What are ovarian cysts. How do they develop. What symptoms can ovarian cysts cause. When should you seek medical attention for ovarian cysts. What treatment options are available for ovarian cysts.

Understanding Ovarian Cysts: Types and Formation

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or within the ovaries. These structures, typically about the size of a cherry, are surrounded by a capsule and can contain tissue. While most ovarian cysts are benign and resolve on their own, understanding their types and formation is crucial for proper management.

Common Types of Ovarian Cysts

• Functional cysts (follicular and corpus luteum cysts)
• Theca lutein cysts
• Endometriomas (chocolate cysts)
• Dermoid cysts

Functional cysts are the most common type, developing during the menstrual cycle. They include follicular cysts, which form when a follicle fails to release an egg, and corpus luteum cysts, which occur when the follicle that released the egg fills with blood. Theca lutein cysts are often associated with fertility treatments, while endometriomas are related to endometriosis. Dermoid cysts, though less common, can contain various types of tissue and may be present from birth.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are relatively common, affecting approximately 10 out of 100 women. They often develop due to normal hormonal changes during puberty or menopause. While most women with ovarian cysts are unaware of their presence, certain factors may increase the likelihood of cyst formation.

Who is at Risk for Developing Ovarian Cysts?

• Women in their reproductive years
• Those undergoing hormonal treatments
• Women with endometriosis
• Individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Are certain age groups more prone to ovarian cysts? Women of reproductive age are more likely to develop functional cysts due to regular ovulation. However, cysts can occur at any age, including in postmenopausal women and even in newborns.

Recognizing Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

While many ovarian cysts are asymptomatic, some may cause noticeable symptoms. Recognizing these signs is essential for timely medical attention and appropriate management.

Common Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

• Dull pain in the lower abdomen (pelvic pain)
• Menstrual irregularities
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding
• Abdominal fullness or pressure
• Urinary or bowel discomfort

Can ovarian cysts cause severe pain? While most cysts cause mild discomfort, sudden severe pain may indicate complications such as cyst rupture or ovarian torsion. These situations require immediate medical attention.

Complications Associated with Ovarian Cysts

Although rare, ovarian cysts can lead to complications that require prompt medical intervention. Understanding these potential issues can help women recognize when to seek urgent care.

Potential Complications of Ovarian Cysts

• Cyst rupture
• Ovarian torsion
• Internal bleeding
• Infection

Is ovarian torsion a medical emergency? Yes, ovarian torsion is a serious condition that occurs when an ovary twists around its supporting tissues, potentially cutting off blood supply. This requires immediate surgical intervention to prevent permanent damage to the ovary.

Diagnosis and Medical Evaluation of Ovarian Cysts

Proper diagnosis of ovarian cysts involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies. Understanding the diagnostic process can help women prepare for their medical consultations.

Common Diagnostic Tools for Ovarian Cysts

• Pelvic ultrasound
• Blood tests
• CT scan (in some cases)
• Laparoscopy (for complex cases)

Why is ultrasound the preferred imaging method for ovarian cysts? Ultrasound provides detailed images of the ovaries and can distinguish between solid and fluid-filled structures, making it an effective and non-invasive tool for cyst evaluation.

Treatment Options and Management Strategies

The management of ovarian cysts depends on various factors, including the size, type, and symptoms associated with the cyst. In many cases, a watchful waiting approach may be recommended, as most cysts resolve spontaneously.

Treatment Approaches for Ovarian Cysts

• Watchful waiting with periodic monitoring
• Hormonal birth control to prevent new cyst formation
• Pain management for symptomatic relief
• Surgical intervention for large or persistent cysts

When is surgery necessary for ovarian cysts? Surgery may be recommended for cysts that are large (over 5-10 cm), persistent, causing severe symptoms, or suspected to be cancerous. The type of surgery depends on the individual case and may involve cyst removal (cystectomy) or, in some cases, removal of the affected ovary (oophorectomy).

Living with Ovarian Cysts: Lifestyle Considerations

While many ovarian cysts don’t require specific lifestyle changes, certain adjustments may help manage symptoms and promote overall reproductive health. Understanding these considerations can empower women to take an active role in their well-being.

Lifestyle Tips for Managing Ovarian Cysts

• Maintain a healthy weight
• Practice stress-reduction techniques
• Stay physically active
• Consider dietary modifications
• Attend regular gynecological check-ups

Can dietary changes impact ovarian cyst formation? While no specific diet has been proven to prevent ovarian cysts, a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may help regulate hormones and support overall reproductive health. Some women find that reducing inflammatory foods helps manage cyst-related symptoms.

Fertility and Pregnancy Considerations with Ovarian Cysts

The presence of ovarian cysts can raise concerns about fertility and pregnancy. Understanding the relationship between cysts and reproductive health is crucial for women planning to conceive or those who are already pregnant.

Impact of Ovarian Cysts on Fertility

• Most functional cysts don’t affect fertility
• Some types (e.g., endometriomas) may impact fertility
• PCOS can cause fertility challenges
• Surgical treatment may affect ovarian reserve

Do ovarian cysts always cause infertility? No, most ovarian cysts, especially functional cysts, do not cause infertility. However, certain types of cysts, such as those associated with endometriosis or PCOS, may impact fertility. Women with concerns about their fertility should consult with a reproductive specialist.

