How do hormonal changes affect emotions during pregnancy. What are common emotional experiences for expectant parents. How can pregnant individuals cope with mood swings and anxiety. What strategies can help manage pregnancy-related emotions.

The Hormonal Rollercoaster of Pregnancy

Pregnancy initiates a cascade of hormonal changes that prepare the body to nurture a growing fetus. Elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone play crucial roles in maintaining a healthy pregnancy, but they can also trigger a range of emotional responses. These hormonal fluctuations are particularly pronounced during the first trimester, often resulting in mood swings, increased irritability, and heightened emotional sensitivity.

Why do these hormonal changes occur? The body’s rapid adaptation to pregnancy necessitates a significant increase in hormone production. Estrogen and progesterone levels rise dramatically, influencing various bodily functions and emotional states. While these hormonal shifts are essential for fetal development, they can leave expectant mothers feeling emotionally vulnerable and prone to sudden mood changes.

Common Emotional Side Effects of Pregnancy Hormones

• Frequent tearfulness
• Irritability and short temper
• Sudden mood swings
• Heightened anxiety
• Increased emotional sensitivity

While many women experience relief from these symptoms as their bodies adjust to the hormonal changes, some may continue to grapple with emotional fluctuations throughout their pregnancy. Understanding that these experiences are normal and biologically driven can help expectant mothers navigate this emotional terrain with greater self-compassion and patience.

The Emotional Landscape of Expectant Parents

Beyond the hormonal influences, pregnancy often evokes a complex tapestry of emotions for both expectant mothers and their partners. The prospect of bringing new life into the world can inspire feelings of excitement, wonder, and joy. However, it’s equally common to experience anxiety, vulnerability, and overwhelm when contemplating the significant life changes that lie ahead.

For those who have experienced previous pregnancy loss or undergone fertility treatments, these emotional experiences may be particularly intense. The journey to parenthood can be fraught with a mix of hope, fear, and cautious optimism, adding layers of complexity to the emotional landscape of pregnancy.

Common Emotional Experiences During Pregnancy

1. Excitement and awe at the prospect of creating new life
2. Anxiety about the health and well-being of the developing baby
3. Concerns about parenting abilities and readiness for motherhood
4. Worries about relationship changes and dynamics
5. Financial concerns related to raising a child
6. Fears about the birthing process and potential complications
7. Uncertainty about balancing career and family life post-pregnancy

Is it normal to have doubts and fears during pregnancy? Absolutely. Many expectant parents grapple with a range of concerns, from the practical aspects of child-rearing to more existential questions about their identities and life trajectories. Acknowledging and discussing these feelings can be an important step in processing the emotional complexities of pregnancy.

Partner Perspectives: Emotional Experiences of Non-Pregnant Parents

While the non-pregnant partner doesn’t undergo the same hormonal changes, they often experience their own set of emotional challenges during pregnancy. The impending arrival of a child can trigger a range of feelings, from excitement and pride to anxiety and uncertainty about their new role as a parent.

How do partners typically react to pregnancy news? Responses can vary widely, from immediate joy to shock or even fear. As the pregnancy progresses, partners may grapple with concerns similar to those of the pregnant individual, including worries about financial stability, parenting abilities, and changes in their relationship dynamics.

Common Emotional Experiences for Partners

• Excitement about becoming a parent
• Anxiety about supporting their pregnant partner
• Concerns about financial responsibilities
• Worries about balancing work and family life
• Feelings of exclusion or disconnection from the pregnancy experience
• Fear of the unknown aspects of parenthood

Encouraging open communication between partners can help foster mutual understanding and support throughout the pregnancy journey. Sharing concerns, hopes, and expectations can strengthen the bond between expectant parents and create a foundation for collaborative parenting.

Strategies for Managing Pregnancy Emotions

Navigating the emotional terrain of pregnancy can be challenging, but there are several strategies that can help expectant parents maintain emotional balance and well-being. By prioritizing self-care and utilizing supportive resources, individuals can better manage the ups and downs of pregnancy-related emotions.

Prioritize Physical Well-being

Taking good care of your physical health can have a significant impact on your emotional state during pregnancy. Adequate rest and sleep are crucial for maintaining emotional equilibrium. When you’re well-rested, you’re better equipped to handle stress and emotional fluctuations.

How much sleep do pregnant women need? While individual needs may vary, most pregnant women benefit from 7-9 hours of sleep per night. Creating a comfortable sleep environment and establishing a consistent bedtime routine can help improve sleep quality.

Incorporate Gentle Exercise

Regular, moderate exercise has been shown to improve mood and overall well-being during pregnancy. Physical activity can help reduce stress, boost energy levels, and promote better sleep. Gentle exercises like walking, swimming, or prenatal yoga can be particularly beneficial.

What types of exercise are safe during pregnancy? Always consult with your healthcare provider before starting or continuing an exercise routine during pregnancy. Generally, low-impact activities that don’t risk falls or abdominal trauma are recommended. Avoid contact sports and strenuous exercises, especially if you weren’t active before pregnancy.

