What is baclofen used for. How does baclofen work. What are the side effects of baclofen. How should baclofen be taken. What precautions should be followed when using baclofen. How is baclofen stored and disposed of. What should you know about baclofen overdose.

Understanding Baclofen: Uses and Mechanism of Action

Baclofen is a powerful muscle relaxant medication primarily used to treat spasticity and muscle stiffness associated with various neurological conditions. It belongs to a class of drugs known as skeletal muscle relaxants and works by acting on the spinal cord nerves to reduce muscle spasms and relieve pain.

The main conditions for which baclofen is prescribed include:

• Multiple sclerosis
• Spinal cord injuries
• Other spinal cord diseases

How does baclofen work in the body? Baclofen targets the spinal cord nerves, effectively decreasing both the number and severity of muscle spasms. This action not only helps in reducing pain but also improves overall muscle movement, providing relief to patients suffering from debilitating muscle conditions.

Proper Administration and Dosage of Baclofen

Baclofen is available in two forms: tablets and oral solution. The typical dosing schedule involves taking the medication three times a day at evenly spaced intervals. However, it’s crucial to follow your doctor’s specific instructions and the directions on your prescription label carefully.

When using the oral solution, what’s the best way to measure the dose? It’s recommended to use an oral syringe for accurate measurement. If one is not provided with your medication, ask your pharmacist for an oral syringe to ensure precise dosing.

Can you stop taking baclofen abruptly? It’s important not to discontinue baclofen suddenly, especially if you’ve been taking large doses for an extended period. Abrupt cessation can lead to serious withdrawal symptoms, including:

• Seizures
• Fever
• Confusion
• Muscle stiffness
• Hallucinations

If you need to stop taking baclofen, your doctor will likely implement a gradual tapering schedule to safely reduce your dose over time.

Precautions and Interactions: What You Need to Know

Before starting baclofen therapy, it’s essential to inform your healthcare provider about any allergies, current medications, and existing medical conditions. This information helps prevent potential adverse reactions and ensures the safe use of the medication.

What medical conditions might affect baclofen use? Inform your doctor if you have or have had any of the following:

• Epilepsy
• Stroke
• Rheumatic disease
• Cerebral palsy
• Parkinson’s disease
• Psychiatric conditions (e.g., schizophrenia)
• Kidney disease

Are there any medications that interact with baclofen? Be sure to mention if you’re taking any of the following:

• Antidepressants
• Anxiety medications
• Medications for mental illness
• Seizure medications
• Sedatives
• Sleeping pills
• Tranquilizers

Your doctor may need to adjust your medication doses or monitor you more closely for potential side effects when combining these drugs with baclofen.

Managing Side Effects and Potential Risks

Like all medications, baclofen can cause side effects. While many are mild and may resolve on their own, it’s important to be aware of potential adverse reactions and know when to seek medical attention.

What are the common side effects of baclofen? Some frequently reported side effects include:

• Dizziness
• Weakness
• Confusion
• Headache
• Nausea
• Constipation
• Sleep disturbances
• Tiredness
• Frequent urination

While these side effects are generally not cause for alarm, it’s advisable to inform your doctor if they persist or become severe.

Are there any serious side effects to watch out for? Yes, some side effects require immediate medical attention. Contact your doctor right away if you experience:

• Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren’t real)
• Seizures

How does baclofen affect daily activities? Baclofen may cause drowsiness, which can impact your ability to perform certain tasks safely. It’s advisable to avoid driving or operating machinery until you understand how the medication affects you personally.

Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Baclofen Use

For women who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding, special considerations must be taken into account when using baclofen.

Is baclofen safe during pregnancy? The safety of baclofen during pregnancy has not been definitively established. If you become pregnant while taking baclofen, it’s crucial to contact your doctor immediately. They will assess the potential risks and benefits of continuing the medication during your pregnancy.

Can baclofen be used while breastfeeding? Baclofen can pass into breast milk, potentially affecting the nursing infant. Discuss the use of baclofen with your healthcare provider if you’re breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. They will help you weigh the benefits of the medication against any potential risks to the infant.

Proper Storage and Disposal of Baclofen

Correct storage and disposal of baclofen are essential for maintaining its effectiveness and ensuring safety, particularly in households with children.

