Organs diagram male. Male Body Organs: Essential Guide to Vital Systems and Functions
What are the five vital organs in the human body. How do these organs work together to maintain life. Which organ systems support the vital organs. How can one maintain optimal organ health.
The Five Vital Organs: Cornerstones of Human Survival
The human body is a complex machine, relying on the seamless cooperation of numerous organs and systems. At the core of this intricate network are five vital organs that play crucial roles in sustaining life. These organs are indispensable for survival, and any significant disruption to their function can quickly become life-threatening.
The five vital organs are:
- Brain
- Heart
- Lungs
- Kidneys
- Liver
While other organs such as the gallbladder, pancreas, and stomach are important, they are not considered vital in the strictest sense. It’s worth noting that in the case of paired organs like the kidneys and lungs, a person can survive with only one functioning organ.
The Brain: Command Center of the Human Body
The brain serves as the body’s control center, forming the core of the central nervous system. It creates, sends, and processes nerve impulses, thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations. Protected by the skull, the brain is a marvel of biological engineering.
Key Components of the Brain
The brain consists of three main subparts:
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
Within these areas, several key components work together to form the central nervous system:
- Medulla: Located in the lowest part of the brainstem, it helps control heart and lung function.
- Pons: Situated above the medulla in the brainstem, this area aids in eye and facial movement control.
- Spinal cord: Extending from the base of the brain down the center of the back, it assists with automatic functions and relays messages to and from the brain.
- Parietal lobe: Found in the middle of the brain, it supports object identification, spatial reasoning, and interprets pain and touch signals.
- Frontal lobe: The largest section of the brain, located at the front, plays a role in conscious functions, personality, movement, and smell interpretation.
- Occipital lobes: Positioned near the back of the brain, they primarily interpret vision signals.
- Temporal lobes: Located on either side of the brain, they contribute to speech, scent recognition, and short-term memory.
The brain is divided into two hemispheres – right and left – connected by the corpus callosum. This division allows for specialized processing and contributes to the brain’s remarkable capabilities.
The Heart: Powerhouse of the Circulatory System
As the central organ of the circulatory system, the heart plays a vital role in delivering blood throughout the body. It works in tandem with the lungs to oxygenate blood and pump it through the vast network of blood vessels.
Structure and Function of the Heart
The heart comprises four chambers:
- Two upper chambers (atria)
- Two lower chambers (ventricles)
Blood flow through the heart follows a specific path:
- Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the veins of the heart and body.
- It flows into the right ventricle.
- From there, it’s pumped into the pulmonary artery, which branches to the lungs.
- The lungs oxygenate the blood.
- Oxygenated blood returns through pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
- It then flows into the left ventricle.
- Finally, the heart pumps the oxygenated blood through arteries to the rest of the body.
Four valves ensure that blood flows in the correct direction:
- Tricuspid valve
- Pulmonary valve
- Mitral valve
- Aortic valve
The heart’s electrical system generates impulses that maintain a consistent rhythm and proper rate. This rate increases during periods of high demand, such as intense exercise, and decreases during rest.
The Lungs: Breathing Life into the Body
Working in harmony with the heart, the lungs are responsible for oxygenating blood. They filter the air we breathe, removing excess carbon dioxide and replacing it with oxygen.
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Several key components of the lungs facilitate the breathing process:
- Trachea (windpipe): The main airway that branches into the left and right bronchi.
- Bronchi: These tubes extend into the lungs and branch into smaller bronchioles.
- Bronchioles: The smallest airways that end in clusters of alveoli.
- Alveoli: Tiny air sacs that expand during inhalation and contract during exhalation, facilitating gas exchange.
During inhalation, air travels through these structures, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide is removed. This oxygenated blood then returns to the heart for distribution throughout the body.
The Kidneys: Filtration and Balance Regulators
Though often overlooked, the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the body’s internal balance. These bean-shaped organs are primarily responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and regulating various bodily functions.
Key Functions of the Kidneys
The kidneys perform several vital tasks:
- Waste removal: They filter approximately 120-150 quarts of blood daily, removing waste products and excess fluids.
- Electrolyte balance: Kidneys regulate levels of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and calcium.
- Blood pressure regulation: They produce hormones that help control blood pressure.
- Red blood cell production: Kidneys secrete erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.
- Vitamin D activation: They play a role in activating vitamin D, which is crucial for bone health.
Each kidney contains about a million tiny filtration units called nephrons. These structures filter blood, reabsorb essential substances, and produce urine to eliminate waste.
The Liver: Multitasking Metabolic Powerhouse
As the largest internal organ, the liver performs over 500 vital functions. Its versatility and importance in maintaining overall health cannot be overstated.
Essential Functions of the Liver
Some of the liver’s key responsibilities include:
- Detoxification: It filters toxins from the blood, including alcohol and medications.
- Protein synthesis: The liver produces essential proteins for blood plasma.
- Bile production: This substance aids in fat digestion and absorption.
- Glucose regulation: The liver stores and releases glucose to maintain blood sugar levels.
- Vitamin and mineral storage: It acts as a reservoir for vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12, as well as iron and copper.
- Immune function: The liver plays a role in immune system regulation.
The liver’s remarkable ability to regenerate sets it apart from other organs. It can regrow to its full size even if up to 75% of it is removed, making it a true marvel of biological engineering.
Organ Systems: The Body’s Collaborative Networks
While individual organs perform specific functions, they don’t operate in isolation. Instead, they work together as part of larger organ systems, each responsible for different aspects of bodily function.
Major Organ Systems
The human body consists of several interconnected organ systems:
- Circulatory system: Includes the heart and blood vessels, responsible for blood circulation.
- Respiratory system: Comprises the lungs and airways, facilitating breathing and gas exchange.
- Digestive system: Includes organs like the stomach, intestines, and liver, responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.
- Nervous system: Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, controlling body functions and processing sensory information.
- Endocrine system: Includes hormone-producing glands that regulate various bodily processes.
- Immune system: Comprises organs and cells that defend the body against infections and diseases.
