What are myotomes? How are spinal nerves distributed? What is the purpose of myotome testing? How is myotome testing performed? What is the clinical relevance of myotome mapping?

Defining Myotomes

A myotome is a group of muscles that is innervated by a single spinal nerve root. Myotomes are an essential part of the somatic nervous system, which is a component of the peripheral nervous system. The differentiation of somites into dermatomes, sclerotomes, and myotomes is a key part of embryonic development.

Spinal Nerves and Myotomes

There are 31 spinal nerves, with each vertebra having its own spinal nerve. These nerves are categorized based on the vertebra that houses them – 8 cervical nerves, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves, 5 sacral nerves, and 1 coccygeal nerve. Of these 31 nerves, 16 have specific myotomes that control voluntary muscle movement.

Most muscles in the limbs receive innervation from more than one spinal nerve root, meaning they are comprised of multiple myotomes. For example, the biceps brachii muscle, which flexes the elbow, is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, which originates from the C5, C6, and C7 nerve roots.

Myotome Distribution

The specific movements associated with each myotome are as follows:

• Upper Extremity:
  • C5 – Shoulder abduction
  • C6 – Elbow flexion, wrist extension
  • C7 – Elbow extension, wrist flexion
  • C8 – Thumb extension, wrist ulnar deviation
  • T1 – Finger abduction
• Chest Wall and Abdominal Muscles:
  • T2 – L1
• Lower Extremity:
  • L2 – Hip flexion
  • L3 – Knee extension
  • L4 – Ankle dorsiflexion
  • L5 – Big toe extension
  • S1 – Ankle plantarflexion
  • S2 – Knee flexion

Purpose of Myotome Testing

Myotome testing, in the form of isometric resisted muscle testing, provides information about the level in the spine where a potential lesion may be present. It allows healthcare providers to assess muscle weakness in specific muscle groups, which can indicate a problem with the corresponding spinal nerve root or intervertebral disc herniation pressing on the nerve.

Myotome Testing Procedure

To test myotomes, the healthcare provider will ask the patient to perform a specific movement and hold an isometric contraction against resistance for a count of 5. The provider will then compare the strength of the movement between the two sides. Some examples of myotome testing include:

• C5 – Shoulder Abduction: Ask the patient to raise both arms to the side simultaneously as strongly as they can, while the provider provides resistance.
• C6 – Elbow Flexion and Wrist Extension: Test the strength of elbow flexion by having the patient flex their hand up to their shoulder against resistance at the wrist. Test wrist extension by having the patient extend their wrist against resistance.
• C7 – Elbow Extension and Wrist Flexion: Ask the patient to extend their forearm against resistance, starting from a fully flexed position.
• C8 – Finger Flexion: Have the patient grip the provider’s fingers tightly and resist the provider’s attempt to remove them.
• C8 and T1 – Finger Abduction/Adduction and Thumb Opposition: Instruct the patient to fan out their fingers and resist the provider’s attempt to compress them back in. Test thumb opposition by having the patient touch the tip of their thumb to the tip of their fingers.

Clinical Relevance

Myotome testing is an essential part of the neurological examination, particularly when evaluating for radiculopathy (nerve root compression). The results can help identify the specific spinal nerve root level involved and guide further diagnostic testing and treatment. Recognizing patterns of muscle weakness can be a valuable clinical tool for healthcare providers.

Conclusion

Myotomes are an important concept in the peripheral nervous system, as they represent the specific muscles innervated by individual spinal nerve roots. Thorough testing of myotomes can provide valuable information about the location of potential spinal cord or nerve root pathologies. Understanding the distribution and clinical significance of myotomes is a crucial part of a comprehensive neurological examination.

Myotomes – Physiopedia

Original Editor – Lucinda hampton Top Contributors – Lucinda hampton, Kim Jackson, Nikhil Benhur Abburi, Candace Goh, Joao Costa, Rucha Gadgil, Oyemi Sillo, Shaimaa Eldib and Tony Lowe

Contents

• 1 Myotome
• 2 Spinal Nerves
• 3 Myotome Distribution
• 4 Purpose
• 5 Technique
• 6 Clinical relevance
• 7 References

A myotome (greek: myo=muscle, tome = a section, volume) is defined as a group of muscles which is innervated by single spinal nerve root. Myotome testing is an essential part of neurological examination when suspecting radiculopathy. Myotomes are much more complex to test then dermatomes, since each skeletal muscle is innervated by nerves derived from more than one spinal cord level.^[1]

Myotomes are a part of somatic nervous system and the somatic nervous system is a part of peripheral nervous system.

