How common are ear infections in children. What causes ear infections in kids. What are the symptoms of ear infections in children. How are ear infections diagnosed and treated. Can ear infections lead to complications in children. How can parents prevent ear infections in their kids.

The Prevalence and Impact of Ear Infections in Children

Ear infections are incredibly common among young children, with a staggering 5 out of 6 experiencing at least one episode by their third birthday. This high prevalence is attributed to two primary factors: immature immune systems and less efficient ear drainage compared to adults. These infections can cause significant discomfort and potentially lead to more serious complications if left untreated.

Understanding the anatomy of the ear and the mechanisms behind infections is crucial for parents and caregivers. By gaining this knowledge, they can better recognize symptoms, seek appropriate treatment, and take preventive measures to protect their children’s ear health.

Types of Ear Infections: From Outer to Middle Ear

Outer Ear Infections (Swimmer’s Ear)

Outer ear infections, commonly known as swimmer’s ear, occur in the external part of the ear. These infections typically develop when excess moisture creates an environment conducive to bacterial growth. However, physical damage to the ear canal, such as scratches from foreign objects or cotton swabs, can also lead to infections.

• Symptoms: Itching, pain when touching the ear
• Treatment: Medicated ear drops, keeping the ear dry

Middle Ear Infections (Otitis Media)

Middle ear infections, or otitis media, are more common in children and occur behind the eardrum. These infections often result from blockages in the Eustachian tube, which connects the middle ear to the throat. When this tube becomes swollen or blocked, fluid can accumulate, creating an ideal environment for bacterial growth.

Can you identify a middle ear infection without medical equipment? While a definitive diagnosis requires a doctor’s examination using an otoscope, there are several signs parents can watch for:

• Pain or discomfort, especially when lying down
• Difficulty sleeping
• Fever
• Fluid drainage from the ear
• Hearing problems
• Dizziness
• Stuffy nose

Diagnosing Ear Infections in Children

Accurately diagnosing an ear infection requires a medical professional’s expertise and specialized equipment. The primary diagnostic tool is an otoscope, which allows doctors to visualize the eardrum and assess its condition.

The Otoscope Examination

During an otoscope examination, the doctor looks for several key indicators:

1. Eardrum appearance: A healthy eardrum appears clear and pinkish-gray, while an infected one looks red and swollen.
2. Fluid buildup: The doctor may use a pneumatic otoscope, which can blow a puff of air to observe eardrum movement. Reduced movement may indicate fluid accumulation in the middle ear.
3. Eardrum integrity: In severe cases, excessive fluid or pressure can cause the eardrum to rupture, which the doctor can identify during the examination.

Recognizing Symptoms in Infants and Young Children

Identifying ear infections in infants and very young children can be challenging, as they may not be able to verbalize their discomfort. Parents and caregivers should be vigilant for the following signs:

• Ear tugging or pulling
• Increased irritability or crankiness
• Sleep disturbances
• Changes in eating habits, such as refusing to eat or pushing away bottles
• Balance issues or clumsiness

How can parents differentiate between normal fussiness and potential ear infection symptoms? While it can be challenging, persistent irritability, especially when combined with other symptoms like fever or sleep disturbances, warrants a medical evaluation.

Treatment Approaches for Childhood Ear Infections

The management of ear infections in children has evolved in recent years, with a greater emphasis on careful observation and symptom management before resorting to antibiotics. This approach aims to prevent antibiotic resistance and unnecessary medication use.

Pain Management and Supportive Care

Initial treatment often focuses on alleviating pain and discomfort:

• Warm compresses: Applying a warm washcloth to the affected ear can provide soothing relief.
• Over-the-counter pain relievers: Acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help reduce pain and fever. It’s crucial to note that aspirin should never be given to children due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome.
• Ear drops: In some cases, doctors may recommend ear drops to alleviate pain or combat infection, depending on the type and severity of the ear problem.

The “Wait-and-See” Approach

Many ear infections resolve on their own without antibiotic intervention. Doctors often recommend a watchful waiting period of 48 to 72 hours, especially for mild cases in children over six months old. This approach helps reduce unnecessary antibiotic use and the risk of developing antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Antibiotic Treatment

When are antibiotics necessary for ear infections? Doctors typically prescribe antibiotics in the following situations:

• Severe symptoms
• Infections in children under six months old
• Cases that don’t improve after the observation period
• Recurrent infections

It’s important to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms improve, to prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Potential Complications and Long-Term Concerns

While most ear infections resolve without lasting effects, recurrent or severe cases can lead to complications:

• Hearing loss: Temporary hearing impairment is common during and immediately after an ear infection. In rare cases of frequent or untreated infections, permanent hearing loss can occur.
• Speech and language delays: Hearing loss associated with chronic ear infections can potentially impact speech and language development in young children.
• Eardrum perforation: In severe cases, the buildup of fluid and pressure can cause the eardrum to rupture. While this often heals on its own, it can lead to temporary hearing loss and increase the risk of future infections.
• Mastoiditis: A rare but serious complication involving infection of the mastoid bone behind the ear.
• Meningitis: In extremely rare cases, untreated ear infections can lead to meningitis, an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

How often should children with recurrent ear infections have their hearing tested? For children experiencing frequent ear infections, annual hearing tests are often recommended to monitor for any developing issues.

Advanced Treatment Options for Chronic Ear Infections

For children who experience frequent or persistent ear infections, additional interventions may be necessary to prevent long-term complications and improve quality of life.

