What are the most common complications of mumps. How does mumps affect the testicles in males. Can mumps cause infertility in men. What are the symptoms of viral meningitis associated with mumps. How is mumps-related pancreatitis treated.

The Impact of Mumps on Male Reproductive Health

Mumps, a viral infection primarily affecting the salivary glands, can lead to several complications, with orchitis being one of the most significant concerns for males. Orchitis, the inflammation of one or both testicles, affects up to 1 in 3 males who contract mumps after puberty.

Symptoms and Onset of Mumps Orchitis

Orchitis typically manifests 4 to 8 days after the initial swelling of the parotid glands, although in some cases, it may occur up to 6 weeks later. The primary symptoms include:

• Sudden swelling of one testicle
• Warmth and tenderness in the affected area
• Testicular pain

Are both testicles usually affected by mumps orchitis? In most cases, only one testicle is affected, which can help differentiate it from other causes of testicular pain and swelling.

Treatment and Management of Mumps Orchitis

While there is no specific cure for mumps orchitis, several measures can help alleviate symptoms and promote recovery:

1. Pain management with over-the-counter painkillers like paracetamol or ibuprofen
2. Application of cold or warm compresses to the affected area
3. Wearing supportive underwear to reduce discomfort
4. In severe cases, prescription of stronger painkillers by a healthcare provider

Can mumps orchitis lead to infertility? While concerns about fertility are common, the risk of significant impact is relatively low. Approximately 1 in 10 men may experience a decrease in sperm count, but this rarely results in infertility. However, just under half of affected males may notice some testicular shrinkage.

Mumps-Related Complications in Females

Although less frequently discussed, mumps can also affect female reproductive organs. Oophoritis, or inflammation of the ovaries, occurs in about 1 in 15 females who contract mumps after puberty.

Symptoms of Mumps-Related Oophoritis

The primary symptoms of oophoritis include:

• Lower abdominal pain
• Elevated body temperature
• Nausea and vomiting

How long do symptoms of mumps-related oophoritis typically last? Symptoms usually subside as the body fights off the underlying mumps infection, generally within a few days to a week.

Neurological Complications: Viral Meningitis and Encephalitis

Mumps can lead to neurological complications, with viral meningitis being more common than encephalitis. Viral meningitis occurs in up to 1 in 4 cases of mumps, while encephalitis is a rare but potentially serious complication.

Viral Meningitis Associated with Mumps

Viral meningitis results from the spread of the mumps virus to the meninges, the protective layer surrounding the brain. Unlike bacterial meningitis, mumps-related viral meningitis is generally less severe and resolves without specific treatment.

What are the primary symptoms of mumps-related viral meningitis? The most common symptoms include:

• Sensitivity to light
• Neck stiffness
• Headaches
• Flu-like symptoms

These symptoms typically resolve within 14 days without long-term complications.

Encephalitis: A Rare but Serious Complication

Encephalitis, or inflammation of the brain itself, is a rare complication occurring in approximately 1 in 1,000 mumps cases. Due to its potential severity, encephalitis requires immediate medical attention and often necessitates admission to an intensive care unit.

What makes mumps-related encephalitis particularly concerning? The condition can be life-threatening and may lead to long-term neurological sequelae, underscoring the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Pancreatic Involvement in Mumps Infections

Pancreatitis, or inflammation of the pancreas, is another potential complication of mumps, affecting about 1 in 25 cases. While usually mild, it can cause significant discomfort and may require medical intervention.

Recognizing Mumps-Related Pancreatitis

The hallmark symptom of acute pancreatitis associated with mumps is sudden pain in the center of the abdomen. Other symptoms may include:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Fever
• Abdominal tenderness
• In some cases, jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin)

How is mumps-related pancreatitis typically managed? While most cases are mild, some patients may require hospitalization to support bodily functions until the pancreas recovers. Treatment focuses on symptom management and preventing complications.

Auditory Complications of Mumps

Hearing loss is a less common but potentially significant complication of mumps. Approximately 1 in 25 people with mumps experience temporary hearing loss, while permanent hearing loss is rare, occurring in an estimated 1 in 20,000 cases.