Differentiation of somites into dermatome, sclerotome and myotome

Spinal cord and spinal nerves

There are 31 spinal nerves, each vertebrae has a spinal nerve. The nerves are categorized by the vertebra which house them. There are 8 cervical nerves, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves, 5 sacral nerves,1 coccygeal nerve. 16 of these 31 nerves has a specific myotome that controls voluntary muscle movement. ^[2][3]

Most muscles in the limbs receive innervation from more than one spinal nerve root, and are hence comprised of multiple myotomes. Eg Biceps Brachii muscle flexes the elbow. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, which is innervated by C5, C6 and C7 nerve roots. All three of these spinal nerve roots can be said to be associated with elbow flexion.

The list below details which movement(s) has the strongest association with each myotome:

Upper Extremity:

• C5- shoulder abduction.

• C6– Elbow flexion Wrist extension

• C7 – Elbow extension

• C8 – Thumb Extension and wrist ulnar deviation

• T1 – Finger abduction^[4]

Chest wall and abdominal muscles:

• T2 – L1^[5]

Lower Extremity:

• L2 – Hip flexion

• L3 – Knee extension

• L4 – Ankle dorsiflexion

• L5 – Big toe extension

• S1 – Ankle plantarflexion^[4]
• S2 – Knee flexion

^[6]

Testing of myotomes, in the form of isometric resisted muscle testing, gives information about the level in the spine where a lesion may be present. During myotome testing, you are looking for muscle weakness of a particular group of muscles. Results may indicate lesion to the spinal cord nerve root, or intervertebral disc herniation pressing on the spinal nerve roots. The muscle strength grading scale, which assigns a rating to the degree of muscle weakness, is often used.

Begin by asking the client to perform a movement as per instructions and hold an isometric contraction against therapist resistance for a count of 5.

C5- Shoulder abduction. Ask the patient to raise both their arms to the side of them simultaneously as strongly as then can while the examiner provides resistance to this movement. Compare the strength of each arm.

C6- Elbow flexion & wrist extension. Test the strength of lower arm flexion by holding the patient’s wrist from above and instructing them to “flex their hand up to their shoulder”. Provide resistance at the wrist. Repeat and compare to the opposite arm. This tests the biceps muscle. Test the strength of wrist extension by asking the patient to extend their wrist while the examiner resists the movement. This tests the forearm extensors. Repeat with the other arm.

C7- Elbow extension & wrist flexion. Ask the patient to extend their forearm against the examiner’s resistance. Begin their extension from a fully flexed position because this part of the movement is most sensitive to a loss in strength. This tests the triceps. Note any asymmetry in the other arm.

C8- Finger Flexion. Examine the patient’s hands. Look for intrinsic hand, thenar and hypothenar muscle wasting. Test the patient’s grip by having the patient hold the examiner’s fingers in their fist tightly and instructing them not to let go while the examiner attempts to remove them. Normally the examiner cannot remove their fingers. This tests the forearm flexors and the intrinsic hand muscles. Compare the hands for strength asymmetry. Finger flexion is innervated by the C8 nerve root via the median nerve.

C8- Finger abduction & adduction. Test the intrinsic hand muscles once again by having the patient abduct or “fan out” all of their fingers. Instruct the patient to not allow the examiner to compress them back in. Normally, one can resist the examiner from replacing the fingers. Finger abduction or “fanning” is innervated by the T1 nerve root via the ulnar nerve.

C8 & T1- Thumb Opposition. To complete the motor examination of the upper extremities, test the strength of the thumb opposition by telling the patient to touch the tip of their thumb to the tip of their pinky finger. Apply resistance to the thumb with your index finger. Repeat with the other thumb and compare. Thumb opposition is innervated by the C8 and T1 nerve roots via the median nerve.

L1 & L2 : Hip Flexion. Proceeding to the lower extremities, first test the flexion of the hip by asking the patient to lie down and raise each leg separately while the examiner resists. Repeat and compare with the other leg. This tests the iliopsoas muscles.