Tympanostomy Tubes

Tympanostomy tubes, also known as ear tubes or ventilation tubes, are a common surgical intervention for children with recurrent ear infections. This procedure involves:

1. Making a small incision in the eardrum
2. Inserting a tiny tube to allow fluid drainage and air flow
3. Monitoring the tubes, which typically fall out on their own after 6 to 9 months

What are the benefits of ear tubes for children with chronic ear infections?

• Improved fluid drainage from the middle ear
• Reduced frequency of ear infections
• Alleviation of hearing problems associated with fluid buildup
• Potential improvement in speech and language development

Tonsillectomy

In some cases, enlarged tonsils can contribute to recurrent ear infections by putting pressure on the Eustachian tubes. For these children, a tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils) may be recommended to reduce the frequency of ear infections and improve overall ear health.

Preventive Measures: Reducing the Risk of Ear Infections

While it’s not always possible to prevent ear infections, there are several strategies parents can employ to reduce their child’s risk:

Hygiene and Lifestyle Factors

• Handwashing: Encourage frequent and thorough handwashing to reduce the spread of germs that can lead to colds and ear infections.
• Avoid secondhand smoke: Exposure to tobacco smoke can increase the risk of ear infections and other respiratory problems.
• Breastfeeding: If possible, breastfeed for at least the first six months to boost your baby’s immune system.
• Bottle-feeding position: When bottle-feeding, hold your baby in a semi-upright position to prevent fluid from flowing into the Eustachian tubes.

Vaccinations

Keeping your child up-to-date on vaccinations can help prevent ear infections by reducing the risk of certain illnesses:

• Annual flu shots for children 6 months and older
• Pneumococcal vaccine, which protects against a common cause of ear infections

Managing Allergies

Allergies can contribute to ear infections by causing inflammation and swelling in the nasal passages and Eustachian tubes. If your child suffers from allergies:

• Consider allergy testing to identify specific triggers
• Work with your pediatrician or an allergist to develop an appropriate management plan
• Use allergy medications or immunotherapy as recommended to reduce symptoms and inflammation

By implementing these preventive measures and staying vigilant for signs of ear infections, parents can play a crucial role in maintaining their children’s ear health and overall well-being. Regular check-ups with a pediatrician and prompt attention to potential symptoms can help ensure that ear infections are caught early and managed effectively, minimizing the risk of complications and supporting healthy childhood development.

Anatomy of an Ear Infection

Medically Reviewed by Melinda Ratini, MS, DO on January 11, 2022

It’s not your imagination. Kids can get a lot of ear infections. In fact, 5 out of 6 children will have at least one by their third birthday. Why? Their immune systems are immature, and their little ears don’t drain as well as adults’ ears do.

It’s an infection in the outer ear that usually happens when the ear stays wet long enough to breed germs. But even if your kid hasn’t been swimming, a scratch from something like a cotton swab (or who knows what they stick in there?) can cause trouble. Watch out if your child’s ear gets itchy or hurts when you touch it. The answer is usually medicated drops and keeping ears dry.

The only way to know for sure if your child has one is for a doctor to look inside her ear with a tool called an otoscope, a tiny flashlight with a magnifying lens. A healthy eardrum (shown here) looks sort of clear and pinkish-gray. An infected one looks red and swollen.

The Eustachian tube is a canal that connects your middle ear to your throat. It keeps fluid and air pressure from building up inside your ear. Colds, the flu, and allergies can irritate it and make it swell up.

If the Eustachian tube gets blocked, fluid builds up inside your child’s middle ear. This makes the perfect breeding ground for bacteria that cause infections. Your doctor may look inside your child’s ear with an otoscope, which can blow a puff of air to make his eardrum vibrate. If it doesn’t move as much as it should, chances are there’s fluid inside.

If too much fluid or pressure builds up inside the middle ear, the eardrum can actually burst (shown here). If that happens, you may see yellow, brown, or white fluid draining from your child’s ear. It sounds scary, but the eardrum usually heals itself in a couple of weeks. Hearing usually returns to normal once the eardrum heals –unless the eardrum has been damaged.

The main warning sign is sharp pain. Your child may be more uncomfortable lying down, so he might have a hard time sleeping. Other problems to look for:

• Trouble hearing
• Fever
• Fluid oozing from ears
• Dizziness
• Stuffy nose

These infections can be sneaky with babies or children who are too young to tell you what hurts. A lot of times they’ll start tugging or pulling on an ear. Little kids can also just get cranky, have trouble sleeping, or not eat well. Babies may push their bottles away because pressure in their ears makes it hurt to swallow.

While the immune system fights the ear infection, you can ease any pain your child feels. A warm washcloth on the outside of the ear can be soothing. Depending on the cause of the earache, your doctor may recommend eardrops. Non-prescription painkillers and fever-reducers, such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen, are also an option. Do not give aspirin to children.

Ear infections often go away on their own, so don’t be surprised if your doctor suggests a “wait and see” approach. The more we use antibiotics, the less effective they become. That’s because bacteria learn to fight back against common medicines. Viruses can also cause ear infections, and antibiotics only work on bacteria. Your doctor will know best when to use them.

If your child’s ear infections keep coming back, they can scar his eardrums and lead to hearing loss, speech problems, or even meningitis. If he has lots of them, you might want to have his hearing tested just in case.