- Skeletal system: Includes bones and joints, providing structure and protection for organs.
- Muscular system: Consists of muscles that enable movement and support bodily functions.
- Urinary system: Includes the kidneys and bladder, responsible for waste elimination and fluid balance.
- Reproductive system: Comprises organs involved in reproduction and sexual function.
These systems work in harmony to maintain homeostasis, the body’s internal balance necessary for optimal function and health.
Maintaining Optimal Organ Health: Lifestyle and Prevention
Given the critical importance of our organs, maintaining their health should be a top priority. While genetics play a role in organ function, lifestyle choices significantly impact overall organ health and longevity.
Key Strategies for Organ Health
To keep your vital organs functioning optimally, consider the following strategies:
- Balanced diet: Consume a varied diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. This provides essential nutrients for organ function and helps maintain a healthy weight.
- Regular exercise: Engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week. Exercise improves circulation, strengthens the heart, and supports overall organ health.
- Adequate hydration: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to support kidney function and maintain proper hydration for all organs.
- Stress management: Practice stress-reduction techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises. Chronic stress can negatively impact organ function.
- Sufficient sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep per night. Sleep is crucial for organ repair and overall health.
- Limit alcohol and avoid smoking: Excessive alcohol consumption and smoking can damage vital organs, particularly the liver and lungs.
- Regular check-ups: Schedule routine medical check-ups to monitor organ function and detect potential issues early.
- Vaccinations: Stay up-to-date with recommended vaccinations to protect against diseases that can harm vital organs.
- Sun protection: Use sunscreen and protective clothing to shield your skin, the body’s largest organ, from harmful UV rays.
- Mental stimulation: Engage in activities that challenge your brain, such as puzzles, learning new skills, or reading, to maintain cognitive health.
By adopting these healthy habits, you can significantly improve your chances of maintaining optimal organ function throughout your life.
The Importance of Early Detection
Regular health screenings and awareness of potential warning signs are crucial for early detection of organ problems. Some key indicators to watch for include:
- Unexplained weight loss or gain
- Persistent fatigue
- Changes in urination frequency or color
- Chest pain or shortness of breath
- Chronic headaches or vision changes
- Digestive issues or changes in bowel habits
- Skin changes or unusual moles
- Unexplained pain or swelling
If you experience any of these symptoms persistently, consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and guidance.
The Interconnectedness of Organ Health
Understanding the intricate relationships between organs and organ systems is crucial for maintaining overall health. The health of one organ often directly impacts the function of others, creating a complex web of interdependence within the body.
Examples of Organ Interactions
Consider the following examples of how organs influence each other:
- Heart and Lungs: The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work closely together. Poor lung function can strain the heart, while heart problems can affect oxygen delivery to the body.
- Liver and Kidneys: Both organs play crucial roles in detoxification. If one organ is compromised, it can increase the workload on the other.
- Brain and Gut: The gut-brain axis demonstrates how digestive health can influence mental well-being and vice versa.
- Pancreas and Liver: These organs collaborate in regulating blood sugar levels. Dysfunction in one can lead to issues like diabetes or fatty liver disease.
This interconnectedness underscores the importance of a holistic approach to health, focusing on overall wellness rather than treating organs in isolation.
The Role of the Immune System
The immune system plays a vital role in protecting all organs from harm. It defends against pathogens, helps repair damaged tissues, and can even fight cancer cells. However, an overactive immune system can lead to autoimmune disorders that damage organs.
Maintaining a strong, balanced immune system through proper nutrition, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management can help protect all vital organs from disease and dysfunction.
Advances in Organ Health and Treatment
Medical science continues to make significant strides in understanding and treating organ-related diseases. These advancements offer hope for improved organ health and function across all stages of life.
Cutting-Edge Treatments and Technologies
Some exciting developments in organ health include:
- Organ-on-a-chip technology: Miniature models of human organs for drug testing and disease research.
- 3D-printed organs: Potential future solutions for organ transplantation.
- Gene therapy: Correcting genetic defects that cause organ dysfunction.
- Stem cell treatments: Regenerating damaged organ tissue.
- Artificial organs: Mechanical devices that can temporarily or permanently replace organ function.
- Precision medicine: Tailoring treatments based on an individual’s genetic profile.
These innovations hold promise for treating previously incurable conditions and improving quality of life for those with chronic organ diseases.
The Future of Organ Health
As our understanding of organ function and disease mechanisms deepens, we can expect more targeted and effective treatments. Preventive strategies will likely become more personalized, allowing individuals to take proactive measures based on their unique genetic and environmental risk factors.
The integration of artificial intelligence in healthcare may lead to earlier detection of organ problems and more accurate treatment plans. Additionally, advancements in wearable technology could provide real-time monitoring of organ function, enabling swift intervention when issues arise.
While these developments are exciting, they also underscore the importance of continued research and ethical considerations in medical advancements. As we push the boundaries of what’s possible in organ health and treatment, it’s crucial to ensure that these innovations are accessible and beneficial to all members of society.
Diagram and all you need to know
The five vital organs in the human body are the brain, the heart, the lungs, the kidneys, and the liver. Other organs include the gallbladder, the pancreas, and the stomach. Organ systems, such as the nervous system, support these organs.
Keep reading to learn more about the organs of the body, the various organ systems, and some guidelines on how to maintain optimum health.
The interactive body map below shows the organs of the body and which systems they play a role in. Click on the map to learn more.
The vital organs are those that a person needs to survive. A problem with any of these organs can quickly become life threatening.
It is not possible to live without these organs. That said, in the case of the paired kidneys and lungs, a person can live without one of the pair.
The sections below will look at the five vital organs in more detail.
Brain
The brain is the body’s control center. It forms the core of the central nervous system by creating, sending, and processing nerve impulses, thoughts, emotions, physical sensations, and more.
The skull encloses the brain, protecting it from injury.
Neurologists are doctors who study the nervous system. Over time, they have identified numerous parts of the brain, including systems within the brain that function similarly to independent organs.