Ovarian Cysts During Pregnancy

Ovarian cysts can occur during pregnancy, often discovered during routine prenatal ultrasounds. While most cysts during pregnancy are harmless and resolve on their own, they may require monitoring to ensure they don’t interfere with the pregnancy or delivery.

How are ovarian cysts managed during pregnancy? Management depends on the size and type of cyst. Small, simple cysts are typically monitored with ultrasound. Larger cysts or those causing symptoms may require closer observation or, in rare cases, surgical intervention during the second trimester.

Prevention and Long-term Outlook for Ovarian Cysts

While it’s not always possible to prevent ovarian cysts, certain strategies may help reduce their occurrence or recurrence. Understanding the long-term outlook can also provide reassurance to women diagnosed with ovarian cysts.

Strategies for Reducing Ovarian Cyst Risk

• Regular gynecological check-ups
• Hormonal birth control (for some women)
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
• Managing underlying conditions (e.g., PCOS, endometriosis)

What is the long-term prognosis for women with ovarian cysts? The outlook is generally positive. Most ovarian cysts are benign and resolve without treatment. Even for women who experience recurrent cysts, management strategies can effectively control symptoms and prevent complications. Regular medical follow-up is important to monitor for any changes or potential risks.

Ongoing Research and Future Treatments

Research into ovarian cysts continues to advance our understanding of their formation, prevention, and treatment. Emerging technologies in imaging and minimally invasive surgical techniques promise to improve diagnosis and management of ovarian cysts.

Are there new treatments on the horizon for ovarian cysts? Ongoing research is exploring targeted therapies for specific types of cysts, improved hormonal treatments, and novel surgical approaches. Additionally, studies are investigating the genetic factors that may predispose some women to ovarian cysts, potentially leading to more personalized prevention strategies in the future.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Ovarian Cysts

While many ovarian cysts are harmless and resolve on their own, certain symptoms warrant prompt medical attention. Recognizing these signs can help prevent complications and ensure timely treatment if necessary.

Red Flags: When to Consult a Healthcare Provider

• Sudden, severe abdominal or pelvic pain
• Pain accompanied by fever or vomiting
• Signs of shock, such as cold and clammy skin
• Rapid breathing or dizziness
• Heavy vaginal bleeding

Should all pelvic pain be considered an emergency? Not all pelvic pain indicates a serious problem, but persistent or severe pain, especially if accompanied by other symptoms, should be evaluated by a healthcare provider. It’s better to err on the side of caution when it comes to reproductive health.

Regular Monitoring and Follow-up

For women diagnosed with ovarian cysts, regular follow-up is essential. This may involve periodic ultrasounds to monitor cyst size and characteristics, as well as discussions about any new or changing symptoms.

How often should ovarian cysts be monitored? The frequency of monitoring depends on the type and size of the cyst, as well as individual risk factors. Simple cysts may be rechecked in a few months, while more complex cysts might require more frequent follow-up. Your healthcare provider will establish an appropriate monitoring schedule based on your specific situation.

Emotional and Psychological Aspects of Ovarian Cysts

The diagnosis of ovarian cysts can have emotional and psychological impacts on women. Understanding and addressing these aspects is crucial for comprehensive care and overall well-being.

Common Emotional Responses to Ovarian Cyst Diagnosis

• Anxiety about potential complications
• Concerns about fertility and future pregnancies
• Frustration with ongoing symptoms or recurrence
• Body image issues related to symptoms or treatments

How can women cope with the emotional aspects of ovarian cysts? Open communication with healthcare providers, seeking support from loved ones or support groups, and practicing stress-reduction techniques can help manage the emotional impact. Some women find that counseling or therapy provides additional support in coping with health-related anxieties.

Education and Empowerment

Educating oneself about ovarian cysts can be empowering and help alleviate some of the anxiety associated with the condition. Understanding the nature of cysts, available treatment options, and the generally positive prognosis can provide reassurance and promote a proactive approach to health management.

Where can women find reliable information about ovarian cysts? Reputable medical websites, patient education materials from healthcare providers, and support groups can offer valuable information. It’s important to rely on evidence-based sources and discuss any concerns or questions with a healthcare professional to ensure accurate understanding and appropriate management.

Integrative Approaches to Ovarian Cyst Management

While conventional medical treatments form the cornerstone of ovarian cyst management, some women explore integrative or complementary approaches to support their overall health and manage symptoms. It’s important to discuss any alternative therapies with a healthcare provider to ensure safety and appropriateness.

Complementary Therapies for Symptom Management

• Acupuncture for pain relief
• Herbal supplements (with caution and medical supervision)
• Yoga and gentle exercise for stress reduction
• Dietary modifications to support hormonal balance

Can alternative therapies cure ovarian cysts? There is no scientific evidence that alternative therapies can cure ovarian cysts. However, some women find that certain complementary approaches help manage symptoms and improve overall well-being. It’s crucial to use these therapies in conjunction with, not as a replacement for, conventional medical care.