Practice Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques

Mindfulness and relaxation practices can be powerful tools for managing pregnancy-related stress and anxiety. These techniques can help you stay grounded in the present moment and develop skills for coping with challenging emotions.

• Deep breathing exercises
• Progressive muscle relaxation
• Guided imagery
• Meditation
• Prenatal yoga

How often should you practice mindfulness during pregnancy? Even short daily sessions of 5-10 minutes can be beneficial. Consistency is key, so try to incorporate mindfulness practices into your daily routine.

Building a Support Network During Pregnancy

Creating a strong support network is crucial for managing the emotional challenges of pregnancy. Connecting with others who understand your experiences can provide comfort, validation, and practical advice.

Communicate Openly with Your Partner

Open and honest communication with your partner is essential for navigating the emotional landscape of pregnancy together. Share your feelings, concerns, and hopes for the future. Discuss your expectations for parenting and how you envision supporting each other through this transition.

How can partners support each other emotionally during pregnancy? Active listening, expressing empathy, and offering practical support can go a long way. Attending prenatal appointments together, participating in childbirth education classes, and collaborating on nursery preparations can help partners feel more connected to the pregnancy experience.

Connect with Other Expectant Parents

Joining prenatal classes or support groups can provide valuable opportunities to connect with other expectant parents. Sharing experiences and concerns with those who are going through similar situations can be incredibly reassuring and validating.

• Antenatal classes
• Online pregnancy forums and support groups
• Local “bumps and babies” meetups
• Prenatal exercise classes

How can you find pregnancy support groups in your area? Check with your healthcare provider, local community centers, or organizations like NCT (National Childbirth Trust) for information on prenatal classes and support groups in your region.

Seek Professional Support When Needed

While mood swings and emotional fluctuations are common during pregnancy, persistent feelings of anxiety or depression may require professional intervention. Don’t hesitate to reach out to your healthcare provider if you’re struggling to cope with your emotions.

When should you seek professional help for pregnancy-related emotions? If you experience persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or anxiety that interfere with your daily life, or if you have thoughts of harming yourself or others, it’s crucial to seek immediate professional support.

Practical Strategies for Emotional Well-being in Pregnancy

In addition to building a support network and practicing self-care, there are several practical strategies that can help manage the emotional challenges of pregnancy.

Create a Pregnancy To-Do List

Organizing your thoughts and tasks related to pregnancy preparation can help reduce feelings of overwhelm. Create a comprehensive to-do list that includes important milestones, appointments, and preparations for your baby’s arrival.

• Research and schedule prenatal appointments
• Investigate maternity leave and benefits
• Plan for necessary home adjustments
• Research childcare options
• Create a birth plan
• Prepare a hospital bag

How can you make your pregnancy to-do list more manageable? Break larger tasks into smaller, actionable steps. Consider using a digital planner or app to keep track of your list and set reminders for important dates and tasks.

Engage in Non-Pregnancy Related Activities

While preparing for your baby’s arrival is important, it’s equally crucial to maintain a sense of self and engage in activities that bring you joy outside of your pregnancy experience. Pursuing hobbies, spending time with friends, or indulging in relaxing activities can provide a much-needed mental break from pregnancy-related concerns.

What are some enjoyable activities to pursue during pregnancy? Consider low-impact hobbies like reading, crafting, or photography. Enjoy cultural experiences like visiting museums or attending concerts. Spend quality time with friends and family, focusing on conversations and activities unrelated to pregnancy.

Practice Gratitude and Positive Affirmations

Cultivating a sense of gratitude and maintaining a positive outlook can significantly impact your emotional well-being during pregnancy. Regular practice of gratitude and positive affirmations can help shift your focus towards the joyful aspects of your pregnancy journey.

• Keep a gratitude journal, noting daily moments of appreciation
• Create positive affirmations specific to your pregnancy experience
• Share moments of joy and excitement with your partner or support network
• Celebrate pregnancy milestones, no matter how small

How can you incorporate gratitude practice into your daily routine? Set aside a few minutes each day to reflect on and write down three things you’re grateful for related to your pregnancy or life in general. This simple practice can help foster a more positive emotional state.

Navigating Specific Emotional Challenges in Pregnancy

While every pregnancy experience is unique, there are some common emotional challenges that many expectant parents face. Understanding these challenges and developing strategies to address them can help you navigate your pregnancy journey with greater resilience and emotional balance.

Managing Anxiety About Fetal Health

Concerns about the health and well-being of the developing baby are common among expectant parents. While some level of concern is normal, excessive worry can lead to increased stress and anxiety.

How can you manage anxiety about your baby’s health? Stay informed through reliable sources, attend all prenatal appointments, and discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider. Practice relaxation techniques when you feel overwhelmed by worry, and try to focus on the positive aspects of your pregnancy journey.

Coping with Body Image Changes

The physical changes that accompany pregnancy can sometimes lead to feelings of insecurity or discomfort with one’s changing body. It’s important to approach these changes with self-compassion and appreciation for the incredible work your body is doing.