L3: Knee Extension. Test extension at the knee by placing one hand under the knee and the other on top of the lower leg to provide resistance. Ask the patient to “kick out” or extend the lower leg at the knee. Repeat and compare to the other leg. This tests the quadriceps muscle.

L4: Ankle Dorsiflexion. Test dorsiflexion of the ankle by holding the top of the ankle and have the patient pull their foot up towards their face as hard as possible. Repeat with the other foot. This tests the muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg.

L5: Great toe extension. Ask the patient to move the large toe against the examiner’s resistance “up towards the patient’s face”. This tests the extensor halucis longus muscle.

S1: Ankle plantarflexion and eversion/knee flexion. Holding the bottom of the foot, ask the patient to press down as hard as possible. Or in standing rise up onto the ball of their foot. Repeat with the other foot and compare. This tests the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles in the posterior compartment of the lower leg.

S2: Knee flexion.Test flexion at the knee by holding the knee from the side and applying resistance under the ankle and instructing the patient to pull the lower leg towards their buttock as hard as possible. Repeat with the other leg. This tests the hamstrings. ^[7]

Myotomes are mainly useful for clinical evaluation of patients in understanding the pattern of neurological deficit after a complex nerve injury. Injury to each or a combination of spinal myotomes, lesions may be localized to the spinal nerve or trunk level. ^[8]

1. ↑ Earths lab Myotomes Available:https://www.earthslab.com/anatomy/myotomes/ (accessed 25. 5.2022)
2. ↑ Study.com. What are myotomes. Available from: https://stud y.com/academy/lesson/what-are-myotomes-definition-testing.html (last accessed 22.4.2019)
3. ↑ Magee, David. J (2009). “9”. Orthopaedic Physical Assessment (4th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier. pp. 467–566. ISBN 978-1-4160-3109-3.
4. ↑ ^4.04.1 Teach me anatomy. Myotomes. Available from: https://teachmeanatomy.info/the-basics/embryology/myotomes/ (last accessed 22.4.2019)
5. ↑ Med USNW Embryology Available: https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Template:Spinal_Nerve_Myotome_table(accessed 9.6.22)
6. ↑ The Noted Anatomist. Myotomes. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5ehobv9A3Q [last accessed 18/10/2022]
7. ↑ Slide share. Dermatomes and myotomes. Available from: https://www.slideshare.net/TafzzSailo/special-test-for-dermatomes-and-myotomes (last accessed 22.4.2019)
8. ↑ Duff SV, DeMatteo C. Clinical assessment of the infant and child following perinatal brachial plexus injury. J Hand Ther. 2015 Apr-Jun;28(2):126-33; quiz 134. doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2015.01.001. Epub 2015 Jan 16. PMID: 25840493; PMCID: PMC4425986.

Body Anatomy: Upper Extremity Nerves

Peripheral (outside of the central nervous system) nerves are tubes that are special in their ability to transmit electric impulses along their length and into or away from the central nervous system. Nerves have specialized receptors for different inputs like hot, cold, sharp and vibration. Smaller nerves are grouped into larger rope-like groups that travel up and down the body.

Peripheral (outside of the central nervous system) nerves are tubes that are special in their ability to transmit electric impulses along their length and into or away from the central nervous system. Nerves have specialized receptors for different inputs like hot, cold, sharp and vibration. Smaller nerves are grouped into larger rope-like groups that travel up and down the body.

Jump to:

• Peripheral Nerves
• Brachial Plexus

Ulnar nerve

The ulnar nerve is formed from the C8 and T1 nerve roots. The C8 and T1 roots are part of the brachial plexus that travels from the cervical spine, under the clavicle, through the armpit (axilla), and down the inside of the arm to the inner elbow.

When you hit your “funny bone” and get numbness and tingling in your fingers as well as a sharp electrical pain, you are actually hitting your ulnar nerve as it crosses the inner (medial) part of the elbow joint. The ulnar nerve is very close to the skin at the elbow, so it is easy to bump. 

The ulnar nerve can also be compressed when it crosses the elbow and cause numbness and tingling in the small and ring fingers and weakness of the hand.  This is called cubital tunnel syndrome.  Cubital tunnel syndrome is a very common problem cared for by hand surgeons. 