Types of Hearing Loss Associated with Mumps

Mumps-related hearing loss can be categorized into two main types:

1. Temporary hearing loss: More common and usually resolves as the infection clears
2. Permanent hearing loss: Rare but can have significant long-term impacts on quality of life

What factors contribute to the development of hearing loss in mumps patients? The exact mechanisms are not fully understood, but it’s believed that viral infection of the cochlea or auditory nerve may play a role. Additionally, immune-mediated responses to the virus might contribute to hearing damage.

Mumps During Pregnancy: Risks and Precautions

Contrary to previous beliefs, current evidence suggests that mumps during pregnancy may not significantly increase the risk of miscarriage. However, as with any infection during pregnancy, caution is advised.

Recommendations for Pregnant Women

To minimize potential risks, pregnant women are advised to:

• Avoid close contact with individuals known to have active mumps infections
• Ensure up-to-date vaccination status before pregnancy, if possible
• Consult with healthcare providers promptly if exposure to mumps is suspected

What should a pregnant woman do if she suspects exposure to mumps? If a pregnant woman believes she has been exposed to mumps and is not vaccinated, she should contact her healthcare provider or midwife for guidance. They may recommend monitoring for symptoms or taking preventive measures.

Preventing Mumps and Its Complications

The most effective way to prevent mumps and its associated complications is through vaccination. The MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of mumps in many countries.

Vaccination Recommendations

Current vaccination guidelines typically include:

• Two doses of the MMR vaccine for children, with the first dose usually given around 12-15 months of age and the second between 4-6 years
• Catch-up vaccinations for adolescents and adults who haven’t received both doses
• Consideration of a third dose in outbreak situations

How effective is the MMR vaccine in preventing mumps? While not 100% effective, the MMR vaccine significantly reduces the risk of contracting mumps and experiencing its complications. Vaccinated individuals who do contract mumps often experience milder symptoms and are less likely to develop serious complications.

In conclusion, while mumps can lead to various complications, most are manageable with appropriate care. Understanding the potential risks and seeking prompt medical attention when symptoms arise can help minimize the impact of mumps-related complications. Vaccination remains the cornerstone of prevention, offering substantial protection against both the primary infection and its associated complications.

Mumps – Complications – NHS

There are several problems that often occur with mumps. These can be worrying, but they’re rarely serious and usually improve as the infection passes.

Common complications

Swollen testicle

Pain and swelling of the testicle (orchitis) affects up to 1 in 3 males who get mumps after puberty. The swelling is usually sudden and affects only one testicle. The testicle may also feel warm and tender.

In affected boys and men, swelling of the testicle normally begins 4 to 8 days after the swelling of the parotid gland. Occasionally, swelling can occur up to 6 weeks after the swelling of the glands.

Any testicle pain can be eased using painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen you buy from the pharmacy or supermarket. If the pain is particularly severe, contact your GP, who may prescribe you a stronger painkiller.

Applying cold or warm compresses to your testicle and wearing supportive underwear may also reduce any pain.

Just under half of all males who get mumps-related orchitis notice some shrinkage of their testicles and an estimated 1 in 10 men experience a drop in their sperm count (the amount of healthy sperm their body can produce). However, this is very rarely large enough to cause infertility.

Swollen ovaries

About 1 in 15 females who get mumps after puberty experience swelling of the ovaries (oophoritis), which can cause:

• lower abdominal pain
• high temperature
• being sick

The symptoms of oophoritis usually pass once the body has fought off the underlying mumps infection.

Viral meningitis

Viral meningitis can occur if the mumps virus spreads into the outer protective layer of the brain (the meninges). It occurs in up to 1 in 4 cases of mumps.

Unlike bacterial meningitis, which is regarded as a potentially life-threatening medical emergency, viral meningitis causes milder, flu-like symptoms, and the risk of serious complications is low.

Sensitivity to light, neck stiffness and headaches are common symptoms of viral meningitis. These usually pass within 14 days.

Pancreatitis

About 1 in 25 cases of mumps lead to short-term inflammation of the pancreas (acute pancreatitis). The most common symptom is sudden pain in the centre of your belly.