• Focus on the functional aspects of your body’s changes
• Wear comfortable, flattering maternity clothes
• Practice positive self-talk about your changing body
• Engage in safe, gentle exercise to maintain a connection with your body

How can you cultivate a positive body image during pregnancy? Surround yourself with supportive people who appreciate the beauty of pregnancy. Consider documenting your changing body through photos or a journal to celebrate the journey of creating new life.

Addressing Relationship Concerns

Pregnancy can bring about significant changes in relationship dynamics, which may lead to stress or anxiety for both partners. Open communication and mutual support are key to navigating these changes successfully.

What are some ways to strengthen your relationship during pregnancy? Schedule regular “check-ins” with your partner to discuss your feelings, concerns, and expectations. Plan activities that allow you to connect and enjoy each other’s company outside of pregnancy-related topics. Seek couples counseling if you’re struggling to communicate effectively or resolve conflicts.

Managing Work-Related Stress

Balancing pregnancy with professional responsibilities can be challenging. Concerns about maternity leave, career progression, and managing work-related stress are common among expectant parents.

• Familiarize yourself with your company’s maternity leave policies
• Communicate openly with your supervisor about your needs and expectations
• Prioritize tasks and delegate when possible
• Take regular breaks and practice stress-reduction techniques at work

How can you maintain a healthy work-life balance during pregnancy? Set clear boundaries between work and personal time. Use your commute or lunch break for relaxation or prenatal self-care. Consider flexible work arrangements if available and appropriate for your situation.

Emotions during pregnancy | Pregnancy articles & support

Your emotions might not necessarily only revolve around excitement when you’re pregnant. Find out why this happens and how to manage emotions in pregnancy.

Hormonal changes in pregnancy along with your own personal circumstances can lead to strong emotions and moods (Bjelica et al, 2018). While partners don’t experience hormonal changes they can have strong emotions to deal with during pregnancy too (Finnbogadóttir et al, 2003).

Here we explain how the hormonal changes during pregnancy can affect your emotions and how you can enhance your wellbeing.

Hormonal changes in pregnancy

As soon as a woman becomes pregnant, their body begins to prepare for safeguarding and maintaining the pregnancy. This increases levels of the hormones oestrogen and progesterone in their blood. Read more about what these hormones do in your body in our article about pregnancy hormones.

Higher levels of progesterone and oestrogen are important for a healthy pregnancy, but are often the cause of some common unwanted side effects. This is especially true in the first trimester.

Apart from sickness and tiredness, it’s common to have mood swings and feel tearful or easily irritated (Society for Endocrinology, 2018). Once the body has adapted to the higher levels of these hormones, the symptoms usually wear off. However, some women will experience them throughout their pregnancy. 

Emotions in pregnancy

Aside from emotional ups and downs caused by rising hormone levels in the first three months, the feeling of growing a new life can be exciting and awe-inspiring. It is also common to feel anxious, vulnerable and overwhelmed by the big changes that pregnancy and a new baby will bring (Bjelica et al, 2018). This can be particularly true for parents who are pregnant after previous loss or following fertility treatment.

Even if you feel excited by the pregnancy, you may have some unsettling thoughts. Perhaps there will also be some difficult decisions to make. Many women have questions that they ask of themselves. They might doubt their ability as a mother, how their relationship might change or how they will manage financially (Öhman et al, 2003). Other normal worries include:

• What if I do something accidentally to harm the baby, like eating or drinking something I shouldn’t?
• Should I stop having sex while pregnant?
• What will the birth be like?
• Will my life go back to normal afterwards, for example can I return to work?

Partners can also experience similar concerns during pregnancy (Finnbogadóttir et al, 2003).

Coping with emotions during pregnancy

It can be hard to think clearly or feel positive when you are feeling worried and tired. Taking good physical care of yourself, especially getting plenty of rest and sleep, may help to keep troubling emotions in proportion (MIND, 2020).

Gentle to moderate exercise can help to improve mood and general fitness in pregnancy, helping you prepare for labour and avoid some complications of pregnancy (Prather et al, 2012; ACOG, 2020). Try to build in some activity every day. Avoid contact sports or any strenuous exercise, particularly if you weren’t active before your pregnancy (NHS, 2020b).

Finding out about benefit entitlements, midwife appointments, how you can eat healthily in pregnancy and what you might prepare for your baby can feel overwhelming. So having a to-do list can help you get these things organised in your mind. This NHS to-do list contains lots of useful information. Maybe share your to-do list with your partner or a supportive friend or relative; they might be able to offer you support in ticking some items off that list.  

Talk it out

Bottling up concerns could increase your anxiety. Discussing your feelings and worries with someone who makes you feel comfortable can help you regulate your emotions and limit worry and anxiety (Torre and Lieberman, 2018).

Talking to other expectant parents may also reveal that you are not alone in your experiences, as well as providing peer support (McLeish and Redshaw, 2017). Joining an NCT antenatal course or a ‘bumps and babies’ group can give you an instant support network. You can find out here what local NCT activities are happening in your area.

Live in the moment

It may help to give yourself a rest, focus on your unborn baby and take time to enjoy the pregnancy. Or it might help to spend some time thinking about and doing things that aren’t related to the pregnancy. Maybe that includes indulging in your favourite hobby, catching up with friends or watching the new box office hit at the cinema.