How should baclofen tablets be stored? Keep baclofen tablets in their original container, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store them at room temperature, away from excess heat and moisture. Avoid storing them in the bathroom, where humidity levels can be high.

What about the oral solution? The baclofen oral solution should be stored in the refrigerator to maintain its stability and effectiveness.

How can you ensure safe disposal of baclofen? When it’s time to dispose of unused or expired baclofen, follow these guidelines:

1. Do not flush medications down the toilet unless specifically instructed to do so.
2. Take advantage of community drug take-back programs when available.
3. If no take-back program is available, mix the medication with an undesirable substance (like used coffee grounds or kitty litter), seal it in a plastic bag, and dispose of it in the household trash.

Remember to remove or destroy any personal information on the empty medication container before disposing of it.

Recognizing and Responding to Baclofen Overdose

While following prescribed dosages minimizes the risk, it’s crucial to be aware of the signs of baclofen overdose and know how to respond in such situations.

What are the symptoms of baclofen overdose? Signs of potential overdose may include:

• Severe drowsiness
• Confusion
• Weakness
• Slow or shallow breathing
• Seizures
• Loss of consciousness

How should you respond to a suspected overdose? If you suspect a baclofen overdose, take the following steps:

1. Call emergency services immediately.
2. If the person is unconscious, check for breathing and perform CPR if necessary and if trained to do so.
3. Provide emergency responders with information about the medication, dosage, and time of ingestion if known.
4. Do not induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by a medical professional.

Prompt medical attention is crucial in cases of suspected overdose to prevent potentially life-threatening complications.

Long-term Use and Monitoring of Baclofen Therapy

For patients using baclofen over extended periods, regular monitoring and follow-up with healthcare providers are essential to ensure continued effectiveness and safety.

How often should patients on long-term baclofen therapy be monitored? The frequency of check-ups may vary depending on individual circumstances, but generally, patients should have regular appointments to assess:

• Medication effectiveness
• Side effects
• Dosage adjustments
• Overall health status

What tests might be performed during these check-ups? Your doctor may order:

• Blood tests to check kidney function
• Neurological exams to assess muscle tone and spasticity
• Evaluations of daily functioning and quality of life

Can long-term use of baclofen lead to tolerance or dependence? While baclofen is not considered addictive in the traditional sense, long-term use can lead to physical dependence. This is why it’s crucial to follow your doctor’s instructions regarding dosage and never abruptly stop taking the medication.

Lifestyle Considerations for Baclofen Users

While taking baclofen, certain lifestyle adjustments may be necessary to ensure safety and maximize the benefits of the medication.

How does alcohol interact with baclofen? Alcohol can intensify the side effects of baclofen, particularly drowsiness and dizziness. It’s advisable to avoid or limit alcohol consumption while taking this medication. Always consult your doctor about the safe use of alcoholic beverages during your treatment.

What about dietary considerations? While there are no specific dietary restrictions associated with baclofen use, maintaining a balanced diet can support overall health and potentially help manage some side effects like constipation.

Can exercise be beneficial while taking baclofen? Regular, gentle exercise can be beneficial for many patients taking baclofen, as it can help maintain muscle strength and flexibility. However, it’s important to discuss any exercise plans with your healthcare provider to ensure they are safe and appropriate for your condition.

Alternative Treatments and Complementary Therapies

While baclofen is an effective treatment for many patients with muscle spasticity, it’s not the only option available. Understanding alternative treatments can help patients make informed decisions about their care.

What other medications might be used instead of baclofen? Depending on the specific condition and individual patient factors, alternatives might include:

• Tizanidine
• Dantrolene
• Diazepam
• Botulinum toxin injections

Are there non-pharmacological treatments for muscle spasticity? Yes, several non-drug therapies can be used alone or in combination with medications like baclofen:

• Physical therapy
• Occupational therapy
• Stretching exercises
• Massage
• Heat or cold therapy
• Electrical stimulation

How effective are these alternative treatments compared to baclofen? The effectiveness of these treatments can vary greatly depending on the individual and the specific condition being treated. In many cases, a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches yields the best results.

Baclofen in Special Populations

While baclofen is widely used, its effects and safety profile may differ in certain populations, requiring special considerations and monitoring.