For kids who get a lot of ear infections, doctors sometimes put small tubes through the eardrums. They let fluid drain out of the middle ear and stop it from building up again. This can ease the pressure or pain and clear up hearing problems. The tubes usually stay in for 6 to 9 months and fall out on their own.

Sometimes a child’s tonsils get so swollen that they put pressure on the Eustachian tubes that connect her middle ear to her throat — which then causes infections. If that keeps happening, she may need to have her tonsils taken out.

The biggest cause of middle ear infections is the common cold, so avoid cold viruses as much as you can. The best way to stop germs is to make sure your child washes her hands well and often. Also, keep your child away from secondhand smoke, get her a flu shot every year once she turns 6 months old, and breastfeed your baby for at least 6 months to boost her immune system.

Like colds, allergies can also irritate the Eustachian tube and lead to middle ear infections. If you can’t keep your child away from whatever’s bothering him, consider an allergy test to figure out his triggers. Medicine or allergy shots may offer relief and stop the infections, too.

IMAGES PROVIDED BY:

(1)  Mauro Fermariello / Photo Researchers, Inc.
(2)    David Nardini / Photographer’s Choice / Getty Images
(3)    Copyright © ISM / Phototake — All rights reserved.
(4)    Laurie O’Keefe / Photo Researchers, Inc.
(5)    Brian Evans / Photo Researchers, Inc.
(6)    Copyright © ISM / Phototake — All rights reserved.
(7)    Mark Clarke / Photo Researchers, Inc.
(8)    Mark Clarke / Photo Researchers, Inc.
(9)    Stockbyte / Getty Images
(10)    Michael Denora / Photographer’s Choice / Getty Images
(11)  PHANIE / Photo Researchers, Inc.
(12)  Copyright © ISM / Phototake — All rights reserved.
(13)  PHANIE / Photo Researchers, Inc.
(14)  Ariel Skelley / Blend Images / Photolibrary
(15)  Stockxpert / Jupiter Images
 

SOURCES:

Academy of American Family Physicians.

American Academy of Otolaryngology.

American Academy of Pediatrics: “Allergy Tips.”

Chonmaitree, T. Clinical Infectious Diseases, March 15, 2008.

Chavanet, P. Clinical Infectious Diseases, March 15, 2008.

KidsHealth: “Swimmer’s Ear.”

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: “Ear Infections in Children.”

Merck.

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders.

Sander, R. American Family Physician, March 1, 2001.

Spiro, D. JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association, Sept. 13, 2006.

CDC.

Mayoclinic.org.

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Middle ear infection (otitis media)

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About middle ear infections

Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear that causes inflammation (redness and swelling) and a build-up of fluid behind the eardrum.

Anyone can develop a middle ear infection but infants between six and 15 months old are most commonly affected.

It’s estimated that around one in every four children experience at least one middle ear infection by the time they’re 10 years old.

Symptoms of a middle ear infection

In most cases, the symptoms of a middle ear infection (otitis media) develop quickly and resolve in a few days. This is known as acute otitis media. The main symptoms include:

• earache
• a high temperature (fever)
• being sick
• a lack of energy
• slight hearing loss – if the middle ear becomes filled with fluid

In some cases, a hole may develop in the eardrum (perforated eardrum) and pus may run out of the ear. The earache, which is caused by the build-up of fluid stretching the eardrum, then resolves.

Signs in young children

As babies are unable to communicate the source of their discomfort, it can be difficult to tell what’s wrong with them. Signs that a young child might have an ear infection include:

• raised temperature
• pulling, tugging or rubbing their ear
• irritability, poor feeding or restlessness at night
• coughing or a runny nose
• unresponsiveness to quiet sounds or other signs of difficulty hearing, such as inattentiveness
• loss of balance

When to seek medical advice

Most cases of otitis media pass within a few days, so there’s usually no need to see your GP.

However, see your GP if you or your child have:

• symptoms showing no sign of improvement after two or three days
• a lot of pain
• a discharge of pus or fluid from the ear – some people develop a persistent and painless ear discharge that lasts for many months, known as chronic suppurative otitis media
• an underlying health condition, such as cystic fibrosis or congenital heart disease, which could make complications more likely

Read more about diagnosing middle ear infections

How middle ear infections are treated

Most ear infections clear up within three to five days and don’t need any specific treatment. If necessary, paracetamol or ibuprofen should be used to relieve pain and a high temperature.

Make sure any painkillers you give to your child are appropriate for their age. Read more about giving your child painkillers.

Antibiotics aren’t routinely used to treat middle ear infections, although they may occasionally be prescribed if symptoms persist or are particularly severe.

Read more about treating middle ear infections

What causes middle ear infections?

Most middle ear infections occur when an infection such as a cold, leads to a build-up of mucus in the middle ear and causes the Eustachian tube (a thin tube that runs from the middle ear to the back of the nose) to become swollen or blocked.

This mean mucus can’t drain away properly, making it easier for an infection to spread into the middle ear.

An enlarged adenoid (soft tissue at the back of the throat) can also block the Eustachian tube. The adenoid can be removed if it causes persistent or frequent ear infections. Read more about removing adenoids.

Younger children are particularly vulnerable to middle ear infections as:

• the Eustachian tube is smaller in children than in adults
• a child’s adenoids are relatively much larger than an adults

Certain conditions can also increase the risk of middle ear infections, including:

• having a cleft palate – a type of birth defect where a child has a split in the roof of their mouth
• having Down’s syndrome – a genetic condition that typically causes some level of learning disability and a characteristic range of physical features

Can middle ear infections be prevented?