Practising mindfulness techniques can be another useful way of managing big or changeable emotions (MIND, 2020). Using mindfulness could help you stay in the present moment, and provide you with other skills to help you deal with stressful situations and anxieties in pregnancy (Dunn et al, 2012; Matvienko-Sikar et al, 2016).

Calming techniques

Some people find listening to music and singing helpful in calming emotions and enhancing wellbeing in pregnancy (Chang et al, 2008; Wulff et al, 2021). Writing about your emotions and noting down how you feel about stressful events can also be a good tool for managing stress and anxiety (Ullrich and Lutgendorf, 2002).

Research shows that for some pregnant women, massage can be good for reducing anxiety and boosting mood (Field et al, 1999; Field et al, 2004). Also, attending antenatal yoga classes has been shown to reduce stress and anxiety, and support you in preparing for birth (Kwon, 2020). Check that your massage therapist or yoga instructor is trained in working with pregnant women to ensure that your treatment is safe and effective. 

When you might need more support with your emotions

It is important to recognise that there is a difference between regular pregnancy emotions and a mental health issue. Pregnancy can be a time when people experience mental health issues for the first time (NHS, 2021).

Around one in eight women experience depression or anxiety when they’re pregnant (NICE, 2014). And around one in ten dads experience antenatal depression (Paulson and Bazemore, 2010).

Find out more here about the range of mental health symptoms that can occur and how to get support.

This page was last reviewed in March 2022.

Further information

Our support line offers practical and emotional support with feeding your baby: 0300 330 0700.

We also offer antenatal courses which are a great way to find out more about birth, labour and life with a new baby.

Best Beginnings have a range of videos on emotions in pregnancy and after birth for mums and dads.

Healthtalk has videos of women talking about their experiences of early pregnancy: 

Symptoms and feelings in early weeks

Emotions during pregnancy

References

ACOG. (2020) Physical activity and exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 804. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135:e178-88. Available at: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/artic… [Accessed 8th March 2022]

Bjelica A, Cetkovic N, Trninic-Pjevic A, Mladenovic-Segedi L. (2018) The phenomenon of pregnancy—a psychological view. Ginekologia Polska. 89(2):102-106. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5603/GP.a2018.0017

Chang MY. Chen CH. Huang KF. (2008) Effects of music therapy on psychological health of women during pregnancy. J Clin Nurs. 17(19):2580-2587. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02064.x

Dunn C, Hanieh E, Roberts R, Powrie R. (2012) Mindful pregnancy and childbirth: effects of mindfulness-based intervention on women’s psychological distress in the perinatal period. Arch Women Ment Health. 15(2):139-143. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-012-0264-4

Field T, Hemandez-Reif M, Hart S, Theakston H, Schanberg S, Kuhn C. (1999) Pregnant women benefit from massage therapy. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 20(1):31-38. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3109/01674829909075574

Field T, Diego MA, Hernandez-Reif M, Schanberg S, Kuhn C. (2004) Massage therapy effects on depressed pregnant women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 25(2):115-122. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01674820412331282231

Finnbogadóttir H, Svalenius EC, Persson EK. (2003) Expectant first-time fathers’ experiences of pregnancy. Midwifery. 19(2):96-105. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-6138(03)00003-2

Kwon R, Kasper K, London S, Haas DM. (2020) A systematic review: the effects of yoga on pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 250:171-177. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.03.044

McLeish J, Redshaw M. (2017) Mothers’ accounts of the impact on emotional wellbeing of organised peer support in pregnancy and early parenthood: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 17(1):1-14. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1220-0

MIND. (2017) Food and mood. Available at: https://www. mind.org.uk/information-support/tips-for-everyday-living/fo… [Accessed 8th April 2021]

MIND. (2020) How to improve your mental wellbeing. Available at: https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/tips-for-everyday-living/we… [Accessed 14th December 2021]

NICE. (2014) Antenatal and postnatal mental health. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence clinical management and service guidance CG192. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG192 [Accessed 8th March 2022]

NHS. (2020a) Have a healthy diet in pregnancy. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/keeping-well/have-a-healthy-diet/ [Accessed 8th March 2022]

NHS. (2020b) Exercise in pregnancy. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/keeping-well/exercise [Accessed 14th December 2021]

NHS. (2021) Mental health problems and pregnancy. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/mental-health-problems-pregnant/ [Accessed 8th March 2022]

Matvienko-Sikar K, Lee L, Murphy G, Murphy L. (2016) The effects of mindfulness interventions on prenatal well-being: a systematic review. Psychol Health. 31(12):1415-1434. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2016.1220557

Öhman SG, Grunewald C, Waldenström U. (2003) Women’’s worries during pregnancy: testing the Cambridge Worry Scale on 200 Swedish women. Scand J Caring Sci. 17(2):148-152. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-6712.2003.00095.x

Paulson JF, Bazemore SD. (2010) Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 303(19):1961-1969. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.605