Holistic Health Considerations

Taking a holistic approach to health can support overall well-being and potentially contribute to better management of ovarian cysts. This includes attention to nutrition, sleep, stress management, and regular physical activity.

How does overall health impact ovarian cyst management? Maintaining good overall health can support the body’s natural healing processes and hormonal balance. While it may not directly affect cyst formation, a healthy lifestyle can help manage symptoms, reduce the risk of complications, and improve quality of life for women with ovarian cysts.

Ovarian cysts: Overview – InformedHealth.org

Created: March 28, 2019; Next update: 2022.

Introduction

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs in the ovaries. Some have tissue inside them. The cysts are surrounded by a capsule and usually about the size of a cherry. Most ovarian cysts go away on their own.

These cysts often develop due to normal hormonal changes in puberty or during menopause. Sometimes ovarian cysts are already there at birth or are caused by something else, but that’s much less common.

It is estimated that about 10 out of 100 women have ovarian cysts. They are usually non-cancerous (benign) and rarely cause problems, so they generally don’t need to be treated. Surgery is only very rarely needed.

Ovary with a cyst

Symptoms

Most women who have ovarian cysts don’t know that they have them. But some cysts cause dull pain in the lower abdomen (pelvic pain).

Ovarian cysts can also lead to problems with the menstrual cycle, such as heavy or irregular periods, or spotting (abnormal vaginal bleeding between periods). Menstrual cycle problems occur if the cyst produces sex hormones that cause the lining of the womb to grow more.

Very large cysts may push against the bowel or bladder. This can lead to a swollen tummy, a feeling of fullness and pressure, pain when urinating, or constipation.

If a cyst ruptures (bursts), it can be felt as a sudden pain – but usually doesn’t cause any other problems. The weight of the cyst can sometimes pull on the ovary and cause it to become twisted. This leads to sudden, severe, cramping pain on the affected side of the lower abdomen, as well as nausea, vomiting and a high pulse rate.

Causes

Most ovarian cysts develop during one part of the menstrual cycle (the growth and release of egg cells). Known as “functional cysts,” these mainly occur in puberty or during menopause. They may develop in one ovary or in both ovaries at the same time.

These are the most common types of functional ovarian cysts:

• Follicular cysts: Each egg cell is surrounded by a capsule known as a follicle. If the follicle doesn’t open and release the egg cell (if ovulation doesn’t occur), the follicle might gradually become filled with a fluid and turn into a cyst.

• Corpus luteum cysts: These occur when a corpus luteum fills with blood. The corpus luteum develops from the follicle that released the egg cell during ovulation. It secretes the sex hormones known as progesterone and estrogen.

• Theca lutein cysts: These mainly occur in women who have infertility treatment with hormones. The hormones stimulate the growth of egg cells in the ovaries. Cysts may develop as a side effect.

There is also a special type of cyst known as chocolate cysts (endometriomas). These are filled with dark, thick blood. They can develop as a result of endometriosis, for example.

Dermoid cysts (which are not functional cysts) are less common. They may develop if a non-cancerous tumor grows and it contains things like skin cells and sebaceous glands. Sebaceous glands produce an oily substance (sebum) that usually keeps skin moisturized. Because the sebum in this kind of tumor can’t “escape,” it builds up inside the cyst. Dermoid cysts might be there at birth. In rare cases they can turn into cancer (become malignant).

In another illness known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO), there are a lot of small cysts in the ovaries. Women who have PCO produce too many male sex hormones (androgens), which prevent the egg cells from maturing properly.

Effects

Most ovarian cysts are only 1 to 3 centimeters in size and go away on their own within a few months. They only rarely grow large enough to cause severe symptoms. In very rare cases they grow as big as 15 to 30 centimeters.

Complications are also rare. They may occur if the wall of the cyst ruptures (bursts) and the fluid leaks out into the space around it. Although ruptures can be painful, they are usually harmless. Only rarely do they lead to bleeding that needs to be stopped through surgery.

A more serious complication may occur if the ovary becomes twisted around the tissue that supports it. Known as ovarian torsion, this mainly happens in women who have larger cysts – often after jerky movements, for instance when playing tennis. Ovarian torsion is very painful. It may also cut off the blood supply to the ovary. If that happens, surgery is needed as soon as possible to prevent the ovary from dying.

Diagnosis

Ovarian cysts can be seen on an ultrasound. They are often discovered by chance, for instance when doing an ultrasound scan of the ovaries. Some cysts can be felt too.

If it is thought that you might have an ovarian cyst, the doctor will ask you about symptoms such as menstrual (period) problems and pain, and you may have a blood test.

Other examinations, such as a CT scan or laparoscopy (keyhole procedure to look inside your tummy), are only rarely needed. Diagnostic examinations are usually done to find out whether the changes in ovary tissue could be cancer. Although cysts are usually non-cancerous (benign), it’s not always easy to tell whether it’s a cyst or a tumor.