It’s not possible to prevent middle ear infections, but there are some things you can do that may reduce your child’s risk of developing the condition. These include:

• make sure your child is up-to-date with their routine vaccinations – particularly the pneumococcal vaccine and the DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB (6-in-1) vaccine
• avoid exposing your child to smoky environments (passive smoking)
• don’t give your child a dummy once they’re older than six to 12 months old
• don’t feed your child while they’re lying flat on their back
• if possible, feed your baby with breast milk rather than formula milk

Avoiding contact with other children who are unwell may also help reduce your child’s chances of catching an infection that could lead to a middle ear infection.

Further problems

Complications of middle ear infections are fairly rare, but can be serious if they do occur.

Most complications are the result of the infection spreading to another part of the ear or head, including:

• the bones behind the ear (mastoiditis)
• the inner ear (labyrinthitis)
• the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meningitis)

Rarely, infections can leave a perforation or hole in the eardrum.

If complications do develop, they often need to be treated immediately with antibiotics in hospital.

Read more about the complications of middle ear infections

Diagnosing middle ear infections

A middle ear infection (otitis media) can usually be diagnosed using an instrument called an otoscope.

An otoscope is a small handheld device with a magnifying glass and a light source at the end. Using an otoscope, a doctor can examine the ear to look for signs of fluid in the middle ear, which may indicate an infection.

Signs of fluid in the middle ear can include the ear drum:

• bulging
• being an unusual colour (usually red or yellow)
• having a cloudy appearance

In some cases, a hole may have developed in the eardrum (perforated ear drum) and there may be fluid in the ear canal (the tube between the outer ear and eardrum).

Some otoscopes can also be used to blow a small puff of air into the ear to check for any blockages in the middle ear, which could be a sign of an infection. If the Eustachian tube (the tube that connects the throat and middle ear) is clear, the eardrum will move slightly. If it’s blocked, the eardrum will remain still.

Further tests

Further tests are normally only required if treatment isn’t working or complications develop. These tests will usually be carried out at your local ear, nose and throat (ENT) department.

Some of the tests that may be carried out are described below.

Tympanometry

Tympanometry is a test that measures how the ear drum reacts to changes in air pressure.

During a tympanometry test, a probe is placed into your child’s ear. The probe changes the air pressure at regular intervals while transmitting a sound into the ear. A measuring device is attached to the probe to record how the drum moves and how changes in air pressure affect this movement.

A healthy ear drum should move easily if there’s a change in air pressure. If your child’s ear drum moves slowly or not at all, it usually suggests there’s fluid behind it.

Audiometry

Audiometry is a hearing test that uses a machine called an audiometer to produce sounds of different volume and frequency. This can help determine if your child has any hearing loss as a result of their condition.

During the test, your child listens through headphones and is asked if they can hear the sounds.

Scans

On the very rare occasions where there’s a possibility the infection has spread out of the middle ear and into the surrounding area, a scan of the ear may be carried out. This may be either a:

• computerised tomography (CT) scan
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan

A CT scan takes a series of X-rays and uses a computer to assemble the scans into a more detailed image, whereas an MRI scan uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of the inside of the body.

Treating middle ear infections

Most middle ear infections (otitis media) clear up within three to five days and don’t need any specific treatment.

You can relieve any pain and a high temperature using over the counter painkillers such as paracetamol and ibuprofen.

Make sure any painkillers you give to your child are appropriate for their age.

Placing a warm flannel or washcloth over the affected ear may also help relieve pain until the condition passes.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics aren’t routinely used to treat middle ear infections as there’s no evidence that they speed up the healing process. Many cases are caused by viruses, which antibiotics aren’t effective against.

Using antibiotics to treat minor bacterial infections also increases the likelihood of bacteria becoming resistant to them over time. This means more serious infections could become untreatable in the future. Read about antibiotic resistance for more information.

If antibiotics are needed, a five-day course of an antibiotic called amoxicillin is usually prescribed. This is often given as a liquid. Common side effects of amoxicillin include: 

• a rash
• feeling sick
• diarrhoea

An alternative antibiotic such as erythromycin or clarithromycin may be used for people allergic to amoxicillin.

In some cases, your GP may give you a prescription that you can choose to pick up a few days later if the condition hasn’t improved by then.

Adults and children who develop a long-term middle ear infection (chronic suppurative otitis media) may benefit from short courses of antibiotic ear drops.

Children

Antibiotics are usually only considered if your child:

• has a serious health condition that makes them more vulnerable to complications, such as cystic fibrosis or congenital heart disease
• is less than three months old
• is less than two years old with an infection in both ears
• has discharge coming from their ear

Adults 

Adults may be prescribed antibiotics if:

• they have a serious health condition that makes them more vulnerable to complications, such as cystic fibrosis or congenital heart disease
• symptoms are showing no signs of improvement after four days

Grommets

For children with recurrent severe middle ear infections, tiny tubes may be inserted into the eardrum to help drain fluid. These tubes are called grommets.

Grommets are inserted under general anaesthetic, which means your child will be asleep and won’t feel any pain. The procedure usually only takes about 15 minutes and your child should be able to go home the same day.

A grommet helps keep the eardrum open for several months. As the eardrum starts to heal, the grommet will slowly be pushed out of the eardrum and eventually falls out. This process happens naturally and shouldn’t be painful. Most grommets fall out within six to 12 months of being inserted.

Some children need another procedure to replace the grommets if they’re still experiencing problems.

