Müllerian-inhibiting hormone; M.I.H.; Müllerian-inhibiting substance; MIS.

Short…

Up to 2 working days

Available with home visit

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With the appearance of emotional instability, which is accompanied by arrhythmia, trembling fingers, sweating, tests for thyroid hormones (T3, T4, TSH) and antibodies to thyroglobulin (AT-TG) are necessary.

Free triiodothyronine (Free T3, Free Triiodthyronine, FT3)

Synonyms: Free triiodothyronine.
Free T3.
Brief description of the test substance Triiodothyronine free
Free triiodothyronine (T3free) belongs to the thyroid …

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Free thyroxine (Free T4, Free Thyroxine, FT4)

Free thyroxin not bound to blood plasma transport proteins.
Synonyms: Blood test for free thyroxine. Free T4; Free Form of Thyroxin.
Short description …

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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A pituitary hormone that regulates thyroid function. One of the most important tests in the laboratory diagnosis of thyroid diseases.

Synonym…

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Thyroglobulin Antibodies (AT-TG, Anti-Thyroglobulin Autoantibodies, Thyroglobulin Antibodies)

Synonyms: Blood test for AT-TG; Antibodies to TG; ATTG; AntiTG; Anti-TG. Tg Autoantibody; TgAb; Anti-Tg Ab; ATG.

Brief description of the study “Antibodies to thyroglobulin&ra…

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Diagnosis of mental disorders is complex and is based not so much on laboratory tests as on behavioral characteristics and symptoms of the disease. If you suspect the abuse of narcotic and psychotropic substances, you can ask the patient to take a urine test for toxic substances – a set of studies “Bad Habits”.

When pregnancy occurs, a study of chorionic gonadotropin, a specific hormone of pregnancy, is recommended; Ultrasound study.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, beta-hCG, b-hCG, Human Chorionic)

Synonyms: Beta-hCG general.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin; hCG; Pregnancy Quantitative hCG; Beta hCG; Total beta hCG.

Brief description of the analyte Human Chorionic Gonadotropin…

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Ultrasound diagnosis of pregnancy

Examination to confirm pregnancy and determine the place of attachment of the ovum (to exclude ectopic pregnancy).

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Treatment

You can cope with mood swings only after finding out their causes, consulting with specialists and treating the underlying disease.

What to do

Mood swings observed in adolescents require daily attention and patience from relatives. If a feeling of depression, sleep disturbance, tearfulness are combined with somatic ailments (headache, pain in the abdomen, muscles) and a desire to isolate oneself from the outside world, one should definitely consult a child with a psychoneurologist.

To improve your mood, you should lead an active and healthy lifestyle.

You need a proper diet, regular exercise and proper sleep. Attention to your mood is a simple rule of caring for your own health.

Sources:

1. A.V. Vasilieva, T.B. Morgunova, Yu.P. Thyrotoxicosis after childbirth: difficulties in differential diagnosis. Medical business. 2020;1:97-100. DOI: 10.24411/2071-5315-2020-12200
2. Menopausal hormone therapy and maintaining the health of women of mature age. Clinical guidelines (Protocols). Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 2014.
3. Clinical guidelines “Depressive episode, recurrent depressive disorder”. Developed by: Russian Society of Psychiatrists. – 2021.
4. Tokareva D.V., Dikareva E.S., Zakirova I.I. Psychiatric disorders developing against the background of neurosurgical diseases. Bulletin of Medical Internet Conferences (ISSN 2224-6150). 2019;9(5).

IMPORTANT!

The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.
For a correct assessment of the results of your analyzes in dynamics, it is preferable to do studies in the same laboratory, since different laboratories may use different research methods and units of measurement to perform the same analyzes.

reasons and what to do when treatment is needed

Men make up stories and tell each other jokes about women’s mood swings. But in some cases, these are not just whims – everything can be much more serious. Frequent outbursts of anger or emotional swings can be symptoms of illness. Let’s try to understand the issue from a medical point of view.

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Alina Titova

Women Health

emotions

How to cheer up

It is not uncommon to hear and read complaints from friends or people you barely know online. Like, a lot of money and time was spent on communicating with psychologists, but in vain. It was not possible to get rid of depression, just as irritability and anxiety did not disappear.