How is baclofen used in pediatric patients? Baclofen can be prescribed for children with certain conditions causing muscle spasticity, such as cerebral palsy. However, dosing and monitoring may need to be adjusted based on the child’s age, weight, and specific condition.

What about elderly patients? Older adults may be more sensitive to the effects of baclofen and may require lower doses. They may also be at increased risk for certain side effects, such as confusion or dizziness, which can increase the risk of falls.

How does kidney function affect baclofen use? Baclofen is primarily eliminated from the body through the kidneys. Patients with impaired kidney function may require dose adjustments to prevent accumulation of the drug in the body, which could lead to increased side effects.

Future Developments in Baclofen Research

As medical research continues, new applications and formulations of baclofen are being explored, potentially expanding its therapeutic uses.

What new uses for baclofen are being investigated? Researchers are studying the potential benefits of baclofen in treating various conditions, including:

• Alcohol use disorder
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Trigeminal neuralgia
• Chronic hiccups

Are there new formulations of baclofen being developed? Yes, several new formulations are under investigation or have been recently introduced, including:

• Extended-release tablets for once-daily dosing
• Intrathecal baclofen pumps for severe spasticity
• Transdermal patches for continuous delivery

How might these developments impact future treatment options? These advancements could potentially improve treatment efficacy, reduce side effects, and enhance patient compliance by offering more convenient dosing options and targeted delivery methods.

Baclofen: MedlinePlus Drug Information

pronounced as (bak’ loe fen)

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Baclofen is used to treat pain and certain types of spasticity (muscle stiffness and tightness) from multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, or other spinal cord diseases. Baclofen is in a class of medications called skeletal muscle relaxants. Baclofen acts on the spinal cord nerves and decreases the number and severity of muscle spasms caused by multiple sclerosis or spinal cord conditions. It also relieves pain and improves muscle movement.

Baclofen comes as a tablet and a solution (liquid) to take by mouth. It usually is taken 3 times a day at evenly spaced intervals. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take baclofen exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.

Use an oral syringe (measuring device) to accurately measure and take your dose of baclofen solution. Ask your pharmacist for an oral syringe if one is not included with your medication.

Continue to take baclofen even if you feel well. Do not stop taking baclofen without talking to your doctor, especially if you have taken large doses for a long time. Abruptly stopping this medication can cause seizures, fever, confusion, muscle stiffness, or hallucinations. Your doctor probably will want to decrease your dose gradually.

This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

Before taking baclofen,

• tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to baclofen, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in baclofen tablets and oral solution. Ask your pharmacist for a list of the ingredients.
• tell your doctor and pharmacist what other prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins, nutritional supplements, and herbal products you are taking or plan to take. Be sure to mention any of the following: antidepressants, medications for anxiety, medications for mental illness, medications for seizures, sedatives, sleeping pills, or tranquilizers. Your doctor may need to change the doses of your medications or monitor you carefully for side effects.
• tell your doctor if you have or have ever had epilepsy, a stroke, a rheumatic disease, cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s disease, a psychiatric condition such as schizophrenia or a confusional state, or kidney disease.
• tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking baclofen, call your doctor immediately.
• you should know that baclofen may make you drowsy. Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how this medication affects you.
• ask your doctor about the safe use of alcoholic beverages while you are taking baclofen. Alcohol can make the side effects from baclofen worse.

Take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one.

Baclofen may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:

• dizziness
• weakness
• confusion
• headache
• nausea
• constipation
• difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
• tiredness
• frequent urination

Some side effects can be serious. If you experience either of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately:

• seeing things or hearing voices that do not exist
• seizures

If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online (http://www. fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch) or by phone (1-800-332-1088).

Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store the tablets at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Store the oral solution in the refrigerator.

It is important to keep all medication out of sight and reach of children as many containers (such as weekly pill minders and those for eye drops, creams, patches, and inhalers) are not child-resistant and young children can open them easily. To protect young children from poisoning, always lock safety caps and immediately place the medication in a safe location – one that is up and away and out of their sight and reach. http://www.upandaway.org

Unneeded medications should be disposed of in special ways to ensure that pets, children, and other people cannot consume them. However, you should not flush this medication down the toilet. Instead, the best way to dispose of your medication is through a medicine take-back program. Talk to your pharmacist or contact your local garbage/recycling department to learn about take-back programs in your community. See the FDA’s Safe Disposal of Medicines website (http://goo.gl/c4Rm4p) for more information if you do not have access to a take-back program.