Other symptoms of acute pancreatitis can include:

• feeling or being sick
• diarrhoea
• loss of appetite
• high temperature
• tenderness of the belly
• less commonly, yellowing of the whites of the eyes and the skin (jaundice), although this may be less noticeable on black or brown skin

Although pancreatitis associated with mumps is usually mild, you may be admitted to hospital so your body functions can be supported until your pancreas recovers.

Rare complications of mumps

Rare but potentially serious complications of mumps include an infection of the brain itself, known as encephalitis. This is thought to occur in around 1 in 1,000 cases of mumps. Encephalitis is a potentially fatal condition that requires admission to a hospital intensive care unit.

About 1 in 25 people with mumps experience some temporary hearing loss, but permanent loss of hearing is rare. It’s estimated this occurs in around 1 in 20,000 cases of mumps.

Mumps and pregnancy

In the past it was thought developing mumps during pregnancy increased the risk of miscarriage, but there’s little evidence to support this.

But, as a general precaution it’s recommended pregnant women avoid close contact with people known to have an active mumps infection (or any other type of infection).

If you’re pregnant and you think you’ve come into contact with someone with mumps but you haven’t been vaccinated, contact your GP or midwife for advice.

Page last reviewed: 24 September 2021
Next review due: 24 September 2024

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Orchitis – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment

Synonyms

Separate the acute and chronic form of testicular inflammation. In the acute course of the disease, there is a sharp pain in the affected testis, a high temperature of up to 39-40 degrees and general symptoms of inflammation. With the transition of orchitis into a chronic form, the symptoms are mild, pain in the testicle occurs periodically, at a certain position of the body.

The inflammatory process can develop actively and affect adjacent epididymis. In this case, a separate disease with similar symptoms is diagnosed – epididymitis. If the cause of this pathology is originally orchitis, then the diagnosis is orchiepididymitis.

General information

The testicles are the male sex glands located in the scrotum. The main functions of the organ are spermatogenesis and the production of hormones: testosterone, androstenedione, a small amount of progestins and estrogens. The external location of the testes is caused by the peculiarity of the maturation of spermatozoa, which require a temperature a fraction of a degree lower than in the abdominal cavity.

The glands are oval in shape, dense in structure and protected by a fibrous sheath. The testicles are connected to the penis by the spermatic cord, and in the scrotum are supported by muscles that can raise or lower the testes. The glands have a spongy structure, consist of cone-shaped lobules, each of which contains from 1 to 4 seminiferous tubules. These structures are in a folded state and have a length of up to 1 meter with a diameter of not more than 250 microns. In the tubules are the elements for the formation of spermatozoa. The tubules unite into ducts, which through the protein membrane are connected to the epididymis.

The inflammatory process of the testis is caused by infections, in 60% of cases these are pathogenic microorganisms that cause sexually transmitted diseases. Orchitis is also caused by other uropathogens that lead to urological diseases. The infection penetrates the structure of the testicles, causes an inflammatory process, which is expressed in the compaction of the glands and the appearance of swelling of the scrotum.

Statistics

Orchitis is of great social importance, since in a neglected state it leads to a decrease in fertility and infertility. The disease develops in men of all ages. At an early age, the cause of the pathology becomes a virus that causes mumps (mumps). Orchitis is registered in 80% of children who have been diagnosed with parotitis. In adult men, mumps leads to inflammation of the testicles in 20-25% of patients. To prevent the development of mumps allows vaccination at the age of 1-1. 5 years.

The most commonly diagnosed unilateral orchitis is in 65-67% of cases. Bilateral is registered two times less often. Unilateral testicular inflammation reduces fertility in 25% of patients, bilateral orchitis in 60-65%. The peak of the disease occurs in men aged 20-30 years. During this period of active sexual life, there is a high risk of infection leading to sexually transmitted diseases and orchitis. At the age of 35-50, the number of cases of inflammation of the testicles decreases, and after 50 years, an increase in diseases begins. This is due to disorders of the genitourinary system of an elderly man.

Geographic and seasonal factors do not affect orchitis statistics. The prevalence of the disease does not depend on urban characteristics. A high percentage of cases is observed in countries with a low standard of living and the development of medicine. This is due to the lack of vaccinations against mumps, the wide spread of venereal diseases.

Orchitis is a curable disease with a high remission rate. Pathology with timely access to a doctor does not lead to infertility, is not a factor that causes benign or malignant tumors.