The brain is made up of three main subparts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. Within these areas, there are several key components of the brain that, together with the spinal cord, comprise the central nervous system.
The major areas of the central nervous system include:
- The medulla: This is the lowest part of the brainstem. It helps control heart and lung function.
- The pons: Located above the medulla in the brainstem, this area helps control eye and facial movement.
- The spinal cord: Extended from the base of the brain and down the center of the back, the spinal cord helps with many automatic functions, such as reflexes. It also sends messages to and from the brain.
- The parietal lobe: Situated in the middle of the brain, the parietal lobe supports the identification of objects and spatial reasoning. It also plays a role in interpreting pain and touch signals.
- The frontal lobe: The frontal lobe, which is located in the front of the head, is the largest section of the brain. It plays a role in many conscious functions, including personality and movement. It also helps the brain interpret smells.
- The occipital lobes: Positioned near the back of the brain, the occipital lobe primarily interprets vision signals.
- The temporal lobes: Located on either side of the brain, the temporal lobes play a role in numerous functions, including speech, scent recognition, and short-term memory.
The brain’s two halves are called the right and left hemispheres. The corpus callosum connects these two hemispheres.
Heart
The heart is the most important organ of the circulatory system, which helps deliver blood to the body. It works with the lungs to add oxygen to blood and pump this freshly oxygenated blood through the blood vessels and around the body.
The heart also has an electrical system within. Electrical impulses within the heart help ensure that it beats with a consistent rhythm and proper rate.
The heart rate increases when the body needs more blood, such as during intense exercise. It decreases during times of rest.
The heart has four chambers. The two upper chambers are called atria, and the two lower chambers are called ventricles.
Blood flows into the right atrium from the veins of the heart and body (except the lungs), then it flows into the right ventricle. From there, it flows into the pulmonary artery, which has branches that reach the lungs. The lungs then oxygenate the blood.
This oxygenated blood travels from the lungs, through pulmonary veins that lead back and join together, to the left atrium, and then through the left ventricle. From there, the heart pumps the blood through an artery that branches to distribute blood to itself and other body parts (except the lungs).
The heart has four valves that ensure that blood flows in the right direction. The heart valves are:
- the tricuspid valve
- the pulmonary valve
- the mitral valve
- the aortic valve
Learn more about the heart here.
Lungs
The lungs work with the heart to oxygenate blood. They do this by filtering the air a person breathes, then removing excess carbon dioxide in exchange for oxygen.
Several parts of the lungs help the body take in air, filter it, and then oxygenate the blood. These are:
- The left and right bronchi: The trachea splits into these tubes, which extend into the lungs and have branches. These smaller bronchi split into even smaller tubes called bronchioles.
- The alveoli: The alveoli are tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. They work like balloons, expanding when a person inhales and contracting when they exhale.
- The blood vessels: There are numerous blood vessels in the lungs for carrying blood to and from the heart.
With extensive medical care, a person can live without one lung, but they cannot survive with no lungs.
The diaphragm, which is a thick band of muscle directly under the lungs, helps the lungs expand and contract when a person breathes.
Learn more about the lungs here.
Liver
The liver is the most important organ of the metabolic system. It helps convert nutrients into usable substances, detoxifies certain substances, and filters blood coming from the digestive tract through a vein before it joins venous blood flow from other parts of the body. Oxygenated blood reaches the liver via an artery.
The majority of liver mass is in the upper right side of the abdomen, just under the rib cage.
The liver plays many roles in digestion and filtering the blood, including:
- producing bile
- helping the body filter out toxic substances, including alcohol, drugs, and harmful metabolites
- regulating blood levels of various important chemicals, including amino acids
- making cholesterol
- removing some bacteria from the blood
- making some immune factors
- clearing bilirubin from the blood
- regulating the process of blood clotting, so that a person does not bleed too much and does not develop dangerous blood clots
The liver partners with the gallbladder to deliver bile to the small intestine. The liver pours bile into the gallbladder, which then stores and later releases the bile when the body needs it to help with digestion.
A person can live without portions of their liver, but the liver itself is vital for life.
Learn more about the liver here.
Kidneys
The kidneys are a pair of bean shaped organs, and each is about the size of a fist. They are located on either side of the back, protected inside of the lower part of the rib cage. They help filter blood and remove waste from the body.
Blood flows from the renal artery into the kidneys. Each kidney contains about a million tiny units for filtration known as nephrons. They help filter waste to the urine and then return the filtered blood to the body through the renal vein.
The kidneys also produce urine when they remove waste from the blood. Urine flows out of the kidneys through the ureters, then down to the urinary bladder.
A person can live with just one kidney. When a person is experiencing severe kidney failure, dialysis can filter the blood until they get a kidney transplant or their kidney recovers some function. Some people need to undergo hemodialysis long term.
Learn more about the kidneys here.
Non-vital organs are those that a person can survive without. However, this does not mean that conditions affecting these organs are never life threatening or dangerous. Many infections and cancers in non-vital organs are life threatening, especially without prompt treatment.
Injuries to non-vital organs may also affect vital organs, such as when a gallstone undermines liver function.
The sections below will outline the body’s non-vital organs in more detail.
Gallbladder
Small and pear shaped, the gallbladder sits in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, just under the liver. It contains cholesterol, bile salts, bile, and bilirubin.
In a healthy person, the liver releases bile into the gallbladder, which the gallbladder stores and then releases to travel down the common bile duct into the small intestine to aid digestion.
However, some people develop gallstones that block the gallbladder or biliary tree, causing intense pain and interfering with digestion. Also, this can sometimes interfere with liver or pancreas function.
Learn about some potential gallbladder issues here.
Pancreas
Located in the upper left portion of the abdomen, the pancreas has two important roles: It functions as both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland.
As an exocrine gland, the pancreas produces enzymes a person needs to help digest their food and convert it into energy. Those enzymes include amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin.
In its role as an endocrine gland, the pancreas also produces and releases insulin, which helps the body remove glucose from the blood and convert it into energy.
Problems with insulin can lead to a dangerously high level of blood glucose and the onset of diabetes.