Treatment

If a cyst causes no symptoms, or only mild symptoms, it’s usually okay to wait and see what happens. Most cysts go away on their own. Depending on the results of diagnostic examinations, it’s sometimes a good idea to go for regular check-ups (every month or every few months) so the doctor can keep an eye on the cyst. If the cyst is painful, painkillers such as ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help.

If the cysts change over time or don’t get smaller and if the symptoms don’t go away, laparoscopy is an option. This procedure involves inserting thin instruments into the abdomen (tummy) through small cuts in the tummy wall. Doctors can then take a closer look at the cysts and remove them if necessary. But new cysts may develop after others have been removed.

In rare cases doctors suggest removing an ovary, or even both ovaries – for instance, if they think it could be cancer or that it will be difficult to cut the cysts out of the ovary tissue. Removing both ovaries can have a great impact on women’s lives, particularly women of childbearing age, because the operation immediately leads to menopause. The sudden drop in hormones can cause symptoms such as hot flashes, dizziness, headaches and nausea. And women can no longer become pregnant after menopause. Because of this, at least one ovary is kept, if possible – especially in women who wish to have (more) children.

Some doctors recommend treating ovarian cysts with the birth control pill. But the pill doesn’t help in the treatment of functional cysts. Although it reduces the amount of hormones produced in the ovaries and prevents ovulation, studies have shown that this doesn’t make the cysts go away any faster.

Sources

• American College of Obstetricians, Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins – Gynecology. Practice Bulletin No. 174: Evaluation and Management of Adnexal Masses. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 128(5): e210-e226. [PubMed: 27776072]

• Grimes DA, Jones LB, Lopez LM, Schulz KF. Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; (4): CD006134. [PubMed: 24782304]

• Gynaecologists RCoO. The management of ovarian cysts in postmenopausal women 2016.

• Weyerstahl T, Stauber M. Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe. Thieme: Stuttgart 2013.

• IQWiG health information is written with the aim of helping
  people understand the advantages and disadvantages of the main treatment options and health
  care services.

  Because IQWiG is a German institute, some of the information provided here is specific to the
  German health care system. The suitability of any of the described options in an individual
  case can be determined by talking to a doctor. We do not offer individual consultations.

  Our information is based on the results of good-quality studies. It is written by a
  team of
  health care professionals, scientists and editors, and reviewed by external experts. You can
  find a detailed description of how our health information is produced and updated in
  our methods.

Management of Ruptured Ovarian Cyst

What is management of a ruptured ovarian cyst?

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms on or inside an ovary. In some cases, the cyst can break open (rupture). A ruptured cyst may be managed in several ways:

• You may just need to keep track of your symptoms.
• You may need to take pain medicine.
• You may need surgery.

The ovaries are a pair of small, oval-shaped organs in the lower part of a woman’s belly (abdomen). About once a month, one of the ovaries releases an egg. The ovaries also make the hormones estrogen and progesterone. These play roles in pregnancy, the menstrual cycle, and breast growth.

An ovarian cyst can develop for different reasons. Most ovarian cysts are harmless. A cyst that ruptures may cause no symptoms, or only mild symptoms. Ruptured cysts that cause mild symptoms can often be managed with pain medicines. The cyst may be looked at with an imaging test such as an ultrasound.

In some cases, a ruptured cyst can cause more severe symptoms. These can include severe pain in the lower belly and bleeding. Symptoms like these need treatment right away.

You may need care in the hospital if you have severe symptoms from a ruptured cyst. You may be given IV (intravenous) pain medicines through a needle inserted into your vein. You may need to have fluids or blood replaced due to internal bleeding. In rare cases, a ruptured ovarian cyst may need surgery. This may be an emergency surgery.

If you need surgery because of internal bleeding, a surgeon will make a cut (incision) in your abdomen while you are under anesthesia. The doctor controls the bleeding and removes any blood clots or fluid. He or she may then remove the cyst or your entire ovary.  

Why might I need management of a ruptured ovarian cyst?

Some ruptured ovarian cysts can cause a lot of bleeding. These need medical treatment right away. In severe cases, the blood loss can cause less blood flow to your organs. In rare cases, this can cause death.

Many ovarian cysts do not rupture. Experts don’t know why some cysts break open and some do not. A cyst is more likely to rupture during strenuous exercise or sexual activity. If you have a health condition that makes you bleed easily, you will likely need surgery for a ruptured cyst.

There are different types of ovarian cysts. Functional cysts are the most common type. These only occur in women who have not gone through menopause. They often happen when an egg doesn’t release from the ovary during ovulation. These cysts are the most common type to rupture.

What are the risks of management of a ruptured ovarian cyst?

For many women, a ruptured ovarian cyst causes no symptoms, or only mild symptoms. Mild symptoms can often be managed with pain medicines. There are seldom any risks in this situation.

In some cases, you may have more severe symptoms. These can include extreme pain in your lower belly and bleeding. Uncontrolled bleeding can be life-threatening. See your healthcare provider right away. Depending on your symptoms, you may need to be hospitalized.