Prather H, Spitznagle T, Hunt D. (2012) Benefits of exercise during pregnancy. PM R. 4(11):845-850. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.07.012

Society for Endocrinology. (2018) Hormones of pregnancy and labour. Available at: http://www.yourhormones.info/topical-issues/hormones-of-pregnancy-and-labour/  [Accessed 8th March 2022]

Torre JB, Lieberman MD. (2018) Putting feelings into words: affect labeling as implicit emotion regulation. Emot Rev. 10(2):116-124. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073917742706

Ullrich, Philip M, Lutgendorf, Susan K. (2002) Journaling about stressful events: effects of cognitive processing and emotional expression. Ann Behav Med. 24(3):244-250. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2403_10

Wulff V, Hepp P, Wolf OT, Balan P, Hagenbeck C, Fehm T, Schaal NK. (2021) The effects of a music and singing intervention during pregnancy on maternal well-being and mother–infant bonding: a randomised, controlled study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 303(1):69-83. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-020-05727-8

Is it normal to have headaches, spotting or cramps in pregnancy? | Pregnancy, Worries and discomforts articles & support

Some pregnancy symptoms are more of a concern than others. Here’s a rundown of which bothersome symptoms are actually normal and which might be a concern.

In this article:

1. Abdominal or stomach pain in pregnancy
2. Bleeding in pregnancy
3. Headaches during pregnancy
4. Leg discomfort in pregnancy
5. Breathlessness and shortness of breath in pregnancy
6. Leg cramps and pain in pregnancy
7. Further information

If there’s one thing you can count on in pregnancy, it’s that you’ll have a few symptoms you weren’t expecting. While the nausea, cravings and tendency to cry as you watch Emmerdale are standard, some symptoms ring a few alarm bells. Here’s what you should keep an eye on.

Is it normal to have abdominal or stomach pain in pregnancy?

Abdominal pain, aches and cramps are common for pregnant women and usually nothing to worry about. The main cause of abdominal pain is ligaments stretching with the pregnancy.

Pain can be eased by lying down on the side opposite to the pain, having a warm bath, using a hot water bottle and moving more slowly (Aguilera, 2015).

When might stomach pain be a concern?

Contact your midwife or GP immediately if your pain doesn’t go away after a few minutes rest or if you also have:

• blood in your wee
• pain or a burning sensation when you wee
• vaginal discharge that seems out of the ordinary
• bleeding
• vomiting
• fever
• chills.

  (Kilpatrick, 2018)

Painful stomach cramps could be a sign of miscarriage if accompanied by bleeding or ectopic pregnancy. They could also be something unrelated to pregnancy.

Is it normal to have bleeding or spotting in pregnancy?

First, don’t panic. Vaginal bleeding in the early stages of pregnancy is common and doesn’t always indicate to problem. (RCOG, 2016; NHS, 2018a)

Early pregnancy bleeding can be down to spotting, cervical changes, miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. (NHS, 2018a) In later pregnancy, vaginal bleeding may be due to cervical changes, vaginal infections, a ‘show’, placental abruption or a low-lying placenta (placenta praevia) (NHS, 2018a).

When might bleeding be a concern?

While bleeding is common, bleeding and/or pain can be a warning sign of a miscarriage or other complications so it is important that you immediately contact your GP or midwife, your local Early Pregnancy Assessment Service, NHS 111 or A&E it’s severe. (RCOG, 2016; NHS, 2018a)

It’s important to find out the cause of bleeding so your doctor or midwife will ask about other symptoms like cramping, pain and dizziness. You may also need to undergo a vaginal or pelvic examination, an ultrasound scan or blood tests to check your hormone levels. (NHS, 2018a)

Is it normal to have headaches during pregnancy?

Headaches are common during pregnancy but they usually improve or stop in the second and third trimester. You can take paracetamol if you need to but get advice from a pharmacist, midwife or GP about how much to take and for how long (NHS, 2018a).

To help prevent more headaches:

• drink plenty of fluids
• get enough sleep
• rest and relax. (NHS, 2018a)

Although most pregnancy headaches are innocent, they can be more serious or indicate an underlying heath condition like pre-eclampsia (RCOG, 2014).

When might headaches be a concern?

Call your midwife, GP or NHS 111 immediately if you get any of the following symptoms as they could be symptoms of pre-eclampsia:

• a very severe headache
• a problem with vision such as blurring or flashing lights in your eyes
• severe pain just below ribs
• vomiting
• sudden swelling in your face, hands or feet.

  (NHS, 2018a)

Is it normal to have swelling in pregnancy?

Gradual swelling in the legs, ankles, feet and fingers (oedema) is normal during pregnancy and isn’t harmful (though it can be uncomfortable).  Swelling is usually caused by more water staying in your body than usual. Swelling tends to get worse further into your pregnancy and at the end of the day, when water has gathered in the lowest parts of the body.

Here are some tips to avoid swelling.

• Avoid standing for long stretches of time.
• Choose comfortable footwear.
• Put your feet up.
• Drink plenty of water.
• Do foot exercises. Sitting or standing, bend up then point down your foot 30 times, and circle each foot eight times in each direction.