In case of overdose, call the poison control helpline at 1-800-222-1222. Information is also available online at https://www.poisonhelp.org/help. If the victim has collapsed, had a seizure, has trouble breathing, or can’t be awakened, immediately call emergency services at 911.

Symptoms of overdose may include:

• vomiting
• weak muscle tone
• drowsiness
• vision problems
• coma
• difficulty breathing
• seizures

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• Ozobax^®

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Last Revised – 12/15/2019

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Baclofen Uses, Dosage & Side Effects

Generic name: baclofen (oral) [ BAK-loe-fen ]
Brand names: Lioresal, Lioresal Intrathecal, Gablofen, FIRST Baclofen, Ozobax, Fleqsuvy, Lyvispah
Dosage forms: oral granule (10 mg; 20 mg; 5 mg), oral liquid (5 mg/5 mL), oral suspension (1 mg/mL; 5 mg/mL), oral tablet (10 mg; 20 mg; 5 mg)
Drug class: Skeletal muscle relaxants

Medically reviewed by Kaci Durbin, MD. Last updated on Apr 19, 2023.

What is baclofen?

Baclofen belongs to a class of medications called skeletal muscle relaxants. Baclofen is an antispasmodic agent that acts on spinal cord nerves and decreases the number and severity of muscle spasms in patients with certain conditions affecting the spinal cord.

Baclofen is used in adults and children at least 12 years old to treat certain types of spasticity (muscle stiffness and tightness) and muscle pain in people with multiple sclerosis or a spinal cord injury or other spinal cord diseases.

Baclofen relieves pain and improves muscle movement.

Warnings

Do not use baclofen at a time when you need muscle tone for safe balance and movement during certain activities. Baclofen may make you drowsy. Do not drive or operate heavy machinery until you know how this medicine affects you.

Do not stop using this medicine suddenly, or you could have unpleasant withdrawal symptoms.

Ask your doctor about the safe use of alcoholic beverages while you are taking baclofen. Alcohol can make the side effects from baclofen worse.

Before taking this medicine

You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to baclofen.

To make sure this medicine is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have ever had:

• mental illness or psychosis;

• epilepsy or other seizure disorder;

• problems with balance;

• cerebral palsy;

• Parkinson’s disease;

• schizophrenia or a confused state;

• high blood pressure, or fast heart rate;

• a rheumatic disease;

• a stroke or blood clot; or

• kidney disease.

Using baclofen may increase your risk of developing an ovarian cyst. Talk with your doctor about your own risk.

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant, or breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. If you take baclofen while pregnant or breastfeeding, withdrawal symptoms such as tremors, stiff muscles, or seizure may occur in the baby.

How should I take baclofen?

Take baclofen exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. Your doctor may occasionally change your dose.

Shake the oral suspension (liquid).

Measure a dose with the supplied measuring device (not a kitchen spoon).

Shake and pour the entire oral granules packet to dissolve in your mouth or swallow whole at once, with or without liquids.

You may also mix the granules with liquids (milk, or apple juice) or soft food (apple sauce, yogurt, or pudding).

The oral granules can also be given through a feeding tube. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you do not understand these instructions.

Call your doctor if your symptoms do not improve, or if they get worse.

You may have withdrawal symptoms if you stop using baclofen suddenly. Ask your doctor before stopping the medicine.

Store the oral suspension (liquid) at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Throw Fleqsuvy away after 2 months of first opening.

Store Ozobax in the refrigerator, do not freeze.

Dosing information

Usual Adult Dose for Spasticity:

Oral:
-Initial dose: The following gradually increasing dosage regimen is suggested, but should be adjusted to suit individual patient requirements: 5 mg orally 3 times a day for 3 days, then 10 mg orally 3 times a day for 3 days, then 15 mg orally 3 times a day for 3 days, then 20 mg orally 3 times a day for 3 days
-Maintenance dose: Should be individualized.
-Maximum dose: 80 mg/day (20 mg orally 4 times a day).