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Causes of occurrence

900 04 Causes of pathology can be divided into two groups of factors:

• pathological – the inflammatory process begins with mumps, brucellosis, typhoid fever, venereal diseases. Pathology is a complication of diseases such as malaria, epidemic hepatitis, pneumonia, scarlet fever, rheumatism, chickenpox. Orchitis develops with pathologies of the genitourinary system, tuberculosis;

• physical – testicular herbs lead to the disease, in which the protective membrane of the gland or the urethra is damaged. Among other reasons – prolonged mechanical compression of the spermatic cord, hematoma of the scrotum.

The development of the disease contributes to a weakened immune system, fatigue syndrome, stressful situations.

Symptoms of orchitis

Acute orchitis develops within 4-7 days, the disease has the following clinical picture:

• sharp pain in the testicle, which is aggravated by walking or by increasing physical exertion;

• increased body temperature;

• pain radiates to the groin or lower back;

• the affected testicle increases in size, the skin on the scrotum on its side becomes smooth, redness is observed;

• chills, fever;

• headache.

If the symptoms are not addressed, the lesion will affect the second testicle within 1-4 days.

If acute orchitis is not properly treated, the disease becomes chronic. The pain becomes episodic, manifests itself weakly, but fertility appears, sexual desire decreases. Chronic orchitis can cause a number of serious complications.

Pain while urinating

High temperature or fever

Headache

Lower abdominal pain

Urinary retention

Frequent urination

Sharp pain in the testicle

Testicular tumor

Change in the size of the testicles

Which doctor treats

Orchitis is treated by a urologist. Before visiting the doctor, it is necessary to take a shower, wear loose clothing that can be easily removed or put on. The appointment begins with the collection of anamnesis. The doctor specifies the date of appearance of the first symptoms, the nature of the pain, the presence of concomitant diseases. The patient’s temperature and blood pressure are measured. The reception ends with an examination, during which the doctor determines the localization of the inflammatory process, the presence of complications by palpation. After making a preliminary diagnosis, the urologist appoints a series of studies that will help choose a treatment method.

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Diagnosis of orchitis

Laboratory and instrumental studies allow the urologist to determine the cause diseases, choose a conservative or surgical method of treatment. The doctor prescribes to the patient:

• clinical blood test;

• bacteriological culture;

• urinalysis;

• antibiotic susceptibility testing;

• ultrasound examination of the scrotum.

Doppler imaging helps to rule out external causes of pain.

Treatment of orchitis

When choosing a treatment method, the doctor takes into account the symptoms and the degree of damage. With severe pain, analgesics, other painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed. When diagnosing purulent complications, pus is drained by surgical methods. With a strong destructive lesion of testicular tissues, it is removed.

When choosing a course of treatment, the cause that led to the disease is taken into account:

• pathological – the underlying disease that caused orchitis is stopped. The urologist involves the therapist, the venereologist to treatment. Antibacterial agents are prescribed after determining the pathogen using bacterial culture. To alleviate the patient’s condition, raise the scrotum with a bandage or suspensor. It is recommended to apply cold compresses to the affected area. After normalization of the condition, physiotherapy is prescribed. In chronic orchitis, the doctor prescribes glucocorticoid therapy, antibacterial drugs;

• physical – post-traumatic orchitis is characterized by pronounced local symptoms. The patient develops edema, hyperemia of the skin of the scrotum, severe pain. The damaged area can become a site of infection. Depending on the clinical picture, the doctor prescribes cephalosporins, amoxicillin, carbapenems. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs demonstrate good efficacy. If the inflammatory process is not aseptic in nature, then antibiotics are not used. In the infectious nature of the inflammation, empiric antibiotic therapy is prescribed.

The doctor recommends to patients a diet rich in collagen, protein, and vitamins.

The treatment is carried out on an outpatient basis, with a high temperature and the detection of tissue necrosis, the patient is placed in a hospital. With conservative methods of treatment, it is necessary to carefully consider the dosage of drugs. An overdose of antibiotics leads to dysbacteriosis, drowsiness, nausea, and can cause kidney and liver failure. Failure to comply with the recommendations in the treatment of analgesics can lead to increased blood pressure, tachycardia. After surgery, you must follow the rules of personal hygiene, change dressings regularly, and perform antiseptic treatment of the wound. If the recommendations are not followed, infection may begin.