  (NHS, 2018c)

Is it normal to have shortness of breath in pregnancy?

Breathlessness is a common problem in pregnancy that may start in the first or second trimester. You are more likely to feel breathless if you have gained a lot of weight or are expecting more than one baby. Breathlessness can last until you are nearly ready to give birth. It won’t harm your baby but can be annoying for you. Try these tips to help ease your breathlessness:

• Keep in an upright position.
• Do light exercise such as walking or swimming.

When might shortness or breath be a concern?

If you’re suffering from tiredness and palpitations as well as breathlessness, it can be a sign of low iron levels in your blood. Make sure you discuss these symptoms with your midwife.

Is it normal to have leg cramps in pregnancy?

You’ll know you’re suffering from leg cramps if you get a sudden, sharp pain, usually in your calf muscles or feet. It will often happen at night and in the later stages of pregnancy but no-one quite knows why (NHS, 2017; NHS, 2018d).

Usually, cramps go away on their own but stretching and massaging the muscle might help the pain to lessen (NHS, 2017). You could also try pulling your toes hard up towards the ankle or rubbing the muscle hard (NHS, 2018d).  

Regular gentle exercises in pregnancy involving ankle and leg movements will help with circulation and might prevent cramp. See the foot exercises above (in the swelling section) and repeat on both feet (NHS, 2018d).

This page was last reviewed in March 2018

Our support line offers practical and emotional support with feeding your baby and general enquiries for parents, members and volunteers: 0300 330 0700.

We also offer antenatal courses which are a great way to find out more about birth, labour and life with a new baby.

Make friends with other parents-to-be and new parents in your local area for support and friendship by seeing what NCT activities are happening nearby.

References

Aguilera PA. (2015) Pregnancy, round ligament pain. Available from: www.emedicinehealth.com [Accessed 1st March 2018].

Kilpatrick CC. (2018) Approach to acute abdominal pain in pregnant and postpartum women. UpToDate. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-acute-abdominal-pain-in-p… [Accessed 1st March 2018].

RCOG (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists). (2014) Information for you: premature labour. Available from:  www.rcog.org.uk [Accessed 1st March 2018].

NHS. (2017) Leg cramps. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/leg-cramps/ [Accessed 1st March 2018].

NHS. (2018a) Vaginal bleeding in pregnancy. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/vaginal-bleeding-pregnant/ [Accessed 1st March 2018].

NHS. (2018b) Headaches in pregnancy. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/headaches-pregnant/ [Accessed 1st March 2018].

NHS. (2018c) Swollen ankles, feet and fingers in pregnancy. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/swollen-ankles-feet-pregnant/ [Accessed 1st March 2018].

NHS. (2018d) Common health problems in pregnancy. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/common-pregnancy-problems/ [Accessed 1st March 2018].

RCOG. (2016) Bleeding and/or pain in early pregnancy. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/patients/patient-information-leaflets/pregnancy/pi-bleeding-and-or-pain-in-early-pregnancy.pdf [Accessed 1st March 2018].

RCOG. (2014) Healthcare professionals must be aware of the signs, symptoms and appropriate response to rarer causes of headaches. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/ [Accessed 1st March 2018].

Information you can trust from NCT

When it comes to content, our aim is simple: every parent should have access to information they can trust.

All of our articles have been thoroughly researched and are based on the latest evidence from reputable and robust sources. We create our articles with NCT antenatal teachers, postnatal leaders and breastfeeding counsellors, as well as academics and representatives from relevant organisations and charities.

Read more about our editorial review process.

The first signs of pregnancy | Kotex®

Expert Comment
Gynecologist Anastasia Degteva

“You can’t diagnose yourself by the first symptoms. If you have a reason to suspect pregnancy (ineffective contraception or lack of it, delayed menstruation), then be sure to do a urinary pregnancy test or take a blood test for hCG.

Important! A blood test is a more accurate way to determine pregnancy than a urine test.

You should also exclude the possibility of pregnancy and consult a doctor if, after a delay, the discharge differs from the usual duration and volume. The appearance of bleeding may be a sign of an ectopic pregnancy, and not the onset of menstruation.

Although pregnancy tests and ultrasounds are the only ways to accurately determine pregnancy, there are a number of signs and symptoms to watch out for. How to understand that you are pregnant? The first signs of pregnancy include not only the absence of a period, but may also include fatigue, sensitivity to smells, and morning sickness. It is worth remembering that these are POSSIBLE signs of pregnancy, they can appear in both pregnant and non-pregnant women and are associated with ovulation and menstruation.

When do symptoms appear?

Oddly enough, the first week of pregnancy is determined by the date of the last menstruation.

Your last period counts as the first week of pregnancy, even if you haven’t actually been pregnant yet. The estimated due date is calculated from the first day of your last period.

Taking a home pregnancy test is the cheapest and easiest way to find out if you are pregnant. Remember that home pregnancy tests measure the level of a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the urine, and there is usually less of it in urine than in blood.

The test gives the most accurate results from the moment of missed menstruation.