Usual Pediatric Dose for Spasticity:

12 years and older:
Oral:
-Initial dose: The following gradually increasing dosage regimen is suggested, but should be adjusted to suit individual patient requirements: 5 mg orally 3 times a day for 3 days, then 10 mg orally 3 times a day for 3 days, then 15 mg orally 3 times a day for 3 days, then 20 mg orally 3 times a day for 3 days
-Maintenance dose: Should be individualized.
-Maximum dose: 80 mg/day (20 mg orally 4 times a day)

Comments:
-The lowest dose compatible with an optimal response is recommended.
-Slowly withdraw therapy if benefits are not evident after a reasonable period.

What happens if I miss a dose?

Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time.

What happens if I overdose?

Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.

Overdose symptoms may include increasing drowsiness, dizziness, sleepiness, trouble focusing on objects, shallow breathing, seizure, or muscle weakness leading to loss of consciousness.

What should I avoid while taking baclofen?

Avoid drinking alcohol.

Avoid driving or hazardous activity until you know how baclofen will affect you. Your reactions could be impaired.

Do not share this medicine with another person, even if they have the same symptoms you have.

Baclofen side effects

Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction to baclofen: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Baclofen may cause serious side effects. Call your doctor at once if you have:

• severe drowsiness, breathing problems;

• confusion, hallucinations;

• muscle weakness, itching, tingling, or twitching in your hands, arms, feet, or legs; or

• fever.

Common baclofen side effects may include:

This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

What other drugs will affect baclofen?

Using baclofen with other drugs that make you drowsy can worsen this effect. Ask your doctor before using opioid medication, a sleeping pill, a muscle relaxer, or medicine for anxiety or seizures.

Other drugs may interact with baclofen, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Tell your doctor about all other medicines you use.

Popular FAQ

Common antidepressants used for orthopedic pain relief may include SSRIs like fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft), SNRIs such as duloxetine (Cymbalta), or tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) like amitriptyline (Elavil) or nortriptyline (Pamelor). Continue reading

More about baclofen

• Check interactions
• Compare alternatives
• Reviews (426)
• Drug images
• Side effects
• Dosage information
• Patient tips
• During pregnancy
• Support group
• Drug class: skeletal muscle relaxants
• Breastfeeding

Patient resources

• Advanced Reading
• Baclofen (Oral) (Advanced Reading)
• Baclofen Intrathecal Injection
• Baclofen Tablets
• Baclofen Oral Solution

Other brands

Lioresal, Gablofen, Fleqsuvy, Lyvispah, Ozobax

Professional resources

• Prescribing Information

Related treatment guides

• Alcohol Withdrawal
• Cerebral Spasticity
• Cervical Dystonia
• Chronic Spasticity

Further information

Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use baclofen only for the indication prescribed.

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

Medical Disclaimer

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Baclosan (Baclofen): what kind of drug is it, how does it work, signs of use, consequences, addiction treatment

In modern realities, more and more people are pathologically dependent on various synthetic drugs. The universal availability of these drugs only increases the risk of developing drug addiction. Some of the drugs hunted by drug addicts are widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment and correction of various pathological conditions.

Baclofen – pills for treatment or drug?

Baclosan (Baclofen) is a synthetic drug that belongs to the group of muscle relaxants. It is used in traditional medical practice to relieve seizures of epilepsy, correct spastic reactions in various muscle groups that are provoked by various diseases. But, unfortunately, baclofen is a drug that is widely popular in the criminal world. The pathological interest in this drug is explained by the mechanism of action of Baclofen on the central nervous system.

What does the drug do to a person that the frequency of pathological addictions to these pills regularly increases:

• dulls mental reactions, reduces the effect of external stimuli on the receptors of the nervous system;
• promotes hallucinations;
• helps to relax and get rid of fatigue;
• improves mood and resistance to stress;
• relieves muscle spasms.

Traditional neurology and neurosurgery recommend the use of Baclofen for medicinal purposes. What doctors prescribe medicine for:

• spastic processes;
• epilepsy;
• traumatic brain injury;
• spinal cord surgery.

The systematic use of baclofen tablets leads to the formation of receptor resistance at the biochemical level. Therefore, the patient constantly requires increasing dosages of the drug to obtain the desired effect. Drug addicts constantly increase the amount of the drug baclofen. What is the unauthorized use of the drug leads to irreversible consequences, drug addicts do not even think about it.