The pancreas also produces and releases glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels.
The main pancreatic duct connects to the common bile duct, which flows from the liver and gallbladder. Therefore, problems within the biliary tree, liver, or gallbladder may also affect the pancreas.
Learn more about the pancreas here.
Stomach
The stomach is a J shaped organ near the top of the abdomen.
Food begins its journey to the stomach soon after a person swallows. The food moves down from the throat and into the esophagus. The stomach is located at the end of the esophagus.
The muscles of the stomach help it break down and digest food. Within its lumen lining, certain regions of the stomach also produce enzymes that help digest food. The enzyme pepsin, for example, breaks down proteins so that they can become amino acids.
The stomach also helps store chyme until it moves to the intestines. Chyme refers to food that has mixed with stomach secretions.
Anatomists usually divide the stomach into five subparts. These are:
- The cardia: Located just beneath the esophagus, this portion of the stomach includes the cardiac sphincter. The sphincter prevents food from flowing back up the esophagus or into the mouth.
- The fundus: This is situated to the left of the cardia and underneath the diaphragm.
- The body: Food begins breaking down in the body, which is also the largest part of the stomach.
- The antrum: This is the lower part of the stomach. It contains partially digested food before it flows to the small intestine.
- The pylorus: This portion of the stomach connects to the small intestine. It includes a muscle called the pyloric sphincter, which controls when and how much stomach content flows into the small intestine.
Intestines
The intestines are a group of tubes that help filter out waste, absorb water and certain electrolytes, and digest food.
Partially digested food first travels through the small intestine, which comprises three parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Most digestion and absorption of food happens here.
Food then becomes feces as it travels within and through the large intestine. This begins with the cecum, extends to the rest of colon, and ends with the rectum. The rectum is the last stop for feces before expulsion occurs from the anus.
Doctors usually list dozens of organs, though the definition of an organ varies from expert to expert. Most organs play a role in organ systems, which work together to perform specific functions.
The sections below will outline the body’s organ systems in more detail.
Nervous system
The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system, which works to process and send nerve signals, interpret information, and produce conscious thought.
The portion of nervous system that communicates with the central nervous system is called the peripheral nervous system. Overall, the peripheral and central nervous systems also include an extensive network of neurons. Located throughout the body, these fibrous bundles send information about sensation, temperature, and pain.
The nervous system helps the body regulate every function, including every other organ system.
For instance, the stomach releases the hormone ghrelin, which signals to the brain that it is time to eat. This causes feelings of hunger and encourages a person to eat, which leads to the beginning of the process of digestion.
The nervous system integrates with virtually every other part of the body. For example, nerve fibers in the hand tell the brain when there is an injury in that area.
Meanwhile, nerves in the skin relay information about external temperature. This may cause the brain to initiate involuntary responses that control body temperature, such as sweating or shivering.
Also, other nerves interact with muscle, which helps coordinate movement.
Learn more about the central nervous system here.
Reproductive system
The reproductive system includes the organs that enable a person to reproduce and experience sexual pleasure. In females, the reproductive system also supports the growth of a fetus.
The reproductive system works closely with other organs and organ systems. For example, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland help regulate the production and release of hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.
The male reproductive system organs include:
- the testes
- the epididymis
- the vas deferens
- the ejaculatory ducts
- the prostate gland
- the seminal vesicles
- the penis
- the bulbourethral glands
The female reproductive system organs include:
- the mammary glands in the breasts
- the ovaries
- the fallopian tubes
- the uterus
- the vagina
- the vulva
- the clitoris
- a system of various glands, such as the Bartholin glands, which help lubricate the vagina
- the cervix
Skin
The skin is the body’s largest organ. It is part of the integumentary system, which includes skin, hair, nails, and fat.
The integumentary system helps regulate body temperature, protect the body from dangerous pathogens, make vitamin D from sunlight, and provide sensory input.
The skin comprises three layers:
- The epidermis: This is the outer layer of skin. It contains three types of cells. Squamous cells are the outer layer of skin, which the body constantly sheds. Basal cells are the next layer, located under the squamous cells. Melanocytes produce melanin, which is skin pigment. The more melanin the melanocytes produce, the darker a person’s skin is.
- The dermis: This is the middle layer of skin, located under the epidermis. It contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, nerves, sebaceous glands, and fibroblasts. A flexible protein called collagen holds the dermis together.
- The subcutaneous fat layer: This is the deepest layer of the skin. It helps keep the body warm and reduces the risk of injury by absorbing heavy blows.
Muscular system
The muscular system includes a vast network of muscles. There are three types of muscles:
- Skeletal muscles: These are voluntary muscles, which means that a person can decide when to move them. The biceps and triceps are examples of skeletal muscles.
- Cardiac muscles: These are involuntary muscles that help the heart pump blood.
- Smooth muscles: These are also involuntary muscles. Smooth muscles line the bladder, intestines, and stomach.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system is a network of glands throughout the body. These glands release important chemicals called hormones, which help regulate the function of virtually every organ and organ system in the body.
For example, progesterone helps regulate the menstrual cycle and plays an important role in sustaining a pregnancy.
The endocrine system includes several major glands, including:
- the pancreas
- the thyroid
- the adrenal glands
- the pituitary
- the parathyroid
- the thyroid
- the hypothalamus
- the pineal gland
- the ovaries
- the testes
Immune system
The immune system helps the body prevent infections and fights them off when they do occur.
Many organs play a role in the immune system. For example, the skin prevents dangerous pathogens from entering the body, and the salivary glands release saliva that can help break down some dangerous sources of infection in food.
The lymphatic system plays a key role in the immune system by releasing lymphocytes that fight disease. There are many lymph nodes throughout the body. Some people notice that their lymph nodes enlarge when they get sick.
Digestive system
The digestive system is the group of organs that digest food, as well as the various structures within that release substances to aid digestion and absorption.
It includes:
- the mouth
- the esophagus
- the salivary glands
- the gallbladder
- the liver
- the pancreas
- the stomach
- the small and large intestines
- the appendix
- the rectum
- the anus
Circulatory system
The circulatory system includes the many blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body. It includes veins, arteries, capillaries, venules, and arterioles.