Severe cases may require surgery. This may be an emergency procedure. The surgery may be minimally invasive (a laparoscopy). This means it uses very small cuts (incisions). Or it may be a standard open procedure and use a much larger incision. All surgery has some risks, but in these severe cases, there are greater risks to you if surgery is not performed. Risks and possible complications of surgery for a ruptured ovarian cyst include:  

• Bleeding
• Infection
• Incision doesn’t heal well
• Blood clots
• Risks of anesthesia
• Damage to blood vessels, nerves, muscles, or nearby pelvic structures
• The need for a larger incision (if you had a laparoscopy)
• Scar tissue (adhesions) that occur after surgery

What You Need to Know

What Risks Are Associated with a Ruptured Ovarian Cyst?

Having a cyst (a fluid-filled bump) on the ovaries is common and often is without symptoms. Ovarian cysts are typically harmless, but in some cases, an ovarian cyst can break open and cause problems.

Learn more about the risks of ruptured ovarian cysts

How do I get ready for management of a ruptured ovarian cyst?

A healthcare provider diagnoses a ruptured ovarian cyst. If you have sudden, sharp belly pain, see a provider right away. If you know that you have an ovarian cyst, be aware that it can rupture and need treatment.

Your healthcare provider or an ob-gyn (obstetrics/gynecology) doctor will diagnose the condition. Your provider will ask about your medical history and your symptoms. Be sure to tell the provider if you know that you have an ovarian cyst. You will also have a physical exam. This will likely include a pelvic exam.

If your provider thinks you may have a ruptured cyst, you may need tests. These tests can help rule out other possible causes of your symptoms, such as an ectopic pregnancy, appendicitis, or a kidney stone. Some of these tests may include:

• Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to view the cyst’s size, shape, and location.
• Pregnancy test. This is done to check if pregnancy may be the cause of the cyst.
• Blood tests. These check for low iron in your blood (anemia). They also check for infection and for signs of cancer.
• Urine test. This looks for other possible causes of your pain.
• Vaginal culture. This is done to check for a pelvic infection.
• CT scan. This uses a series of X-rays and a computer to create a detailed picture of the area.

You may need more tests to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms.

If you need surgery for your cyst, your healthcare provider will tell you how to prepare. For example, you shouldn’t eat or drink after midnight before your surgery.

What happens during management of a ruptured ovarian cyst?

Management of a ruptured ovarian cyst depends on whether it is complex. A regular cyst is a simple fluid-filled sac. A complex cyst may have solid areas, bumps on the surface, or several areas filled with fluid.

Many women have functional ovarian cysts. Most of these are not complex. A ruptured cyst that is not complex can be treated with pain medicine. You may be told to watch your symptoms over time. In some cases, you may need to have follow-up ultrasound tests. You may not need any other treatment.

If the cyst is complex, you may need different care. This type of cyst may cause:

• Blood loss that causes low blood pressure or fast heart rate
• Fever
• Signs of possible cancer                                                          

If you have a complex ruptured ovarian cyst, you may need care in the hospital. Your treatment may include:

• IV (intravenous) fluids to replace lost fluid
• Careful monitoring of your heart rate and other vital signs
• Monitoring of your red blood cell level (hematocrit) to check the blood’s ability to carry oxygen
• Repeated ultrasounds to check for bleeding into your belly
• Surgery for a worsening medical condition or to check for cancer

If you need surgery, your provider may use a minimally invasive method. This is called a laparoscopy. The provider makes small cuts (incisions) in your belly while you are under anesthesia. A tiny lighted camera and other small tools are put through these incisions. The provider controls the bleeding and removes any blood clots or fluid. He or she may then remove the cyst or your entire ovary. The tools are then removed. The incisions are closed and bandaged.

If the provider does not use laparoscopy, the surgery will be done with larger incisions.                                                            

Talk with your provider about what type of treatment will work best for you.

What happens after management of a ruptured ovarian cyst?

You and your healthcare team will make a follow-up plan that makes the most sense for you.

If your ruptured ovarian cyst is not complex, you will likely continue your care at home. You can use pain medicines as needed. Your pain should go away in a few days. Let your provider know right away if you your pain gets worse, if you feel dizzy, or have new symptoms. Follow up with your provider if you need imaging or blood tests.

If you have a complex ruptured ovarian cyst, you may need to stay in the hospital for 1 or more days. If your cyst is no longer bleeding, you may be able to go home. You can use pain medicines as needed. You may need follow-up imaging tests to make sure that your bleeding has stopped and to see if the cyst needs surgery to rule out cancer.

If you had surgery, you will be told how to care for your wound and bandage. You may need to limit your physical activity for a while. Your healthcare team will give you more information.

In rare cases, a ruptured ovarian cyst is caused by cancer. This will need careful follow-up treatment from a doctor who specializes in cancer care. You may need surgery and other therapies.

Some women have more than one ovarian cyst. You can work with your healthcare provider to plan treatment for multiple cysts. A cyst that has not ruptured may need to be watched over time. In other cases, you may need surgical removal of the cyst. Your provider may prescribe medicines such as birth control pills. In some cases these can help shrink an ovarian cyst.