If left untreated

If left untreated, inflammation of the appendages begins, followed by testicular abscess. With a late visit to the doctor, there is a high risk of atrophy, male infertility. Orchitis quickly progresses to a chronic stage, in which there is a decrease in fertility. In order to prevent relapse, timely treatment to the doctor is necessary.

If it is not possible to visit a urologist, it is necessary to use the possibilities of online medicine. This will require access to the Internet and a technical device with a video camera. Using a smartphone, tablet, laptop, a patient can receive a video consultation from an experienced urologist working in a metropolitan clinic or medical research institute. With the help of video communication, the doctor will collect an anamnesis, conduct an examination, and prescribe treatment. When choosing a therapy, the urologist will take into account the limited access to medicines. A timely visit to a doctor will help relieve symptoms, ensure a stable remission.

How to help yourself

When diagnosing orchitis, bed rest, wearing a bandage that supports the scrotum, and refraining from sexual intercourse is recommended. To reduce sexual excitability, which interferes with treatment, a decoction of hop flowers will help. A decoction of sweet clover, wintergreen, chamomile, knotweed and lingonberries will help relieve inflammation. St. John’s wort, cranberries, elderberry and chamomile give good results. It is recommended to make compresses from crushed flaxseed or cabbage leaves soaked in vinegar. To improve the state of the immune system, it is recommended to consume honey, foods high in vitamins.

Risks

Orchitis is not contagious but is caused by infections that can be passed from person to person. If left untreated, there is a high risk of infertility. Pathology can develop at any age. The following risk groups exist:

• small children not vaccinated against mumps;

• 90,004 promiscuous men;

• patients with infectious diseases;

• representatives of contact sports;

• men over 50 years old.

High risk of contracting an infectious disease that can lead to orchitis in immunocompromised people with chronic fatigue.

Prevention of orchitis

Orchitis develops quickly, easily passes into the chronic stage. For these reasons, it is recommended to pay more attention to the prevention of the disease. Preventing inflammation of the testicle is easier than curing the pathology and doing without serious consequences. It is recommended to maintain immunity, to refuse promiscuity. The following preventive measures are recommended for risk groups:

• young children should be vaccinated against mumps at the scheduled time;

• promiscuous men are required to use condoms, which drastically reduce the risk of venereal disease;

• patients with infectious diseases should undergo a course of treatment, during which – monitor their well-being and, at the first pain in the testicles, seek additional advice from a doctor;

• representatives of contact sports should use protective equipment, and in case of injury, seek medical attention;

• 90,004 men over 50 should be involved in the prevention of diseases of the genitourinary system.

With orchitis, prevention helps to avoid serious consequences, and timely medical care ensures a stable remission of the disease.

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Symptoms

Parotitis

GENERAL INFORMATION

Mumps, or mumps as it is commonly called, is an acute infectious viral disease with a predominant non-purulent lesion of the glandular organs (salivary glands, pancreas, testicles and ovaries) and / or the central nervous system (CNS) caused by paramyxovirus. Mumps is generally a mild childhood illness.

The source of transmission of infection is a sick person, the isolation of the mumps virus begins already in the incubation period, namely 1-2 days before the onset of obvious symptoms of the disease. Infection occurs by airborne droplets (when coughing, sneezing, talking) from a sick person who is contagious from 6 days before the onset of symptoms (swelling of the parotid salivary glands) to 5-9days after the onset of clinical manifestations of the disease.

PROBABILITY TO BE ILL

Children between the ages of three and fifteen are highly susceptible to mumps. More often, boys get sick with mumps – about one and a half times more often than girls. However, adults under the age of 40 can also get sick with mumps, in which case, as a rule, the course of parotitis is more severe (than in childhood).