The ulnar nerve then travels on the inside of the forearm.  It powers the forearm muscles that bend the tips of the small and ring fingers (the flexor digitorum profundus) and also one of the muscles that bends the wrist (the flexor carpi ulnaris). The main action of the ulnar nerve is in the hand.  The nerve powers almost all of the small muscles in the hand including the hypothenar muscles, the lumbricals to the ring and small finger, the palmar and dorsal interossei muscles, the adductor pollicus, and the deep head of the flexor pollicus brevis.  The ulnar nerve provides sensation to the small finger side of the palm, the small finger, and the side of the ring finger next to the small finger.  It also provides sensation to the back of the small finger side of the hand. 

The ulnar nerve can be injured by a cut anywhere along its course.  A cut to the ulnar nerve in the forearm can lead the clawing of the small and ring finger of the hand and weakness of most of the hand muscles. Additionally, such an injury can result in loss of sensation to the small and ring fingers. Learn more about nerve injuries.

Radial nerve

The radial nerve is formed from the C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1 nerve roots of the brachial plexus.  The brachial plexus is a group of nerves that branches from the cervical spine (neck).  The brachial plexus travels under the clavicle and through the armpit (axilla).  

In the upper arm the radial nerve wraps around the back side of the humerus bone.  The nerve gives function to the triceps muscles on the back of the arm to straighten the elbow.  Because the radial nerve wraps around the humerus bone, it can be stretched or torn when the humerus bone is broken. 

The nerve then travels on the outside of the elbow (the lateral side) and into the outside of the forearm.  In the forearm the nerve powers all the muscles that straighten the wrist and fingers.  Radial nerve injury can lead to wrist drop – the inability to straighten the wrist.

The radial nerve also provides sensation to the thumb side of the back of the hand. 

Median nerve

The median nerve is formed from the C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1 nerve roots of the brachial plexus.  The brachial plexus is a group of nerves that branches from the cervical spine (neck).  The brachial plexus travels under the clavicle and through the armpit (axilla).  

The median nerve travels along the inside of the arm near the brachial artery.  The median nerve does not provide any function until after it crosses the elbow.  

In the forearm, the median nerve supplies almost all the flexor muscles and all the pronator muscles of the forearm with nerves. Its function allows the wrist and fingers to bend. It also pronates the forearm (rotating the hand to face palm down).  The exception is that the ulnar nerve, not the median nerve, bends the flexor carpi ulnaris and the flexor digitorum profundus muscles to the small and ring fingers. 

The median nerve is likely the most well known nerve of the brachial plexus because it can be compressed as it crosses the wrist and cause carpal tunnel syndrome.  

In the hand, the median nerve supplies the thenar eminence — the muscles at the base of the thumb —  with nerves.  It also supplies nerves to the lumbrical muscles to the index and middle fingers. The median nerve provides sensation to the thumb side of the palm, the thumb, index, middle and half of the ring finger.  

Musculocutaneous nerve

The musculocutaneous nerve is formed from the C5, C6, and C7 nerve roots of the brachial plexus. The brachial plexus is a group of nerves that branches from the neck (cervical spine). The brachial plexus travels under the clavicle and through the armpit (axilla). 

The musculocutaneous nerve travels along the front of the humerus and provides function to the Coracobrachialis, biceps, and brachialis muscles. The coracobrachialis bends and adducts (moves the arm toward the body) the shoulder.  The biceps bends the elbow and supinates the forearm (rotating the palm to face up), and the brachialis muscle bends the elbow.

The musculocutaneous nerve also provides sensation to the lateral (outside) forearm.

Axillary nerve

The axillary nerve is formed from the C5 and C6 nerve roots of the brachial plexus.  The brachial plexus is a group of nerves that branches from the neck (cervical spine).  The brachial plexus travels under the clavicle.  At this point the axillary nerve travels behind the humerus bone to supply muscles around the shoulder. 

The axillary nerve provides function to three muscles: the deltoid, the teres minor, and the long head of the triceps muscle.  The deltoid is the big fan-shaped muscle over the shoulder that allows you to lift your arm.  The teres minor is one of the rotator cuff muscles that allows you to turn your arm out (externally rotate).  The triceps straightens the elbow.  Most of the triceps is supplied nerves by the radial nerve; however, one part is supplied by the axillary nerve. 