Treatment with grommets isn’t routinely funded in all areas or for adults with recurrent otitis media.

Complications of middle ear infections

Serious complications of middle ear infections (otitis media) are very rare but very young children are still at risk because their immune systems are still developing.

Some of the main complications associated with middle ear infections are detailed below.

Mastoiditis

Mastoiditis can develop if an infection spreads out of the middle ear and into the area of bone underneath the ear (the mastoids).

Symptoms of mastoiditis can include:

• a high temperature (fever)
• swelling behind the ear, which pushes it forward 
• redness and tenderness or pain behind the ear
• a creamy discharge from the ear 
• headache
• hearing loss

Mastoiditis is usually treated in hospital with antibiotics given through a drip directly into a vein (intravenously). In some cases, surgery may be required to drain the ear and remove the infected mastoid bone.

Cholesteatoma

A cholesteatoma is an abnormal collection of skin cells inside the ear that can sometimes develop as a result of recurring or persistent middle ear infections.

If it’s not treated, a cholesteatoma can eventually damage the delicate structures deep inside your ear, such as the tiny bones that are essential for hearing.

Symptoms of a cholesteatoma can include:

• hearing loss
• weakness in half your face
• dizziness
• tinnitus – hearing sounds from inside their body rather than from an outside source

In most cases, surgery is required to remove a cholesteatoma.

Labyrinthitis

In some cases, an infection in the middle ear can spread into the inner ear and affect the delicate structure deep inside the ear called the labyrinth. This is known as labyrinthitis.

Symptoms of labyrinthitis can include:

• dizziness
• vertigo (the feeling that you, or the environment around you, is moving or spinning)
• loss of balance
• hearing loss

The symptoms of labyrinthitis usually pass within a few weeks, although medication to relieve the symptoms and treat the underlying infection may sometimes be prescribed. Read more about treating labyrinthitis.

Problems with speech and language development

If your child has frequent ear infections that affect their hearing while they’re very young, there’s a risk their speech and language development may be affected.

Contact your GP for advice if you’re concerned about your child’s development at any point.

Facial paralysis

In very rare cases, the swelling associated with otitis media can cause the facial nerve to become compressed. The facial nerve is a section of nerve that runs through the skull and is used by the brain to control facial expressions.

Compression of the nerve can lead to a person being unable to move some or all of their face. This is known as facial paralysis.

This can be frightening when it first occurs, as many parents are concerned their child may have experienced a stroke. However, the condition usually resolves once the underlying infection has passed and rarely causes any long-term problems.

Meningitis

A very rare and serious complication of a middle ear infection is meningitis. This can occur if the infection spreads to the protective outer layer of the brain and spinal cord (the meninges).

Symptoms of meningitis can include:

• severe headache
• being sick
• a high temperature (fever)
• stiff neck
• sensitivity to light
• rapid breathing
• a blotchy red rash that does not fade or change colour when you place a glass against it (although this is not always present)

If you think your child may have meningitis, call 999 and ask for an ambulance.

Meningitis caused by a bacterial infection is usually treated in hospital with antibiotics given through a drip directly into a vein (intravenously). Read more about treating meningitis.

Brain abscess

Another very rare and serious complication of a middle ear infection is a brain abscess. This is a pus-filled swelling that develops inside the brain.

Symptoms of a brain abscess can include:

• a severe headache
• changes in mental state, such as confusion
• weakness or paralysis on one side of the body
• a high temperature (fever)
• seizures (fits) 

If you suspect that you or someone you know may have a brain abscess, call 999 for an ambulance.

A brain abscess is usually treated using a combination of antibiotics and surgery. The surgeon will usually open the skull and drain the pus from the abscess or remove the abscess entirely.

symptoms, treatment 🦷 Dnepr Amel Dental Clinic

The disease does not seem dangerous and almost every parent had to deal with it. However, behind the mask of imperceptible ailments lies a source of serious complications associated with the auditory organ and the central nervous system. Most often, this affects the youngest children – those who attend nurseries and kindergartens.

How do you recognize an ear infection in yourself or your child? How to treat them? Is there an alternative home therapy that will be equally effective? Let’s find out in this article.

Ear infections are much more common in children than in adults. This is due to the immaturity of the immune system, more frequent upper respiratory tract infections, contact with other babies, and anatomical factors that make it easier for bacteria to travel from the throat to the ear. It is these microorganisms that are the main causes of acute otitis media.

Symptoms

Symptoms of otitis media can vary, and if one of them is found, then you need to use the services of an ENT, and not self-medicate. The type of disease that appears depends on many factors such as etiology, age, and anatomical predisposition.

First of all, pain is typical for children. You can experience sensations of pulsation in the ear or the surrounding area (temples and mastoid process – part of the temporal bone).

When is soreness usually present? At night or during rest, that is, when the supine position is taken. Older children suffering from otitis media may self-report comorbidities, while toddlers will simply cry in pain.

Throbbing pain is also quite common in adults. Most children with middle ear inflammation also have a fever, the temperature is usually quite high, most often in excess of 38-39degrees Celsius.

Crying children may seem hot – but this is not the main symptom of otitis media. It is necessary to calm the baby and only then take measurements.