Next steps

Before you agree to the test or the procedure make sure you know:

• The name of the test or procedure
• The reason you are having the test or procedure
• What results to expect and what they mean
• The risks and benefits of the test or procedure
• What the possible side effects or complications are
• When and where you are to have the test or procedure
• Who will do the test or procedure and what that person’s qualifications are
• What would happen if you did not have the test or procedure
• Any alternative tests or procedures to think about
• When and how will you get the results
• Who to call after the test or procedure if you have questions or problems
• How much will you have to pay for the test or procedure

Treatment of uterine bleeding in Ryazan – Causes and symptoms of abnormal, anovulatory, dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Timely assistance for uterine bleeding is very important, since the effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment of the pathology that has arisen depends on this. The complexity of this phenomenon lies in the fact that discharge from the female genital tract is not associated with menstruation and initially does not carry clarity for diagnosis. Regardless of the frequency of manifestation of such symptoms, we can talk about disorders in the patient’s body. Delay in this matter will inevitably lead to complications: general weakness, anemia. In serious cases, death is possible.

Possible reasons for deviations

The appearance of uterine bleeding has its own causes and corresponding symptoms, which the doctor relies on during the examination. The main ones in this matter can be called all sorts of pathologies of the uterus and / or ovaries, in particular, fibroids. Hormonal disruptions, sexually transmitted diseases also play an important role in the development of this deviation. During the diagnosis, the identification of the following diseases in the patient can also become a decisive factor:

• beriberi;
• hemophilia and a number of related diseases affecting blood composition;
• a number of infectious diseases, in particular influenza, measles and blood poisoning;
• protrusion of the urethra;
• certain disorders of the cardiovascular system: high blood pressure, atherosclerosis;
• endocrine diseases, in particular, hypothyroidism.

All kinds of pregnancy disorders also become causes of uterine bleeding and require a special approach at the stage of treatment, in particular, when choosing drugs. In addition, severe blood loss is sometimes accompanied by a rupture of an ovarian cyst or this organ itself, as well as trauma to the uterine vagina, inflammation of the internal genital organs and genital trauma, for example, as a result of rough rape. Finally, for the treatment of uterine bleeding, women in the period of menopause come to our clinic in Ryazan.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

This type of bleeding is provoked by hormonal disruptions, including during puberty or menopause. The main feature of the manifestation here is an increase in the duration of menstruation along with an increase in the volume of blood lost. In this case, the patient may not have menstruation at first for 6-8 months.

Treatment in this case involves the work of a doctor with abnormal dysfunctional uterine bleeding, which involves taking hormonal drugs, as well as conservative surgical intervention, depending on the degree of complexity of the pathology that has arisen. Neglecting the prescribed therapy is risky: complications such as anemia, infertility, malignant tumors of the uterus are not excluded.

Anovulatory uterine bleeding

Juvenile blood loss is most often characteristic of girls going through puberty, as well as women in menopause. Failure in this case is provoked by a violation of the maturation of the follicle and the absence of ovulation. Both at an early and older age, it is worth paying special attention to treatment of anovulatory uterine bleeding , seek professional advice from our clinic in Ryazan to avoid complications.

Cost of treatment of uterine bleeding in ON CLINIC

The main task in the treatment of the described pathology is to stop blood loss and prevent its resumption. Treatment regimens for uterine bleeding with endometriosis, myoma, the presence of fibrous nodes, after curettage, will vary and require the administration of appropriate medications in each individual case. The final cost of therapy in ON CLINIC may depend on the specifics of drugs. Do not forget about the need for surgical intervention in some cases, the features of which also affect the price of the procedures. You can get more accurate information from the price list posted on the website, or by calling our clinic in Ryazan: 8 4912 700-880.

You can find out more information about
and make an appointment by phone or through the online form. Uterine bleeding: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Our expert in this field:

Alimardonov Murad Bekmurotovich

Gynecologist-oncologist, Ph.D.

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The uterus consists of three layers – outer (perimetry), middle muscular (myometrium) and internal mucous (endometrium).

The endometrium consists of the main (basal) and superficial (functional) layers. The latter is rejected monthly during menstruation. If it is not completely rejected, this causes bleeding, which is called dysfunctional.

But this is far from the only scenario in which uterine bleeding occurs and develops.

Depending on the age at which they occur, abnormal uterine bleeding can be:

Menorrhagia, metrorrhagia

Uterine bleeding may occur during or between periods.

In the first case, this means excessive blood loss. Normally, the volume of menstrual blood is 30-40 ml. If it exceeds 100 m, it is an abnormal menorrhagic bleeding that requires diagnosis and treatment.

If bleeding is not related to the menstrual cycle, it is called metrorrhagia.

Polymenorrhea means shortening of the intervals between periods and leads to frequent blood loss (a type of menorrhagia).

Menometrorrhagia means prolonged and irregular bleeding (a type of metrorrhagia).