The axillary nerve also provides sensation to the side of the shoulder, sometimes called the “regimental badge” area due to the area that badges were placed on uniforms. The axillary nerve can be injured during shoulder dislocations, from improper use of crutches, or with fractures of the neck of the humerus. 

The brachial plexus is a group of nerves that control the muscles of the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. These same nerves also provide sensations (feeling) of the whole upper limb. There are five components of the brachial plexus: roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. 

Roots

The brachial plexus is a group of nerves that control the muscles of the shoulder, arm, forearm and hand.  These same nerves also provide sensation (feeling) of the whole upper limb.

The brachial plexus nerves begin as “roots” off of the spinal cord.  The brachial plexus roots come out of the spinal column between the vertebrae.  The roots are labeled C5, C6, C7, C8 for the cervical vertebrae and T1 for the first thoracic vertebra.

Brachial plexus injuries range from mild stretch injuries that resolve naturally to complete root tears that result in an arm that does not feel and does not function.  Brachial plexus injuries can be caused by motorcycle or car accidents when the neck and the shoulder are pushed in different directions.  Infants can also sustain brachial plexus injuries during childbirth.

Some information about each of the roots: 

• C5 is the nerve “root” that exits the spinal cord above the fifth vertebra in the neck.  It travels into the brachial plexus and eventually becomes the nerves that feed muscles around the shoulder and chest.  It also provides sensation to parts of the upper arm.
• C6 is the nerve “root” that exits the spinal cord above the sixth vertebra in the neck.  It travels into the brachial plexus and eventually becomes the nerves that feed muscles that bend the elbow and straighten the wrist.  It also provides sensation to parts of the thumb side of the forearm and hand.
• C7 is the nerve “root” that exits the spinal cord above the seventh vertebra in the neck.  It travels into the brachial plexus and eventually becomes the nerves that feed muscles that straighten the elbow, bend the wrist, and straighten the fingers.  It also provides sensation around the middle finger in the hand.
• C8 is the nerve “root” that exits the spinal cord below the seventh vertebra in the neck.  It travels into the brachial plexus and eventually becomes the nerves that feed muscles in the hand and muscles that bend the fingers.  It also provides sensation on the small finger side of the hand and forearm.
• T1 is the lowest nerve “root” that becomes part of the brachial plexus.  It exits the spinal cord below the first vertebra in the thoracic spine.  It eventually becomes the nerves that feed muscles in the hand.  It also provides sensation around the inside of the elbow and upper arm. 

Trunks

The second level of the brachial plexus consists of three “trunks.”  The superior, middle, and inferior trunks are formed from the five main “roots” coming from the spinal cord.  As the three trunks continue toward the shoulder, they each divide into two nerves called an “anterior division” and a “posterior division.”

Divisions

The third level of the brachial plexus is called “divisions.”  There are six divisions that come from the three “trunks” – three anterior divisions and three posterior divisions.  The divisions then reorganize to create three new nerves, called “cords.”

Cords

The nerves in the fourth level of the brachial plexus are called “cords” and come from the “divisions” in level three.  The three cords are named lateral, posterior, and medial based on their position in relationship to the brachial artery.  Many important nerves come from the cords.  Some of these nerves produce motion around the shoulder.  Others travel on to become the five main “branches” of the brachial plexus.

Branches

The fifth and final level of the brachial plexus are the five nerves that feed the shoulder and arm called “branches.”  These five branches are named the musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, and ulnar nerves.

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There is a route to places of maritime glory. Now, on the Sommers and Nerva islands, the Sosnovoborists erected monuments to those who died in the Great Patriotic War

Last year, Sommers and Nerva islands in the Baltic Sea were visited by a joint expedition of the municipality of Sosnovy Bor, the Public Chamber of the city and the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant. The goal is to inspect the area, select places for the installation of monuments to participants in hostilities.
In May of this year, we again went to the islands and erected monuments there.