Symptoms:

• noise, pulsation – common symptoms resulting from inflamed vascular changes in the ear;
• a sick child, of course, will not sleep peacefully at night, and during the day he can be very agitated, irritated and tired;
• lack of appetite is another alarming symptom, completely vague when it comes to otitis media, but it should always cause alertness in parents;
• vomiting in a baby is a frequent signal of problems in the middle of the hearing organ;
• rubbing the ear is often aimed at reducing discomfort, so children with inflammation will be overly active in this area;
• hearing loss, sensation of blockage, foreign body and fullness are symptoms affecting both young and elderly patients;
• ear discharge.

A characteristic feature is the frequent relief of pain after cleaning. The discharge disappears, and the pressure drop in the middle cavity brings relief from pain. It is also worth paying attention to whether there have been recent infections of the upper respiratory tract or throat. The most common route for the spread of causative factors for acute otitis media is through the Eustachian tube, which connects the throat to the central part of the hearing organ.

Sometimes the disease may be accompanied by skin rashes covering the auricle: vesicles, spots, purulent lesions. If we notice a secretion from the ear canal for a long time, but there is no sign of pain after that, then this inflammation, unfortunately, can become chronic.

Otoscopic examination

An ENT or general practitioner, looking into the ear with a special viewing glass – an otoscope, will notice typical signs of inflammation, that is, dilated vessels that give the impression of redness of the eardrum.

Most often, this picture indicates the initial stage of infection. In the advanced phase, the membrane will be clearly convex, due to the pressure of secretions from its inner side. You can see a crack inside or leakage of purulent contents – this, unfortunately, indicates an advanced stage.

Treatment regimens

The first question is: should we use any therapy at all, and if so, when should we do it? Otitis often resolves on its own and there is no need to start antibiotic therapy.

However, we can use other drugs that act symptomatically to reduce the associated inflammation. The so-called vigilant observation technique is currently being used. The disease should subside without treatment within 1 to 2 days of symptom onset.

Relief of symptoms

This is definitely the most commonly used treatment. We refuse antibiotic therapy and fight fever, pain, using two main substances – ibuprofen and paracetamol in oral form.

Treatment

The treatment depends, of course, on the etiology. Antibiotic therapy will become the basis of a bacterial infection. For acute otitis media, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are common causative agents – so we treat empirically, assuming each patient’s illness is caused by one of these bacteria.

A popular drug in the medical community is amoxicillin, which is administered in high doses. Alternatively, amoxicillin in combination with clavulanic acid or intravenous or intramuscular clarithromycin may be used in the absence of improvement or increased sensitivity to penicillin drugs.

Antibiotic therapy will be included in severe disease, high fever and vomiting in all children who have factors predisposing to the development of the disease and its frequent relapses: in children under 6 months of age due to the immaturity of the immune system and the inability to independently cope with infection, in children under 2 years of age with inflammation in both ears.

Otitis media appears among other diagnoses. Its symptoms are earache, irritability and high fever.

Interesting fact

Diet

Complex carbohydrates, hot liquids, vegetables and soups prepared from these products are an ally in the fight against pathological conditions of the hearing organs. Substances with antibacterial activity, natural antibiotics are also allowed: garlic, onion, ginger. It is important to drink plenty of water to facilitate the outflow of colonies of pathogens that colonize the mouth or throat.

Wraps

Two things are needed to make them: an anesthetic that simultaneously destroys the etiological factor, and a thin scarf, gauze, to wrap him/her and attach to the patient’s ear.

Organic ingredients will also help in this: chamomile, ginger, onion or garlic. Onions, ginger and garlic should be peeled and then chopped. Then wrap the ingredient in gauze or a thin scarf, heat it to a temperature of about 37 degrees Celsius and then place it on the ear. It is worth putting a cap on your head, which increases the surface of the compress. It should stay on the body for about an hour. Instead of onion or garlic, gauze can be filled with dried chamomile. However, such a compress should be placed in a closed vessel over a water bath in order to warm it up significantly and make it moist. This composition should be kept in the ear area for about 45 minutes – 1 hour.

Essence

It can be prepared with an oil base, with or without an antibacterial agent (ginger, garlic). You will get a consistency that will allow you to deliver a few drops to the patient’s ear. It is best to reheat the medicine before serving. However, it is important to check the temperature of the solution on the back of the hand before use.

Another way is to use a cotton swab soaked in the compound to be placed in the ear. The wonderful properties of tea tree oil, which is applied directly to the ear or on a cotton pad, are also known.

Extracts

In a mortar, we can grind garlic or onion cloves, squeeze the pulp through cheesecloth, and then put a few drops of the juice on the ear affected by inflammation.

Warmth

In all forms, it is the ally of otitis patients. We should heat compresses from the above substances or ordinary scarves moistened with warm water, put on hats, wrap the neck up to the line of the ears.

It is important to remember that it is strictly forbidden:

• 1

  Blow your nose as hard as you can – this way you can cause the penetration of pathogens into the middle ear.

• 2

  Using an ear cleaning stick outside of the outer part of the ear, because this way not only can transfer bacteria there, but also create the risk of wax plugging.

Symptoms of otitis media are worth knowing because most of them are not considered as symptoms of a disease that can lead to serious complications. Everyone should be mindful of the technique of vigilant observation without risking self-treatment of children under 6 months of age.