The lymphatic system is also part of the circulatory system. It helps maintain the body’s balance of fluid by collecting excess fluid and other particles from the blood. Lymph nodes are present within this system.
Each organ in the body is its own complex system, made up of numerous smaller parts. Many organs also depend on several other body parts. For example, to properly breathe, the lungs must work with the nose, mouth, throat, windpipe, and sinuses.
This complexity of each organ and organ system means that some doctors choose to specialize in a single organ or organ system. For example, cardiologists treat heart issues, while pulmonologists study the lungs.
Anyone who thinks that they have a problem with one of their organs or organ systems should see a specialist or ask a healthcare provider for a referral.
Internal Organs of the Human Body Anatomical Chart at AnatomyWarehouse.com
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This chart provides a simple and easy-to-understand overview of the location and functions of the major internal organs of the body, including heart, lungs, stomach, kidney, diaphragm, spleen, liver, pancreas, large and small intestine, gallbladder, bladder and brain. Perfect for patients and students.
Measures 20x26in.. Printed in the USA by Anatomical Chart Company.
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Breast Cancer in Numbers: Epidemiology, Diagrams, Video
The Together Against Cancer Foundation prepared an analytical review of breast cancer based on the results of a round table that brought together clinical guidelines developers and leading experts in medicine, finance and law. The first part of the review is devoted to the epidemiology of breast cancer in Russia and in the world: morbidity and mortality, survival, detectability, mortality in the regions, forecast for 2040 and other issues of oncology. All data is presented in the form of interactive charts and tables, built-in filters and data cutters allow you to select parameters for comparison. Also, all the most important in a 4-minute bright infomercial.
The second part of the review presents analytics and planned changes to the entire chain of norms for the treatment of breast cancer in Russia.
Breast cancer (BC) occupies a leading place in terms of incidence and is one of the five most deadly malignant tumors in the world and in Russia.
In 2020, more than 2.26 million cases of breast cancer were registered worldwide, which is 11.7% of all cases of malignant neoplasms in both sexes. The total number of deaths from breast cancer in 2020 reached 685.0 thousand people (6.9% of all cancer deaths). In terms of mortality, breast cancer is second only to cancer of the lung and gastrointestinal tract (cancer of the colon, rectum and anus, cancer of the liver and stomach).
In Russia in 2020, the absolute number of cases of breast cancer was 65,468 (11.8% in the structure of the total cancer incidence). At the same time, the overwhelming number of cases was registered among women – 64,951 (among men – only 517 cases). The standardized incidence rate for women in 2020 was at 47.39cases per 100 thousand people, which is comparable to the world values (47.8 cases), and the “rough” is significantly higher: if in the world it is 58.5 cases per 100 thousand people, then in Russia it is 82.77 cases . In the period from 2011 to 2019, a steady upward trend in the incidence of breast cancer was observed in Russia, both in absolute values and in standardized and “rough” indicators. This trend is observed among the entire population and among women and men separately.
Mortality from breast cancer in Russia, as well as throughout the world, remains high. The absolute number of deaths from this disease in 2020 was 21,634, of which 21,462 were women and 172 were men. In women, the standardized mortality rate from breast cancer (13.24 cases per 100,000) is generally comparable to the world values (13.6 cases), and the “rough” significantly exceeds it (27.35 and 17.7 cases, respectively). At the same time, it should be noted that the mortality rate from breast cancer has been gradually decreasing over the past 10 years. The described trends are observed both among the entire population and among women and men separately, which indicates the effectiveness of measures for the early diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Breast cancer is increasingly being detected at an early stage. If in 2011 65% of cases were diagnosed at stages I and II, then in 2020 – already 72%. At the same time, the proportion of patients with stage III (from 24.8% in 2011 to 19.6% in 2020) and stage IV (from 9.1 to 8.1%) is decreasing.
Breast cancer treatment is usually complex. Only about 35.4% of patients in case of timely detection of the disease need only surgical intervention. Accordingly, the proportion of patients who are prescribed combined or complex treatment (surgery and drug therapy) in 2020 was 64.5%.
According to forecasts, the incidence and mortality from breast cancer will increase both in Russia and around the world.
Worldwide
Breast cancer occupies the leading place in terms of incidence among other malignant tumors in the world and 5th place in terms of the number of deaths. According to the Global Cancer Observatory, in 2020 more than 2.26 million cases of breast cancer were registered worldwide, which is 11.7% of all cases of malignant neoplasms in both sexes.
According to the standardized and “rough” indicators of the incidence of breast cancer, as well as in absolute terms, it is ahead of all malignant neoplasms. Thus, the standardized indicator in 2020 was 47.8 cases per 100 thousand people, and the “rough” indicator was 58.5 cases.
The total number of deaths in 2020 reached 685.0 thousand people (6.9% of all cancer deaths). In terms of absolute mortality rates (both sexes), breast cancer is inferior to cancer of the lung, colon, rectum and anus, liver and stomach and ranks 5th in the ranking, but in terms of standardized and “rough” values it is already in 2nd place ( 13.6 and 17.7 cases per 100 thousand people, respectively).
Incidence and mortality from malignant neoplasms in the world in 2020
Source
Gender is the most serious risk factor for developing breast cancer: the majority of cases are women. Breast cancer accounts for about 21.7% of cancer cases in women in 2020. In terms of mortality, breast cancer ranks 1st among women (15.9% of all deaths from malignant neoplasms).
Breast cancer is a rare pathology in men. The incidence is 1 case per 100 thousand people, i.e. in men, breast cancer is approximately 100 times less common than in women, it is 0.1–1.5% of all cases of malignant neoplasms and 0.5–2.0% all breast tumors. But at the same time, breast cancer in men is more aggressive than in women. In the structure of causes of oncological mortality in men, breast cancer accounts for 0.3%, which is quite a lot for such a rare disease. In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number of men suffering from this disease.