The expedition members honored the memory of the fallen with a minute of silence

Nerva Island

The first installation point is Nerva Island. Quite tiny against the backdrop of the sea. On June 20, 1944, a company of marines occupied the no man’s island, which installed coastal artillery on the island. The landing was covered by a group of torpedo boats, which sank the enemy destroyer T-31 with torpedoes. Finnish boats and ships advanced from three directions to the island, but under the blows of our attack aircraft, they turned around and went into the skerries. The island was captured without loss. 26 August 19For 44 years, at a distance of 1 cable (185.2 m) from the island, the enemy submarine U-745 sunk the Soviet minesweeper T-45 Antikainen, which was carrying food and ammunition to the island.
There is a navigation tower and several empty buildings on the island. Literally at every step on the grass and moss there are nests of seagulls, which circle over the stones in thousands.
We chose the installation site, unloaded the monument and equipment. They put it in its place, overlaid it with cobblestones, painted it and screwed on a plate with the names of those who died on the minesweeper. The youngest member of our team, 14-year-old Andrei Utkin, painted the star red.

The youngest member of our team,
Andrey Utkin, 14, painted
an asterisk in red

The monument was made free of charge at the Sosnovoborsky enterprise Baltic Technologies LLC (general director V. V. Porotikov, technical director S. D. Ivashov). The same obelisks stand on the islands of Small, Powerful, Gogland.
Having finished the installation, we honored the dead with a minute of silence and went to the final destination of our expedition – Sommers Island.

Nerva Island. Very tiny against the sea

Sommers Island

During the war years, the Finnish garrison was located on Sommers Island. Four defensive areas, passages carved into granite, long-term concrete firing points, permanently installed artillery pieces, rapid-fire 20-mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns at commanding heights, machine guns, small arms. The island rises above the sea, the water area is visible for many tens of kilometers. The Finns saw the movements of our ships and, together with the Germans, took countermeasures. The Soviet command decided to take possession of the island. A landing was organized in 256 people with ten heavy machine guns. The landing party was noticeably inferior in firepower to the Finns. By the end of 7 July 19For 42 years, the landing force on the island of Lavensaari (Moshchny Island) boarded boats and at 00.30. moved towards Sommers.
Aircraft bombed the island. The landing party in four groups began to land under heavy enemy fire. It was possible to capture one of the strongholds, a signal was transmitted: “Fortified, please send a second echelon.” All day long on July 8 there was a fierce battle on the island, at sea and in the air. An attempt was made to land a second echelon of troops from 57 machine gunners, who suffered losses. 23 wounded were removed from the shore.
The lack of forces and firepower did not allow success, the landing force died. 128 paratroopers were killed, seven torpedo boats, five patrol boats, and five other boats were sunk. The gunboat “Kama” was out of order due to technical malfunctions.
There is a lot to see on the island. View from any direction for tens of kilometers, imperceptibly approach. A huge grotto carved in granite under the highest mountain has a length of about 200, a height of about 10 and a width of about 4 meters, two exits. In the depths, a branch is a warehouse. Above the grotto, 30 meters of granite, no air bomb will take. A narrow-gauge railway leads up from the bay to long-term firing points (bunkers), ammunition was fed along it. There is a well with drinking water, which has a brownish tint, but is suitable for drinking. The winding communication passages are carved in granite and are closed on covered pillboxes. You can defend for a very long time.
The feat of the paratroopers, who were able to capture one of the four strongholds, is amazing. But he wasn’t strong enough to keep him. Eternal memory to them.
We chose a place for the monument in the area of ​​​​the fortified area captured by our paratroopers. A huge granite rock – the hill is visible both from the side of the bay, where ships and ships moor, and from the sea. The monument was designed by the architect Vladimir Sokolov, it was made in the TITAN-2 Concern by order of the General Director G. M. Naginsky. The Leningrad nuclear power plant and the director of the network of Tekhosmotr JSC M. A. Glushkov took part in the manufacture of a granite slab for the monument.
The installation of the monument itself, under the guidance of the sculptor A.P. Pekhterev, took only half a day: they cleared the site from old logs, together dragged stones for the foundation, started a power plant and drilled granite for guides, stirred the mortar. They held a rally, announced a minute of silence, laid carnations that they had brought with them. Then they talked for a long time about what could be done so that the memory of those military events would not fade away, so that children would remember this.

Sommers Island rises above the sea, the water area is visible for many tens of kilometers

* * *
Since 2012, we have erected such monuments on the islands of Small, Powerful, Gogland, restored on about. Sescar. A whole route of a hike to places of military glory is already looming, because each island has its own history. It is possible and necessary to bring schoolchildren, set up a camp, conduct “Zarnitsa”, meet veterans around the fire.