Drug abuse leads to receptor resistance to regular use of Baclofen tablets. An overdose against the background of a significant excess of the doses recommended by the doctor occurs almost instantly and is manifested by the following symptoms:

Treatment of addiction to baclofen

consultation with a narcologist at home and in a hospital

removal of withdrawal symptoms

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Baclofen drug.

Effect of unauthorized use

Baclofen is widely used in the criminal environment. The effect of the drug on the central nervous system, which is manifested by a decrease in the reactivity of nervous processes, explains the use of the drug to achieve the effect of euphoria. The drug has a pronounced sedative effect, increases adaptation to stress factors. The systematic use of the remedy leads to:

• resistance to stress factors;
• cheer up;
• achieve the effect of euphoria.

Balcofen. Consequences of illegal use

CNS suppression is often negative and can lead to irreversible consequences:

• heart failure;
• stop spontaneous breathing;
• disorders of the nervous regulation of vital organs;
• the appearance of malignant tumors in the central and peripheral nervous system.

In addition, a significant excess of dosages recommended by specialists leads to negative consequences from taking Baclofen tablets. Side effects at high doses:

• gastrointestinal bleeding;
• severe intoxication;
• acute renal or hepatic insufficiency;
• memory problems;
• loss of consciousness;
• acute heart failure;
• convulsions that are difficult to control.

These negative reactions are due to the action of Baclofen on nerve cells. Overdose develops quickly enough. This is due to the specific effect of the main drug on nerve receptors. This condition requires urgent specialized care to prevent negative consequences and death.

Only in the conditions of a specialized clinic can one get rid of the biochemical and psycho-emotional dependence on baclosan and its derivatives.

Call 8 (495) 150-85-96

Baclofen: mechanisms of therapeutic and toxic action (review) | Romanova

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3. Kuznetsov B.V., Lodyagin A.N., Batotsyrenov B.V., Nezhentseva I.V., Baranov D.V. Features of the clinical course of acute methadone poisoning complicated by the development of positional compression syndrome and systemic rhabdomyolysis. Toxicologist. messenger. 2015; 4:38–43.

4. Livanov G.A., Loladze A.T., Batotsyrenov B.V., Lodyagin A.N., Glushkov S.I., Kharitonova T.V., Ivanova A.A., Baranov D.V. ., Antonova A.M. Acute methadone (dolphin) poisoning (review). General resuscitation. 2017; 13(3):48–63. DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2017-3-48-63

5. Romanova O.L., Sundukov D.V., Golubev A.M., Blagonravov M.L. Morphological changes depending on the content of clozapine and its metabolites in the lungs and blood serum (experimental study). General resuscitation. 2018; 14(4):44–51. DOI: 10.15360/1813-9779-2018-4-44-51

6. Hendry-Hofer T., Ng P., Witeof A., Mahon S., M. Brenner, Boss G., V. Bebarta A Review on Ingested Cyanide: Risks, Clinical Presentation, Diagnostics, and Treatment Challenges. J Med Toxicol. 15(2): 128–133. PMID: 30539383. PMCID: PMC6441064. (available on 2020-04-01) DOI: 10.1007/s13181-018-0688-y

7. Anseeuw K., Delvau N., Burillo-Putze G., De Iaco F., Geldner G., Holmström P. , Lambert Y; Sabbe M. Cyanide poisoning by fire smoke inhalation: a European expert consensus. European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2013; 20(1):2–9. DOI: 10.1097/mej.0b013e328357170b. PMID 22828651.

8. Baclofen Monograph for Professionals. drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved March 3, 2019.

9. Product Information Clofen. TGA eBusiness Services. Millers Point, Australia: Alphapharm Pty Limited. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017

10. Mashkovsky M. D. Medicinal products. 17th ed. M.: Novaya volna; 2019: 73–74. [In Russ.].

11. Issa S.Y., Hafez E.M., El-Banna A.S., Abdel Rahman S.M., AlMazroua M.K., El-Hamd M.A. Baclofen Systemic Toxicity: An Experimental Histopathological and Biochemical Study. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2018, 37(4): 431–441. PMID: 28565970. DOI: 10.1177/0960327117712369

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