Sudden mood swings “strain” not only the woman herself, but also the people around her. In fact, sometimes emotions are literally caused by illness. In this case, it is important to contact a therapist, surgeon or endocrinologist in a timely manner.

What causes mood swings

Any emotion, including frequent mood swings, is the result of neurophysiological processes in the brain. But we must remember that experience changes the level of brain activity, controls the endocrine, circulatory and respiratory systems. That is, it is impossible to say unequivocally whether sensory reactions cause physiological changes in the body or are themselves the result of these changes.

Neurologist Sef Kabirsky explains: “Emotions trigger a response in the brain through complex hormonal response pathways. And accordingly, our body reacts physically. For example, fear makes the heart beat faster. Few people have thought about this, but there is also an inverse relationship that affects strong mood swings. Simply put, an increased heartbeat is quite capable of causing a feeling of fear.

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Thus, a logical conclusion suggests itself. If physiological changes occur (failure in the hormonal system, problems with metabolism), then they can also cause disturbances in the emotional sphere, become a reason for mood swings in girls and the appearance of unpleasant emotions. But how often do we build such a chain of thought? With constant obsessive thoughts and feelings, at best, we turn to a psychologist. At worst, we start drinking self-prescribed sedatives.

Physiological causes of mood swings

It is difficult to imagine a person who will be disturbed by a constant feeling of joy or happiness. We are more likely to pay attention to manifestations of anger, irritation, sadness, attacks of fear and constant mood swings. The experience of these emotions is quite unpleasant, because they are usually characterized as negative. And even more frightening is the fact that they appeared as if from scratch, without objective reasons.

Thyroid

Mood swings are most often attributed to thyroid dysfunction. “Hormones have a significant effect on metabolism. Due to the increased production of hormones, all reactions in the body become more intense. As a consequence, the person becomes irritable,” explains Sef Kabirsky.

The troubles of life, which you would not have paid attention to before, are now annoying. And more serious problems can cause tears and even tantrums. In some cases, mood swings lead to aggression and even rage. And vice versa: if the intensity of hormone production decreases, the metabolism slows down. Then the person begins to respond to external stimuli with a delay, becomes lethargic, dull, sad, apathetic. In other words, he begins to believe that he has depression.

What to do

The thyroid gland produces hormones that affect all cells and tissues of the body. As studies show, if a failure in her work is expressed only by a sharp change in mood, this is not the worst thing. An endocrinologist will tell you what to do if you are haunted by mood swings, sweating, insomnia, thirst, weight jumps, and so on. You will have to donate blood for hormones and undergo a course of treatment.

Liver and gallbladder

Diseases of the liver and gallbladder also cause mood swings in women. “A spasm of the biliary tract in the liver leads to an increase in the production of norepinephrine, the “hormone of anger,” explains the neurologist. Note that these changes in behavior are usually short-lived. A person quickly starts up, but just as quickly cools down after another outbreak.

What to do

Any disease of the internal organs deserves a trip to the specialists. Based on the results of general tests, ultrasound and other diagnostic methods, the doctor will prescribe the appropriate treatment.

Menopause

A new stage in a woman’s life can pass quickly and painlessly, or maybe with physical and psychological problems. Many wonder why mood swings are observed during this period. But research explains everything. This is due to hormonal changes that lead to fluctuations in estrogen levels. As a result, during the day the woman manages to cry and laugh. The production of serotonin drops, and it is precisely responsible for good health. Add to this symptoms such as sweating, frequent need to go to the toilet, and the approach of advanced age will cause complete disappointment.

What to do

You can start taking non-hormonal herbal preparations on the advice of a gynecologist in a timely manner. Like a massage, do yoga, take pine baths. In some cases, antidepressants can help, which should also be recommended by a doctor.

Pregnancy

The hormonal upheaval that occurs in a woman’s body will explain the mood swings during pregnancy. Emotional imbalance provokes many questions related to the birth of a child and a huge responsibility. The tendency to dramatization is due not only to the fact that life is divided into “before” and “after” the appearance of the baby. But the body of the expectant mother is also changing, hormones are being rearranged, she feels vulnerable.