Types of uterine bleeding

There are several types of abnormal uterine bleeding:

• Dysfunctional – occur due to hormonal disorders. Accompanied by a violation of the cycle, long delays in menstruation. They can lead to the development of anemia, endometrial cancer, and infertility.
• Atonic (hypotonic) – arise due to a violation of the contractile function of the uterus, can cause massive blood loss, life-threatening.
• Acyclic – occur as a complication of abortion, pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, as well as uterine myoma, malignant tumors (carcinoma, sarcoma at a late stage). The discharge may be profuse or spotting.
• Breakthrough – occur due to hormonal failure (imbalance of estrogens and progesterone) with minor blood loss.
• Anovulatory – occur independently of the menstrual cycle, usually in adolescence (juvenile) or late (menopausal) age, last a long time, often lead to significant blood loss. The reasons are different.
• Discirculatory – occur due to disruption of the ovaries, accompanied by delayed menstruation. The blood loss is relatively small.
• Profuse – occur for various reasons, are not accompanied by pain, blood loss varies, from minor to massive.

Causes

Blood discharge can occur against the background of a disease of the reproductive system or other organs, in particular, due to pathologies of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, cerebral cortex, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries.

Therefore, first of all, the doctor of the international clinic Medica24 finds out the cause of the bleeding in order to prescribe the most effective treatment, conservative or surgical.

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Causes of juvenile uterine bleeding

In puberty, abnormal uterine bleeding can be triggered by infectious diseases, beriberi, mental trauma, stress, high physical exertion.

Causes of reproductive uterine bleeding

At reproductive age, uterine bleeding usually occurs due to complicated childbirth, abortion, stress, emotional, mental overload, endocrine diseases, inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system, and taking hormonal contraceptives.

Causes of climacteric bleeding

At the onset of menopause and postmenopause, the causes of uterine bleeding are usually infectious diseases, as well as nervous stress and mental trauma.

Extragenital causes

Abnormal bleeding may occur due to diseases not related to the genitals, such as:

• infectious diseases (influenza, typhoid fever, measles, etc.),
• sepsis,
• blood diseases (hemophilia, hemorrhagic vasculitis),
• beriberi (deficiency of vitamins C, K),
• cirrhosis of the liver,
• cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, hypertension, etc.),
• thyroid disease,
• diseases of the pituitary gland,
• pyelonephritis,
• diseases of the adrenal glands.

Genital causes

Often, abnormal uterine bleeding occurs due to pathologies of the reproductive system (genital organs). It can be:

• ectopic pregnancy,
• placenta previa or premature detachment of the placenta during pregnancy, childbirth,
• uterine rupture,
• infringement or violation of attachment of placenta,
• decrease in uterine tone after childbirth,
• uterine fibroids,
• endometritis,
• chorionepithelioma (malignant tumor),
• ovarian rupture, ovarian cysts,
• ovarian tumors,
• uterine injury,
• cervical erosion,
• endometriosis, adenomyosis,
• hyperplasia, endometrial polyps,
• cervicitis,
• endocervicosis,
• polycystic ovary syndrome,
• ovulatory syndrome.

Symptoms

Signs of abnormal uterine bleeding are local general.

Local symptoms:

• profuse discharge of blood from the vagina,
• vaginal discharge of blood clots,
• duration of menstruation more than 7 – 8 days,
• discharge of blood from the vagina after intercourse,
• discharge of blood from the vagina between periods.

General symptoms:

• weakness, extreme fatigue,
• dizziness, fainting,
• low blood pressure in combination with a weak, rapid pulse,
• nausea,
• pallor.

General symptoms are due to blood loss and the development of anemia.

Signs of abnormal uterine bleeding vary with age.

Typical symptoms of juvenile uterine bleeding (12-18 years):

• bleeding from the vagina after a missed period,
• lower abdominal pain,
• prolonged (3-4 to 6 weeks) bleeding,
• weakness, dizziness, fainting,
• pale and dry skin.

Typical symptoms of reproductive uterine bleeding (18-45 years):

• menstrual disorders,
• delayed menstruation up to 1.5 – 2 months,
• profuse menstrual flow,
• prolonged menstruation (up to 1 – 1.5 months),
• weakness, high fatigue, dizziness, fainting associated with large blood loss.

Typical symptoms of menopausal uterine bleeding (after 45 years):

• profuse bleeding from the vagina,
• irritability,
• headache.

During menopause, uterine bleeding usually accompanies signs of climacteric syndrome:

• hot flashes,
• sweating (especially at night),
• reddening of the face,
• appearance of red spots on the neck,
• breast engorgement and tenderness,
• insomnia,
• anxiety,
• anxiety,
• tearfulness.

Complications

Uterine bleeding is dangerous for the development of complications and in some cases requires urgent hospitalization and emergency treatment.

• Anemia. Significant blood loss can cause severe anemia. The condition becomes dangerous when blood loss exceeds 1 liter. In this case, you need to urgently call an ambulance.
• Profuse bleeding. Regular bleeding in volumes of 80-100 ml may be left without due attention until the moment when blood loss becomes critical.
• Development of severe forms of somatic diseases. Abnormal uterine bleeding never happens just like that, without a reason. Often such causes are serious diseases of the endocrine and / or reproductive system. Their development threatens with serious complications, including life-threatening ones.

Bleeding may be a symptom of cancer. In this case, the time factor is crucial. The sooner a tumor is diagnosed and its treatment is started, the greater the chances of saving life.