A family history of breast cancer increases the risk of its development, but most patients diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a family history of cases of this disease in close relatives. Certain inherited highly penetrant mutations in genes significantly increase the risk of developing breast cancer, with mutations in the BRCA1 , BRCA2 and PALB-2 genes being dominant.
Russian incidence data
In Russia, breast cancer is ahead of other malignant neoplasms in terms of the absolute number of cases (in both sexes – 65,468 cases in 2020, 11.8% in the structure of the total cancer incidence, in women – 64 951 cases in 2020, 21.7% of all cancers). In 2020, 517 cases of breast cancer were registered among men, which is 0.8% of all cases of breast cancer and corresponds to the prevalence of this pathology among men worldwide.
According to the standardized and “rough” incidence rates of the entire population (27.04 and 44.7 cases per 100 thousand), breast cancer in Russia ranks second after prostate cancer, but among women it is in the lead (47.39 cases per 100 thousand). 100 thousand, which is comparable to the world values - 47.8 cases). At the same time, the “rough” rate for women is significantly higher: if in the world it is 58.5 cases per 100 thousand people, then in Russia it is 82.77 cases.
Malignant neoplasm morbidity and mortality in Russia in 2020
Source
In Russia, breast cancer incidence rates are noticeably lower than in 2019 (65,468 and 74,490 cases respectively). This can be explained by the COVID-19 pandemic, due to which many medical organizations were redesigned to receive patients with this infection, and medical examinations were suspended. As a result, access to health care may have been limited and disease detection difficult. Almost all breast cancer incidence rates decreased in 2020 compared to 2019year, both nationally and regionally.
In the period from 2011 to 2019, a steady upward trend in the incidence of breast cancer was observed in Russia, both in absolute values and in standardized and “rough” indicators. This trend is observed for the entire population and for women. Thus, the absolute incidence rates increased from 57,875 to 74,490 among the general population and from 57,534 to 73,918 among women. The standardized rate increased from 2011 to 2019 from 26.30 to 30.67 cases per 100,000 people in the general population and from 45.24 to 53.34 cases in women. It was only in 2020 that the upward trend was replaced by falling indicators, which, as noted above, seems to be associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Among men, the incidence of breast cancer in the last 10 years has generally been growing, but with fluctuations. Thus, in 2012 and 2019, the standardized indicator was at the same level (0.56 cases per 100 thousand people), while the “rough” indicator slightly increased in the same years (0.76 and 0.84 cases in 2012 and 2019 respectively). The absolute incidence rates among men tend to increase and vary in 2012-2020 in the range from 501 to 630 cases.
Dynamics of breast cancer incidence rates (C50) in Russia in 2011–2020: absolute values, as well as “rough” and standardized indicators per 100 thousand population
Source
People of the older age group are most susceptible to the disease. The average age of women who fell ill in Russia is 61 years (in 2010 it was 60.8 years). But now, when assessing trends, one can distinguish a clear trend towards the detection of breast cancer at a later age than 10 years ago. If in 2011 the majority of patients fell into the age groups of 50–54 years, 55–59 years and 60–64 years, then in 2020 they are already in the groups of 60–64 years and 65–69 years and older. The growth in the number of patients aged 65–69 was especially pronounced in 2020years against the background of a decrease in the proportion of patients aged 50–59 years. At the same time, in 2020, breast cancer was detected in young patients (from 30 to 34 years old) and middle-aged women (from 35 to 44 years old) much more often than in 2011.
The majority of sick men in 2011 were aged 60-64 years, and in 2020 two peaks of incidence were noted – in the age ranges of 60-64 years and 70-74 years. The incidence over 10 years has increased significantly in most age groups, but in general there is a trend towards the detection of breast cancer in men at an older age.
Dynamics of sex and age indicators of breast cancer incidence (C50) in Russia in 2011 and 2020: absolute values, as well as a “rough” indicator per 100 thousand population
Source 900 37
Early stages
Breast cancer is increasingly being detected in the early stages. If in 2011 65% of cases were diagnosed at stages I and II, then in 2020 – already 72%. This was due to more frequent detection of the disease at the earliest (I) stage. From 2011 to 2020, this figure increased from 18.5 to 26.9%. At the same time, the proportion of patients with stage III (from 24.8 to 19.6%) and stage IV (from 9.1 to 8.1%) decreased.
Distribution of newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer (C50) by stages. Data for Russia for 2011–2020
Source
Mortality and one-year mortality in Russia
Despite a number of measures taken, mortality from breast cancer in Russia remains high. The absolute number of deaths from this disease in 2020 was 21,634, of which 21,462 were women and 172 were men.
According to standardized and “rough” indicators, breast cancer in Russia, as well as in the world, is among the five malignant neoplasms with the highest mortality. The standardized death rate for the entire population in 2020 was 7. 89 cases per 100,000 people, while the “rough” rate was 14.77.
Among women, the standardized mortality rate from breast cancer (13.24 cases per 100,000) in Russia is generally comparable to the world values (13.6 cases), and the “rough” significantly exceeds it (27.35 and 17.7 cases respectively).
Absolute values, standardized and “rough” mortality rates from breast cancer have been gradually decreasing over the past 10 years. The described trends are observed both among the entire population and among women and men separately, which indicates the effectiveness of measures for the early detection and treatment of this disease.
Dynamics of mortality from breast cancer (C50) in Russia in 2011–2020: absolute values, as well as “rough” and standardized indicators per 100 thousand population
Source
The average age of women who died from breast cancer in Russia in 2020 was 66.7 years, and in 2010 it was 64. 8 years. Such a decrease in the proportion of relatively younger women in the structure of deaths from breast cancer can also be considered as a positive trend observed in recent years: if 10 years ago, the majority of deaths were from the age groups of 50–54 years, 55–59 years, 60–64 years and 70 -74 years, then in 2020 – at the age of 60 to 74 years.
As in the case of morbidity, in 2020, compared to 2011, there was an increase in the number of deaths at the age of 65–69 years, against the background of a pronounced decrease in the number of deaths at the age of 50–59 years. Young patients (30 to 34 years old) and middle-aged women (35 to 44 years old) died from breast cancer at about the same frequency as in 2011. But in terms of a “rough” indicator per 100,000 women, mortality in 2020 compared to 2011 decreased in almost all age groups.