Acute otitis media – symptoms, causes, treatment

Content

• 1 Acute otitis media: symptoms, treatment and prevention
  • 1. 1 Acute otitis media – symptoms, causes, treatment : concept and symptoms
    • 1.2.1 What is acute otitis media?
    • 1.2.2 What are the symptoms of acute otitis media?
  • 1.3 Symptoms of acute otitis media
  • 1.4 Causes of acute otitis media
  • 1.5 How to diagnose acute otitis media
  • 1.6 Treatment of acute otitis media
    • 1.6.1 Medical treatment
    • 1.6.2 Preotological procedures
    • 1.6.3 Surgery

    9 0041

    • 1.7 Prevention of acute otitis media
    • 1.8 Complications of acute otitis media
      • 1.8.1 Meningitis
      • 1.8.2 Brain abscess
      • 1.8.3 Facial paralysis
    • 1.9 When should I see a doctor for acute otitis media?
    • 1.10 Related videos:
    • 1.11 Q&A:
      • • 1.11.0.1 What are the symptoms of acute otitis media?
        • 1.11.0.2 What are the causes of acute otitis media?
        • 1.11.0.3 What is the diagnosis for acute otitis media?
        • 1. 11.0.4 How is acute otitis media treated?
        • 1.11.0.5 How long does acute otitis media last?
        • 1.11.0.6 What complications can occur in acute otitis media?

  Acute otitis media is a disease characterized by inflammation of the middle ear and is often accompanied by pain and hearing loss. In the article you will find information about the causes, symptoms, methods of diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media.

  Acute otitis media is a common condition that often occurs in young children and can cause significant discomfort and pain. The disease is associated with inflammation of the middle ear and can lead to significant consequences, including hearing loss in the future. Because of this, it is important to be aware of the symptoms, causes, and treatment of acute otitis media.

  Upper respiratory infection and bacterial or viral infection can cause acute otitis media. It can become a complication after a cold or flu. Moreover, in children, the tube connecting the ear to the nose narrows and becomes more horizontal, which contributes to the stagnation of sputum and bacteria in the middle ear. In addition, acute otitis media can be caused by other factors such as allergies, smoking, and dental problems.

  In general, taking preventive measures such as regular handwashing, avoiding bad habits, and a healthy lifestyle can help prevent acute otitis media.

  It is important to see a doctor if you or your child has symptoms of acute otitis media. Fast and effective treatment will help prevent possible complications and significantly improve the quality of life.

  Acute otitis media – symptoms, causes, treatment

  Acute otitis media is a disease of the ear cavity, which is characterized by inflammation of the tympanic membrane and middle ear. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial and viral infections, the common cold, upper respiratory infections, or allergic reactions. Symptoms of acute otitis media can range from mild to severe and may include ear pain, hearing loss, ear discharge, fever, and headache.

  Treatment of acute otitis media may include antibiotics, pain medication, and drainage tubes if there is ear discharge. It may also be recommended to observe the condition for several days to make sure that health improves. It is important to avoid excessive effort when cleaning your ear and not to let water get into your ears while showering or bathing to avoid possible complications.

  • Symptoms of acute otitis media:
    1. pain in the ear;
    2. hearing loss;
    3. ear discharge;
    4. fever;
    5. headache.
  • Causes of acute otitis media:
    • bacterial and viral infections;
    • runny nose;
    • diseases of the upper respiratory tract;
    • allergic reactions.
  • Treatment of acute otitis media:
    • antibiotics;
    • painkillers;
    • drain tubes;
    • monitoring for several days.

  Acute otitis media: concept and symptoms

  What is acute otitis media?

  Acute otitis media is a disease in which the inflammatory process covers the central part of the ear, namely the middle ear.

  In acute otitis media, the function of the auditory tube is disturbed, which leads to a violation of pressure in the middle ear. This can provoke the penetration of microorganisms into the middle ear and the subsequent development of inflammation.

  What are the symptoms of acute otitis media?

  Symptoms of acute otitis media can manifest in varying degrees and depend on the age of the patient:

  • For children: severe pain in the ear, fever, weakness, feeling unwell, sleep and appetite disturbance, poor reaction to sounds and communication .
  • For adults: hearing impairment, heaviness and congestion of the ear, headache, sharp pain in the ear, decreased sensitivity.

  If you experience these symptoms, be sure to consult a doctor to diagnose and treat acute otitis media.

  Symptoms of acute otitis media

  Ear pain is one of the main symptoms of acute otitis media. The pain may be continuous or intermittent, sharp or dull. It can get worse when you try to chew or talk, or when you touch or move your ear.

  Hearing loss – Hearing can be severely impaired in acute otitis media. This may be due to a disruption in the transmission of the sound wave from the middle ear to the inner ear.

  Fever – Acute otitis media may be accompanied by an increase in body temperature up to 38 degrees and above.

  • Other possible symptoms of acute otitis media:
  • – Runny nose and stuffy ears
  • – Headache
  • – Vomiting and nausea
  • – Weakness and fatigue
  • – Sleep disturbance

  Causes of acute otitis media

  Bacteria and viruses. Acute otitis media can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Bacteria such as streptococci, pneumococci, or Haemophilus influenzae can infect the lining of the nasopharynx and spread to the middle ear.

  Fungal infections. Rarely, fungi can cause acute otitis media. The disease can occur through contact with fungi that are in dirty water or contaminated soil.

  Allergic reaction. Acute otitis media can be caused by an allergic reaction to food, pollen, dust, pets, or other allergens. Allergic otitis can develop under the influence of many factors.

  Weakened immunity. People who are immunocompromised, for example as a result of radiation therapy or chronic illness, may become more susceptible to acute otitis media.

  Polluted air and water. Acute otitis media can be caused by the entry of contaminated air or water into the body. Polluted water and air environments can become a source of ear diseases.