The menstrual cycle is considered delayed if the menstruation did not begin within 5 or more days after the day of their expected start.

However, it is worth remembering that even the day after the expected delay, more than a third of women have such home tests come back negative, and if you test too early, the result can be negative, even if you are already pregnant. You can do another test at home after a couple of days to get a more accurate result.

Signs and symptoms of pregnancy

If you are pregnant for the first time, then you may well not notice signs of pregnancy in the early stages or confuse them with symptoms of impending menstruation.

It is not worth spending long hours looking for answers on the forums in experiences, in any case, your research will not change what has already happened or has not happened, but mood and sleep can thoroughly spoil.

First signs and symptoms of early pregnancy:

• Slight lower abdominal pain and spotting
• Absence of periods
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Breast swelling
• Frequent urination
• Constipation
• Dizziness on movement
• Mood swings
• Temperature changes
• High blood pressure and and slight bleeding

  From weeks 1 to 4, changes in a woman’s body are still happening at the cellular level. A fertilized egg creates a group of cells filled with fluid, which is called a blastocyst, which, after pregnancy, will have to turn into organs and body parts of the fetus.

  Approximately 10-14 days after conception (4 weeks), the blastocyst attaches itself to the endometrium lining the uterine wall. This process can cause some bleeding, which can be confused with light menstruation.

  Here are some signs of such bleeding:

  • color can be red, pink or brown

  • bleeding: usually comparable to normal menstruation, usually lighter

  • painful sensations

  • usually lasts about three days

  No period

  After the blastocyst attaches to the walls of the uterus, the body begins to produce a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin, which tells the body that it is time to stop releasing eggs from the ovaries every month. Most often, after conception, menstruation disappears at 4 weeks of pregnancy.

  If you’re late, it’s worth taking a home pregnancy test, especially if you have irregular periods.

  Fatigue

  Fatigue may appear at any time during pregnancy. During pregnancy, progesterone levels rise, and this hormone can make you feel sleepy. If you feel tired, then make sure you get enough sleep.

  Morning sickness and vomiting

  Nausea and morning vomiting usually develop between 4 and 6 weeks of gestation. In fact, such symptoms can occur not only in the morning, but in general at any time of the day. This symptom is typical for the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. If you often feel sick, then you need to make sure that you drink enough water to avoid dehydration.

  Breast swelling and tenderness

  Breast changes may begin at 4-6 weeks of gestation. They are also associated with changes in hormone levels. Most often, the breast swells somewhat and becomes more sensitive than usual. Usually these symptoms disappear in the future, when the body gets used to the changed hormonal background.

  Frequent urination

  During pregnancy, blood flow increases and this causes the kidneys to process more fluid than usual, which can cause frequent urination even in the early stages of pregnancy.

  Constipation and bloating

  This symptom is similar to the typical menstrual symptom and is also caused by hormonal changes, which can slow down the digestive processes, which causes bloating and constipation.

  High blood pressure and dizziness during pregnancy

  Most often in the early stages of pregnancy in women, blood pressure drops, which can cause a feeling of dizziness due to vasodilation of the brain. High blood pressure in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy usually means that there are some health problems that occur along with pregnancy. Such a symptom may have been present unnoticed prior to pregnancy, or it may have developed during the process. In such cases, it is especially important to monitor your blood pressure and consult your doctor.

  Mood swings

  Since estrogen and progesterone levels are elevated during pregnancy, this can cause changes in your emotional background and you may become more sensitive than usual. They can cause such strong feelings as depression, irritability, euphoria and anxiety.

  Increase in basal body temperature

  Basal body temperature is the lowest body temperature it reaches during rest or sleep. It is determined by measuring the temperature in the early morning by inserting a thermometer into the rectum. Normal body temperature may also rise, especially during heat or physical activity. It is important to consume enough liquid in such cases. Make sure you don’t get too hot to sleep.

  First signs of pregnancy before delay, early symptoms

  Significant hormonal changes occur during pregnancy. This causes a number of symptoms. Some women experience pregnancy symptoms right away, while others may only have a few. About the first signs of early pregnancy and when exactly appear the initial signs of pregnancy are described in the article.

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  When do the first signs of pregnancy appear

  The answer to the question of when the first signs of pregnancy appear is rather ambiguous, because some women do not feel any signs at all during the first few weeks. At what week do the first signs of pregnancy appear in others? When do the first signs of pregnancy appear after conception? Symptoms of very early pregnancy (such as breast tenderness) may appear before a missed period, as early as six to seven days after conception, while other early signs of pregnancy (such as spotting) may appear about a week after ovulation. We will tell you more about the first signs of pregnancy before menstruation and when the signs of pregnancy appear.

  What are the earliest signs of pregnancy?

  The first signs of pregnancy in the early stages:

  • delayed menstruation – 29%;
  • nausea – 25%;
  • mood swings – from 14 to 23%;
  • breast changes – 17%;
  • pain in the lower abdomen – 15%;
  • depression – 15%;
  • fatigue, drowsiness – 13%
  • decrease in immunity – 6%;
  • the first signs of pregnancy – discharge or implantation bleeding – only 3%.