The majority of men who died from breast cancer in 2011 were aged 60–64 years, and in 2020 they were in the age groups 60–64 years, 65–69 years and 70–74 years. Mortality has declined in most age groups, and young men (up to 40 years old) have stopped dying from this disease altogether, as happened 10 years ago. In general, mortality among men under the age of 60 has been significantly reduced. The “rough” mortality rate from breast cancer among men has decreased in almost all age groups.
Dynamics of sex and age mortality rates from breast cancer (C50) in Russia in 2011 and 2020: absolute values and “rough” indicator per 100 thousand people
Source
one indicator. Over the past 10 years, the cumulative risk of death from malignant neoplasms has been decreasing. So, if in 2010 it was 1.97%, then in 2020 it is already 1.54%. This indicator is calculated only for women under 74 years of age (this is a limitation of the calculation).
Cumulative risk of death from breast cancer (C50) in Russia in 2010–2020 for women under the age of 74 (%)
Source 9000 4
Lethality from breast cancer in the first year after diagnosis is one of the lowest among all malignant neoplasms. Over the past 10 years, it has decreased significantly – from 8.7% in 2011 to 5.2% in 2020.
At the same time, there is a trend towards an increase in the proportion of patients registered at the end of the year for 5 years or more, although this growth cannot be called fast. Over the past 10 years, the proportion of such patients has increased from 57.6 to 63.1%.
Dynamics of mortality from breast cancer (C50) in the 1st year from the moment of diagnosis (%) and the proportion of patients registered at the end of the year for 5 years or more (% of those registered). Data for Russia for 2011–2020
Source
Incidence in the regions
100 thousand people ), Samara (33.75 cases) and Irkutsk (32.26 cases) regions, a “rough” indicator – in Kostroma (61.34 cases), Samara (58.45 cases) and Oryol (55.69case) areas.
Women are the main contributor to morbidity rates. Accordingly, among them, these figures are significantly higher. So, in terms of standardized and “rough” incidence rates among women, the leaders are Kostroma (63.34 and 113.27 cases per 100 thousand, respectively) and Samara regions (58.26 and 106.76). Among men, the standardized and “rough” incidence rates are highest in the Amur (1.76 and 2.15 respectively), Rostov (1.06 and 1.74) and Vladimir (1.01 and 1.63) regions.
The lowest rates of morbidity among the general population and among women are noted in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and Dagestan. Among men – in the Ulyanovsk region, the Khabarovsk Territory, Chechnya. At the same time, in the Kaliningrad, Kamchatka, Murmansk, Sakhalin and Tomsk regions, as well as in the Republic of Adygea and Yakutia in 2020, not a single case of breast cancer was detected among men.
Hereinafter, it must be borne in mind that the Chukotka A.O.R., Nenets A.O.R., Republic of Altai, Magadan Oblast, Jewish A.oblast, Tyva, Ingushetia, Kalmykia register less than 1 thousand cases of newly diagnosed malignant neoplasms per year due to low population density. In this regard, the relative statistics (per 100,000 people) appear to be distorted in comparison with regions with higher population density.
Over the past 10 years, the average annual growth rate (CAGR) of the absolute figures for the incidence of breast cancer among the entire population and among women was 1.4%, but among men, the incidence is growing much faster: CAGR is 4.5%. Standardized incidence rates are rising more slowly: 0.3% in the general population, 0.5% in women, and a maximum of 2.8% in men.
In general, a decrease in the incidence of breast cancer among women was found in 7 regions of our country. In 55 regions, the indicator fluctuates by 1%. Significantly increased incidence in 32 regions. Among the entire population, an increase in the incidence was noted in 20 regions, stagnation in 64 regions, and a decrease in 10.
The most noticeable increase in the standardized incidence of breast cancer among the general population and among women is observed in the Kostroma region, the Republic of Crimea, the Volgograd region and the Republic of Karelia. And the most noticeable decrease was noted in Adygea, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Sevastopol and the Kamchatka Territory. Among men, the fastest growth of the standardized indicator was found in the Leningrad, Kemerovo, Rostov, Pskov and Lipetsk regions, and a clear decrease was noted in the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region, Tambov region, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ivanovo, Smolensk, Kostroma, Irkutsk, Ulyanovsk regions and Khakassia.
Incidence of breast cancer (C50) in the regions of Russia in 2011–2020: absolute values, as well as “rough” and standardized indicators per 100 thousand population
Source. The data are given without taking into account the regions in which less than 1 thousand cases of newly diagnosed malignant neoplasms are registered per year due to low population density (Chukotsky a.okr., Nenets a.kr., Altai Republic, Magadan region, Jewish a.obl. , Republic of Tyva, Republic of Ingushetia, Republic of Kalmykia).
Mortality in the regions
In three regions of Russia – the Tula region, Adygea and St. Petersburg – the most difficult situation with mortality is developing. These regions lead in terms of mortality both among the entire population and among women, not only in terms of standardized, but also in terms of “rough” indicators. Thus, the Tula region leads in terms of mortality from breast cancer among the entire population (standardized – 10.38 cases per 100 thousand people, “rough” – 23.39 cases) and in “rough” mortality among women (42.44 cases) , the Republic of Adygea – according to the standardized mortality rate among women (17.33 per 100 thousand people). Among men, mortality from breast cancer, according to standardized values, is highest in the Amur region (0.75 cases), and according to the “rough” – in the Penza region (0.84 cases).
The lowest standardized mortality rates among the entire population and among women were found in Mordovia (3.58 and 6.35 cases per 100,000, respectively), and “rough” – in the Yamalo-Nenets a.okr. (4.76 and 9.44 cases).
Over the past 10 years, mortality from breast cancer has been decreasing. The average annual growth rate (CAGR) of absolute mortality from breast cancer for 2011–2020 was -0.9% for the entire population and for women and -3.3% for men. Standardized death rates decline more markedly: -2.5% for the general population, -2.4% for women and -5.6% for men (this is the maximum value).