  • Damage to the eardrum. Injury to the tympanic membrane may cause acute otitis media. Damage can be caused by injury, illness, or surgery.
  • The body’s defense mechanism. Acute otitis media may be the cause of the body’s defense mechanism. If the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx is inflamed, it can secrete a large amount of mucus, which then passes into the middle ear and causes inflammation.

  How to diagnose acute otitis media

  Acute otitis media is an inflammatory disease of the middle ear caused by various bacteria and viruses. To diagnose this disease, you should pay attention to several symptoms.

  • Pain in the ear. The pain may be mild to severe and worse when the ear is touched.
  • Increased body temperature. Temperature can rise up to 39 degrees.
  • Hearing impairment. There may be a tympanogram (drawing) identifying the degree of deafness.
  • Discharge from the ear. Available in yellow or green.
  • Headache. Can be strong and long lasting.

  For the diagnosis of acute otitis media, it is necessary to consult an otolaryngologist. The doctor will examine and listen to the patient’s complaints. If you have ear discharge, your doctor may take a sputum test for bacteria and test for hearing problems.

  At the first symptoms of acute otitis media, you should seek medical attention to start treatment as soon as possible.

  Treatment of acute otitis media

  Medical treatment

  Acute otitis media can be treated medically with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial drugs. For example, aspirin, ibuprofen, and paracetamol can help relieve pain. Antibacterial medicines such as amoxicillin and augmentin can help fight a secondary bacterial infection. However, self-medication is not allowed and consultation with a specialist is necessary.

  Pre-otology procedures

  Acute otitis media sometimes requires pre-otology procedures, which can help the doctor remove pus from the ear, release pressure from the ear cavity, and allow fluid to drain.

  Surgery

  If acute otitis media cannot be treated with medication or goes through complications, then in some cases surgery may be required, which may be performed by removing purulent fluid from the ear, or inserting a tube into the eardrum to clear a secondary infection.

  Prevention of acute otitis media

  Acute otitis media is one of the most common reasons children and adults visit a doctor. It can cause pain, hearing loss, and other unpleasant symptoms. However, there are methods of prevention that can reduce the risk of the disease.

  • Ear hygiene . To do this, it is necessary to remove sulfur plaque from the ears daily using special products or soft cotton swabs. It is important not to abuse this method so as not to damage the ears.
  • Avoidance of water procedures in case of injuries or diseases of the ears . This will help prevent water from getting into your ears and causing infection. If necessary, use special ear plugs.
  • Reducing the risk of upper respiratory infections . They can provoke acute otitis media, therefore, for prevention, hygiene measures must be observed and contact with sick people should be avoided.
  • Regular room ventilation . This will help prevent the accumulation of bacteria and fungi in an enclosed space, which can cause disease.
  • Vaccination . Influenza and pneumococcal vaccines can greatly reduce the risk of acute otitis media.

  Following these simple precautions will help protect your ears from possible disease and maintain good health.

  Complications of acute otitis media

  Meningitis

  Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that can occur as a complication of acute otitis media. Symptoms of meningitis include headache, seizures, nausea and vomiting, and fever. If meningitis is suspected, urgent medical attention is needed, as this condition can lead to serious consequences, including brain damage and even death.

  Brain abscess

  Brain abscess is a purulent inflammation that can occur when an infection spreads from the ear cavity. Symptoms of a brain abscess include headache, nausea and vomiting, seizures, and confusion. Treatment of a brain abscess may require surgery and a course of antibiotics.

  Facial palsy

  Facial palsy is a dysfunction of the facial nerve that may be associated with complications of acute otitis media. Symptoms of facial paralysis include inflammation and redness of the face, as well as problems with the eyes and mouth. Treatment for facial paralysis may include a course of steroids and physical therapy.

  • Acute otitis media can cause serious complications that can lead to dysfunction of the brain and other organs.
  • It is critical to see a doctor promptly if symptoms of acute otitis media appear.
  • Treatment of acute otitis media must be carried out to the end to prevent possible complications.

  When should I see a doctor for acute otitis media?

  The symptoms of acute otitis media can be quite severe and painkillers do not always help. Therefore, if you notice signs of illness in yourself, you should consult a doctor. You should contact him if:

  • you have acute pain in your ear;
  • ear swollen;
  • hearing is impaired, and sometimes there is noise in the ear;
  • discharge of purulent fluid from the ear;
  • you raised the temperature;
  • have a decrease in appetite and feel a general weakness of the body.

  A visit to the doctor for acute otitis media should not be postponed, as this can lead to serious consequences. If you do not get timely help, the infection can spread to nearby organs and tissues, which can lead to various complications. Therefore, do not delay contacting a doctor if you notice signs of acute otitis media in yourself or in a child.

  Related videos:

  Q&A:

  What are the symptoms of acute otitis media?

  Symptoms of acute otitis media can be different: ear pain, hearing loss, fluid from the ear, fever. Dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and incoordination may also occur.

  What are the causes of acute otitis media?

  Acute otitis media can result from bacteria or viruses entering the middle ear through the pharynx or Eustachian tubes that connect the middle ear to the back of the nose and throat. Also, allergies, flu or chronic respiratory diseases can be causes.

  What is the diagnosis of acute otitis media?

  Ear examination, blood tests, and audiometry to determine the degree of hearing loss are used to diagnose acute otitis media. In some cases x-rays may be necessary

  How is acute otitis media treated?

  Treatment of acute otitis media must be prescribed by a doctor and depends on the cause of the disease.