Sometimes doctors associate such an exciting period with puberty. Approximately the same mood swings can be observed in adolescents. It is like a transition from childhood to adulthood, when the body changes in leaps and bounds, it is not possible to become an adult and formed overnight. And all this clumsiness drives yesterday’s children crazy.

What to do

Future fathers, of course, need to be patient and try to be more attentive to their soul mate than ever. It is important for women to share their fears and doubts in order to feel supported. Sometimes a rational male look is enough to gain confidence.

Mood swings due to psychiatric disorders

It is important to distinguish where the boundary of normal mood changes is. If there was a serious trouble at work or a painful separation from a loved one, sadness is natural. Still, the balance is gradually restored, and you begin to enjoy life. Mental disorders lead to mood swings of a different kind. When for a long time (over two weeks) there is no desire and strength to do something, this is already an occasion to think about the problem that has arisen.

Depression

Refers to affective disorders – mental illness, manifested in pathological mood swings in men and women. Emotions no longer perform the function of evaluating reality. For example, a person in line at a supermarket just looked at you, and it already seems to you that he knows you and is plotting evil. Genetics plays a big role in the occurrence of the disease, as well as social conditions and triggers.

Inadequate reactions to surrounding people and circumstances make life unbearable and make it impossible to work normally. So, an uncontrolled feeling of fear can provoke problems with the cardiovascular system. Increased blood pressure, heart palpitations cause the production of adrenaline, the hormone responsible for fear. You feel it. Mood swings associated with depression should be treated with the help of a doctor.

Dysthymia

The disease is similar to depression, only it is less severe and more protracted. It is expressed in mood swings in an adult, which lasts at least two years, and in a child and adolescent for at least a year. This is not about jumps from a cheerful mood to a sad one, but from a bad mood to a disgusting one. In these cases, those suffering from this disorder perceive their condition as part of their character, because the diagnosis is not established immediately. Depression becomes chronic, life just isn’t nice.

Bipolar disorder

Severe psychosis, often accompanied by delusions and hallucinations, already makes a person a danger to himself and to society. Once a person has such mood swings, it is already called bipolar disorder. He is no longer just dissatisfied, but ceases to control his actions. He develops suicidal tendencies and mania.

What to do

Mode and psychological comfort are important in the life of any person. And if someone is characterized by mood swings, bipolar disorder has already been encountered in the family, you need to especially carefully approach these moments. Scientists have proven that, first of all, it is necessary to avoid stress, sleep well, distribute rest and load. It is better to stop using alcohol and psychoactive substances. Just don’t self-medicate! It is advisable to consult with a psychotherapist or psychiatrist.

Separate mood swings and whims

In order not to treat a liver or endocrine system disease with the help of psychoanalysis, but depression with a surgical intervention, it is worth figuring out what’s what.

Psychiatrist, candidate of medical sciences Vlada Titova explains why psychologists cannot be reproached for negligence and unprofessionalism: “A psychologist cannot recognize the symptoms of endocrine or other disorders, focusing only on mood swings, simply because this is not within his competence. Just like endocrinologists are not taught to treat caries, and gynecologists are not taught to save clients from depression. Moreover, without the consent of a doctor, a psychologist does not have the right to make a diagnosis of a mental disorder. After all, he is a psychologist, not a psychiatrist. ”

It often happens that even an experienced psychotherapist or psychiatrist does not immediately recognize the symptoms of diseases associated with sudden mood swings. Because they successfully disguise themselves as emotional or even mental disorders. Of course, there are other signs by which the disease is diagnosed. But often they fade into the background, becoming invisible to the person himself. In the initial stages of diseases, there may simply be no other symptoms other than emotions.

It is clear that remembering all the signs of physiological diseases that can cause changes in the psychological state is simply impossible. And if, with every mood swing, you look for similar ones in a medical encyclopedia, it’s not far from hypochondria. You need to assess the state of your body as a whole, without separating psychology and physiology.

Recall when you first noticed any emotional changes in your behavior and why mood swings may have occurred. Now think: how has your body changed during this time? Even minor signs, such as dry skin (not typical of you before and not associated with the cold season), can be the key to unraveling what is really happening to you and how to treat it.