  Physiological first signs of pregnancy

  What are the very first symptoms of pregnancy?

  The most common physiological signs of pregnancy include:

  • Tender and enlarged breasts. Signs of pregnancy in the first days after conception include breast changes (1-2 weeks after conception). The area around the nipples, called the areola, may also darken.
  • Drowsiness and fatigue. Fatigue is also among the signs of pregnancy in the first days after conception. During early pregnancy, levels of the hormone progesterone rise dramatically, which can cause drowsiness.
  • Nausea with vomiting. When do these signs of pregnancy appear? Morning sickness, which can appear at any time of the day or night, often appears between the second and eighth weeks after conception.
  • Dizziness and fainting . This may be due to dilation of blood vessels, lowering blood pressure and blood sugar levels.
  • Spasms. Some women experience symptoms of pregnancy in the early days, such as slight cramps in the uterus.
  • Headaches and back pains. Many pregnant women complain of frequent headaches and others experience back pain.
  • Insomnia – another first sign of pregnancy before the test. Causes can include stress, physical discomfort, and hormonal changes.
  • Change in taste preferences. Like most other symptoms of pregnancy, these eating habits can be attributed to hormonal changes.
  • Temperature. Early signs of pregnancy include fever (37-37.5).
  • Delayed menstruation. How long does it take for the first signs of pregnancy to appear? If you are of childbearing age and a week or more has passed without your expected period, you may be pregnant. However, this symptom can be misleading if you have an irregular menstrual cycle.
  • Bloody discharge – the first signs of pregnancy . This bleeding, known as implantation bleeding, occurs when a fertilized egg attaches to the lining of the uterus, about 10 to 14 days after conception.
  • Bloating, heartburn. Hormonal changes can cause problems with the stomach and esophagus – these are common signs of pregnancy at 2 weeks.
  • Constipation . Hormonal changes cause the digestive system to slow down, which can lead to constipation (signs of pregnancy after a delay).
  • Frequent urination. You may urinate more than usual, a common sign of pregnancy at 5 weeks. During pregnancy, the amount of blood in the body increases, causing the kidneys to process excess fluid that enters the bladder.
  • Runny nose. The appearance of this symptom is associated with excessive production of the hormone estrogen.
  • Exacerbation of chronic diseases. This is a sign of pregnancy after ovulation.
  • Increased salivation. Also associated with hormonal changes.
  • Sense of smell enhancement . Signs of pregnancy in the first two weeks may cause sensitivity to certain smells and the sense of taste may change.

  Emotional first signs of pregnancy

  The first signs of pregnancy before delay (earliest signs of pregnancy) include psycho-emotional symptoms.

  1. Mood swings.
  2. Irritability.
  3. Vulnerability, tearfulness.
  4. Capriciousness.
  5. Depression.

  These are all emotional signs of early pregnancy that many women report. They describe feelings of heightened emotion or even bouts of crying, which are associated with rapid changes in hormone levels in the body. Also, signs of pregnancy at week 4 can make you feel PMS-style cranky. In addition, about 15% of women suffer from depression or anxiety during pregnancy. And after childbirth, these conditions suffer even more. In this case, it is better to seek help from a doctor.

  Do everything you can to improve your mood: get plenty of rest, eat well, get enough sleep, do things you love, and pamper yourself.

  However, be aware that mood swings can be caused by a number of conditions other than pregnancy.

  Influence of early pregnancy on daily routine

  Early signs of pregnancy, mainly those that bring discomfort, can cause a change in daily routine. Here are some tips on what you can do with some of them:

  1. In case of toxicosis, avoid too hot or too cold food – this provokes an attack of vomiting. Eat often – at least 5-6 times a day, but in small portions.
  2. For nausea or vomiting, try ginger, chamomile, or vitamin B6.
  3. Drink plenty of water, in small sips between meals, to replenish lost fluids. Teas, juices, fruit drinks are also suitable.
  4. For back pain, wear shoes or shoe insoles designed for pregnant women and avoid high heels. Sleep on a firm mattress.
  5. For chest discomfort, wear a special bra that supports your enlarged breasts.
  6. For constipation, eat more fiber-rich foods such as wheat bran and fresh vegetables and fruits.
  7. If you suffer from headaches and mood swings, try stress reduction techniques such as yoga or meditation.
  8. Be outdoors more often, at least half an hour a day. This helps to reduce the symptoms of toxicosis, calm the nervous system.
  9. Maintain your daily physical activity for as long as you feel comfortable doing certain activities.
  10. Eat a balanced diet with enough protein, fat and carbohydrates.

  Important! All these tips are advisory in nature, be sure to consult your doctor if you encounter discomfort.

  What to do if you find early signs of pregnancy

  To make sure the signs of pregnancy are accurate, you can use the following methods to diagnose early pregnancy:

  1. Donate blood for hCG. This method can be used a few days after conception. This type of pregnancy test is done using a small sample of blood that is analyzed in a hospital. It determines whether there is a pregnancy hormone in your body and in what quantity. Its accuracy is 99%.
  2. Use a test strip. It can be used at home from the first days of delay.