When should an ambulance be called?

An ambulance should be called immediately in case of profuse bleeding and massive blood loss:

• pallor, blue (cyanosis) of the skin,
• dizzy,
• unconscious,
• a sharp decrease in blood pressure against the background of an accelerated weak pulse.

Before the ambulance arrives, the woman must be laid on her back, her legs raised, placing a pillow or cushion under them. A cold compress should be placed on the lower abdomen. It can be a bottle of cold water or a plastic bag of ice wrapped in cloth. The ice compress can be kept for up to 10-15 minutes, after which you need to take five-minute breaks.

If a woman is conscious, she needs to drink plenty of warm water.

In case of uterine bleeding, in no case should a warm compress, a heating pad be applied to the stomach. Heat in this case is contraindicated.

Medica24 International Clinic provides emergency hospitalization by ambulance for uterine bleeding requiring urgent measures.

The doctors of the intensive care unit of our clinic have extensive experience in the treatment and stabilization of acute conditions associated with massive blood loss.

Diagnosis

In the international clinic Medica24, a full range of diagnostic studies is carried out to determine the cause of blood discharge and carry out the necessary treatment.

Examination, history taking

A gynecologist questions the patient in detail about the nature of the symptoms, the circumstances of their occurrence, the regularity and duration of menstruation, the presence of concomitant diseases, and taking medications.

After that, he performs an examination in the gynecological chair.

Laboratory tests

General and biochemical blood tests show the level of hemoglobin, red blood cells, estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, cortisol, estradiol, LH, FSH, thyroid hormones (T3, T4, TSH), thyroxine.

Coagulogram shows blood clotting.

If polycystic ovary syndrome is suspected, glucose, insulin, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels are examined.

Ultrasound

Ultrasound examination of the small pelvis shows the structures of the uterus, ovaries, helps to detect neoplasms (polyps, fibroids, carcinomas, etc.).

Hysteroscopy

Visual examination of the uterus is carried out using a miniature video camera – a hysteroscope, which is inserted through the vagina. Hysteroscopy makes it possible to study the uterine walls in detail, detect neoplasms, and also take tissue samples of the mucous surface, tumors for histological examination.

Histological examination is the examination of a tissue sample under a microscope. With its help, you can confidently determine the type of neoplasm, distinguish benign tumors from malignant ones, and diagnose an oncological disease.

MRI

If additional information is needed, magnetic resonance imaging of the small pelvis is performed.

Additional studies

The cause of blood discharge may be a hormonal failure, a disruption of the endocrine system, in which the hypothalamic-pituitary system plays a key role. This may require additional examinations, such as:

• CT scan of the brain.
• Echoencephalography.
• Electroencephalography (EEG).
• MRI of the brain.

Ultrasonography of these organs can be performed to evaluate the condition of the thyroid and adrenal glands.

Treatment

To compensate for massive blood loss, to eliminate the symptoms of acute anemia, an urgent transfusion of blood, erythrocyte mass, and plasma is used. In the international clinic Medica24 there is always a sufficient supply of donated blood, frozen plasma. This makes it possible to quickly replenish the volume of blood with a large blood loss.

In case of emergency admission to the intensive care unit of the international clinic Medica24, doctors take quick measures to stop the bleeding, such as intravenous administration of crystalloid solutions or uterine tamponade. After stabilization of the condition, complex diagnostics and treatment are carried out.

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Medical treatment

After establishing the cause of uterine bleeding in the international clinic Medica24, medical treatment is prescribed according to indications, which may include:

1. Hemostatic drugs.
2. Hormonal preparations (for the normalization of the menstrual cycle)
3. Gland preparations (for the treatment of anemia).
4. Vitamin and mineral complexes.
5. Oxytocin (for uterine contraction).
6. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
7. Antifibrinolytics.
8. Antibiotics.

The patient’s condition is under the constant supervision of a doctor who monitors the dynamics of treatment.

This makes it possible to timely adjust the course, if necessary, cancel, replace or add certain drugs.

Surgical treatment

If neoplasms are found during the diagnosis, they are removed. Surgical treatment in the international clinic Medica24 is carried out mainly by minimally invasive, hysteroscopic methods.

Minimally invasive operations do not require a wide incision and its healing, do not leave external marks. Recovery after such surgical interventions is much faster.

Hysteroscopic polypectomy, myomectomy

Removal of polyps, uterine fibroids is performed using a miniature device that is inserted into the uterus through the vagina.

The hysteroscope is equipped with a high resolution video camera, the image from which is fed to a computer monitor. Thanks to this, the surgeon controls his actions with high accuracy when removing polyps, fibroids, purulent foci, endometrial remnants or other formations.

Ablation of the endometrium

One of the effective methods of treatment is the destruction of the superficial layer of the endometrium using radio frequency radiation, laser or other methods.

Endometrial ablation is used for menopausal bleeding as a side effect of infertility.

Hysterectomy

If a histological examination showed a malignant nature of the tumor, complex treatment is carried out, which includes surgery, chemotherapy and other methods (targeted, immune, radiation therapy).