SYMPTOMS AND CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE

In most cases, mumps begins with a sharp and acute increase in temperature, chills, migraine, helplessness. The main symptom is a painful swelling of the salivary glands, due to which the patient’s face (especially the cheeks) becomes swollen. Most often, the parotid salivary glands become inflamed, less often (10% of cases) – submandibular and sublingual. The patient has difficulty chewing. It can be noted that such pains remain for 3-4 days, and after a week they gradually disappear. Approximately during this time (or a little later), the swelling of the salivary glands subsides, although in some cases the swelling persists for another 2 weeks or more. But this phenomenon is more often observed in adults with mumps. The temperature rises to about 380C or slightly higher and lasts less than one week, often for almost the entire period of illness. Although there are cases when the disease goes away without fever.

COMPLICATIONS AFTER A DISEASE

Do not underestimate this “childhood” disease. Mumps can cause serious complications, especially if the disease is severe. Encephalitis, cerebral edema with a fatal outcome, infertility – both in men and women, unilateral hearing loss without recovery.

Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) is reported as a complication in approximately 4% of cases, mumps virus can cause inflammation of the meninges (meningitis) in 1 in 200-5000 cases. Very rarely, brain tissue is involved in the process, then mumps encephalitis (inflammation of the membranes and brain substance) develops. Mumps encephalitis is recorded in 0.02-0.3% of cases. Although the mortality rate for mumps encephalitis is low, severe sequelae, including paralysis, epileptic seizures, cranial nerve palsy, cochlear stenosis, and hydrocephalus, can occur.

Acquired sensorineural deafness due to mumps is one of the leading causes of childhood deafness, affecting 5 per 100,000 mumps patients.

In 20-30% of affected adolescent boys and adult men, the testicles become inflamed (orchitis), in girls and women, in 5% of cases, the mumps virus affects the ovaries (oophoritis). Both of these complications can lead to infertility. Fertility doctors testify: up to 50% of all cases of infertility in both men and women are the result of mumps suffered in childhood!

MORTALITY

Extremely rare. 1:10,000 cases.

FEATURES OF TREATMENT

The most important task of treatment is the prevention of complications. Symptomatic therapy is indicated: antipyretic drugs, plentiful warm drink. Patients with mumps can be treated at home. Patients are hospitalized with severe complicated forms, as well as according to epidemiological indications. Isolate patients at home for 9 days.

Bed rest for at least 10 days is important. In men who did not comply with bed rest during the 1st week, orchitis developed 3 times more often. For the prevention of pancreatitis, in addition, it is necessary to follow a certain diet: avoid overeating, reduce the amount of white bread, pasta, fats, cabbage. The diet should be dairy-vegetarian.

VACCINATION EFFECTIVENESS

Until recently, mumps was widespread in the world: on average, from 0.1% to 1% (in some countries up to 6%) of the population had had this disease. Modern features of the epidemiology of this disease are determined by the prevention of the disease carried out in many countries of the world with the help of a live attenuated vaccine. In most countries of the world, in recent years, the incidence of mumps has been at the level of 100 to 1000 per 100,000 population, with epidemic peaks every 2-5 years. The maximum number of cases falls on the age of 5-9years.

As of 01.01.2014 in our country, the incidence rate was 0.2 per 100 thousand people.

VACCINES

Currently, mumps cultured live vaccine, associated mumps-measles vaccine, associated mumps-measles vaccine and associated mumps-measles rubella vaccine are used to prevent mumps. After mumps vaccination, general normal vaccine reactions are rare and manifest as an increase in body temperature, reddening of the pharynx, and a runny nose. In rare cases, there is a short-term (within 1-3 days) increase in the parotid salivary glands (on one or both sides).

RECENT EPIDEMICS

2004–2010 there were outbreaks of parotitis in England, the USA and Moldova, adolescents were sick most often. During an outbreak in the United States in schools for Orthodox Jewish children (3,500 cases), 89% of those who fell ill were fully vaccinated. It is believed that close contacts contribute to overcoming immune defenses. The outbreak was extinguished by the introduction of the 3rd dose of the vaccine.

In 2006, Russia recorded the lowest incidence rate of mumps in the entire history of observations – 1.64 per 100,000 population. Compared to 1981, the incidence decreased by 294 times. The incidence of mumps has been steadily decreasing over the past five years, which was a consequence of the high vaccination coverage of children and especially revaccination from 72% in 1999 to 96.5% in 2006. As of 01/01/2014 in our country, the incidence was 0.