In general, a decrease in mortality from breast cancer among men was found in 63 regions of our country, among women and the entire population – in 75 regions. In 16 and 14 regions, respectively, mortality among women and men fluctuates by 1%. Over the past 10 years, the indicator has increased only in 3 regions for women and in 17 regions for men.
The most noticeable increase in the standardized mortality rate from breast cancer among the entire population from 2011 to 2020 is observed in the Novgorod region and the Trans-Baikal Territory, and among women – in Chechnya and the Novgorod region. Among men, a pronounced increase in mortality has been noted over the past 10 years in the Vladimir and Rostov regions, St. Petersburg, Sevastopol and the Voronezh region. A distinct decrease in mortality was observed in the Yaroslavl, Moscow, Kaluga and Astrakhan regions. In a number of regions (in 27) in 2020, not a single case of death from breast cancer was detected among men.
Mortality from breast cancer (C50) in various regions of Russia in 2011–2020: absolute values, as well as “rough” and standardized indicators per 100 thousand population
Source. The data are given without taking into account the regions in which less than 1000 cases of newly diagnosed malignant neoplasms are registered per year due to low population density (Chukotsky a.okr., Nenets a.okr., Republic of Altai, Magadan region, Jewish a.obl., Republic of Tyva, Republic of Ingushetia, Republic of Kalmykia).
One-year mortality rate and proportion of those registered in the regions
Sevastopol (11.7%), Kabardino-Balkaria (10.9%), Kamchatka Krai ( 7.2%), Smolensk region (7. 1%) and Dagestan (7.0%). This indicator is the lowest in Karachay-Cherkessia (1.9%).
The largest proportion of patients diagnosed with breast cancer, registered for 5 years or more, in Kemerovo (70.0%), Kurgan region (67.9%) and Adygea (67.8%). The worst situation is in Dagestan (51.8%) and Chechnya (50.1%).
In most regions, mortality in the 1st year after diagnosis has decreased over 10 years, and the proportion of patients registered for 5 years or more has increased. The exceptions were Sevastopol, Chechnya, Kamchatka Krai, Khabarovsk Krai and Crimea, where an increase in mortality from breast cancer in the 1st year from the moment of diagnosis was noted. In the Kemerovo and Smolensk regions, Kabardino-Balkaria and North Ossetia, the indicator is stagnating.
A decrease in the proportion of patients diagnosed with breast cancer who have been registered for 5 years or more was found only in Sevastopol, while in 46 regions the indicator remains practically unchanged, and in all the rest it is growing.
Mortality from breast cancer (C50) in the 1st year from the date of diagnosis (%) and the proportion of patients registered at the end of the year for 5 years or more (% of those registered). Data for various regions of Russia for 2020
Source. The data are given without taking into account the regions in which less than 1 thousand cases of newly diagnosed malignant neoplasms are registered per year due to low population density (Chukotsky a.okr., Nenets a.kr., Altai Republic, Magadan region, Jewish a.obl. , Republic of Tyva, Republic of Ingushetia, Republic of Kalmykia).
Forecast for 2040
The prevalence of breast cancer is projected to increase. The total number of patients in the world may increase from 2.26 million in 2020 to 3.19 million by 2040, i.e. by 1.4 times. By 2040, a noticeable increase in mortality is also expected – by 1.5 times (up to 1.04 million from 685 thousand in 2020).
In Russia, the incidence of breast cancer will increase from 65. 5 thousand in 2020 to 76.3 thousand people by 2040. Mortality from this pathology will also grow – from 21.6 thousand in 2020 to 25.6 thousand by 2040.
Treatment statistics
Breast cancer treatment is usually complex. Only about 35.4% of patients require exclusively surgical intervention (this depends on the timely detection of the disease). At the same time, one cannot fail to note the fact that over the past 10 years this indicator has increased markedly: from 29.7% in 2011 to 35.4% in 2020. Accordingly, over the period under review, the proportion of patients who are prescribed combined or complex treatment (surgery + drug therapy) has slightly decreased. From 2011 to 2020, the proportion of such patients decreased from 69.5 to 64.5%.
Dynamics of the proportion of patients with breast cancer (C50) who underwent only surgical treatment, and the proportion of patients who underwent combined or complex treatment (except chemoradiation). Data for Russia for 2011–2020
Source
3,676 people. Such a wide coverage of complex treatment indicates that drug therapy plays an important role for patients with breast cancer. Most of the patients who received combined or complex treatment live in the Kaliningrad region, Karachay-Cherkessia, the Trans-Baikal Territory, Udmurtia and the Ulyanovsk region.
Proportion of breast cancer patients (C50) who underwent only surgical treatment (%) and the proportion of patients who underwent combined or complex treatment (except chemoradiotherapy, %). 2020 Russian Regions Data
Source
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279.91KBHuman body Human leg Organ Homo sapiens Limb, sculpting, hand, people, monochrome png
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19. 13KBinternal organs, Organ system Human anatomy Body tissue, organs, miscellaneous, heart, human png
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163.19KBOrgan system Human body Diagram Anatomy, others, biology, human, human png
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319.7KBBreast cancer Human body Muscle Health, Skeleton, human, anatomy, arm png
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962.86KBOrgan Human body Homo sapiens Human digestive system Muscle, organ, superhero, hand, people png
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2.18MBMuscle Homo sapiens Human anatomy Human back, arm, people, human, fictional Character png
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1. 07MBOvary Uterus Reproductive system Menstruation, woman, hand, people, woman png
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225.17KBOrgan system Human digestive system Anatomy Digestion, others, biology, gastrointestinal Tract, anatomy png
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231.03KBAppendix Appendicitis Appendectomy Organ Ascending colon, appendix, angle, hand, arm png
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151.23KBHuman skeleton Bone Torso human body, human bones, human, anatomy, human Body png
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111.38KBHuman body Organ Muscle Cartoon, human body, hand, human, abdomen png
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